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w
o
f
w
a
ter
in
p
o
r
o
u
s
elec
tr
o
d
es
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
i
n
let
a
n
d
o
u
tlet
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es
.
L
eg
r
o
s
et
al
u
s
ed
elec
tr
o
c
h
e
m
ical
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
I
S)
an
d
ac
o
u
s
t
ic
e
m
is
s
io
n
(
A
E
)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
[
6
]
.
A
n
elec
tr
ica
l
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
f
lo
o
d
in
g
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
a
f
f
ec
t
s
th
e
‘
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
an
d
t
h
e
ca
th
o
lic
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
A
E
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
tr
ac
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
ater
co
n
ten
t
w
it
h
i
n
a
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
ll.
L
e
C
a
n
u
t
et
a
l.
[
7
]
u
s
ed
E
I
S
to
d
etec
t
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
w
ater
in
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
L
i
et
al.
An
E
I
S
w
as
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
an
d
is
o
late
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
l
t,
an
d
a
s
i
m
p
le
b
o
o
s
t
–
b
u
ck
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
c
–
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
as
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
f
a
u
lt.
Z
h
an
g
e
t
al.
[
8
]
u
s
ed
th
e
w
at
er
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
at
t
h
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
as
a
k
e
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ot
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
t
o
o
p
tim
is
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
a
t
in
cl
u
d
e
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
lls
[
9
-
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
ac
cu
r
at
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
q
u
an
t
if
y
i
n
g
liq
u
id
an
d
w
a
ter
v
ap
o
u
r
ac
cu
m
u
late
d
in
P
E
M
f
u
e
l c
ell
s
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
w
ater
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
n
g
as c
h
a
n
n
e
l a
n
d
h
o
w
w
ater
le
v
el
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
ce
ll a
r
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
i
n
d
etail.
Sectio
n
I
I
,
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
wate
r
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
i
n
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
lls
an
d
th
e
d
er
i
v
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
I
I
I
.
A
n
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
,
to
v
er
if
y
m
o
d
el
’
s
o
u
tco
m
e
s
,
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Sec
tio
n
I
V,
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
in
Sectio
n
V.
Fin
all
y
a
b
r
ief
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
F
O
RM
AT
I
O
N
O
F
WAT
E
R
I
N
P
E
M
F
UE
L
C
E
L
L
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
w
ater
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
ca
th
o
d
e
s
id
e
d
u
e
to
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
at
w
ater
is
u
s
ed
to
h
u
m
id
i
f
y
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e,
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
its
io
n
ic
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
w
ater
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
I
f
w
ater
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
ate
s
e
x
ce
ed
ed
r
em
o
v
al
r
ates,
w
ater
clo
g
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
p
o
r
es
an
d
g
as
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
la
y
er
s
(
GD
L
s
)
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
ce
ll
d
eg
r
ad
a
tio
n
d
u
e
to
s
tar
v
atio
n
o
f
g
as
at
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
d
es.
Ma
s
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lo
s
s
es
is
ti
g
h
t
l
y
r
elate
d
to
f
lo
o
d
in
g
,
e
s
p
ec
i
all
y
a
t
t
h
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
s
id
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
ctan
t
s
to
t
h
e
ele
ctr
o
-
ca
tal
y
s
t la
y
er
s
i
s
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
,
r
elativ
el
y
f
as
t,
as
s
o
o
n
as
b
o
t
h
s
id
es
o
f
ca
th
o
d
e
an
d
an
o
d
e
ar
e
p
u
r
g
ed
.
Ma
in
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
is
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
p
ass
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
id
e
to
an
o
t
h
er
w
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il
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er
m
it
o
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l
y
p
o
s
iti
v
e
n
e
g
at
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io
n
s
an
d
w
ater
m
o
lecu
le
s
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
it
h
as
to
b
e
ad
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q
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atel
y
h
u
m
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ied
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
i
t
y
an
d
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
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8
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IJ
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4
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Dec
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er
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7
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–
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1870
r
esis
ta
n
ce
lo
s
s
es.
I
t
a
u
s
u
al
p
r
ac
tice
to
ass
u
m
e
t
h
at
g
as
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
la
y
er
s
(
GDL
)
,
ca
tal
y
s
t
la
y
er
s
(
C
L
)
an
d
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
ar
e
at
s
a
m
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es.
