Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
41
~
50
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
41
-
50
41
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn o
f eddy c
urrent
brak
e for
electric
m
otorcycle
braki
ng
system
Mufti
Reza A
uli
a
Pu
tra
1
, M
uha
m
ma
d
Nizam
2
, D
ominic
us Danard
ono
Dwi Pri
j
a
Tj
ahjana
3
1,3
Depa
rteme
nt
o
f
Mec
han
ical En
gine
er
ing
,
Unive
rsita
s Sebelas M
are
t
,
Surak
arta
,
I
ndonesia
2
Depa
rteme
nt
of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Sebe
l
as
Mare
t
,
Suraka
rta,
Indo
nesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
23
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
15
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b
6
, 2
0
21
Braki
ng
sys
tem
s
in
mo
tor
v
eh
ic
l
es
gen
era
l
ly
use
a
bra
king
sys
te
m
th
at
uti
lizes
f
riction.
The
br
aki
ng
p
erf
orma
n
ce
wil
l
de
cre
ase
ca
use
d
by
using
fric
t
ion
rap
id
ly.
To
over
co
me
thi
s,
as
an
al
t
e
rna
ti
v
e,
an
elec
trom
agn
et
i
c
bra
king
sys
te
m
ca
n
be
used
by
uti
lizing
eddy
c
urre
nts,
such
as
eddy
cur
r
e
nt
bra
kes
(
ECB).
E
ddy
cur
r
ent
s
are
gen
era
t
ed
when
th
e
ro
tor
pass
t
he
ma
gne
tic
fie
ld
of
the
e
lect
roma
gne
t.
Th
e
r
ese
arc
h
aim
is
to
design
an
ECB
sys
te
m.
Th
e
per
forma
n
ce
of
t
he
disk
design
w
il
l
be
determ
in
e
d
in
thi
s
study
.
The
study
is
about
the
te
nden
cy
of
t
he
ECB
p
rope
rties.
The
f
i
nit
e
e
le
m
ent
(FE
M)
method
is
used
by
mod
e
li
ng
ECB
per
for
ma
nc
e.
Th
e
exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
result
s
wer
e
us
ed
to
validate
th
e
re
sult.
Th
e
t
est
show
ed
the
r
esult
s
of
bra
king
usin
g
al
um
inu
m
disk
show
ed
th
e
best
per
form
a
nce
in
12.
03
Nm.
From
the
s
e
result
s,
the
com
bin
at
ion
of t
he
disks is
n
ee
d
e
d
by
an
appr
opr
i
at
e
disk d
esign
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Brakes
Ed
dy Cu
rr
e
nt
Brake
Ele
ct
ro
ma
gnet
ic
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
uha
mma
d Niza
m
Dep
a
rteme
nt of Elect
rical
E
nginee
rin
g
Un
i
ver
sit
as
Se
belas
M
aret
Ir
.
S
utami N
o.36A,
K
e
ntin
ga
n,
J
eb
res, S
ur
a
kar
ta
,
Jaw
a
Te
ng
a
h 5
7126
, I
ndonesi
a
Emai
l:
muham
mad.niza
m
@st
aff
.
uns.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
On
e
pa
rt
of
m
otoriz
ed
veh
ic
l
es
that
sup
ports
dr
i
ving
sa
fety
is
the
br
a
kes
.
Brake
is
a
t
ool
that
serv
es
to
re
du
ce
or
st
op
t
he
s
pee
d
of
the
ve
hicle
.
The
us
e
of
mo
t
or
iz
e
d
ve
hicle
s
has
dyna
mic
r
oad
co
ntour
s,
s
uch
as
tho
se
in
hill
y
a
nd
m
ountai
nous
area
s.
I
n
thes
e
areas
,
ma
ny
uphill
a
nd
der
i
vative
r
oads
re
qu
i
re
t
he
ve
hicle
to
hav
e
a
go
od
br
akin
g
ca
pab
il
it
y.
In
a
nothe
r
s
ide,
bette
r
brak
ing
perf
or
ma
nc
e
is
imp
or
ta
nt
on
toll
r
oads
wh
e
re
veh
ic
le
s
will
op
erate
at
hi
gh
sp
ee
ds
.
Re
peated
bra
king
co
nd
it
io
ns
because
the
bra
king
performa
nce
i
s
not
op
ti
mal,
s
o
it
i
s
oft
en
the
cau
se
of
a
n
acci
de
nt.
T
he
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
tra
nsporta
ti
on
m
ode
s
br
ought
ch
an
ges
t
o
the
br
a
king
s
yst
em
a
nd
c
ompone
nts.
Th
e
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
or
hybr
i
d
ve
hicle
s
al
lo
ws
the
us
e
of
el
ect
ronic
de
vices
t
hat
have
hi
gh
e
r
e
ne
rgy
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
I
n
el
ect
ric
ve
hi
cl
es
it
is
no
t
possible
to
us
e
eng
i
ne
br
a
kes,
the
brakin
g
c
omp
onent
that
can
be
use
d
is
rege
ner
at
ive
br
a
ki
ng.
R
e
ge
ner
at
ive
braki
ng
c
ommo
nly
us
e
d
as
br
a
king
with
produc
e
el
ect
rici
ty
capab
il
it
ie
s
[1
]
,
[
2].
T
he
el
ect
ri
c
cu
rr
e
nt
pr
oduced
by
re
generati
ve
br
a
king
ca
n
be
save
d
in
ba
tt
eries
f
or
oth
e
r
pur
poses
s
uch
a
s
an
el
ect
ric
br
akin
g
s
ys
te
m.
M
a
ny
researc
he
s
on
el
ect
ric
brakes
,
e
ddy
cu
rrent
br
a
ke
(ECB)
i
s
on
e
of
a
n
el
ect
ric
bra
ke
t
ype.
