In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
785~
7
9
1
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
7
85-
79
1
785
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Exp
eriment study investigati
on co
m
pare temp
erature series
circuit and the parallel circuit
of thermoelectric
and variable
water, electrical of thermoe
lectric for heat exchanger
A
k
a
w
it Y
a
i
d
ee,
C
h
a
n
t
a
n
a
Punle
k
,
So
mcha
i
Ma
neewa
n
Res
earch an
d
M
an
agem
ent
Cent
er,
F
acul
t
y
o
f
S
ci
ence, N
aresuan
Un
ivers
i
ty,
Thai
l
a
nd
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
ug
7,
201
8
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
9
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 25,
2
0
1
9
Th
is
p
ap
er
p
resent
s
t
h
e
com
p
ari
s
on
t
e
mp
eratu
r
e
of
t
herm
o
e
lectri
c
(
Tec1
-
12
70
8
)
betw
een
t
he
s
eries
ci
rc
u
it
an
d
p
a
ra
lle
l
c
i
rc
u
i
t
by
a
dju
s
ti
ng
o
f
w
at
er
flo
w
r
a
t
e
pu
mp
a
nd
e
lect
rical
s
up
pl
y
i
ng
t
o
thermo
elect
ric,
the
elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
8
,
1
0
an
d
1
2
V
,
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
i
n
r
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
w
a
s
0
.
01
5
k
g
/
s
a
n
d
0
.
02
5
kg
/
s
.
Ex
pe
rime
n
t
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
we
re
6
h
o
u
r
s
.
The
res
u
l
t
f
rom
the
research
es
,
th
erm
o
elect
ri
c
wit
h
p
aral
lel
circu
i
t
h
i
g
h
t
em
perat
u
re
m
ore
than
th
erm
o
elect
ric
w
i
t
h
s
eries
circuit.
T
h
e
p
a
rall
el
c
i
r
cui
t
o
f
th
ermoel
ec
t
r
ic
c
an
work
b
etter
t
h
an
t
he
s
eries
c
i
rcuit
in
hot
s
i
d
e
.
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different
t
emperature
hot
si
de
o
f
parall
e
l
c
ircu
it
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
electri
cal
voltag
e
a
t
8,
1
0
a
nd
1
2
V
wat
e
r
flo
w
r
ate
in
r
es
e
r
voi
r
w
a
s
0
.
01
5
kg
/
s
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
av
erage
is
2
2
.
44
o
C,
2
2
.
90
o
C,
2
9
.
86
o
C,
a
nd
w
ater
f
l
o
w
rate
i
n
res
e
rvo
i
r
w
a
s
0
.
02
5
kg
/
s
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
averag
e
i
s
2
0
.
67
o
C,
2
6
.
66
o
C,
2
7
.
69
o
C
.
Th
ermo
elect
ric
wit
h
p
a
r
al
lel
circuit
m
a
kes
t
h
e
hi
gher
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
mo
re
t
han
therm
o
electri
c
w
i
t
h
s
eri
es
c
i
r
cu
it
a
b
ou
t
33
%
,
37
%
,
4
4
%
wat
e
r
flow
r
ate
in
r
eserv
o
i
r
w
as
0
.
01
5
kg
/
s
an
d
30
%
,
40
%
, 4
1
%
w
a
ter fl
ow rate i
n
res
e
r
vo
ir was 0
.
0
25
kg
/
s.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Cool
ing wa
t
e
r
H
e
a
t
e
xc
ha
ng
e
r
Therm
o
ele
c
t
ric
module
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Cha
n
t
a
na
P
unl
ek,
R
e
sear
ch a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t C
e
nter,
F
a
c
u
lt
y of S
cience
,
N
a
re
s
u
a
n
U
n
i
ver
s
i
t
y
,
Ph
i
t
sa
nul
o
k
,
6
5
000
, Th
a
i
l
a
nd.
Em
ail:
Cha
n
ta
n
a
p
@
nu.a
c
.th
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
S
i
nce
T
h
ai
la
nd
u
ses
a
lot
of
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
,
c
o
l
d
e
nerg
y,
a
n
d
t
h
erm
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
tha
t
a
r
e
a
ls
o
e
s
se
ntia
l
in
t
he
h
ou
se
h
o
l
d
an
d
i
ndu
stria
l
s
ect
ors
an
d
ne
ce
ssa
r
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
a
i
l
y
life
of
t
he
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
in
t
he
c
o
u
n
tr
y,
s
o
t
h
e
tren
d
of
e
ne
rg
y
c
o
nsu
m
pt
ion
is
i
nc
rea
s
e
d
a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
t
ea
m
has
be
e
n
l
oo
k
i
n
g
f
or
e
qu
ipme
nt
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
pro
duce
b
o
t
h
c
old
ener
g
y
a
nd
therm
a
l
pow
er
w
hich
i
s
Th
erm
o
elec
t
r
i
c
.