Me
m
b
r
an
e
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
w
ater
co
n
te
n
t
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
.
=
0
.
043
+
17
.
18
_
−
39
.
85
(
)
2
+
36
(
)
3
(
2
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
w
ater
_
v
ap
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
.
=
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
th
e
P
w
d
e
n
o
tes
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
w
ater
v
ap
o
u
r
an
d
P
sat
t
h
e
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
w
a
ter
v
ap
o
u
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
ater
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
b
y
a
lin
ea
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
tep
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
)
.
=
−
,
−
,
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
t
m
is
th
e
t
h
ick
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
n
drag
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
-
o
s
m
o
tic
d
r
ag
co
ef
f
icie
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
ater
m
o
le
cu
les
ca
r
r
ied
b
y
a
p
r
o
to
n
.
T
h
is
q
u
a
n
tit
y
i
s
h
ig
h
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
w
ater
in
t
h
e
g
i
v
en
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
wate
r
ac
tiv
it
y
i
n
g
a
s
p
h
ase
ad
j
ac
en
t
to
th
at
m
e
m
b
r
an
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
eh
y
d
r
atio
n
w
h
ich
,
ex
is
t
s
alo
n
g
t
h
e
an
o
d
e,
as
w
e
ll
as
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
w
h
ich
e
x
is
t
s
alo
n
g
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e,
is
v
er
y
li
k
el
y
t
o
o
cc
u
r
esp
ec
iall
y
at
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
itie
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
m
ag
n
it
u
d
es.
T
h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
er
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
o
f
w
at
er
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
-
o
s
m
o
s
is
d
r
ag
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
o
d
e
to
ca
th
o
d
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
ac
k
-
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
r
ate
o
f
w
at
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
to
th
e
an
o
d
e.
P
h
y
s
icall
y
,
t
h
i
s
m
ea
n
s
th
at
w
ater
co
n
te
n
t
at
t
h
e
an
o
d
e
s
id
e
is
lo
w
er
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
w
ater
ac
tiv
it
y
o
n
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
s
id
e
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
-
o
s
m
o
tic
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t i
n
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
-
o
s
m
o
tic
co
ef
f
icie
n
t i
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
w
ater
ac
ti
v
it
y
in
th
e
lo
w
ch
a
n
n
el
o
f
t
h
e
an
o
d
e
u
s
ed
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
5
.
T
h
e
w
ater
co
n
te
n
t c
a
n
b
e
li
m
ited
b
y
w
ater
ac
tiv
it
y
d
escr
ib
ed
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
.
=
1
+
2
−
3
2
+
4
3
for
0
<
a
≤
1
=
14
+
1
.
4
(
1
−
a
)
for
1
<
a
≤
3
(
5
)
W
h
er
e:
1
=
0
.
043
,
2
=
17
.
18
,
3
=
39
.
85
,
4
=
36
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
ca
n
b
e
r
e
w
r
iti
n
g
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
6
)
.
=
14
a
for
0
<
a
≤
1
=
12
.
6
+
1
.
4a
for
1
<
a
≤
3
(
6
)
T
h
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ca
th
o
d
e
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
t
h
r
ee
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
:
a.
T
h
e
in
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f
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(
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ies
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s
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r
ith
m
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if
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t
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x
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co
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)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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h
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ar
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late
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in
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co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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h
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f
ir
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t
m
eth
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d
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e
d
if
f
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ce
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et
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th
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te
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o
f
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n
d
th
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ce
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h
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ce
ll’
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te
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s
h
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g
h
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t
h
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th
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te
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h
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ll
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e
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n
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er
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d
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n
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itio
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.
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n
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tr
a
s
t,
if
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g
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m
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ll
will
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e
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ed
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e
s
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n
d
m
eth
o
d
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tr
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ls
t
h
e
w
ater
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r
ain
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w
in
g
to
it
s
s
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m
p
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,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
e
th
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d
w
a
s
ch
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s
e
n
to
m
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m
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a
f
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d
in
g
co
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itio
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.
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ac
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m
u
l
ated
in
s
id
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t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
w
a
s
r
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s
ed
u
s
in
g
air
s
tr
e
a
m
.
