Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 97
7
~
98
7
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p97
7-9
87
9
77
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Cont
ribution of DGs in the stab
ility and voltage drop reduction
for future M
V
network i
n
desert regi
ons
Bo
ua
fia Ab
del
k
a
d
er
,
La
bed
D
j
a
m
el
Depar
t
m
e
nt
o
f
E
l
ec
t
r
ic
al
Eng
i
n
e
e
r
in
g, U
n
i
v
er
sit
y
Frè
r
e
s
Me
nt
ou
ri-Con
st
a
n
t
i
n
e
1, Alg
e
ri
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Re
ce
ive
d
Oc
t 5, 2
019
Re
vise
d N
o
v
9
,
20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
23
, 20
20
Day
b
y
d
a
y,
th
e
in
teg
r
ation
of
d
ecen
traliz
ed
g
e
n
e
ration
in
m
e
d
i
u
m
vo
ltag
e
netwo
r
ks b
e
c
o
m
e
s more imp
o
rta
n
t du
rin
g
th
e
las
t
y
ears and
ev
en
in the n
ear
future.
Th
is
in
cr
ease
c
a
u
s
es,
a
t
th
e
s
a
me
time,
s
e
v
e
ra
l nega
tiv
e
effec
t
s
and
ra
re
l
y
p
o
si
ti
ve im
pa
c
t
s on th
e sta
b
i
lit
y o
f
the net
w
ork
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
ore
,
t
h
i
s
wo
rk
aims
at
ana
l
yzin
g
the imp
a
c
t
o
f
ambi
ent temp
er
atu
r
e
on
r
a
d
i
al
distrib
u
tio
n
n
e
twork
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs’
e
.
g.
: v
o
lta
ge
d
r
op
a
n
d
st
abi
l
i
t
y v
o
l
t
a
g
e l
e
ve
l (i
nd
e
x
).
Based
on
MA
TLAB pro
g
ram,
d
i
fferen
t
an
alys
es of d
i
s
t
ribu
te
d g
e
nera
tion
(DG
)
in
sertio
n
i
n
fluenc
e’s
on
vo
ltag
e d
r
op
i
n
th
e ra
di
al
dist
rib
u
tion
fee
d
e
r
,
a
s
well
as
th
e inf
l
u
e
n
ce o
f
cli
m
atic
co
nd
it
io
ns s
u
ch
as a
m
bien
t tem
p
eratur
e on
netwo
r
k p
a
r
a
m
e
ters.
Th
e
In
tegr
atio
n
o
f
P
h
otov
o
l
taic
DGs
in
MV
n
e
tw
orks
can p
l
ay
an
i
m
p
o
rtant
ro
le in
re
d
u
cing
the
glob
a
l
warm
in
g
effe
ct (in
vo
ltag
e
dro
p
,
and
vo
lta
g
e s
t
ab
ility
ind
e
x) es
pe
cia
l
ly i
n
radia
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
io
n
fe
ed
er
.
Fu
rth
e
rm
o
r
e,
it pro
t
e
c
ts n
e
t
w
o
r
k
’
s
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs i
f
i
t
s
lo
ca
ti
on
a
nd
po
we
r
a
r
e
well s
e
lec
t
ed.
Ke
yw
ords:
A
m
b
i
en
t
te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
Di
strib
u
t
e
d ge
nerat
i
o
n
M
V
n
e
tw
ork
V
o
lt
ag
e d
r
o
p
V
o
lt
ag
e s
t
ab
ilit
y
in
d
e
x
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Ab
del
k
a
d
e
r
B
o
uafia
,
Lab
o
ra
t
o
r
y
of
El
ect
ri
ca
l
Engi
neeri
n
g
o
f
C
o
n
s
ta
nti
n
e
,
De
par
t
ment
of El
ec
t
r
i
cal
Engi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
F
r
ère
s
Me
nt
o
u
r
i
-C
onst
a
nt
ine
1,
C
a
mp
u
s
A
h
me
d
Ha
ma
ni, R
out
e
A
i
n
-
El-Be
y
, C
onsta
nti
n
e
.
Al
ge
ri
a
Emai
l:
boua
fi
a.aek
@g
mai
l
.c
o
m
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
In
t
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
se
ct
o
r
the
fi
rst st
ep i
n
u
n
d
ersta
ndi
ng
t
h
e impa
ct
s
of c
l
i
m
at
e cha
n
ge
is base
d
o
n
k
now
in
g
t
h
e
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
te
rm
s su
c
h
as in
cre
a
s
in
g th
e
a
m
b
i
en
t
air
temp
era
t
u
r
e
[1]
.
Ar
oun
d th
e
wo
r
l
d
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ta
l po
ll
u
tion
h
a
s exp
e
r
i
en
ced
a
r
e
al a
cce
le
ra
tio
n
i
n
r
e
cen
t
y
e
ar
s;
t
h
is accel
er
a
tio
n h
a
s sev
e
r
a
l
fo
rms
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e i
n
c
r
ease
i
n
heat
o
f
t
h
e
gal
l
op
.
In
a
desert
re
gi
on
t
h
e
heat
ca
n
va
ry
in
n
o
r
mal
ca
se
s
be
t
w
een
5
up
t
o
50°
C
,
a
n
d
on
t
h
i
s
basi
s se
ve
ral
s
y
st
ems a
r
e
in
s
t
al
l
e
d e
s
peci
al
l
y
t
h
ose a
ffe
ct
ed
by t
h
e a
m
bi
ent
t
e
mpera
t
ure
su
ch as el
ec
tric
al
ener
g
y
di
st
ri
b
u
ti
on
syst
ems.
The
da
ta
bas
e
s
use
d
by
t
h
e
o
p
erat
ors i
n
t
h
e
t
a
bl
es
o
f
f
a
ci
liti
es
ar
e
d
r
awn
up
on
t
h
e
b
a
sis
o
f
25
°
C
an
d
5
0
°
C
.
Bu
t
th
is
r
e
a
lit
y w
i
l
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
ov
er
time
a
s
a
re
su
lt
o
f
gl
oba
l
w
a
rmi
ng,
for e
x
a
m
pl
e
;
t
h
e A
D
R
A
R
re
gi
on
(de
s
ert
)
re
c
o
rde
d
a
ma
ximu
m
t
e
m
p
er
at
ure
o
n
J
u
ly
9
,
2
0
1
8
whi
c
h rea
c
he
d 65
°C
[
2
].
T
h
es
e
ne
w rec
o
r
d
s
reco
rde
d
can
s
e
ri
o
u
sl
y
a
f
fe
ct
t
h
e
st
abi
l
i
t
y
of t
h
e
el
ect
ric
a
l
powe
r
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
syst
em i
n
ge
nera
l, and
t
h
e
pa
ra
met
e
rs
de
pe
nd
ent
o
n
the
part
i
c
ul
ar am
bi
ent
t
e
mperat
ure
suc
h
a
s
vol
ta
ge
d
r
op.
The
r
e
f
ore,
t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
cal
dist
ri
b
u
t
i
on
s
y
st
e
m
s
ha
ve t
o
be
re
-st
u
die
d
, a
n
d
g
e
t
a
n
o
v
e
r
a
l
l i
d
ea
of t
h
e
in
c
r
ea
se
i
n
a
m
b
i
en
t
te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
imp
a
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e v
o
lta
g
e
st
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
e
l
ec
tr
ic
al
sy
ste
m
,
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
e o
f
DGs
as sol
u
t
i
o
n
wh
i
c
h
a
l
so
have
i
m
pa
ct
s
o
n
st
a
b
i
l
it
y. In
thi
s
c
onte
x
t,
se
v
e
ral
stu
d
i
e
s
foc
u
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
int
e
gra
t
io
n
i
m
pa
ct
s
of t
h
e
de
cent
r
a
l
i
z
ed
gene
rat
i
o
n i
n
the
di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
net
w
o
r
ks
, t
h
e
s
e
i
m
pa
ct
s ca
n
ta
ke se
ve
ral
a
s
p
e
ct
s
.
S
o
me
r
e
se
ar
c
h
er
s w
e
re
c
a
rr
ied
ou
t o
n
D
G
t
e
c
h
no
logy
and
its
imp
a
c
t
s o
n
th
e
en
erg
y
syste
m
.