T
hese
e
ne
rg
ies
a
r
e
st
ill
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
ho
use
h
old
a
n
d
t
h
e
tea
m
f
ocu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
hou
se
hol
ds
t
hat
u
s
e
t
h
ese
v
ari
o
u
s
e
ne
rg
y
s
o
urce
s
b
u
t
no
t
m
u
c
h
,
and
us
i
n
g
of
a
lter
n
ati
v
e
ene
r
g
y
i
s
a
l
so
r
e
duce
the
env
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
im
p
act.
The
Al
t
e
rn
at
i
v
e
En
e
r
gy
D
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
P
l
an
:
A
E
D
P
201
5
w
a
s
de
ve
lope
d
an
d
foc
u
se
d
o
n
p
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
e
ne
r
gy
p
ro
duc
tio
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
f
u
ll
po
te
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
dome
s
t
i
c
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
erg
y
r
e
s
o
u
rce
s
.
D
e
ve
lop
ap
propr
iat
e
r
enew
a
ble
e
n
ergy
pro
duc
tio
n
w
i
t
h
c
ons
i
d
e
r
ed
t
o
the
appro
p
ria
t
e
and
bene
fi
t
in
s
oc
i
a
l
and
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
di
m
e
nsi
on
s
of
t
h
e
c
o
m
mu
ni
ty.
Th
e
Al
t
e
rn
a
tiv
e
En
e
r
gy
D
ev
e
l
op
men
t
P
l
a
n:
A
EDP
20
15
[
1]
c
o
n
si
st
o
f
Th
e
Po
wer
De
v
elo
p
m
e
nt
P
lan,
T
he
E
nerg
y
Effic
i
en
c
y
D
e
ve
lopm
en
t
P
l
an,
T
he
A
l
t
erna
ti
ve
E
ner
g
y
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
P
l
a
n
,
The
O
i
l
D
evel
opm
en
t
P
l
an
a
n
d
T
h
e
G
as
D
e
ve
lopm
en
t
P
l
an
.The
r
esea
rche
r
e
m
phas
i
zed
a
n
d
t
e
s
t
e
d
the
hea
t
an
d
coo
l
i
n
g
ene
r
gy
pr
oduc
tio
n
fo
r
respo
n
d
i
ng
an
d
p
r
omot
i
n
g
re
new
a
b
l
e
ener
gy
an
d
a
l
t
e
rna
t
i
v
e
e
n
erg
y
.
T
her
e
for
e
,
t
h
e
re
se
arc
h
er
s
electe
d
a
dev
i
ce
t
ha
t
ca
n
prod
uce
the
e
n
erg
y
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
lter
n
a
t
i
v
e
e
n
erg
y
.
There
i
s
t
herm
oelec
t
ric
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
p
r
o
d
uc
e
elec
tr
ical,
heat
in
g
and
c
o
oli
n
g
;
t
hes
e
e
nergie
s
a
r
e
use
d
i
n
hou
se
h
o
ld
s.
T
he
r
esea
rc
he
r
foc
u
se
d
on
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
785
–
7
91
78
6
ho
use
h
old
se
c
t
or
t
ha
t
uses
n
o
t
m
uc
h
e
n
erg
y
;
m
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
usin
g
a
l
t
er
nat
i
ve
e
ner
g
y
a
l
so
r
e
duc
e
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
im
pact
a
nd r
e
p
l
y ene
r
gy p
l
a
n
t
o
o
.
T
h
e
r
m
o
elec
t
r
ic
c
an
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
lectr
i
c
i
t
y
.
The
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
y
n
a
mic
phe
no
m
e
n
on
occ
u
rs
i
n
ma
terials
t
h
a
t
ca
n
cha
n
g
e
t
he
d
i
f
fere
n
t
i
n
te
m
p
era
t
u
r
e
[2]
of
t
he
m
a
t
eria
l
,
h
e
at,
a
nd
co
l
d
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
reve
rsed
.
T
h
e
ma
terial
t
h
a
t
u
s
e
s
h
o
t
n
e
s
s
to
m
a
k
e
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
it
y
is
T
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
(
TEP
)
[3]
and
m
a
te
rial
t
ha
t
use
s
c
oo
l
n
ess
to
ma
ke
e
l
e
ctric
i
ty
i
s
The
r
m
o
e
l
ectr
i
c
C
o
ol
ing
(TE
C
)
[4
]
and
c
a
n
br
i
ng
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
tha
t
i
s
pr
od
uced
by
Ther
moe
l
e
c
tric
[
5]
t
o
use
.
M
os
t
of
t
he
T
herm
oele
ctric
is
a
pp
li
ed
t
o
s
y
st
e
m
s
t
h
at
p
rod
u
c
e
en
e
r
gy
in var
i
o
us f
orm
s
.