T
he
ECB
i
s
gen
e
rall
y
f
ound
in
heavy
ve
hicle
s,
hi
gh
-
s
peed
ve
hicle
s
to
li
ght
ve
hicle
s
su
c
h
as
mo
t
or
c
ycles
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[
3
]
,
[
4].
E
ddy
c
urren
ts
are
gen
e
rated
by
in
du
ct
io
n
from
a
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
t
hat
inter
sect
s
by
ro
t
or
[
5
]
,
[
6].
T
he
e
ddy
cu
rr
e
nt
pro
du
ce
d
makes
a
ne
w
mag
netic
fiel
d,
the
ma
gn
et
ic
f
ie
ld
will
inter
r
up
t
pri
mar
y
m
agn
et
f
ormed
by
t
he
sta
to
r
c
oi
l.
This
interact
ion cre
at
es a braki
ng for
ce
[4].
ECB
pro
duces
br
a
king
with
a
force
t
hat
de
pe
n
ds
on
the
r
ota
ti
on
al
s
peed
a
nd
se
ve
ral
pa
ra
mete
rs
[7
]
-
[
9].
T
her
e
a
re
man
y
ty
pes
of
mate
rial
s
us
e
d
as
co
nd
uctors
in
ed
dy
cu
rrent
brakes
.
O
ne
of
t
he
best
ones
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
41
–
50
42
us
in
g
al
um
i
num
[
8].
O
ne
of
the
bette
r
ECB
desi
gns
is
a
unip
olar
desi
gn
[10].
H
ow
e
ver,
the
re
is
v
er
y
li
ttle
researc
h o
n
the
integ
rati
on of
the ECB
bra
kin
g sy
ste
m.
E
spe
ci
al
ly the in
te
gr
at
io
n of co
nv
entional
braki
ng a
nd
the
ECB
.
Re
ce
nt
stu
dies
ha
ve
show
n
the
te
nd
e
nc
y
of
c
ondu
ct
or’s
prop
e
rtie
s
on
braki
ng
to
rque.
The
r
efore,
this
resea
rch
will
do
a
co
nst
ru
ct
io
n
sim
ulati
on
that
ai
m
s
to
fi
nd
t
he
braki
ng
t
orq
ue
of
a
n
al
um
in
um
ECB
cond
ucto
r by c
hangin
g
t
he
ai
r
g
a
p
a
nd d
is
k p
roper
ti
es.
2.
THE
ORI
TI
C
AL
The
us
e
of
m
ot
or
c
ycle
dis
ks
as
ECB
ro
t
or
s
requires
a
st
ud
y
of
se
ver
al
pa
rameters
.
I
n
E
CB
br
a
king
there
are
in
flu
en
ces
of
mate
rial
,
disk
thic
kn
e
ss
a
nd
ai
r
gap
us
e
d
[
8
]
,
[
11]
.
The
mate
rial
will
a
ff
e
ct
th
e
performa
nce
of
t
he
ECB
,
s
uc
h
a
s
t
he
e
ff
ect
of
us
i
ng
al
um
inu
m
or
ir
on
mate
rial
on
th
e
ECB
disk
[5
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
13]
.
I
n
it
s
use
fer
r
ous
mate
rial
has
an
unf
avora
ble
perf
orma
nce
tren
d,
this
is
caused
by
t
he
co
nduc
ti
vity
value
of
eac
h
mate
rial
us
e
d
[14].
T
he
us
e
of
fe
rro
us
mate
rial
is
no
t
ve
r
y
s
uitable
t
o
use
s
o
it
needs
to
be
rep
la
ce
d
by
no
n
-
ferro
mate
rial
[
5]
.
T
he
te
nd
ency
of
disk
th
ic
kn
ess
in
t
he
ECB
brak
i
ng
proces
s
is
ve
r
y
high
.
The
s
kin
ef
fect
will
be
decr
ea
sed
w
he
n
us
i
ng
a
thick
disk
[9
]
,
[
15]
.
The
ai
r
gap
t
hat
is
us
e
d
at
the
ma
gn
et
ic
so
urce
will
also a
ff
ect
th
e re
s
ulti
ng
c
riti
cal
sp
eed
[1
6
]
,
[
17]
.
Chan
ges
in
dis
k
pro
pe
rtie
s
resu
lt
in
cha
ng
e
s
in
br
a
king
pe
rformance
.
O
ne
of
the
c
hanges
ma
de
is
changin
g
t
he
mate
rial
us
e
d.
On
e
of
the
ma
te
rial
s
that
ha
ve
the
best
to
rque
is
al
umi
nu
m.
Be
sides
,
th
ere
is
a
n
eff
ect
f
rom
he
at
gen
e
rated
[18].
The
e
ff
e
ct
of
t
he
te
mp
e
ra
ture
will
change
the
c
riti
cal
sp
ee
d
an
d
the
tor
q
ue
[19].
In
stu
dies
that
hav
e
ha
d
a
heat
t
hat
af
fe
ct
s
the
br
a
king
proces
s
is
at
hi
gh
te
mp
e
ratu
r
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
21
].
Ther
e
are
se
ve
ral
thi
ng
s
that
nee
d
to
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
befo
re
c
onduct
ing
a
simul
at
ion
,
na
mely
the
domain
,
bo
unda
ry
conditi
ons,
me
sh
in
g,
an
d
mate
rial
pro
per
ti
es
.
It
is
al
s
o
nec
essar
y
to
un
de
rstan
d
the
go
ve
rn
i
ng
eq
uatio
n
us
e
d
in
the
sim
ulati
on
pr
ocess
us
e
d.
The
(
1),
(
2)
an
d
(
3)
are
gove
r
ning
e
qu
at
ion
s
use
d
in
this
st
udy
[
2
2
].