Th
e
s
e
i
m
p
a
ct
s
ma
y
co
n
c
e
r
n
ne
tw
or
k
p
l
ann
i
ng
, l
o
sse
s, v
o
l
tag
e
, en
e
r
g
y
qu
ality
an
d
re
li
ab
il
ity
[3
-8]
.
Th
e
l
a
r
g
e
n
u
mb
er
of
D
G
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
7
7
–
987
97
8
pene
t
r
at
ion
has
an infl
ue
nc
e o
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
sr
u
p
ti
on
, v
o
l
t
a
g
e
dro
p
i
n
dist
ri
b
u
ti
on
sy
st
em
s pa
rt
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
wi
t
h
sel
f
-
di
sc
o
n
n
ect
i
o
n
of
l
o
ad
s [9
-1
0]
. The
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
w
h
en
D
G
s a
r
e i
n
t
e
grat
ed
,
s
o
me
sta
nda
rds s
h
o
u
ld
be
re
s
p
e
c
t
e
d s
u
ch
as t
h
e i
n
se
rt
i
o
n
pl
ac
e a
s
we
ll
as t
h
e DG
s
nu
mbe
r
a
nd
i
t
s si
z
e
. The
lo
c
a
t
i
on a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
t
y
pe
of
DG
s
(
a
c
t
i
v
e a
n
d
r
eac
tiv
e
e
n
e
r
gy
in
je
ct
io
n
,
ac
tiv
e e
n
erg
y
i
n
je
c
tio
n
on
l
y
, ac
tiv
e
e
n
ergy
i
n
je
ct
io
n
an
d
ab
sorb
s
re
act
i
v
e ene
r
gy
)
e
ffe
ct
s t
h
e e
n
erg
y
l
o
sse
s
[11
-
1
6
].
So
me
res
e
a
r
che
s
det
e
r
m
i
n
e t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
pene
trat
i
o
n l
e
vel
to
30
% t
o
mi
ni
mi
z
e
t
h
e
DG
s
i
n
t
e
rmi
t
t
e
n
t e
ffe
ct
s s
u
c
h
as
wi
n
d
t
u
rbi
n
e
s
an
d
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
ai
cs [17-
18
]. Wit
h
t
h
e
gre
a
t
grow
t
h
of t
h
e
i
n
sta
l
l
a
t
i
on
of t
h
e
D
G
s,
othe
rs
foc
u
s
o
n
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
ms a
n
d
mo
de
ls
t
h
at
ma
ke
i
t
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
mana
gi
n
g
a
n
d co
nt
rol
l
i
ng t
h
e
di
st
ri
b
u
ti
o
n
syst
em
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
yz
e the
l
o
a
d
s fl
o
w
suc
h
a
s
act
i
v
e
po
we
r a
n
d
r
e
a
c
tiv
e
co
mmu
n
i
ca
tion
sy
stems [1
9-2
0
]
.
Sev
e
ra
l st
ud
ie
s are
don
e
o
n
v
o
l
ta
g
e
s
t
a
b
ilit
y
in
d
e
x
a
n
d
i
t
s r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
t
o
D
G
t
ype
, to
rat
e
co
nt
ri
but
io
n a
n
d
t
o
D
G
s
i
n
te
g
r
at
e
d
pa
ra
met
e
rs
[2
1-2
9
].
Some st
u
d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce o
f
the
am
bi
ent
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
syste
m
, a
s
t
h
e
i
m
pact
stud
y
of t
h
e i
n
cre
a
se
o
f
am
bi
ent
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
e a
n
d
ha
rm
oni
c
s
o
n
t
h
e t
r
a
n
sfo
r
me
rs whi
c
h
red
u
ce
s i
t
s l
i
f
e
ti
me
[
3
0
]
. M
o
r
e
ov
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
th
e
cl
ima
t
i
c
ch
an
g
e
s (i
n
c
r
e
ase
o
f
amb
i
en
t
te
mp
er
at
ure)
on
en
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
m
in
f
r
a
str
u
ctu
r
e
s
ca
n
r
e
du
ce
th
e D
G
s
c
a
p
a
c
i
ty
esp
e
c
i
a
lly
in
t
h
e
desert re
gi
ons as
West
ern Un
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
[31-
32
].
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
sh
ow th
e ch
ang
e
s i
n
r
e
si
sta
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
of th
e tr
an
smis
sion
lin
e
s c
a
u
s
e
d
by
t
h
e
te
mp
er
atu
r
e
ambi
ent
a
r
e n
o
n
-
negl
i
g
i
b
l
e
e
ffe
ct
s
[3
3]
. T
h
is pa
pe
r
focu
ses o
n
t
h
e a
m
bi
ent
t
e
mperat
ure i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
vol
t
a
ge
st
ab
i
lity
o
f
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
a
l
d
i
st
ri
butio
n
sy
ste
m
s
(v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sta
b
il
ity
i
n
d
e
x
,
vo
lt
age
d
r
op
) of
ele
c
tr
ic
en
e
r
gy
sy
st
em
in
t
h
e des
e
rt
re
gi
ons
, a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
the
a
dva
nt
a
g
e
of t
h
e i
n
sert
i
o
n
of
di
strib
u
t
e
d
ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
.
F
o
r T
h
i
s
, t
h
i
s
pape
r i
s
di
vide
d
int
o
t
w
o
mai
n
parts;
t
h
e
first
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
c
onc
e
p
t
s
an
d e
qua
ti
on
s
t
h
at
re
la
t
e
t
h
e
d
r
op
a
n
d st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y of
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
g
e a
t
ambi
ent
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ure
.
A
s
for
t
h
e
sec
o
n
d
pa
rt
i
t
depe
nds
o
n
a
ca
se st
u
dy
on a
4
bus
fee
d
er t
e
st
system
and IE
EE
33
bu
s
r
a
di
a
l
d
i
str
i
bu
ti
on
s
y
ste
m
.
2.
PROBL
E
M
F
O
R
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
In
t
h
i
s
pa
p
e
r,
the
o
b
j
e
ct
ive
fu
nct
i
on
s of am
b
i
ent
te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
t
o
re
co
n
f
i
g
urat
i
on pro
b
le
m a
r
e vol
ta
ge
dro
p
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e sta
b
il
i
t
y i
nde
x whi
c
h a
r
e
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed fo
r e
a
c
h
c
a
se
in
ra
d
i
al
dist
ri
but
e
d
syst
ems
.
2.1.
V
o
l
t
ag
e d
r
op
(
V
D
)
V
o
l
t
a
ge
d
r
o
p
s
(V
D) i
s
t
h
e
d
i
ffere
nce
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
a
t
t
h
e sou
r
c
e
(o
r se
ndi
n
g
e
n
d
)
bus
(V
s)
,
whi
c
h is ass
u
me
d
t
o
be
a
fi
xe
d va
lue
,
an
d t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
g
e at
t
h
e
l
o
ad
(or rec
e
i
v
ing e
n
d) b
u
s (
V
L), whi
c
h
va
ri
es as
a funct
i
o
n of th
e
l
o
ad
cu
rre
n
t
(l
L
). [
34]
2.2.
Fac
t
ors
a
f
fec
t
i
n
g
vol
tage
d
r
o
p
O
n
e
c
a
n
c
l
a
s
si
fy
the
fa
ct
o
r
s a
ffe
ct
in
g t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e dr
op i
n
tw
o
ca
te
go
ri
es
. T
h
e
fi
rst is
de
pen
d
e
n
t
t
o
lo
a
d
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
th
at a
r
e
;
vo
lta
g
e
, c
u
r
r
en
t an
d
po
w
e
r
f
act
or,
the
se
c
o
n
d
fac
t
or de
pe
nds
o
n
li
ne
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
i
.
e.;
l
e
ngt
h
a
n
d
re
si
sta
n
ce. This
l
a
st
is li
n
k
e
d
direct
l
y
to
t
h
e mat
e
ri
a
l
na
tu
re
(c
op
pe
r, a
l
umi
num
…),
t
o
t
h
e c
o
n
duct
o
r
c
r
oss
-
sect
i
o
n a
nd
am
bi
ent
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
.
2.3.