S
o
, this resea
rc
h uses
t
he
Ther
m
oele
c
t
ric tha
t
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
c
ol
d
ene
rg
y
a
n
d
t
h
erm
a
l pow
er b
y j
o
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
ci
rc
u
i
t
of
T
h
e
rmo
e
l
ect
ri
c
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
an
d
p
a
ra
ll
el
f
o
r
t
e
s
t
e
ffic
i
e
nc
y
.
T
he
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
i
s
the
ad
ju
stm
e
nt
t
o
m
a
k
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
T
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
o
b
e
a
p
p
r
op
ria
t
e
t
o
g
et
a
h
ig
h
t
e
m
p
era
t
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
Th
e
r
mo
e
l
ect
ri
c t
o
mak
e
en
e
r
g
y
.
This
r
esea
rch
is
j
ust
a
com
p
ar
i
s
on
t
e
mpe
r
ature
of
t
he
t
herm
oele
c
t
ric
se
ries
c
ircuit
and
pa
rallel
circ
ui
t.
B
y
adjusti
n
g
t
h
e
pow
er
supply
volt
a
g
e
from
the
pow
er
s
up
ply
t
o
t
he
ther
m
ostat
a
nd
adjusti
n
g
t
h
e
flo
w
rate
of
the w
a
ter
excha
nger
heating a
nd cooling.
A
nd the
result
s w
ill be
a
pplied to
o
t
h
e
r
a
ppl
ic
ation
s
.
The
r
m
o
electr
i
c
Module [6] is m
ade by
using
the
principle of hea
t pump of sem
i
c
onductor ma
t
e
rials.
Whe
n
t
he
d
ire
c
t
elec
t
r
ic
c
urr
e
nt
i
s
turne
d
on
the
pow
e
r
t
o
the
ther
moc
oupl
e
module
that
u
se
a
P
-N
t
ype
sem
i
c
onductor
,
a
nd
w
h
en
t
he
c
ur
rent
f
low
i
ng
t
h
r
o
ugh
the
sem
i
con
ductor
m
a
ter
i
a
l
i
s
diffe
rent
t
hat
w
i
ll
ma
ke
the
elec
tric
potential
diffe
rent
c
a
u
se
a
d
iffere
nt
i
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s
. W
h
e
n
t
h
e
elec
tromotive
for
ce
flow
s
through
a
N
ty
pe
s
e
m
ic
onductor
th
a
t
w
i
ll
ma
ke
t
he
e
lec
t
r
ons
f
l
o
w
i
ng
fr
om
t
he
nega
t
i
ve
s
ide
of
t
he
pow
er
s
upply
to
t
he
posi
tive
side
o
f
t
h
e
p
ow
er
s
upply
and
the
he
at
a
bsorbing
fr
om
another
side of the
pow
er
f
or
r
ele
a
se
h
eat out
a
t the
end
o
f
th
e
sem
i
c
onductor on
the other
side.
The
hol
e
flow
ing
style
of
P
-type
s
e
m
iconduc
t
o
r
i
s
opposit
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
f
low
i
ng
style
of
P
-type
sem
i
c
onduct
o
r’s
e
lectrons
t
ha
t
me
ans w
h
en the
e
lec
t
ric c
u
rre
nt
flow
s into the
P
-type
sem
iconductor
cause
the
flow
o
f
hole
from
t
he
a
node
t
o
the
c
a
thode
a
nd
th
e
hea
t
a
bsorbi
ng
from
t
he
a
node
o
f
P
-
t
ype
s
em
iconductor
for
r
e
lea
s
e
heat
out
a
t
the
c
a
thode
t
hen
w
e
c
hoose
the
a
d
v
a
ntag
e
of
bot
h
se
miconduc
t
o
r
t
o
u
se
t
oge
t
h
e
r
i
n
a
series
o
f the
r
moe
l
ectric
m
odul
e
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
The
r
e
sea
r
ch
o
f
com
p
aring
t
h
e
r
m
o
elec
t
r
i
c
’
s
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
b
etwee
n
the
par
a
llel
c
i
r
c
uit
a
nd
se
ries
h
a
v
e
the
ventilation
of
hot
a
nd
c
o
l
d
by
w
a
ter
w
i
th
t
he
a
ppropria
t
e
f
low
i
ng
rate
f
or
m
aking
high
therm
o
elec
tric’
s
tem
p
era
t
ur
e.
T
he
r
esea
rch
steps
are
a
s
f
o
llow
s
,
m
a
king
t
h
e
pa
ra
llel
circ
ui
t
and
serie
s
c
irc
u
it
by
usi
ng
the
therm
o
elec
tric (tec1-
1270
8)
(
Tabl
e.
1
) that siz
e
is 4x4
cm
.
M
ea
su
r
e
t
he
t
em
per
a
ture betw
e
en
t
he
hot
s
ide and
cold
s
i
d
e
of
w
ater
b
lock
[
7]
,
and
me
asure
the
wa
ter’
s
t
e
mpe
r
atu
re
i
n
the
tank
of
hot
a
nd
c
o
l
d
w
a
t
e
r
by
using
the the
r
moc
oupl
e
type
k
.