With
E
=
el
ect
ric
fiel
d,
B
=
flu
x
dens
it
y,
J
=
E
ddy
c
urre
nt
de
ns
it
y, F
=
Brakin
g f
or
ce
an
d
T
=
B
rak
i
ng to
r
qu
e
.
∇
×
⃗
=
−
⃗
(1)
=
×
⃗
(2)
⃗
=
.
(3)
Ba
sic
al
ly,
the (1) Fara
day
'
s law the
n
in
(2)
is
G
au
s' law a
nd
(3)
is A
mp
e
re's
law.
T
hese e
quat
ions are
the
basic
e
qu
a
ti
on
s
use
d
i
n
e
ddy
c
urren
t
si
mu
la
ti
ons
[
2
3
]
.
ECB
is
a
con
ta
ct
le
ss
br
a
ki
ng
meth
od.
T
he
ECB
performa
nce
pro
vid
es
f
rom
a
mag
netic
flu
x
source
su
c
h
a
s
a
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net
or
a
n
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
.
The
br
a
king
tor
que
of
t
he
ECB
c
an
al
s
o
be
cal
culat
ed
quit
e
a
ccur
at
el
y
in
th
e
lo
w
a
nd
high
-
s
pee
d
ra
ng
e
.
Th
e
resu
lt
in
g
bra
kin
g
t
orq
ue
is
af
fected
by
t
he
e
le
ct
ro
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d.
Bra
king
tor
qu
e
ca
n
be
determi
ned
t
hro
ugh
the
f
ollo
wing
eq
uation.
Wi
th
σ
=
disk
c
onduct
ivit
y,
δ
=
disk
thick
ness
(m
m),
ω
=
ro
t
at
ion
a
s
pee
d
(rpm
),
r
=
el
ect
romag
ne
t rad
i
us
, m
=
m
agn
et
posit
ion
(mm), B
=
flu
x
densi
ty,
a
nd a
=
disk
ra
diu
s
(
m
m).
T=
1
2
×
2
2
2
[
1
−
(
)
2
(
1
−
(
)
2
)
2
}
(
4)
The
(
4)
sho
ws
that
th
e
thic
kness
of
t
he
dis
c,
a
ngular
vel
oc
it
y,
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
ra
diu
s,
axis
distance
with
ECB
placement,
flu
x
de
ns
it
y,
a
nd
ra
di
us
will
influ
e
nc
e
the
pe
rf
orm
ance
of
t
he
E
CB
.
In
ad
diti
on,
t
he
influ
e
nce
of
disk
thic
kn
es
s
ca
n
be
see
n
from
(5)
[
11].
With
t
=
thickness
(
mm),
f
=
fr
e
ku
e
ns
i
(
Hz)
,
µ
=
m
agn
et
ic
permeabil
it
y (
H/m)
, a
nd
=
el
e
ct
rical
co
nd
uctivit
y
(
S/m).
=
1
√
(5
)
3.
METHO
D
This
stu
dy
us
e
d
t
he
FE
M
by
us
i
ng
a
n
el
ect
romag
net
a
nd
with
a
n
al
um
i
num
a
nd
i
ron
disk
r
otors.
Af
te
r
obta
inin
g
sta
ble
data,
var
ia
ti
ons
in
mate
rial
,
ai
r
ga
ps
a
nd
dis
k
thick
ness
is
ma
de.
T
he
a
rr
a
ngement
of
the
br
a
king
syst
em
wit
h
th
e
coil
co
nducts
e
le
ct
rici
ty
from
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
i
sm.
I
n
t
he
mag
netic
fiel
d
will
arise
eddy
c
urre
nt
wh
ic
h
ca
us
es
the
bra
king
e
f
fect,
this
brak
ing
will
be
an
al
yzed
t
he
res
ults.
T
he
sim
ul
at
ion
process
is
ca
rri
ed
ou
t
usi
ng
mate
rial
cha
ng
es.
T
he
fir
st
mate
rial
use
d
was
iro
n
beca
us
e
m
oto
rc
ycl
e
dis
ks
gen
e
rall
y
us
ed
iro
n
mate
rial
and
us
e
d
dis
ks
with
al
um
i
num
mate
rial
to
rep
la
ce
the
dis
k
mate
rial
.
Fig
ur
e
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of e
dd
y
curre
nt
brake
for elec
tri
c mo
torcycl
e b
r
aki
ng syste
m
(
Muft
i Reza
Aulia
P
utra
)
43
sh
ows
the
method
of
this
res
earch
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
mate
rial
var
ia
ti
ons,
va
riat
ion
s
i
n
the
ai
r
ga
p
a
nd
var
ia
ti
on
s
in
dis
k
thic
kne
ss
will
be
ma
de
at
the
same
windin
g
-
c
or
e
s
iz
e.
Ne
xt,
perf
orm
bra
king
pe
rformance
on
the
dis
k
by
lo
ok
i
ng
at
t
he
to
rque
pro
duced
.
I
n
t
he
ai
r
ga
p
te
st,
it
is
note
d
that
t
he
coil
co
re
ha
s
a
dif
fer
e
nt
siz
e
wh
il
e
the
va
riat
ion
in
disk
thic
kn
ess
us
e
d
us
es
t
he
same
c
oil
cor
e
siz
e.
Test
s
ca
rri
ed
out
by
pe
rformi
ng
sim
ulati
on
s
us
in
g
360
tu
rns
an
d
us
i
ng
a
current
of
20A
.
Test
s
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
us
i
ng
a
ro
t
at
ing
s
pee
d
th
a
t
var
ie
s
at
15
0,
300,
450,
600
an
d
750
rpm.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
study
c
onduct
ed
validat
ion
on
t
he
data
ob
ta
ined
by
c
on
du
ct
in
g
exp
e
rime
nts.