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h
is
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
w
i
th
ca
u
tio
n
as
it
m
a
y
d
a
m
ag
e
th
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d
elica
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co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
ea
tab
ilit
y
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
f
lo
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d
in
g
ex
p
er
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m
en
t
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
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t
s
ev
e
n
ti
m
es.
Fo
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
,
th
e
f
lo
w
c
h
an
n
el
o
f
t
h
e
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
ll
w
as
s
ig
n
al
–
p
h
a
s
e
f
lo
w
,
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
lar
ed
if
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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v
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s
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f
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d
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n
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f
liq
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ater
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m
.
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x
ter
n
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DC
lo
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w
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n
n
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ted
to
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e
ce
ll
to
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y
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e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
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aw
n
f
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it.
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Fi
g
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3
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G
as
Ch
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GD
L
Me
mb
ran
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e
c
tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
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8
8
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8
694
IJ
PEDS
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RE
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L
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S AN
D
D
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SCU
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N
A
t
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all
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4
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e
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ce
ll
at
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
f
u
ll
y
h
u
m
id
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ied
r
ea
ctan
ce
a
n
d
a
s
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w
l
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i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
u
r
v
es
w
er
e
as
s
a
m
e
as
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
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co
n
d
it
io
n
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First
w
ater
d
r
o
p
let
em
er
g
ed
,
is
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
th
r
ee
f
o
r
ce
s
:
g
r
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i
tatio
n
(
G)
,
v
is
co
u
s
f
o
r
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
d
r
o
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let
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d
s
o
lid
s
u
r
f
ac
e
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F
s
)
,
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d
s
h
ea
r
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
as
f
lo
w
(
FD)
.
T
h
e
d
r
o
p
let
w
as
s
m
all
at
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
FD
+
G
≤
Fs
,
an
d
h
eld
o
n
th
e
GDL
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
r
/an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
s
id
e
w
al
l.
W
ith
co
n
tin
u
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
m
o
r
e
d
r
o
p
let
s
e
m
er
g
e
an
d
g
r
o
w
lar
g
er
,
wh
ich
s
tar
ted
to
b
lo
ck
th
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
a
n
d
GDL
,
h
i
n
d
er
in
g
g
a
s
f
lo
w
.
T
h
i
s
is
i
n
a
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
w
it
h
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
f
o
r
w
a
ter
ac
cu
m
u
lated
i
n
th
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
s
id
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
C
lear
l
y
,
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
w
ater
at
th
e
o
u
tlet
is
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
i
n
let,
o
w
i
n
g
to
w
ater
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
OR
R
an
d
elec
tr
o
-
o
s
m
o
tic
d
r
ag
all
ex
iti
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
u
tl
et
p
o
in
t.
Fo
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ac
cu
m
u
la
tio
n
o
f
w
a
ter
in
an
o
d
e
s
id
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
ater
d
r
o
p
lets
in
d
u
c
ed
f
o
r
ce
s
in
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
4
co
n
clu
s
ıo
n
I
n t
his
s
t
ud
y
,
a
m
o
del
-
ba
s
ed
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
f
o
r
det
er
m
in
ing
f
lo
o
din
g
in pro
t
o
n e
x
cha
ng
e
(
a)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
E
ffective
Tech
n
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u
e
fo
r
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mp
r
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vin
g
E
lectrica
l P
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ma
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ce
a
n
d
R
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f F
u
el
C
ells
(
M
.
A
lr
w
eq
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1873
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
ater
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
at
th
e
(
a)
ca
th
o
d
e
s
id
e
(
b
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an
o
d
e
s
id
e
Du
e
to
th
e
lac
k
o
f
w
ater
g
e
n
er
atio
n
at
t
h
e
an
o
d
e,
t
h
e
w
at
er
ac
cu
m
u
la
tio
n
is
a
s
r
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lt
o
f
t
h
e
g
as
h
u
m
id
i
f
y
in
g
an
d
b
ac
k
d
if
f
u
s
i
o
n
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
s
o
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
a
ter
is
less
th
a
n
th
a
t
at
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e.
T
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
it
h
t
h
e
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
ll
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
w
ater
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
s
u
es.