The heat
e
xcha
nger use
s
w
a
t
e
r
to ma
ke
t
h
e
dra
i
n
a
ge
o
f hot
s
ide
and
cold side,
w
a
t
er
flow
r
ate
in
r
eser
vo
ir
w
a
s
0
.
015
kg/
s
and
0.
025
kg/
s
and
collec
t
e
x
pe
rim
e
ntal
r
esult
s
by
d
a
ta
l
ogge
r
ever
y
10
seconds
e
xper
i
m
e
nts
pe
rfor
m
w
e
re
6
hours.
F
igure
1.
S
c
h
em
atic
o
f
the
me
asure
m
e
n
t
of
hot
s
i
d
e
a
nd
cold
si
de
w
a
t
er
b
l
o
c
k
[
8]
,
F
i
gure
2.
M
ot
or
pum
p
w
a
t
e
r
dc
,
F
i
gure
3.
S
c
hem
a
tic
o
f
this
e
xpe
rime
ntal
s
etup
therm
o
elec
tric se
r
ies c
i
r
c
uit, F
igure
4.
S
che
m
a
t
ic
of
thi
s
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
ntal
s
etup therm
o
ele
c
tric
p
ara
l
lel
circuit.
Ta
b
l
e
1
Spec
ifi
cati
o
ns of
the
r
m
o
elec
tric
m
odu
l
e
TE
C
1-1
2
7
0
8
[9
]
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
C
ooli
n
g
m
o
dul
e
s
Th
er
m
o
el
ect
r
i
c
TE
C1
-
1
2
7
08
S
i
ze
(
mm)
4
0
x
4
0
M
odule
hight
(
m
m
)
3
.
4
6
No.
o
f c
ouple
(
n
um
be
r)
127
M
a
xim
u
m
volta
ge
(
vol
ts)
15
.0
M
a
x
i
mu
m
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
a
mp
s
)
8
.
5
M
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
(
w
a
tts)
127
.
5
M
a
xim
u
m
hot
s
ide
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
(
o
C
)
160
-
1
7
0
M
a
x
i
mu
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
t
e
mp
er
at
u
r
e
(
o
C)
6
8
M
odule
c
o
st (
US
$)
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Expe
rime
n
t
stu
d
y
inve
st
i
g
a
tio
n comp
are t
e
m
p
er
at
ure
serie
s
circu
it
a
n
d
the
paral
le
l
… (Aka
wi
t
Y
a
i
d
ee
)
78
7
F
i
gur
e
1
.
S
che
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
ho
t
side
a
n
d
c
ol
d
si
de
w
ater
b
loc
k
[
10]
F
i
gur
e
2
.
Mot
o
r
pump
w
a
ter
d
c
Wa
ter
fl
ow
r
a
t
e
in
r
eser
voi
r
w
a
s
0.01
5
k
g
/
s
(3V
)
Wa
ter
fl
ow
r
a
t
e
in
r
eser
voi
r
w
a
s
0.02
5
k
g
/
s
(4V
)
F
i
gur
e
3
.
F
ro
n
t
v
i
e
w o
f
th
e
t
hermo
e
lectric series circu
it.
Co
o
l
in
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
m
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
Da
t
a
l
o
g
ge
r
C
ool
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
m
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
C
o
o
lin
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
mo
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
Pow
e
r
s
o
ur
c
e
t
h
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
l
e
t
y
p
e
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
785
–
7
91
78
8
F
i
gure
4
.
F
ront
vie
w
of
t
h
e
th
e
r
m
oe
l
e
ctric
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
irc
u
i
t
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
This
r
esea
rch
com
p
ar
i
ng
therm
o
elec
tric’
s
t
em
pera
ture
b
etwee
n
t
h
e
ser
i
e
s
c
i
r
cuit
and
par
a
llel
c
i
rcuit.
The
e
l
ectric
a
l
voltage
a
t
8,10
and
12
V
,
a
nd
t
h
e
hea
t
e
xc
hanger
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
hot
s
ide
and
c
o
l
d
s
ide
of
therm
o
elec
tric
by
using
w
a
ter
.
T
he
w
a
t
er
f
low
ra
t
e
i
n
re
se
rvoir
w
as
0
.
015
a
nd
0
.
025
kg/
s,
a
nd
these
va
l
u
e
i
s
average of
t
emperature from
th
e star
t
re
se
arc
h
to fi
nished.
3.1.
Compar
e se
ri
es c
ircu
it and paral
l
e
l
c
ircu
i
t
8 V,
water
f
l
ow
r
at
e
in
r
e
s
ervo
i
r
was 0
.
0
15 an
d
0
.