T
he
e
xp
e
r
ime
nt
was
c
onduct
ed
to
c
ompare
t
he
ex
per
ime
ntal
data
with
the
s
imulat
ion
s
that
ha
ve
been car
ried
out.
Figure
1.
The
process
of the
re
search
4.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL PR
O
CESS
In
this
st
udy,
a
n
ex
pe
rimental
process
ai
ms
t
o
validat
e
the
model.
T
he
e
xperime
ntal
set
up
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
2.
Figure
2
a
nd
F
i
gure
3
sho
ws
t
ha
t
ICE
is
us
e
d
to
r
otate
the
di
sk
,
us
e
a
c
onsta
nt
an
gula
r
vel
ocity.
The
n
the
el
ect
romag
net
f
unc
ti
on
s
as
a
s
uppl
ie
r
of
ma
gn
et
i
c
flu
x
t
hat
pe
ne
trat
es
the
po
l
ar
project
ion
a
rea
in
the
disc
[2
4
,
2
5
]
.
T
he
reacti
on
t
orq
ue
ge
nerat
ed
durin
g
th
e
bra
king
proc
ess
is
t
ran
sla
te
d
us
in
g
a
l
oa
d
cel
l.
Ex
per
ime
nts
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t
usi
ng
20A
c
urren
t
and
12V
volt
age
us
i
ng
360
tur
ns
.
T
hese
set
ti
ng
s
are
adj
ust
ed
to
the sim
ulati
on
process
that
ha
s b
ee
n
ca
rr
ie
d ou
t.
Figure
2
.
Ex
pe
rimental
desig
n
1) pull
ey, 2
)
disk,
3)
bracke
t, 4)
stopper
, 5)
loa
d
cel
l,
6) ele
ct
r
om
a
gn
et
,
7)
po
wer, a
nd 8) ma
gn
et
.
Figure
3. Ek
spe
rimental
set
up
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S
N
:
2088
-
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
41
–
50
44
5.
RESU
LT
The
bra
king
pr
ocess
will
be
c
ollec
te
d
by
t
he
sim
ulati
on
pro
cess.
The
c
harac
te
risti
cs
of
t
he
i
nf
l
uen
ce
of
the
ai
r
ga
p
will
be
s
ho
wn
f
r
om
the
simulat
ion
pro
cess.
The
m
odel
us
e
d
i
n
t
his
process
s
uch
as
conve
ntion
al
di
sk
brakes
pri
nciples.
T
he
t
est
ing
process
is
done
by
tr
ansient
sim
ulati
on
us
i
ng
the
ti
me
domain,
360
t
urns
a
nd
us
in
g
a
cur
re
nt
of
20
A
.
Test
s
car
ried
out
us
i
ng
a
ro
ta
ti
ng
sp
ee
d
that
va
ries
at
150,
300,
45
0,
60
0
an
d
750
r
pm.
N
o
heat
l
os
s
es
are
ge
nerat
ed.
To
fi
nd
out
the
res
ults
of
the
simulat
ion
i
n
accor
da
nce
with
the
real
res
ults
or
not
valida
te
d
f
rom
the
si
mu
la
ti
o
n
pr
oce
ss
us
e
d.
O
ne
w
ay
is
t
o
c
hange
the
set
ti
ng
s
us
e
d
in
t
he
simulat
io
n
proces
s
i
n
t
he
f
orm
of
mes
h
us
e
d.
I
n
this
pr
ocess
4
different
ki
nd
s
of
mesh
changes
w
e
re
us
e
d,
namel
y 5
mm, 1
0 mm,
15 mm a
nd 20 mm.
The
mes
h i
n qu
est
i
on is the
nodal size
use
d on
the
s
urface
of
t
he
m
odel
to
b
e
u
se
d
as
in
F
ig
ur
e
4.
Fr
om
Ta
ble
1,
a
small
er
val
ue
of
t
he
mes
h
us
e
d
ma
kes
th
e
data
from
t
he
simulat
ion
proces
s
m
or
e
sta
bleThe
val
ue
that
is
i
nd
ic
a
te
d
by
the
res
ul
ts
of
the
cha
nge
i
n
value
in
the
ta
ble
t
hat
s
hows
the
res
ults
of
c
hanges
in
t
he per
forma
nce t
ha
t resu
lt
s.
Ba
sed
on
T
abl
e
1
it
is
know
n
that
t
he
small
er
th
e
mesh
value
us
e
d
c
an
in
crease
t
he
max
imum
to
rqu
e
pro
du
ce
d.
T
he
ma
xim
um
to
r
qu
e
pro
du
ce
d
has
inc
reased
t
o
a
siz
e
of
10
mm,
bu
t
the
c
hange
in
yield
val
ue
betwee
n
10 m
m
a
n
d 5
m
m has
a relat
ively
small
dif
fer
e
nc
e
in
val
ue.
Th
e
refor
e
,
th
e
me
s
h
value
u
sed
is
5
m
m,
this
is
because
at
that
value
the
ma
xim
um
tor
qu
e
cha
nge
pro
duced
is
quit
e
small
bu
t
has
a
small
er
data
dev
ia
ti
on
value
so
t
hat it
can
desc
ribe
t
he
act
ual r
es
ults
. Fl
ux
distrib
ution
wh
e
n b
rak
i
ng
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
5.
Figure
4. M
e
shi
ng
FE
M
Table
1.