V
o
l
t
ag
e d
r
op
c
a
lc
ul
ati
o
ns
The
de
te
rmina
t
i
on
o
f
vol
t
a
ge
dro
p
val
u
e
fo
r
li
nes i
n
fe
rio
r
t
o
50
k
m
i
n
me
di
um v
o
l
t
a
g
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(U <
40
k
V
)
i
s
base
d
on
t
w
o fo
rm
ula
s
:
Fir
s
t
fo
rmu
l
a
th
at
g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
ex
a
c
t
r
e
su
lt:
/
(1
)
Wh
er
e:
V
D
is th
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
op
, I is
th
e li
n
e
cu
rr
en
t (A
),
R
is
th
e
cir
c
u
i
t
lin
e re
sist
an
c
e
(
Ω
)
,
X
:
is th
e
ci
rc
uit
li
ne
re
a
c
t
a
nc
e (
Ω
),
and
is t
h
e
l
o
ad
p
o
we
r
fa
ct
or a
n
gl
e
(de
g
re
es)
Vs; s
o
urce
vol
t
a
ge,
VL
l
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
age
.
Th
e vo
lta
g
e
d
r
op
s
VD th
a
t
is
c
a
l
c
u
lat
e
d as a
l
i
n
e
-to
-
n
e
utr
a
l vo
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
(
o
n
e
-
w
ay
), an
d th
e lin
e-
t
o
-
lin
e
vol
ta
ge
d
r
op. An
d a
sec
o
n
d
a
p
p
r
oxi
ma
te
f
o
r
m
ul
a t
h
at
ne
a
r
l
y
gi
ves
the
sa
me val
u
es is:
(2
)
Z=
(3
)
t
h
at
is c
a
l
c
ul
at
e
d
for a
si
ngl
e
-
p
h
a
s
e s
y
st
em
is 2VD; a
n
d t
h
e t
i
ne
-t
o-t
i
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e d
r
op t
h
a
t
i
s
ca
lc
ul
at
ed fo
r a
t
h
ree
-
p
h
ase s
y
st
em
i
s
√
3
V
D
.
S
o
,
o
n
e
c
a
n de
te
rmine
the
pe
rc
ent
a
ge
of
t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
dro
p
b
y
t
h
e f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g for
m
ul
a:
[3
5]
%
∗
1
00
(4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Cont
ri
but
i
o
n o
f
DG
s i
n
t
h
e st
abi
li
t
y
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
age
d
r
o
p
re
d
u
c
t
ion f
o
r…
(B
o
u
a
fi
a A
bde
lk
a
d
e
r
)
9
79
2.4.
Am
bi
en
t t
e
mp
erat
u
r
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
on
vol
ta
ge
d
r
op
The
c
h
a
nge
in
resi
st
ance
as
a
fu
nct
i
on ca
n b
e
re
prese
n
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
fol
l
o
w
i
n
g
f
o
rm
u
l
a
:
R2
R1
k
T2
/
k
T1
(5
)
whe
r
e:
R1 i
s
a c
o
nd
uc
t
o
r
resi
sta
n
ce
i
n
oh
ms (
Ω
) at
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure T
1
i
n
de
gree
s Ce
l
s
i
u
s
(
°
C)
R2 i
s
a c
o
nd
uc
t
o
r
resi
sta
n
ce
i
n
oh
ms (
Ω
)
at
t
e
mpe
r
at
uresT
2
i
n
deg
r
e
e
s C
e
l
s
ius
(°C
)
and
k
i
s
the
re
s
i
st
i
v
i
t
y t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ure
coe
f
fi
ci
e
n
t
at
0°C
f
o
r t
h
e
c
o
n
duct
o
r;
k
=
2
3
4
.
5
for
c
o
ppe
r,
A
l
umi
num
22
8,
l
ead 2
3
0
, st
ea
l
20
2. [3
5]
Fo
r T=T
1
et
R
=
R
1
V
D
1
= I*
[R
1*
co
s (
θ
) +X
1.
*
sin(
θ
)]
and for T=T
2
, R=
R
2
R
R
k
T
/
k
T
(6
)
So
VD
2
=I(
R
2*
cos
θ
+X
1*
sin
θ
) (
7
)
X
1
is
in
de
pen
d
e
nt
o
f
a
m
bi
e
n
t
t
e
mperat
ure
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
(7
)
beco
mes;
VD
I
R
k
T
/
k
T
∗
co
s
θ
X
∗
si
n
θ
(8
)
and fr
om (4)
a
nd (7) the pe
r
cen
t
vo
l
t
ag
e
dro
p
b
e
co
mes
VD
%
I
R
∗
co
s
θ
X
∗
si
n
θ
∗
10
0
/
V
(9
)
vol
ta
ge
d
r
op
e
qua
l
√
3
VD for
three phase s
y
ste
m
So
, t
h
e p
e
r
c
en
t vo
l
t
a
g
e d
r
op
fo
r t
h
re
e ph
a
s
e
sy
s
t
em
fo
r
m
u
l
a
b
eco
me
s;
VD
%
√
3
I
R
∗
co
s
θ
X
∗
si
n
θ
∗
10
0
/
V
(10)
t
h
e (
8
) mea
n
s t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e i
s
a
re
l
a
t
i
o
n
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e
am
bie
n
t
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ure
a
n
d
vol
t
a
ge
d
r
op
v
a
ri
at
ion.
2.5.
V
o
l
t
ag
e sta
b
i
l
it
y ind
e
x
(V
SI)
Vo
lta
g
e
stab
ilit
y
is t
h
e
a
b
i
lity
of a pow
e
r
syste
m
to
ma
in
t
a
i
n
ste
a
d
y
ac
cep
ta
b
l
e vo
l
t
ag
e
s
a
t
a
ll bu
se
s
i
n
t
h
e sy
ste
m
u
nde
r
n
o
r
ma
l o
p
erat
in
g c
o
n
d
i
t
ions a
nd a
f
t
e
r
bei
n
g
su
bj
ect
e
d
t
o
a dist
urba
nc
e,
a
s
y
st
em e
n
t
e
rs a
sta
t
e
of
vol
t
a
ge
inst
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
h
en a
di
st
urba
nc
e
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
in
l
o
a
d
de
ma
nd, o
r
c
h
a
nge
in
s
y
st
em co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
c
a
uses
a pr
ogr
e
ssive and
unc
ontr
o
llable
drop
in voltage
[
3
6]-[38].
2.6.
V
o
l
t
ag
e sta
b
i
l
it
y ind
e
x
ca
lc
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
sta
b
il
ity
ind
e
x
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
rm
in
ed
in
fa
vo
r
of
t
h
is
fo
rmu
l
a:
VSI
r
2V
V
V
2V
PR
QX
|
Z
|
P
Q
(11)
w
h
en
s
is
so
urce
,
r
is
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
R,
X
,
(
Z
)
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e of
li
n
e
,
P
and
Q
is ch
a
r
g
e
s
[39
]
.
In
re
a
lity
th
er
e ar
e
o
t
h
e
r
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
o
ca
lcu
l
at
e
2.7.
Am
bi
en
t
t
e
mp
erat
u
r
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
’s on v
o
lt
a
g
e stabi
l
i
t
y
i
n
dex
The
formul
a
s
h
o
w
s t
h
at
vol
t
a
ge
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y l
e
ve
l
has
a
big
rel
a
ti
on w
i
t
h
th
e
l
i
ne i
m
pe
da
n
c
e, v
o
l
t
a
g
e
bus
es, a
n
d l
o
a
d
p
o
we
r.
Th
e
impe
da
nc
e
va
lue
i
n
cre
a
se
s wi
t
h
inc
r
ea
s
e
o
f
i
t
s
re
si
st
ance
as
t
h
e
a
m
bi
e
n
t
t
e
mpera
t
ure i
n
cre
a
ses.
This a
ffe
ct
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e st
abi
l
i
t
y
i
n
de
x i
n
t
h
e
di
ffe
r
ent
b
u
se
s
of t
h
e po
we
r s
y
st
em (se
e
fo
rm
ul
a 5)
S
o
,
fo
rm
ula
1
0
bec
o
m
e
s
:
VSI
r
2V
V
V
2V
P
∗
R1
k
T2
/
k
T1
QX
|
Z
′
|
P
Q
(1
1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
9
7
7
– 98
7
98
0
3.
METH
OD
OL
O
G
Y AND
SIM
U
L
A
TION
W
e
wi
ll de
v
i
se
th
i
s
p
a
rt
o
f
s
i
mu
la
ti
o
n
in to
w d
e
v
i
s
e
s,
t
h
e
f
i
rst ta
lk
abo
u
t
th
e imp
a
c
t
of amb
i
e
n
t
temperate
in volta
g
e drop val
u
e
for ca
se to
IEEE
4-B
u
s
Te
st
Feede
r
, a
n
d
w
ho c
a
n
limit
its
effects
a
s
shown in
Ta
ble
1
.