02
5
kg
/
s
Thi
s
r
ese
a
r
c
h
c
o
m
p
a
ri
n
g
t
h
ermo
el
ec
t
r
i
c
’s
t
emp
e
ra
t
u
re
b
etwe
en
s
e
rie
s
c
ircui
t
a
n
d
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
circ
u
it
b
y
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
pow
e
r
s
up
p
l
y
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
t
o
t
he
rmoe
lectric
w
i
t
h
8
V
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
ra
t
e
i
n
re
serv
oi
r
w
a
s
0
.
015
k
g/
s
(3V
)
as show
n in
F
i
g
ur
e 5,
t
he
t
herm
oelec
t
r
i
c
’
s
c
i
rcu
i
t
o
f
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
is h
i
g
h
er tem
pera
tur
e
t
h
a
n th
e se
ries
c
i
r
cui
t
,
w
h
ic
h
the
hig
h
e
s
t
tem
p
era
t
u
r
e
of
p
ara
l
l
e
l
c
i
r
c
u
it
i
s
65.9
6
o
C
a
nd
t
he
l
ow
es
t
i
s
2
0.8
7
o
C,
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
ig
he
st
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
of
s
er
i
e
s
circui
t
is
41.
2
8
o
C
an
d
t
h
e
low
e
s
t
i
s
24
.
6
8
o
C
,
s
o
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
f
ho
t
si
de
t
em
pe
ra
ture
is
2
4.68
oC.
F
i
gure
5
.
Te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e
c
o
mp
a
r
e se
ri
es
c
i
r
cu
i
t
a
nd
p
ara
l
l
e
l
ci
rc
ui
t
th
e
el
e
ct
r
i
cal
v
olt
a
g
e
at
8
V
,
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
ra
t
e
in r
eser
v
o
ir
w
a
s
0
.0
15 k
g
/
s
C
ool
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
m
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
D
a
t
a
l
o
gge
r
C
ool
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
mo
el
ec
t
r
i
c
C
ool
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
Ho
t
b
l
o
c
k
T
h
er
m
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
Po
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
h
er
mo
c
o
u
p
l
e
t
y
p
e
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ex
per
i
m
e
n
t
st
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
com
p
are
tem
p
er
at
ure
se
ri
e
s
circu
it a
n
d
the
para
lle
l
…
(Ak
a
wi
t
Yai
d
e
e
)
78
9
The
ther
moe
l
e
c
tric’
s
c
ircuit
of
p
ara
l
l
e
l
is
h
igher
t
e
mpe
r
ature
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
eri
e
s
ci
rc
u
i
t
,
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
highest
t
em
per
a
ture
o
f
pa
rallel
circ
ui
t
is
65.
26
o
C
and
th
e
l
o
w
e
st
i
s
21.
24
o
C,
a
nd
the
highest
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
o
f
series circ
u
i
t
i
s 43.
01
o
C
a
n
d the l
o
w
e
st
i
s 24.91
o
C, so the diffe
rent of
hot si
d
e
tem
p
er
ature is 22.25
o
C,
w
a
t
e
r
flow
r
ate
of 0.
025 kg/
s as
s
h
o
w
n
in F
i
gur
e 6.
F
i
gure
6
.
Te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e
c
o
mp
a
r
e se
ri
es
c
i
r
cu
i
t
a
nd
p
ara
l
l
e
l
ci
rc
ui
t
th
e
el
e
ct
r
i
cal
v
olt
a
g
e
at
8
V
,
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
ra
t
e
in
r
ese
r
vo
i
r
w
as
0
.0
25
k
g
3.2.
C
o
mp
ar
e se
ri
es c
ircu
it an
d
p
a
ral
l
e
l
c
ircu
i
t
10v,
wate
r
f
low r
a
t
e
i
n
r
eser
voir
was 0
.
0
15 an
d
0
.
02
5
kg
/
s
This
r
e
s
ear
ch
c
om
par
i
ng
ther
moe
l
e
c
tric’
s
t
e
m
pe
rature
b
etw
e
e
n
s
e
ries
c
i
r
cuit
and
par
a
llel
circ
ui
t
by
usi
ng
the
pow
er
s
upply
the
e
l
e
c
tricity
t
o
ther
moe
l
e
c
tric
w
ith
1
0
V
and
w
a
ter
fl
ow
r
a
t
e
pumps
3v
is
s
how
n
in
F
i
gure
7,
t
he
t
her
m
oe
l
e
ctric’
s
circ
ui
t
of
p
a
r
allel
is
h
igher
te
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e
t
h
an
t
h
e
s
eri
e
s
ci
rc
u
i
t
,
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
highest
t
em
per
a
ture
o
f
par
a
ll
e
l
c
i
r
cuit
is
7
5
.
88
oC
a
nd
t
h
e
low
e
s
t
is
22.
36
oC,
and
the
hi
ghe
st
t
em
pera
ture
o
f
series
c
irc
u
i
t
i
s
43.96 oC a
nd the
l
o
w
e
st
i
s 22.43
oC,
so the
d
iffe
rent
o
f hot side
tem
p
era
t
ur
e is 31.