Self
va
li
dation proce
ss
Mesh
(mm)
Torq
u
e (
N
m
)
Er
ror
5
9
.43
2
%
10
9
.42
8
.5%
15
4
.15
2
2
%
20
4
.02
2
6
.5%
Figure
5. Flu
x dist
rib
ution w
he
n br
a
king
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of e
dd
y
curre
nt
brake
for elec
tri
c mo
torcycl
e b
r
aki
ng syste
m
(
Muft
i Reza
Aulia
P
utra
)
45
Af
te
r
the
validat
ion
proce
ss
,
the
sim
ulati
on
proce
ss
is
carrie
d
out
var
ia
ti
ons
us
ing
dif
fer
e
nt
mate
rial
s.
T
he
mate
rial
us
e
d
is
al
um
in
um
and
ir
on.
This
is
beca
us
e
i
n
ge
ne
ral,
e
xist
ing
ve
hicle
s
use
ir
on
disk
s
,
w
hile
th
e
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
mate
rial
is
no
n
-
ferrous
mate
rial
,
wh
ic
h
is
represe
nted
by
al
umi
num.
T
his
te
st
cond
ucted wit
h t
he
sa
me c
oil cor
e
size.
Figure
6. Bra
kin
g t
orq
ue o
n
m
at
erial
ch
an
ge
The
va
riat
ion
of
mate
rial
use
d
sho
ws
that
al
um
in
um
mate
r
ia
l
has
a
bette
r
pe
r
forma
nce
c
ompare
d
to
iro
n.
T
his is ca
us
e
d
by t
he nature o
f
the
alum
inu
m
materia
l
wh
ic
h
is a
non
-
ferrous
mate
ria
l wh
ic
h
ca
n be
seen
in
F
ig
ure
6.
Be
sides
t
he
us
e
of
al
um
i
num
i
s
al
so
bette
r
be
cause
it
ca
n
r
el
ease
a
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
that
i
s
bette
r
than
iro
n.
T
he
us
e of
ir
on
mat
erial
in
t
he
c
on
du
ct
or
al
so
af
f
ect
s
the r
es
ults
of b
ra
king
tor
qu
e
, b
eca
us
e
i
r
on h
as
high
permeabil
it
y
pro
per
ti
es
s
o
that
it
ca
n
he
lp
stre
ng
t
he
n
the
co
nce
ntrati
on
of
e
ddy
cu
r
ren
ts
f
or
me
d
i
n
the
cond
ucto
r.
A
hi
gh
e
r
of
the
c
onduct
ivi
ty
valu
e
will
increase
the
tor
que
ge
ne
rated
by
t
he
E
CB
.
Be
cause
of
the
form
ula
for
cal
culat
ing
the
c
onduct
ivit
y
valu
e
is
directl
y
propo
rtion
al
to
t
he
braki
ng
to
r
que.
T
he
mate
ri
al
that
is
quit
e
good
to
us
e
is
al
um
i
num
mate
rial
with
a
co
nduc
ti
vity
val
ue
of
3
.
5
×
10
^
7S,
wh
il
e
t
o
ge
t
good
br
a
king
pe
rformance,
it
can
be
done
with
m
at
erial
s
with
c
onduct
ivit
y
val
ues
betwee
n
5
×
10
^
6S
to
3.
5
×
10
^
7S.
I
n
al
um
i
num materia
l,
the grap
h
pr
oduc
ed
has
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
tre
nd w
it
h
ir
on, n
amel
y
hi
gh
bra
king
t
orqu
e
at
low
s
peeds
c
ompa
red
to
us
i
ng
ir
on
mate
ri
al
beca
us
e
the
mate
rial
is
no
n
-
ferrous
,
i
n
a
stu
dy
co
nduct
ed
by
Leq
uesn
e
[
2
6
],
sho
wing
the
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
ECB
br
a
king
us
i
ng
mate
rial
non
-
Fe
rro
a
nd
Fer
ro.
In
opti
mal
conditi
ons,
it
ha
s
an
a
ve
rag
e
br
a
king
t
orqu
e
belo
w
16
N
m.
This
is
du
e
to
t
he
lo
wer
co
nd
uctivit
y
of
al
umi
num
com
par
e
d
to
ir
on.
A
no
t
her
e
f
fect
is
Crit
ic
al
sp
ee
d
on
dif
fere
nt
al
um
in
um.
The
ne
xt
proce
ss
is
the
sim
ulati
on
by
v
ar
yi
ng
t
he
thickne
ss
of
th
e
disk.
This
is done b
ecau
se
a
n
anal
ys
is
of
th
e
eff
ect
of
th
e
t
hick
ness
of
t
he
disk
on the t
orq
ue p
rod
uced is nee
ded. B
y usin
g
t
he
sa
me
winding
-
c
or
e
siz
e.
Figure
7. To
r
que
on d
is
k
t
hickn
e
ss c
hange
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tor
qu
e
(N
m)
Rotation
Sp
eed
(R
pm)
Br
aking
P
erf
ormance
Ferr
ous
Non-Fe
r
r
ous
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
200
400
600
800
T
orque
(Nm
)
Rotati
on
speed (Rpm
)
Braking P
erform
ance
6 mm
4 mm
2 mm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
41
–
50
46
As
seen
i
n
Fig
ur
e
7
it
is
known
that
br
a
king
by
us
i
ng
dis
k
siz
e
c
ha
ng
es
s
hows
that
th
e
small
er
the
thickne
ss
of
th
e
dis
k
us
e
d
will
resu
lt
i
n
a
de
crease
i
n
br
a
kin
g
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e.
Bra
king
us
e
d
s
hows
that
t
he
nee
d
to
sepa
rate
th
e
ECB
dis
k
with
c
onve
ntion
al
br
a
kes
be
cause
t
he
thi
ckn
e
ss
of
t
he
disk
will
af
f
ect
the
performa
nce
of
the
ECB
.
T
hi
s
is
cause
d
w
he
n
th
e
thi
nner
the
dis
k
will
r
edu
ce
t
he
valu
e
of
t
he
ed
dy
c
urren
t
gen
e
rated
.