T
h
e
se
co
nd si
mula
ti
on de
vise
of
ta
ke IE
EE 3
3
-B
us
Te
st
Fe
e
d
er
ra
di
al
dis
t
ri
buti
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
l
i
k
e
e
x
am
ple
to e
f
f
e
ct
s of i
n
se
rt
io
n o
f
D
G
s
on
v
o
l
t
a
ge st
abi
l
i
t
y
i
nde
x
val
u
e,
a
nd
sel
e
c
t
i
on
of
t
h
e g
o
od c
o
nd
i
t
i
ons
to
su
ppo
r
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e stab
il
ity
.
Ta
ble
1.
P
a
ra
me
te
rs
o
f
IEE
E
4
b
u
s
te
s
t
fee
d
e
r
el
ement
s
S
ourc
e
Li
ne 1 (
L
1
)
C
a
ble
1 (L
2)
T
r
ansf
or
m
e
r
L
o
ad
S
S
=
100 MVA
R
C1
= 0.
09
Ω
/km R
C2
=
0.
09
Ω
/km 12,
47/4,
1
6
K
v
V
L
=4,
16 kV
V
s
=
1
2
,
47 kV
X
C1
=
0.
52
Ω
/k
m
X
C2
= 0.
52
Ω
/k
m R
C1
=
0.132
Ω
I
L
=1200 A
R
S
=
0.
12
Ω
Im
a
x
= 2000 A
I
m
a
x
= 2000 A
X
C1
= 0.
62
Ω
X
/
R
=
15
X
S
= 0.
48
Ω
L
1
=3 km
L
2
=
0,672 km
P
f
=
90
%
3.
1.
Fist
case: IEEE
4-bu
s
t
e
s
t
f
e
ed
er
To c
a
r
r
y
o
u
t
a
si
mula
ti
on
of
t
h
e di
st
ri
b
u
ti
o
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k d
u
ri
ng
h
o
t
da
ys,
t
h
e
8t
h o
f
June
t
e
mpera
t
u
r
e
model
will be
applied
(Figure
1) on
the m
ode
l
IEEE 4
Node test
fe
eder (Figure
2).
Fi
gu
re
1.
Tem
p
erat
ure i
n
ADR
A
R
re
gio
n
fo
r t
h
e
9
th
of
J
u
l
e
y 20
1
8
Fi
gu
re
2.
IEE
E
4-
b
u
s
t
e
s
t
fe
ed
e
r
By u
s
i
n
g MA
TLAB
pr
o
g
ra
m,
t
h
e
va
ri
at
i
ons of
v
o
lt
a
g
e d
r
o
p
i
n
t
h
e 4
buse
s
d
u
ri
ng
2
4
ho
u
r
s
ca
n be
de
te
rmi
n
e
d
(
s
e
e
Fi
g
u
re
3
)
.
Thi
s
fi
g
u
re
sh
ows
t
h
at
t
h
e a
m
b
i
e
n
t t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
vari
a
n
c
e
i
n
fl
ue
nc
es t
h
e
i
m
peda
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
ove
r
h
e
a
d
l
i
n
es a
n
d
fi
nal
l
y
ove
r
t
h
e e
n
t
i
r
e
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
or
k.
B
u
t t
h
er
e
a
r
e t
w
o
c
a
ses;
a
p
o
si
ti
ve
c
a
se
t
h
at
is a
t
t
a
c
h
ed
to
t
h
e
amb
i
e
n
t t
e
m
p
er
at
ure
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e, an
d
a
sec
o
n
d
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ed
n
e
g
a
tive
th
a
t
is
th
e ca
se
o
f
th
e
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
inc
r
ea
se
, it is c
o
n
s
id
ere
d
by
th
e
gr
owt
h
of
th
e
p
e
rc
en
ta
g
e
(
%
) of th
e
vo
lta
g
e
d
r
op
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Cont
ri
but
i
o
n o
f
DG
s i
n
t
h
e st
abi
li
t
y
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
age
d
r
o
p
re
d
u
c
t
ion f
o
r…
(B
o
u
a
fi
a A
bde
lk
a
d
e
r
)
9
81
Fi
gu
re 3.
rat
e
o
f
volt
a
ge
d
r
o
p
chan
ge
i
n
bu
s1
,2,
3
,4 duri
n
g
2
4
h
3.2.
A
d
v
a
nta
g
e
of
DG
i
n
vo
ltag
e d
r
o
p
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
In or
d
e
r t
o
see
the
na
t
u
re a
n
d
the
i
n
t
e
nsi
t
y
o
f
t
h
e te
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e
i
n
fl
ue
nc
e
on
vol
t
a
ge
d
r
o
p
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
ons
and
e
s
peci
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
fut
u
re
me
diu
m
vol
t
a
g
e
net
w
orks w
h
e
r
e co
n
n
ec
te
d DGs
ma
y
be
f
o
u
n
d
.
B
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
at
,
t
h
e fol
l
o
wi
n
g
appl
ic
at
i
o
n i
n
tw
o
dif
f
ere
n
t
seaso
n
s i
s
t
a
k
e
n.
The
fi
rst
one
i
n
wi
nt
e
r
whe
r
e
t
h
e c
h
a
nge
i
n
t
e
mpera
t
ure
f
r
om -5
°C
u
p
t
o
20
°C
, the
s
e
c
ond
one
i
n
sum
m
e
r
t
h
at
v
a
ri
es from
20
°
C
up
to
60
°C,
an
d
some
ti
mes
exc
eeds
6
5
°C
i
n
some
S
a
ha
ra
re
gi
ons
an
d
su
b-of t
h
e
S
a
har
a
.
C
o
nse
q
uent
l
y
, t
h
e
stu
d
y
i
n
t
e
rva
l
sho
u
l
d
be t
a
ke
n
from
-5°C
u
p
t
o
7
0
°C
. In t
h
e
fi
rst
c
a
s
e,
a
n
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
s
ca
rri
e
d
o
u
t
o
n
a
si
m
p
le
ne
tw
o
r
k
t
h
at
cont
ai
n
s
a
sou
r
ce, a
t
r
a
n
smis
si
on
l
i
ne
MT a
n
d
a l
o
a
d
, t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
d
r
op
for
t
h
e
b
u
s
2 i
s
t
h
ere
f
o
r
e c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
(see
Fi
g
u
re
4
(a
)).
In
the
se
c
o
nd
ca
se
, a
DG
sou
r
c
e
i
s
c
o
nn
ect
ed t
o
se
e
h
o
w
t
h
e
cha
n
g
e
s
ma
de
in
flue
nc
e (se
e
Fi
gu
re
4 (b)
)
.
The
D
G
c
o
n
t
ri
but
es i
n
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
s
uppl
y
wi
t
h
5
0
%
.
A
nd
Ta
bl
e
bel
o
w
p
r
ese
n
t
s
da
ta
o
f
t
h
e
diffe
r
e
n
t
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
of t
h
e
net
w
o
r
k st
ud
i
e
d.
Figure
5 d
e
term
in
es t
h
e a
m
b
i
en
t te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e imp
act
on
t
h
e
volt
a
g
e
dr
op
val
u
e
i
n
bus
2. T
h
e
ca
l
c
ul
at
ions
ma
d
e
b
y
t
e
ch
ni
ci
ans a
r
e
o
f
te
n
made
f
o
r a
n
a
m
bie
n
t
te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e of 25 ° C
wh
er
e
V
D
= 3.1
%
.
It
ca
n
b
e
no
te
d th
a
t
th
e te
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e c
a
n ex
c
e
e
d
t
h
i
s
thr
e
sh
old
and
t
h
e ca
l
c
ul
at
io
n
s
made
bec
o
m
e
s ve
ry
fa
r fr
om
real
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
inse
rt
io
n
of
a D
G
sou
r
ce
a
t
the
p
r
oxi
mi
t
y
of
th
e
bu
s 2
p
l
ay
s
a
v
e
ry
p
o
s
it
iv
e ro
le
i
n
th
e b
ack
up
of
th
e
VD in
th
e
s
e st
and
a
r
d
s (V
D i
s
~ 7%
fo
r
MV
[40
]
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
7
7
–
987
98
2
F
i
gu
re 4.