92oC.
F
i
gure
7
.
T
emper
a
t
u
re
c
om
pare
ser
i
e
s circ
uit
an
d pa
ral
l
e
l
c
ircu
it t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
vo
l
tage
a
t 10
V,
w
ater flow
rate
i
n reservoir was 0.015 kg/s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1234567
T
E
MP
ERA
T
URE
OF
W
A
T
E
R
B
L
O
CK
(
ºC)
HOURS
tc
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
c
i
rcu
i
t 8v
th
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
circui
t 8v
tc
s
e
r
ies
c
i
rc
uit
8
v
th
s
e
r
i
e
s circuit
8
v
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
234
56
7
T
E
MP
E
R
A
T
URE
OF W
A
T
ER
B
L
O
CK
(
º
C
)
H
OURS
tc p
a
r
allel
c
i
rc
u
i
t 1
0
v
th
p
ara
l
le
l
c
i
rcu
i
t
1
0
v
tc s
eries
c
i
rc
uit 1
0
v
th
se
r
i
e
s c
i
rc
u
i
t 1
0
v
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
785
–
7
91
79
0
The
ther
moe
l
e
c
tric’
s
c
ircuit
of
p
ara
l
l
e
l
is
h
igher
t
e
mpe
r
ature
than
t
he
s
e
r
ies
c
i
r
c
uit,
w
hic
h
t
he
highest
t
em
per
a
ture
o
f
pa
rallel
circ
ui
t
is
73.
74
o
C
and
th
e
l
o
w
e
st
i
s
22.
84
o
C,
a
nd
the
highest
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
o
f
series
c
i
r
cuit
i
s
45.
91
o
C
and
the
low
e
st
i
s
2
4
.
15
o
C,
s
o
the
differe
n
t
of
hot
s
ide
tem
p
er
ature
is
27.
83
o
C,
t
he
w
a
ter
fl
ow
r
ate
0.025
kg/s
i
s
s
how
n in F
i
gur
e 8.
F
i
gure
8
.
T
emper
a
t
u
re
c
om
pare
ser
i
e
s circ
uit
an
d pa
ral
l
e
l
c
ircu
it t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
vo
l
tage
a
t 10
V,
w
ater flow
rate
i
n reservoir was
0.025 kg/s
3.3.
Compar
e se
ri
es c
ircu
it and paral
l
e
l
c
ircu
i
t
t
he
e
lec
t
ric
a
l
vol
t
age at
12
V
, wat
er
flow r
ate
in
rese
r
v
o
ir w
a
s
0
.
01
5
an
d
0
.
025
k
g
/
s
This
r
ese
a
rc
h
com
p
a
r
ing
t
h
e
r
m
o
elec
t
r
i
c
’s
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
b
etwee
n
t
h
e
se
ries
c
irc
u
i
t
a
nd
pa
rallel
circ
ui
t
by
using
the
pow
er
t
o
supply
the
e
l
e
c
tricity
t
o
ther
moe
l
e
c
tric
w
ith
12
V
a
nd
w
a
ter
fl
ow
r
ate
of
0
.015
kg/s
i
s
show
n
in
F
igure
9.
T
he
t
he
rm
oelectric
’
s
circ
uit
of
p
a
r
allel
is
the
hi
ghe
r
tem
p
er
ature
t
h
a
n
t
he
s
e
r
ies
c
i
rcuit,
w
h
ich
the
highest
t
e
m
pe
rature
o
f
t
h
e
para
l
l
e
l
c
i
r
cuit
is
88.08
oC
a
nd
the
low
e
st
i
s
22.
7
5
o
C,
a
nd
the
highe
st
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
of
t
he
s
e
r
ies
circ
ui
t
is
47.
17
oC
a
nd
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
st
i
s
2
1
.
56
oC,
so
t
he
d
i
f
fer
e
nt
o
f
hot
s
ide
tem
p
era
t
ur
e is 40.
91oC.
F
i
gure
9
.
T
emper
a
t
u
re
c
om
pare
ser
i
e
s circ
uit
an
d pa
ral
l
e
l
c
ircu
it t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
vo
l
tage
a
t 12
V,
w
ater flow
rate
i
n reservoir was 0.015 kg/s
The
t
h
er
moe
l
e
c
tric’
s
c
i
r
cu
it
of
p
ar
al
l
e
l
is
h
ig
her
te
mpe
r
ature
t
h
an
t
he
s
eries
c
i
rc
u
i
t,
w
hic
h
t
he
hi
ghe
s
t
t
em
pera
ture
o
f
par
a
lle
l
c
i
r
c
u
it
i
s
81.
8
4
o
C
a
n
d
the
low
e
s
t
i
s
2
2
.
6
2
o
C
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
series
c
irc
u
it
is
47.