Whereas
wh
e
n
it
gets
thic
ker
it
will
cause
obsta
cl
es
from
the
cu
rr
e
nts
that
arise
eve
n
gre
at
er.
I
n
the v
a
riat
ion o
f
air
gap whic
h
is d
on
e
u
si
ng a
lumin
um
,
the
mate
rial
sho
ws
the
resu
lt
s
li
ke
a gra
ph.
Figure
8.
Air
gap c
hange
The
i
ncr
ease
i
n
to
r
qu
e
.
T
he
increase
of
th
e
tor
que
will
stop
afte
r
rea
chi
ng
the
crit
ic
al
sp
ee
d.
T
he
crit
ic
al
sp
eed
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
the
ECB
de
pend
on
the
c
onduct
or
mate
rial
us
e
d.
The
sk
in
ef
fect
is
a
high
-
fre
qu
e
nc
y
ma
gnet
ic
flu
x
i
n
t
he
c
onduct
or
r
esulti
ng
in
e
ddy
cu
rr
e
nts
t
ha
t
arise
will
thin
or
ap
pea
r
on
the
su
r
face
of
t
he
cond
ucto
r
s
o
that
the
res
ulti
ng
br
a
king
to
rque
will
decr
eas
e
Crit
ic
al
sp
eed
is
ca
us
ed
by
the
ski
n
eff
ect
.
Fig
ure
8
s
hows
that
a
small
er
ai
r
ga
p
incre
ases
t
he
br
a
king
t
orq
ue
.
T
his
is
cause
d
by
us
in
g
no
n
-
Fer
r
o
cond
ucto
r
mat
erial
,
w
hich
wi
ll
pr
od
uce
a
pa
raboli
c
grap
h.
The
resu
lt
s
will
rise
with
i
ncrea
sing
sp
ee
d
unti
l
it
reaches
a
c
riti
cal
sp
ee
d.
A
fter
re
achi
ng
th
e
crit
ic
al
sp
ee
d
br
a
king
will
te
nd
to
go
do
wn.
T
he
c
riti
cal
sp
ee
d
sh
ow
n
is
seen
from
the
data
t
rends
s
how
n
on
the
gr
a
ph
by
pro
vid
in
g
a
ddit
ion
al
sp
ee
d
va
lues
at
1200
r
pm
.
I
t
ai
ms
to
see
the
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
ECB
w
her
e
cha
nges
i
n
th
e
gap
use
d
will
res
ult
in
a
sh
ift
in
t
he
l
ocati
on
of
t
he
crit
ic
al
sp
ee
d.
Ba
se
d
on
the
sim
ul
at
ion
process
that
has
bee
n
carried
out
it
can
be
see
n
that
the
simulat
ion
pro
cess
that
has
be
en
ca
rr
ie
d
out
has
a
tren
d
th
at
is
by
previ
ous
resea
rch.
Pre
vious
stu
dies
hav
e
sh
ow
n
that
t
he
tre
nds
s
how
n
are
unde
r
the
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
of
t
he
ECB
.
To
fin
d
out
whet
he
r
t
he
data
obt
ai
ned
from
the
sim
ulati
on
proce
ss
i
s
valid
or
not,
it
is
nece
ssar
y
to
ver
if
y
the
da
ta
.
T
he
data
ve
rificat
ion
pro
cess
is
carried
out
by
cond
ucting a
n exp
e
rime
ntal p
ro
ces
s.
Figure
9.
Ex
pe
rimental
par
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
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88
-
8
694
Desig
n of e
dd
y
curre
nt
brake
for elec
tri
c mo
torcycl
e b
r
aki
ng syste
m
(
Muft
i Reza
Aulia
P
utra
)
47
Fr
om
the
e
xp
e
rimental
proce
ss,
the
res
ults
of
the
c
ompa
rison
betwee
n
t
he
tor
que
of
th
e
simulat
ion
resu
lt
s a
nd the
tor
qu
e
f
rom th
e ex
per
ime
nts
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 9
.
Figure
10. B
ra
king to
r
qu
e
w
it
h
c
hanges
in
ai
r gap
u
si
ng an
exp
e
rime
ntal
proces
s
Fr
om
F
ig
ure
10
it
is
know
n
t
hat
t
her
e
is
a
di
ff
e
ren
ce
i
n
t
he
tre
nd
in
the
br
a
king
grap
h
in
the
exp
e
rime
ntal
proces
s
with
th
e
r
otati
ng
s
pee
d
a
ppli
ed.
T
he
di
ff
e
ren
ce
ca
n
be
see
n
in
the
0.5
mm
ga
p
wh
e
re
there
is
a
sig
ni
ficant
c
hange
w
he
n
t
her
e
is
a
c
ha
ng
e
in
r
otati
on
al
sp
e
ed,
w
herea
s
w
hen
the
gap
use
d
is
change
d,
it
cau
ses
small
er
data
changes
.
T
he
diff
e
re
nce
in
t
he
tre
nd
t
hat
oc
cur
s
i
n
the
res
ults
of
t
he
se
nsi
ng
is
du
e
to
the
phe
nomen
on
of
s
kin
ef
fect,
w
hich
means
that
the
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
c
urre
nt
d
ensity
va
ries
i
n
t
he
cond
ucto
r
base
d
on
the
ai
r
ga
p
on
the
co
nduc
tor's
surface
.
In
the
c
ompa
rison
data
bet
we
en
the
e
xp
e
rim
ental
data
an
d
t
he
s
imulat
ion
data
that
has
bee
n
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
8,
it
can
be
seen
t
hat
the
re
are
dif
fe
rence
s
in
gr
a
phic
trends
in the
e
xperim
ental
and sim
ul
at
ion
data.