S
i
m
p
l
e
me
diu
m
v
o
l
t
age
net
w
ork
w
i
t
h
an
d w
i
t
h
o
u
t
D
G
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
F
i
gu
re 5.
V
o
l
t
a
ge
dro
p
c
h
an
ge
i
n
bu
s 2
unde
r ambie
n
t te
mp
e
r
at
ure
i
n
fl
ue
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
a
n
d wi
t
h
o
u
t
DG
i
n
se
rti
o
n
Ta
ble
2.
N
u
m
e
ri
c
a
l
da
ta
fo
r
s
i
mpl
e
ci
rc
uit
li
k
e
fi
g
u
re
2
Sour
ce
DG
Li
ne 1 (
L
1
)
L
o
a
d
S
S
=
120
M
V
A
S
DG
=
10 M
V
A
R
L1
=
1,
65
Ω
/km V
L
=
11,
5 kV
V
s
= 30 kV
V
DG
= 30 kV
X
L1
= 1,
22
Ω
/km I
L
=
105,
7 A
R
S
= 0.
12
Ω
R
DG
=
0,80
Ω
Im
a
x
= 2000 A
X/
R =15
X
S
=
0.
48
Ω
X
DG
= 0,
32
Ω
L
1
=3 km
Pf
= 0,
95
3.3.
S
e
co
nd
c
a
se: IEEE 3
3
-
b
us
r
a
dia
l
d
i
st
ributio
n
In or
der t
o
co
n
f
i
r
m the
im
pac
t
of D
G
i
n
se
rti
on a
n
d i
t
s l
o
cat
i
on o
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
age st
abi
l
i
t
y
inde
x (l
e
v
el
)
un
de
r am
bi
ent
t
e
mperat
ure
,
a
n
MV
33 ra
di
a
l
bus di
strib
u
t
i
on ne
t
w
o
r
k (F
i
g
ure
6
)
i
s
use
d
.
T
h
is dist
ri
but
io
n
syste
m
c
o
nta
i
n
s
3
3
bus
(n
o
d
e
s
)
a
n
d
a
3.
71
5
MV
A, 2.
3 M
V
AR,
1
2
.4
7k
V
po
we
r
s
o
urce
. F
o
r fu
rthe
r dat
a
se
e
the
Appendix (A
& B).
The
me
as
ure
d
vol
ta
ge
i
n
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
bus
b
a
rs u
nde
r a
m
bi
e
n
t t
e
m
p
era
t
ur
es is:
-5°C
,
25
°C an
d
6
5
°C
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y. T
h
ese t
e
m
p
erat
u
r
es re
pre
s
ent
t
h
e t
w
o
e
n
ds of
T2 a
n
d
2
5
°C
rep
r
e
s
e
n
ts T1
. The
re
sul
t
s o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
are
pre
s
e
n
te
d
i
n
F
i
gure
7
.
T
h
e
fi
g
u
r
e s
h
ows
t
h
e
de
gra
d
at
i
o
n of
the
v
o
lt
ag
e
le
vel
al
on
g t
h
e l
i
ne
, e
s
pe
ci
al
l
y
in
bus
es 18
an
d
3
3
un
de
r
t
h
e
e
ffec
t
of t
h
e a
m
bi
e
n
t
t
e
mpe
r
at
u
r
e i
n
cre
a
se
.
Th
i
s
als
o
c
a
u
s
e
s
a d
e
c
r
ea
se in
t
h
e le
v
e
l
o
f
vo
l
t
ag
e s
t
ab
ilit
y
ind
e
x
(
s
e
e
Fi
gure
8
)
.
Th
e fu
tur
e
MV
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
ti
on n
e
t
w
ork
s
are n
e
t
w
ork
s
wi
th
h
i
gh
pos
si
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
h
e D
G
s in
se
rt
i
on i
n
o
n
e
or
more
poi
nt
s. T
h
i
s
t
ype of ne
tw
or
ks s
u
ffe
r
s fro
m
c
l
i
m
at
e hea
t
i
ng
b
u
t
has t
h
e a
dva
nt
age
of
b
e
i
n
g
i
n
are
a
s
o
f
very
hi
g
h
a
n
n
u
al
a
v
erage
sol
a
r
ra
d
i
a
t
i
on,
s
o
i
t
i
s
very a
d
va
nta
g
e
ous
to
i
n
st
al
l
DG
s of
p
h
o
t
o
volt
a
i
c
P
V
t
y
pes.
I
n
fa
ct
, i
t
has
fi
rst
l
y
bee
n
de
al
t
wi
t
h
t
h
i
s
t
y
pe
of pr
oble
m
by
tryi
ng
i
n
te
grat
i
n
g a
P
V
t
ype
D
G
wit
h
a
0
.
5
M
W
act
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
di
ffe
r
ent
IEE
E
33
bus
ba
rs
ra
dia
l
di
st
ri
but
io
n
sy
st
em
, th
e
r
e
su
lts
ob
ta
in
ed ar
e
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re 9. The te
sts in
d
i
c
a
t
e
th
at th
e
t
w
o
si
te
s
th
a
t
ar
e
r
e
al
ly
im
p
r
ov
ing
are
in
s
e
r
t
s
18
a
n
d
3
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Cont
ri
but
i
o
n o
f
DG
s i
n
t
h
e st
abi
li
t
y
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
age
d
r
o
p
re
d
u
c
t
ion f
o
r…
(B
o
u
a
fi
a A
bde
lk
a
d
e
r
)
9
83
Fi
gu
re
6. Si
n
g
l
e
l
i
ne dia
g
ra
m of IEE
E
33
-b
u
s
ra
dia
l
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
F
i
gu
re
7. V
o
lt
age
dro
p
i
n
di
ffe
renc
es
b
u
ses
for -5,
2
5
, a
n
d 7
0
°C
re
spe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
F
i
g
u
re
8
.
V
o
l
t
a
ge
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x in
b
u
ses
for
di
ffe
re
nt
am
bie
n
t t
e
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
F
i
gu
re 9.
R
e
sul
t
t
o
i
n
se
rt
i
o
n of D
G
-P
V
i
n
di
ff
ere
n
t
b
u
ses
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
7
7
–
987
98
4
3.4.
D
G
a
d
va
ntag
e in
v
o
l
tag
e
st
abi
lit
y
In
order
t
o
u
n
d
erst
a
n
d
t
h
e
impac
t
o
f
D
G
i
n
se
rt
i
o
n
o
r
in
a
MV
dist
ri
b
u
t
i
on s
y
st
em
,
t
h
e pre
v
io
us
exa
m
pl
e i
n
t
h
e
two mai
n
p
o
i
n
ts whi
c
h gi
ve
g
o
o
d
pe
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e in re
duci
n
g
t
h
e vol
t
a
ge
dro
p
wi
ll
be use
d
.
Fo
u
r
p
h
o
t
ovo
lta
ic
typ
e
DG
s wi
th di
ff
e
r
en
t
siz
e
s w
e
r
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
, se
e
Ta
b
l
e 3
.
Th
ese
DG
s su
ppose
d
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
te a
c
tiv
e
po
we
r onl
y.
Ta
ble
3.
Di
st
ri
but
e
d
gene
rat
i
on
t
y
pe a
n
d
pa
ramet
r
e
r
s
G
Ac
tive
Pow
e
r (
M
VA
)
Re
ac
tive
Pow
e
r (MVA
R)
D
G
1-
PV 0.
5
-
D
G
2-
PV 1.
0
-
D
G
3-
PV 2.
0
-
D
G
4-
PV 4.
0
-
4.
R
E
S
U
LTS
AND D
I
SCU
S
S
I
O
N
Thi
r
t
e
e
n
(1
3) p
o
ssibl
e
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s
of t
h
e
D
G
s
inse
rt
io
n i
n
IE
EE 3
3
-
b
u
s
ra
di
al
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
see
ta
bl
e
4.
At
t
h
e
be
gin
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
mi
ni
mum
a
n
d t
h
e
m
a
xi
mu
m
of t
h
e
v
o
lt
age
st
ab
i
l
i
t
y
i
nde
x
(S
VI
)
for t
w
o
d
i
ffe
re
nt
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
te
mp
era
t
u
r
es
2
5
°
C
a
n
d
70
°
C
is me
as
ure
d
, th
en
t
h
e d
i
v
e
rg
ence
m
i
n
-
max (SVI)
fo
r e
a
c
h
sc
en
a
r
i
o
wi
ll
be
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed. The
re
s
u
lt
s obt
ai
ne
d a
r
e
s
h
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
10
.