8
7
o
C
a
n
d
the
l
o
w
e
st
i
s
2
3
.57
o
C
,
so
t
he
d
i
ffe
ren
t
o
f
ho
t
side
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
i
s
3
3
.
9
7
o
C
,
t
h
e
w
a
ter
flow
r
ate
of
0
.02
5
k
g/s i
s
show
n
in
F
ig
ure
10.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
12
345
67
T
E
M
P
ERA
T
UR
E
OF
W
A
T
E
R
B
L
O
CK
(
ºC)
HOURS
tc p
a
r
allel
c
i
rcu
i
t
1
0
v
th
p
arallel circui
t
1
0
v
tc se
r
i
e
s
c
i
rc
u
i
t 10v
t
h
s
e
r
i
e
s
c
i
r
c
ui
t
10
v
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
12
34
5
6
7
T
E
MP
ER
A
T
U
R
E
O
F
W
A
TER
B
L
O
CK
(
ºC)
HO
UR
S
tc
pa
r
a
llel
c
i
rc
uit 1
2
v
th
para
llel
circ
ui
t 1
2
v
tc
ser
ies
c
i
rc
u
it
1
2
v
th
se
r
i
e
s ci
rcu
it 12v
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ex
per
i
m
e
n
t
st
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
com
p
are
tem
p
er
at
ure
se
ri
e
s
circu
it a
n
d
the
para
lle
l
…
(Ak
a
wi
t
Yai
d
e
e
)
79
1
F
i
gure
10
.
Te
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re co
m
p
a
re
s
eri
e
s c
i
rc
u
i
t
and
p
a
ra
ll
el
c
i
r
cu
i
t
t
h
e el
ect
ri
c
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
1
2
V, wat
er
fl
o
w
rate
i
n reservoir was
0.025 kg/s
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
re
se
arc
h
,
taking
t
h
e
elec
t
r
i
c
al
vol
ta
g
e
a
t
8
,
1
0
and
1
2
V
t
o
the
ser
i
e
s
c
i
r
cuit
of
t
he
rmoe
lectric
,
a
nd
taking
the
electric
from
pow
er
s
upply
to
pum
ps,
hot
s
ide
w
ith
w
ate
r
f
low
rate
i
n
re
se
rvoir
w
a
s
0.
015
kg/
s
have
t
he
m
aximum
t
em
per
a
ture
i
s
41.
28
o
C,
43.
96
o
C,
47.
17
o
C,
a
nd
cold
s
ide
the
minimum
tem
p
er
ature
i
s
21.
82
o
C,
22.
43
o
C,
21.
56
o
C
and
w
a
ter
flow
r
ate
i
n
r
eser
voi
r
w
a
s
0.
025
kg/
s
h
a
ve
h
o
t
s
ide
t
h
e
ma
ximum
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
is
43.
01
o
C,
4
5
.
91
o
C,
47.
87
o
C
a
n
d
cold
s
i
d
e
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
ature
is
24.
91
o
C,
24.15
o
C,
2
3.
57
o
C.
The
re
se
arc
h
,
taking
the
e
l
ectrica
l
voltage
a
t
12
V
8,
10
a
nd
1
2
V
to
t
he
p
a
r
allel
circ
ui
t
of
therm
o
elec
tric, and t
a
king the elec
t
r
i
c
from pow
er
supply to pu
m
p
s, hot
si
d
e
with
w
ater f
low
r
a
te in
reservoir
w
a
s
0.
015
kg/
s
have
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
um
t
e
m
pe
rature
i
s
65.
96
o
C,
75.
88
o
C,
88.
08
o
C,
a
nd
cold
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
minim
u
m
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
i
s
20.
87
o
C,
22.
36
o
C,
22.
75
o
C
and
w
a
ter
flow
r
a
t
e
i
n
r
e
s
e
r
voir
w
a
s
0.
025
kg/
s
have
hot
s
ide
t
h
e
ma
ximum
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
is
65.
26
o
C,
7
3
.
74
o
C,
81.
84
o
C
a
n
d
cold
s
i
d
e
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
ature
is
21.
24
o
C,
22.84
o
C,
2
2.
62
o
C.
So,
the
par
a
llel
c
i
rcuit
of
t
her
m
oe
l
e
ctric
ca
n
w
o
r
k
b
e
t
te
r
t
h
a
n
t
he
s
erie
s
circ
uit
in
hot
s
i
d
e
.
T
he
d
iffe
rent
tem
p
era
t
ur
e hot
s
ide
of
p
ara
l
le
l
circ
ui
t
w
i
th
t
he
e
l
e
ctrica
l
vo
lt
a
g
e
at 12 V
8v,
10v a
n
d
12 V
,
w
a
t
e
r
f
low
ra
te in
rese
rvoir w
a
s 0.
01
5
kg/
s te
m
p
era
t
ur
e a
v
era
g
e
i
s
22.44
o
C,
22.90
o
C,
2
9.