T
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
r
eq
u
ir
es a
d
eq
u
ate
w
ater
to
in
s
u
r
e
h
i
g
h
io
n
s
co
n
d
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cti
v
it
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
O
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
w
a
ter
ac
cu
m
u
late
s
i
n
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
is
d
u
e
to
elec
tr
o
o
s
m
o
tic
d
r
ag
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
ac
k
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
W
ater
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
f
o
r
1
0
0
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
at
an
o
d
e,
ca
th
o
d
e
an
d
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
o
x
y
g
e
n
an
d
w
ater
d
u
r
i
n
g
ce
ll
i
n
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
W
ater
p
r
ess
u
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
i
th
f
lo
o
d
in
g
w
h
i
le
H
2
a
n
d
O
2
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
w
ater
d
r
o
p
lets
clo
g
th
e
G
D
L
a
n
d
g
as
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
.
O
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
l
l,
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
th
n
o
r
m
a
l
a
n
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
lo
o
d
in
g
ca
s
es,
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
i
n
f
lo
o
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
in
to
t
h
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
y
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
w
ater
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
ac
cu
m
u
la
ted
at
ca
th
o
d
e
s
id
e
(
ca
th
o
d
e
s
i
d
e
is
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
w
ater
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
as d
e
s
cr
ib
e
in
E
q
u
at
io
n
1
c)
.
W
ater
tak
es t
i
m
e
to
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
e
in
s
id
e
th
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
s
id
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
W
h
en
w
ater
clo
g
s
th
e
GD
L
,
v
o
ltag
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
d
ec
lin
es
s
h
ar
p
l
y
.
L
a
s
t
p
ar
t
o
f
cu
r
v
e
il
l
u
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
a
f
ter
w
ater
p
u
r
g
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
cu
r
v
es
t
h
at
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
.
T
h
er
e
is
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
W
ater
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
at
(
a)
an
o
d
e,
(
b
)
ca
th
o
d
e
(
c
)
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
8
6
8
–
1
8
7
5
1874
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
r
ess
u
r
es o
f
th
e
P
E
M
f
u
e
l c
ell
d
u
r
in
g
f
lo
o
d
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
P
E
M
f
u
e
l c
ell
d
u
r
in
g
f
lo
o
d
in
g
s
tate
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
t a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
f
lo
o
d
in
g
in
p
r
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to
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ex
c
h
an
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
(
P
E
M)
f
u
el
ce
ll
w
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
er
e
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
u
s
in
g
5
0
0
m
W
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E
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s
in
g
le
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
o
f
f
er
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
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o
u
t
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
w
a
ter
in
th
e
c
ell
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h
ile
i
n
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atio
n
.
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o
ca
tio
n
w
h
er
e
w
a
ter
is
ex
ce
ed
in
g
t
h
e
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o
r
m
al
lev
e
ls
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n
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s
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e
id
en
ti
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ied
.
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r
esen
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lts
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e
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o
n
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tr
ate
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h
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ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
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h
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n
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e
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y
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o
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ep
l
o
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m
en
t
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l
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ti
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e
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ito
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s
y
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te
m
f
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r
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f
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el
ce
ll.
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t
is
an
ticip
ated
t
h
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th
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d
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ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
m
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it
h
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ll
co
n
t
r
o
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r
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te
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ec
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th
o
s
e
p
r
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ted
i
n
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
9
,
1
0
a
n
d
1
1
,
w
ill
p
av
e
th
e
p
ath
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
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o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
u
l c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
co
n
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itio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
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t
e
m
s
f
o
r
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
lls
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
h
a
h
,
A
.
A
.
,
L
u
o
,
K.H.,
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lp
h
,
T
.
R.
a
n
d
W
a
lsh
,
F
.
C.
,
2
0
1
1
.
“
Re
c
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n
t
tren
d
s an
d
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e
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p
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e
n
ts
in
p
o
ly
m
e
r
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lec
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e
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b
ra
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f
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c
e
ll
m
o
d
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ll
in
g
.
El
e
c
tro
c
h
im
ica
Ac
ta
”
,
5
6
(1
1
),
p
p
.
3
7
31
-
3
7
5
7
.
[2
]
A
lre
w
q
,
M
.
a
n
d
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lb
a
rb
a
r,
A
.
,
2
0
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6
.
”
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.