Three ca
t
e
go
ri
es o
f
sc
e
n
a
r
ios
can be
di
st
i
n
g
u
ishe
d;
bet
t
e
r, a
v
era
g
e a
nd ba
d. T
h
e 1
0
a
n
d
11 sc
e
n
a
r
ios
are cl
assi
fi
e
d
a
s
be
st
c
a
t
e
g
o
ry
t
h
at
a
r
e
re
la
te
d t
o
t
h
e
i
n
se
rti
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
smal
l DG
s
(0
.5
&
1MW
)
i
n
the
b
u
s
1
8
and
33,
t
h
e
ma
x
of
t
h
i
s
c
a
t
e
go
ry
does
n
o
t
e
x
cee
d
1
(
S
VI
≤
1 sta
b
il
i
t
y), an
d
t
h
e
di
ve
rge
n
c
e
mi
n-max is
mi
n
i
mum
a
s
wel
l
a
s
th
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e a
m
b
i
e
n
t te
mp
er
at
u
r
e
ap
p
e
ared
alm
o
st ze
ro
.
f
o
r
t
h
e av
e
r
ag
e
cate
g
or
y
one ca
n cl
assi
fy
t
h
e sce
n
a
r
i
o
s 2,3,
4
an
d
5 w
h
i
c
h a
r
e
re
la
te
d
t
o
t
h
e i
n
se
rt
ion
o
f
a
si
n
g
le
smal
l DG ei
th
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
buse
s
18
o
r
33
, t
h
e
ma
x
of
S
V
I a
n
d
a
l
most
1,
a
n
d
t
h
e di
verge
n
ce
Mi
n
-
M
a
x
is
u
nde
r
t
h
e i
n
it
i
a
l
val
u
e
(wi
t
h
o
u
t D
G
)
, t
h
e im
pac
t
of t
h
e
a
m
bi
e
n
t
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
i
s
mini
mu
m.
c
o
n
cerni
ng
the
ba
d ca
te
go
ry
i
t
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
sc
en
ar
i
o
s
r
e
la
te
d
to th
e in
se
r
t
i
o
n of
o
n
e
to th
e
t
w
o
D
G
s
o
f
la
rg
e si
ze
s (2
o
r
4 MW),
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
th
e
s
cen
ar
io
s (6
, 7
,
8
,
9,
1
2
a
n
d
13
), t
h
e
max
u
s
u
a
lly
ex
ceed
s
1
(
S
VI
≥
1
i
n
st
abi
l
i
t
y)
a
n
d
the
di
ver
g
e
n
ce
Mi
n
-
M
a
x
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an th
e
in
i
t
ia
l v
a
l
u
e, a
n
d th
e im
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e a
m
b
i
en
t te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e is r
e
m
a
rk
a
b
le
. From th
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
lts
it
ca
n
be
n
o
t
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
in
ser
tion
o
f
t
h
e
sm
al
l
D
G
s at
th
e e
nd of t
h
e
br
a
n
c
h
es
p
l
ay
s
a
si
gn
i
f
ic
a
n
t
ro
le
in
th
e
sta
b
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
d
i
str
i
b
u
tio
n n
e
twor
k
s
and
l
i
mits
th
e
i
m
p
act
o
f
t
h
e
amb
i
en
t
te
mp
era
t
ur
e
o
n
th
e
in
sta
lla
tio
n
.
Tabl
e
4
.
P
r
e
s
e
n
ts mi
n a
n
d
ma
x
of
S
t
abi
l
i
t
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
nde
x fo
r di
ffe
renc
ts
sc
ena
r
i
o
s
S
c
e
n
ar
io
D
G
used
Positi
on
M
i
n SV
I for 25°C
M
i
n SV
I
fo
r 7
0
°
C
Max
SV
I
f
o
r 25°C
Max
S
V
I
f
o
r 70°C
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
1
Without
-
0,
6611
628
6
0,
6227
793
3
1
1
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
2
DG1
-
P
V
bus 18
0,
7240
045
4
0,
7038
699
6
1
1
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
3
DG1
-
P
V
bus 33
0,
6862
924
7
0,
6558
133
4
1
1
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
4
DG2
-
P
V
bus 18
0,
7488
875
2
0,
7289
795
8
1
1
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
5
DG2
-
P
V
bus 33
0,
7488
875
2
0,
6845
690
4
1
1
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
6
DG3
-
P
V
bus 18
0,
7963
341
1
0,
7808
831
4
1,
2671
978
9
1,
3068
708
2
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
7
DG3
-
P
V
bus 33
0,
7619
006
7
0,
7414
297
9
1,
0306
693
1,
0509
496
7
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
8
DG4
-
P
V
bus 18
0,
8779
809
5
0,
8721
225
5
2,
0098
231
6
2,
1661
731
4
Sc
en
a
r
i
o
9
DG4
-
P
V
bus 33
0,
8583
043
3
0,
8488
669
3
1,
4100
002
7
1,
4822
400
3
S
c
e
n
ar
io 10
To
w D
G
1
-
P
V
bus18
&
33
0,
8007
986
8
0,
7888
644
9
1
1
S
c
e
n
ar
io11
To
w D
G
2
-
P
V
bus18 &
33
0,
8959
378
8
0,
8962
516
2
1,
0003
733
8
1,
0156
995
1
S
c
e
n
ar
io12
To
w D
G
3
-
P
V
bus18 &
33
0,
9484
180
5
0,
9440
056
8
1,
4037
069
3
1,
4752
262
9
S
c
e
n
ar
io13
To
w D
G
4
-
P
V
bus18 &
33
0,
9603
116
7
0,
9545
228
9
2,
3701
484
6
2,
6318
921
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
& Dri
Sy
st
I
SSN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
Co
n
t
ribu
ti
on
of
D
G
s
in
th
e st
a
b
i
lit
y an
d
vo
lt
a
g
e
drop
redu
c
t
io
n
f
o
r… (Bou
a
fia
Abd
e
l
k
ad
er)
9
85
Fi
g
u
re
10
. d
i
v
e
rg
en
c
e
mi
n
-
m
a
x
o
f
S
t
a
b
ilit
y
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ind
e
x
to d
i
ff
e
r
en
c
t
s
scen
a
r
io
s
f
o
r
2
5
°
C
and
7
0
°
C
5.
CO
NCL
US
IO
N
The
el
ect
ri
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
di
strib
u
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
m
is
u
s
ua
ll
y e
x
po
se
d
t
o
e
x
t
e
rnal
i
m
pa
ct
s s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e a
m
bi
ent
te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e tha
t
a
f
fe
ct
s th
e in
te
rn
a
l
s
t
ab
ilit
y
p
a
ra
me
te
rs
o
f
th
e e
l
e
c
tr
ic
sy
s
t
e
m
th
a
t
i
s
u
s
ua
ll
y
vo
lt
age
.
Fo
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
el
ec
tr
ic
dist
ri
b
u
t
i
on
ne
t
w
o
r
ks
,
t
h
e
cl
imat
e
c
h
an
ge
e
ffe
ct
s sh
o
u
l
d
be t
a
ke
n i
n
to
c
onsi
d
er
at
i
o
n
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e p
h
a
s
e
of i
n
st
al
la
ti
on a
nd
e
s
peci
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
ca
lc
ula
t
io
ns
of t
h
e t
r
a
n
smi
s
sion l
i
n
e
s
i
m
p
e
danc
e
s
b
y
ke
epi
n
g
t
h
e a
m
bi
e
n
t t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
sup
e
ri
or
o
r
e
qua
l
to
75
°C
. T
h
e
i
n
se
rt
ion
o
f
t
h
e
DGs
re
ma
ins
a
g
ood
me
an
s t
o
f
i
g
h
t
a
g
ai
nst
t
h
e
i
m
pact
of
t
h
e
s
e
t
e
mpe
r
at
ur
e
pe
a
k
s t
h
at
o
f
t
e
n
t
ouc
hes
the
S
a
har
a
z
one
s.