Figure
11. C
ompa
rison
of br
akin
g
to
r
qu
e
bet
ween
e
xperi
mental
a
nd sim
ulati
on
proce
ss
es
In
t
he
gap
dat
a
0.5,
1,
2,
3.5
a
nd
5.5
mm,
at
this
ga
p,
t
he
crit
ic
al
sp
ee
d
po
i
nt
has
be
en
e
xceed
e
d
causin
g
t
he
br
a
king
t
orqu
e
to
decr
ease
in
acc
orda
nce
with
t
he
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
he
ECB
that
us
e
s
al
umi
num
as
t
he
c
onduct
or
mate
rial
s
how
n
by
F
i
gure
11.
H
oweve
r,
there
is
a
la
rge
dif
fer
e
nce
in
tor
que
br
a
king
th
at
1
m
m
3.5 mm
0.5 mm
2
m
m
5.5 mm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
41
–
50
48
arises
in
the
process
of
e
xperime
ntati
on
and
si
mu
la
ti
on
is
infl
uen
ce
d
by
se
ver
al
factors,
namel
y
th
e
occurre
nce
o
f
v
ib
rati
on
s
i
n
t
he
en
gine
sta
nd d
uri
ng
the
data
colle
ct
io
n
pro
cess
ca
us
e
d
by
ICE
s
o
that
it
aff
ect
s
the
rea
ding
of
data
in
the
l
oa
d
cel
l,
besi
des
the
occ
urre
nce
of
heat
in
t
he
windin
gs
,
as
w
el
l
as
the
us
e
of
iro
n
mate
rial
us
e
d
a
s
an
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
br
ac
ket
aff
ect
s
th
e
pe
rformance
of
the
ECB
.
I
n
a
dd
it
ion
to
th
e
ab
ov
e,
th
e
influ
e
nce
of
he
at
that
arises
duri
ng
the
brakin
g
process
al
so
af
fects
t
he
tor
que
produ
ced
e
ven
th
ou
gh
the
eff
ect
is
qu
it
e
s
mall
.
I
n
existi
ng
resea
rch,
t
he
br
a
king
pro
ces
s
ca
n
be
in
flue
nced
by
te
m
pe
ratur
e
.
Ot
her
f
act
or
s
that
cau
se
dif
f
eren
ces
that
oc
cur
are
al
s
o
ca
us
e
d
by
t
he
no
rmal
forces
tha
t
arise
a
nd
af
fe
ct
the
co
nduct
or,
s
o
that fr
ic
ti
on
oc
cur
s
b
et
ween t
he
c
onduct
or a
nd the elect
r
oma
gnet
.
In
t
he
re
su
lt
s
of
2
mm
ga
p
brakin
g
to
rque
da
ta
,
the
la
r
ge
di
ff
ere
nce
i
n
br
akin
g
to
rque
c
r
eat
ed
in
t
he
exp
e
rime
ntal
and
si
m
ulati
on
processes
is
in
flue
nced
by
th
e
pr
ese
nce
of
vi
br
at
io
ns
du
rin
g
the
te
sti
ng
pr
ocess,
causin
g
vibrat
ion
s
on
t
he
e
ngine
sta
nd
a
nd
aff
ect
in
g
the
r
eadin
g
of
t
he
l
oad
cel
l,
an
othe
r
thin
g
t
hat
c
auses
a
la
rg
e
dif
fer
e
nc
e
in
braki
ng
to
rque
na
mely
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
heat
in
the
windin
gs
,
as
w
el
l
as
the
use
of
ir
on
mate
rial
use
d
as
a
n
el
ect
r
oma
gn
et
ic
bracke
t,
af
fects
t
he
braki
ng
perfor
mance
pr
oduc
ed
from
t
he
E
CB
.
I
n
add
it
io
n
to
s
ome
of
the
a
bove,
the
i
nf
l
uence
of
heat
that
arises
duri
ng
the
braki
ng
process
al
s
o
af
fe
ct
s
the
tor
qu
e
prod
uce
d
al
th
ough th
e
eff
ect
is ca
n be
igno
red.
Table
2.
T
orq
ue
co
m
pa
risson
Sp
eed (r
p
m
)
Torq
u
e (
N
m
)
err
o
r%
Exp
erim
en
FEM
150
7
.3
6
.97
4
,.
5
2
300
1
0
.3
1
0
.92
6
.01
450
1
1
.5
1
2
.03
4
.6
600
12
1
1
.67
2
.75
750
1
1
.2
1
0
.69
4
.5
Mean
(%
)
4
.47
6
In
T
a
ble
2
it
c
an
be
seen
t
hat
the
ave
rag
e
va
lue
of
er
rors
obta
ined
base
d
on
t
he
co
mpa
ri
so
n
bet
ween
the
re
su
lt
s
of
e
xp
e
rime
nts
with
sim
ulati
ons
t
hat
hav
e
been
carried
ou
t
is
qu
it
e
s
mall
.
T
he
mag
nitu
de
of
th
e
error
val
ue
a
ri
sing
f
rom
t
he
diff
e
re
nce
i
n
t
he
value
of
th
e
braki
ng
to
r
que
c
reated
be
tween
e
xp
e
rim
ents
a
nd
simulat
ion
s
is
influ
e
nce
d
by
the
i
nf
lue
nce
of
t
he
hi
gh
windin
g
te
mp
e
ratu
re
a
nd
t
he
heat
du
rin
g
t
he
bra
king
process
t
hat
af
fects
the
br
a
ki
ng
t
orq
ue
that
arises,
besides
that
it
is
qu
it
e
diff
ic
ult
to
m
ai
ntain
the
ro
t
at
ion
al
sp
ee
d
at
t
he
I
CE,
s
o
a
ff
ect
the
res
ults
of
braki
ng
to
rque,
and
al
s
o
the
e
mer
gen
ce
of
vi
br
at
io
ns
t
hat
aff
ec
t
read
i
ng
s
in
th
e
loa
d
cel
l,
a
s
well
as
the
infl
uen
ce
of
the
mate
rial
us
e
d
f
or
th
e
br
ac
kets
us
e
d
in
t
he
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
.