86
o
C, and
w
a
ter
flow
r
ate
in re
s
ervoir
w
a
s 0.025 kg/
s te
mpe
r
at
ure
ave
r
age
is 20.67
o
C,
2
6.
66
o
C,
27.69
o
C.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
authors
ar
e
gra
t
e
f
ul
E
nergy
P
o
li
c
y
a
nd
P
l
a
nni
ng
O
f
fice
,
Min
i
s
try
of
E
ne
rgy,
T
h
a
il
a
nd
(
E
P
P
O
)
for
providing
fi
na
ncial
suppor
t
and
Re
sear
ch
a
nd
M
a
nagem
e
nt
C
e
n
ter,
F
aculty
o
f
Scienc
e
N
a
r
e
suan
U
n
iversity,
P
h
itsa
nul
ok,
Tha
i
l
a
nd. This support
t
h
e
re
sear
ch to
s
uc
ce
ed.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
"
A
lte
r
na
tiv
e
E
n
e
rgy
De
ve
lo
pm
e
n
t
P
l
a
n
:
AEDP2
0
1
5
E
ne
rg
y
Po
lic
y
a
n
d
P
l
an
n
i
n
g
O
ffice,"
Mini
st
ry
o
f
En
e
r
g
y
,
Thailand
(
E
PPO
)
ht
t
p
://w
ww.
epp
o
.
g
o.t
h
F
g
gg
.
Acces
sed
20
Ap
r
il 20
17.
[2]
Lian
g
X
.,
e
t
al.,
“
Com
p
ariso
n
a
n
d
p
aram
eter
o
pt
imi
z
at
io
n
of
a
t
wo
-st
a
ge
t
h
e
rm
oel
ectri
c
gen
e
rator
us
in
g
hig
h
tem
p
erat
ure
ex
haus
t
of
i
n
t
ern
a
l
c
o
m
b
u
s
ti
on
eng
i
ne,
”
Applied Ener
gy
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
0
(1
),
pp
.
1
90
–19
9,
2014.
[3
]
Man
eewan
,
S
,
D
r.
A
nu
sorn
V
orasin
gh
a,
(
25
53
).
"
Co
mp
aris
on
Power
G
e
nerati
on
by
U
s
i
ng
T
h
erm
o
electri
c
Mo
d
u
le
Be
t
w
een
C
oo
li
n
g
M
odule
an
d
P
o
wer
M
o
du
le,
"
Naresuan Univer
sit
y
.
[4]
Chest
a
R
u
t
t
a
napu
n,
"
Th
ermo
elect
ric
P
r
o
p
erties
Im
pro
v
e
m
en
t
of
C
u
-bas
ed
D
el
af
oss
i
t
e
by
P
art
i
al
S
u
b
s
tit
u
t
io
n
Do
ping
,"
Jo
urn
a
l
of
s
c
ience
lad
k
ra
ba
ng
,
v
o
l
. 2
3(2
)
,
20
14
.
[5]
S
ynch
r
ot
ron
T
h
a
i
l
a
nd
cent
r
al l
ab.
T
h
erm
o
el
ec
tri
c
s
. www.slri.or.t
h
/
t
h
Access
e
d
28
Ap
r
il
201
7
.
[6]
Man
eewan
, S
“
Th
erm
o
el
e
c
t
r
ic clean t
echn
o
l
ogy
,”
Te
c
h
nic
Ma
ga
zi
ne
s
, vo
l
.
21
(23
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
45
-15
1
, 2
00
4.
[7]
M
u
hammad
Fairuz
R
emeli
a
,
b
,
Abhi
jit
Date,
B
r
adl
e
y
Orr
,
L
ai
C
het
Di
ng,
B
aljit
Si
ngh
,
Nor
Da
l
i
l
a
N
or
A
ff
andi,
Ali
a
kb
ar Ak
b
arzadeh
, "En
ergy
Conv
ersi
on
and
Managem
en
t 1
1
1
,
" pp
.
14
7–
15
7,
2
0
1
6.
[8]
M.
H
asan
N
iaa,
A
.
A
b
b
a
s
N
e
j
a
d
,
A
.M
.
G
o
u
d
arzi,
M.
V
alizad
eh,
P.
S
a
m
a
dian
,
"
E
nerg
y
Conv
ersi
on
an
d
Man
a
gem
e
nt
,
"
v
o
l
.
8
4
,
p
p
.
3
05
–310,
2
0
1
4
.
[9]
“S
pecif
i
catio
n
o
f
TE M
o
dul
es
,” A
va
ila
ble
from
:
http
s://
h
o
n
g
-la
n
g.
en
.ali
baba.
c
om
.
A
ccessed
4
April
20
17
.
[10]
M
urat
G
ö
k
çek
,
"F
ati
h
Ş
ahi
n
E
x
p
erim
en
tal
p
e
rform
a
nce
in
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