T
h
e D
G
s
i
n
ser
t
i
o
n i
n
a
r
a
di
al
di
st
ri
but
i
on
n
e
t
w
or
k a
nd
i
t
s
i
m
pa
ct
on v
o
l
t
a
ge d
r
o
p
an
d
on
v
o
l
t
a
g
e d
r
o
p
i
n
di
ce
s un
de
r t
h
e ef
f
ect
of
t
h
e
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
c
l
i
m
at
ic
c
o
ndit
i
o
ns
(e
xt
r
e
me
h
o
t
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
z
one
s)
ha
s
bee
n
st
udie
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r.
It
ha
s
bee
n
s
how
n
t
h
at
D
G
s
c
a
n pl
ay
a
v
e
ry i
m
po
rt
ant
rol
e
in
the
i
m
p
r
o
v
eme
n
t
of
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sta
b
ili
ty
ind
e
x, as
we
ll
a
s
l
i
mi
tat
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e dr
op fo
r fu
t
u
re e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
tio
n
net
w
ork
s
,
se
le
ct
io
n of
t
h
e si
ze
, n
u
m
b
er an
d t
h
e i
n
s
e
rt
i
on
p
o
int
s
o
f
t
h
e
DGs t
h
a
t
wel
l
red
u
c
e
s
of
v
o
l
t
a
g
e d
r
op
an
d
gi
v
e
a
go
o
d
sta
b
ili
ty
.
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f
t
h
e
amb
i
en
t
te
mp
era
t
u
r
e
on
vo
l
t
ag
e d
r
o
p
(VD
)
a
n
d on
vo
lta
g
e
sta
b
il
ity
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
V
S
I
)
tha
t
a
ppe
ar
s
mi
nimal
i
n
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
ch
ose
n
sce
n
ari
o
s wi
ll
be
come
mo
re
i
m
p
o
rt
a
n
t
in t
h
e most
c
o
mpl
e
x e
l
ect
r
i
c di
st
ri
b
u
ti
o
n
net
w
or
ks a
n
d
espec
i
a
l
l
y
du
ri
ng
pea
k
da
ys.
Ac
co
r
d
i
n
g t
o
the
st
ud
y,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mal
posi
t
i
o
n
whe
r
e
t
h
e D
G
s s
h
ou
l
d
be
inse
rt
ed i
n
the
r
a
di
al
di
st
ri
buti
o
n
net
w
or
ks
i
s
at
t
h
e e
nds
o
f
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e 3
3
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ses ca
se
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d
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e
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dea
l
s wit
h
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i
on of
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w
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ph
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pe
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th
me
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um
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al
l di
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h
is
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a g
o
o
d
e
f
f
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c
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er
ab
ly
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cre
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s
e of
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amb
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e
n
t
tem
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
impac
t
.
RE
FE
RE
NC
E
[1]
S
h
ankar N
C, F
r
ank
A F
,
” I
m
pa
ct of
cli
m
ate
ch
an
ge o
n
electr
i
city s
y
s
t
ems
an
d
marke
t
s–
A rev
i
e
w
o
f
models
an
d
fo
recasts
,”
Els
e
vier.
Su
sta
i
nab
le
Ener
gy T
e
ch
no
log
i
es
an
d
Ass
e
ss
ments
, v
o
l.
5,
n
o
. 2
0
1
4
,
pp.
62
–74C.
[2]
La
canicu
l
e
p
e
rs
is
te d
a
ns 5
wilay
a
s
du
su
d.
A
c
c
e
s
s
ed
on
:
S
e
ptemb
e
r 10
,
20
19
. [On
l
in
e].
available:
ht
tp:
//www.ra
dioalg
erie.d
z
/
n
e
ws
/fr/article
/2
018
07
09
/1
4
5
8
9
3
.
html
.
[3]
Ayong H,
Ismail Y,
Trias F,
Pont
ia
W, Kh
o
H,
K
h
w
ee, J,”
O
p
timum Ren
e
w
a
ble
F
r
ac
tion
for Grid-con
ne
c
t
ed
P
h
otovo
ltaic
in
Office
Building
En
ergy
S
y
s
t
ems
,
”
Int
e
rn
atio
nal
Jou
r
n
a
l o
f
Pow
e
r
Electro
nics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
stem
(IJPE
DS)
,
vo
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
1
8
66-18
74
,
2
0
18
[4]
Mé
nd
e
z
V.
H, Rivi
e
r
J,
d
e
la
Fu
e
n
te
J I,
Gó
m
e
z
T
,
Arc
e
l
uz J, Ma
rí
n
J,
Ma
d
u
rg
a
A,
”
Im
pa
ct
of d
i
st
ri
b
u
te
d
ge
n
e
rati
on
o
n
d
i
s
t
ribu
tion
in
vestment
def
e
rr
al,
”
I
nte
r
na
ti
on
al J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of Ele
c
tri
c
al
P
o
w
e
r
&
En
e
r
g
y
S
y
ste
m
s
.
Vol
28
,
n
o
. 4, pp
24
4-2
5
2
,
20
06.
[5]
Ma
hm
u
d
M A,
Ho
ss
a
i
n
M
J
,
Pota H R,
”
A
n
al
ys
is of Vo
lt
a
g
e Ri
s
e
Effe
c
t
on Distri
b
u
t
i
o
n
Ne
t
w
ork wit
h
Di
stri
bu
ted
Generation,”
I
F
AC Proc
eed
in
gs
Vo
lu
mes
.
Vo
l 4
4
,
No.
1,
pp
.
1
479
6-1
4
8
01,
20
11
.
[6]
A
d
efarati
T, Ba
ns
al R.C,”
In
teg
r
ation
of
r
e
n
e
wa
ble
distrib
u
t
ed
g
e
nera
to
rs
into
th
e d
i
s
t
ribut
io
n
s
y
s
t
em:
a
r
e
vi
ew,”
IET
Ren
e
wable
Po
wer G
e
ner
a
t
i
on
.
Vo
l. 10
,
No. 7
,
p
p
. 87
3 – 88
4
,
20
16.
[7]
Big
n
u
c
o
l
o
F, Ca
l
d
o
n
R, Pra
ndon
i V,
“
R
a
d
ia
l
MV
n
e
two
r
ks
vo
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
l
a
ti
o
n
wi
th di
st
rib
u
tio
n
ma
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
em co
ord
i
nat
e
d co
n
t
roller,”
E
l
ec
tric
Po
wer
S
y
s
t
em
s Resea
r
ch
.
Vol
78
,
n
o
. 4, p
p
.
63
4-6
4
5
,
20
08.
[8]
La
b
e
d I, La
be
d
D,
Ma
nso
u
r Z,
Fe
t
i
ssi S,”
Infl
u
e
n
c
e o
f
t
h
e
wi
n
d
farm
in
te
g
r
at
io
n
on l
o
a
d
fl
ow a
n
d
volt
a
g
e
in
ele
c
trical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
t
em
,
”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l
of Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
Vo
l 41
, no
.
201
6
,
p
p
.
12
60
3
-
12
61
7.
[9]
G
u
an
F
.
H, Zh
ao D
.
M
,
Zhan
g X.,
S
h
an B.T,
Liu
Z
, “
Res
e
a
r
ch
o
n
d
i
s
t
ributed
g
e
ner
a
t
i
o
n
te
chn
o
logi
es
and
its i
m
pac
t
s
on
po
we
r system
,”
In
tern
at
ion
a
l
Con
f
er
enc
e
o
n
S
u
s
t
a
i
na
ble
Po
we
r G
e
ner
a
tion
a
n
d
Su
pply
.
Na
nji
ng,
Chi
n
a
.
2
0
0
9
[10]
K
o
ji Y,
Yo
shihi
r
o K
,
”
Influ
e
n
c
e
of
vo
ltag
e
s
a
gs
on
th
e
pow
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
pe
n
e
tra
t
ion
o
f
ph
ot
ov
oltaic
po
wer
g
e
nera
tion
,
”
I
EEE
Po
wer
a
nd
En
er
gy
Soc
iety G
e
ner
a
l
Me
eting
. 2
0
1
2
.
[11]
A
r
ash A
,
Thom
as
W
,S
a
eed
L
,
”
Th
e
Impa
ct
s of Di
stri
bu
ted E
n
e
r
gy So
urc
e
s
o
n
Di
st
ribu
ti
on Ne
twork
Reco
nfig
ur
atio
n
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ction
s
on En
e
r
gy
Co
nver
sion
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
, no
. 2, pp
.
6
06 – 6
13,
2
0
16
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I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
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94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
7
7
–
987
98
6
[12]
Niemi
R
.
, Lun
P
D
, “Decen
trali
zed
e
l
e
c
tricity
s
y
stem s
i
z
i
n
g
an
d
plac
emen
t
in
distrib
u
tion
n
e
two
r
ks
,”
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Ap
pl
ied
En
ergy
,
“
v
o
l. 8
7
,
no.
6
,
pp
18
65
-1
86
9, 2
0
1
0
.
[13]
Murty V.V
.
S.N.
Ashwani K, “
Optim
a
l
pl
ac
em
e
n
t o
f
DG
i
n
ra
d
i
al
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
tio
n
s
y
stems bas
e
d
o
n
new
vo
l.
tag
e
stabili
t
y ind
e
x u
n
d
er lo
ad gro
w
t
h
,”
In
tern
atio
na
l
Jou
r
na
l o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
cal
Po
wer
& Ener
gy S
y
s
t
ems
, v
o
l
.
69
, pp
2
46-
25
6, 20
15
.
[14]
Afzalan
E, Tag
h
ikh
a
ni M
A,
Sed
i
g
h
iz
adeh
M
,
”
Op
ti
ma
l
P
l
ac
emen
t
an
d
S
i
z
i
ng
o
f
DG
in
R
a
dia
l
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
tio
n
Networ
ks Using
SFLA
,”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
na
l
of En
e
r
gy
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g,
vol. 2, n
o
. 3, pp
. 73
-77
,
2
0
12.
[15]
He
da
y
a
ti H, Nab
a
vi
nia
k
i S A,
Akb
a
rima
jd A
,
“A M
e
thod
for
P
l
ac
e
m
en
t o
f
D
G
U
n
its
in
Distr
i
bu
tion
Netw
ork
s
,”
IEEE T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
Po
wer
D
e
livery
,
vol. 23
, no. 3,
p
p
: 16
2
0
–
162
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[16]
Abu-Mout
i F
S,
E
l
-
Hawary
M
E
,
”
Heuristic
curve-fitted techni
que fo
r
dist
ributed
generat
i
on
opti
mi
zati
on i
n
r
a
di
al
distrib
u
tion
fe
ed
er s
y
s
t
ems
,
”
IE
T Ge
n
e
ra
ti
on,
Trans
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
&
Di
st
ri
bu
ti
o
n
. vo
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
17
2-1
80,
20
11.
[17]
An
gelim
J H
,
Affo
ns
o C M
,
”
I
m
pac
t
of
distrib
u
ted g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
techn
o
l
ogy
and
lo
c
a
tio
n
o
n
p
o
w
e
r s
y
s
t
em
vo
l.t
a
ge
stabili
t
y
,
”
I
E
EE L
a
tin
Ameri
c
a T
r
an
sa
ctions
,
vo
l..
14,
n
o
. 4, p
p
.
1
7
5
8 –
1
7
65,
2
0
1
6
.
[18]
Du
on
g M
Q
,
Tr
an N
T N
,
S
a
va
G
N
;
S
c
r
i
p
c
ar
iu
M,
”
Th
e
imp
a
cts
of
d
i
s
t
ribu
te
d g
e
ne
r
a
tion penetrat
ion
i
n
to the
power system
,
”
In
ter
natio
na
l C
o
n
f
eren
c
e
o
n
El
ectr
o
m
e
c
h
an
ica
l
an
d Po
wer Sys
t
ems
(S
IEL
M
EN
)
Ias
i
.
Roman
i
a.
20
17
.
[19]
W
a
ng
L,
Ya
n
R,
a
nd Sa
ha T K,
”
Vol
.
ta
ge
Ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
for La
rge
Sc
al
e
PV
Inte
gra
tio
n
i
n
t
o
We
a
k
Di
st
ri
bu
ti
on
S
y
s
t
ems,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
actio
n
s
on
Sm
ar
t
G
r
id
,
v
o
l
.
9,
no.
5,
pp.
4
128
-41
3
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[20]
Al Abri
R S,
El-Saad
any
E
F,
A
t
wa
Y M
,
”
O
ptimal
P
l
ac
em
ent and
S
i
zing
M
e
th
od
to Imp
r
ove
th
e Vo
l.t
a
g
e
St
abi
lity Margi
n
in a Distri
b
u
t
i
on
Syst
em
Usi
n
g Distri
but
e
d Gen
e
rat
i
on”
,
IEE
E
Tran
sac
t
io
ns on P
o
wer
Sys
t
em
s
,
vo
l.
28,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.32
6
–
33
4,
201
3
[21]
Khu
s
h
a
l
a
ni
S
,
S
o
la
n
k
i
J
M.
,
Sc
hu
lz
N
N.
” D
e
ve
lo
p
m
e
n
t of T
h
re
e
-
Ph
a
s
e
Un
ba
lanc
e
d
Po
we
r Fl
o
w
Usin
g PV
a
n
d
P
Q
M
odels for Distrib
u
ted Gen
e
rat
i
o
n
and S
t
u
d
y
o
f
the I
m
pa
c
t
of DG
M
o
dels,”
I
E
EE T
r
an
sa
ction
s
on Po
w
e
r
Sys
t
em
s
,
vo
l.
2
2
,
no
. 3
,
pp
. 1
0
1
9
-
10
25
. 2
007
.
[22]
Delfin
o F
,
P
r
o
c
opio R,
Ro
ss
i M
,
Ron
d
a G,
” I
n
tegra
t
io
n of
lar
g
e-
s
i
ze
pho
to
vo
l
.
t
a
ic sy
st
e
m
s
i
n
t
o
th
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
but
io
n
grids
:
a p-q
ch
art ap
pro
ach
to
as
s
e
s
s
re
activ
e
s
u
p
p
o
rt cap
abil
ity,”
I
E
T
Renewa
bl
e Po
wer Gen
e
r
a
tio
n
V
o
l.
.
4
,
I
s
su
e:
4
,
Ju
ly
20
10
.
[23]
Zab
a
io
u
T, D
e
ss
ain
t
L
A
,
K
a
mw
a I
,
”
P
r
ev
en
tiv
e
co
ntrol
ap
p
r
oach
for
vol
.t
age
s
t
ab
ility
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t
u
s
ing
vo
l.t
a
ge
stabili
t
y
con
s
tra
i
n
e
d op
tim
al
p
o
w
er
flow b
a
sed
on
st
ati
c
line
vol
.
t
a
ge stabi
l
ity indi
ces,” in
I
E
T Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
Transm
i
s
sion &
Distribution
,
v
o
l.
8,
n
o
. 5, p
p
.
924
–
93
4
,
Ma
y 2014
.
[24]
Refaa
t
S
S
,
A
b
u
-
Rub
H, S
a
nfi
l
ip
p
o
A P
,
” Dy
na
mic V
o
l.
tage
S
t
ab
il
it
y
I
m
pa
ct
o
f
Lar
g
e-
S
c
ale P
h
oto
v
o
l
.t
aic S
y
s
t
e
m
on
El
ectric
P
o
wer G
r
ids
,
”
5
t
h
IET In
te
rna
tio
na
l Co
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
R
e
n
e
wable P
o
we
r Ge
ne
ra
ti
on
, 2
1
-23
Se
p
t
. 20
16.
Lo
nd
on,
UK
.
[25]
Lab
e
d
I, Labed
D
,
Ex
tr
em
e
l
ear
ning m
achin
e-b
a
s
e
d a
l
lev
i
a
t
ion
for ov
erlo
aded
po
wer sy
stem,
IE
T Ge
n
e
ra
ti
on,
Transm
i
s
sion &
Distribution
,
vo
l. 13
,
no
.
2
2
,
pp
5
0
58 –
5
0
7
0
,
201
9.
[26]
Aras
h A
,
Tho
m
as
W
,S
a
eed
L,”
T
h
e
Imp
act
s o
f
D
i
s
t
rib
u
t
ed En
erg
y
S
o
urces
on
Distr
i
b
u
tion
Netwo
r
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f
S
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n
s
io
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Lo
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f
El
e
c
tr
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P
o
wer
i
n
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
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Networ
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b
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d
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bi
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Te
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u
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Lo
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b
il
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d L
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f
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T
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Temp
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Imp
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ct
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n
State
Es
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u
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an
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r
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42n
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rn
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a
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Inves
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tio
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un
it’s
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t
a
n
d
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