By
lo
ok
i
ng
at
the
er
ror
val
ue
gen
e
rated
be
low
5%
s
o
tha
t
it
can
be
sta
te
d
that
the
res
ulti
ng
data is
valid.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
t
est
ing
an
d
sim
ulati
on
pr
ocess
car
ried
out
it
is
know
n
t
hat
t
he
highest
t
orq
ue
value
is
ob
ta
ine
d
at
12 N
m.
I
n
act
ual u
se,
t
he
br
a
king p
r
ocess
requi
res
c
on
si
der
at
i
on
of
the
braki
ng
tor
que n
eed
ed
in a
process
of
re
duci
ng
ve
hicle
s
peed.
I
n
t
his
ca
se,
t
he
braki
ng
to
rque
cal
cula
ti
on
is
perform
ed
w
hen
t
he
slow
i
ng
process
is
car
ri
ed
out
f
rom
60
km
/
h
t
o
20
km
/
hr
wh
ic
h
is
26
Nm.
Uses
t
he
cal
culat
ion
of
t
he
ene
r
gy
nee
de
d
f
or
a
100k
g
ve
hicle
.
S
o
t
hat
the
us
e
of
ECB
ca
n
reduce
46%
of
the
braki
ng
tor
qu
e
re
quire
ments
re
qu
ire
d
by
t
he
br
a
king
sy
ste
m
.
I
n
the
pr
ocess
of
ECB
util
iz
a
ti
on
,
bra
king
pe
rformance
ca
n
sti
ll
be
im
pr
oved
,
s
uc
h
as
usi
ng
a
la
rg
er
curre
nt a
nd num
be
r of
t
urns. T
his w
il
l
increase t
he br
akin
g
to
r
qu
e
pr
oduce
d.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
resu
lt
s
hows
that
a
s
mal
le
r
ai
r
ga
p
will
increase
braki
ng
t
orq
ue.
T
hi
s
pro
vid
es
a
n
ov
e
r
view
of
the
ef
fects
of
desig
n
c
hange
s
that
are
giv
e
n.
In
stu
dies
th
at
hav
e
bee
n
c
arr
ie
d
out
usi
ng
c
hanges
i
n
mate
rial
typ
e,
disk
t
hickn
e
ss
a
nd
ai
r
gap
us
e
d
it
is
known
th
at
th
e
mate
rial
f
rom
a
disk
in
th
e
f
orm
of
iro
n
is
no
t
su
it
able
as
a
ECB
disk
s
o
i
t
is
necessar
y
to
us
e
al
um
in
um
mate
rial
as
an
ECB
dis
k
or
it
can
be
done
by
com
bin
in
g
t
he
two
ty
pes
of
mate
rial
.
The
s
mall
er
the
disk
thick
ness
will
reduce
t
he
bra
king
pe
r
forma
nce
of
the
ECB
.
T
he
best
br
a
ki
ng
to
rque
pro
duce
d
is
us
i
ng
al
um
i
num
mate
rial
usi
ng
a
0.5
m
m
ai
r
gap
with
a
4
mm
disk t
hick
ness
of 1
2
.
03
N
m.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
wor
k
wa
s
f
unde
d
by
t
he
M
inist
r
y
of
Re
sear
ch
,
T
echnolo
gy
(KEMRI
STE
K/BR
IN
)
of
t
he
Re
public o
f Indonesi
a,
thro
ugh co
ntract
no.
208
/S
P2H/LT/
DP
R
M
/2
0
20
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of e
dd
y
curre
nt
brake
for elec
tri
c mo
torcycl
e b
r
aki
ng syste
m
(
Muft
i Reza
Aulia
P
utra
)
49
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Niz
am,
A.
Mohame
d
,
and
A.
Hus
sain,
“Dyn
a
mi
c
vol
ta
ge
col
l
apse
pr
edicti
on
on
a
pr
ac
t
ical
po
wer
sys
te
m
usin
g
power
tra
nsf
er
st
abi
lity
inde
x
,
”
2
007
5th
S
tude
nt
Conf.
Re
s.
Dev
.
SCORED
,
no
.
D
ec
e
mbe
r
,
pp
.
0
–
5,
2007
.
[2]
W.
Sutopo
,
R
.
W.
As
tuti,
A.
P
urwant
o,
and
M.
Nizam,
“Comm
erc
i
al
i
za
t
ion
mo
del
of
new
te
chn
ology
lithium
io
n
bat
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l
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Proce
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urr
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net
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c
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c
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a
dius
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Analysis
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e
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cur
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
41
–
50
50
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mufti
Rez
a
Au
l
ia
Putra
S.T.
,
M
.
T.
He
was
born
in
Boyola
li,
Cen
tral
Jawa
.
He
was
com
pl
et
ed
h
is
B
ac
he
lor's
d
egr
e
e
in
Me
cha
n
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
UN
S
in
2019
and
a
ma
ster's
deg
ree a
t
th
e
sam
e
univ
ersit
y
in
2020.
I
n
2020
bec
o
me
s
student
of
doc
tor
al
d
egr
e
e
in
UN
S.
Pr
of. Ir.
Muha
mmad Niz
am
S.
T.
,
M.
T
.
,
Ph.
D.
He
was
born
in
Suraka
rta,
Cent
r
al
Java
.
H
e
was
co
mpl
e
te
d
his
Bac
he
lor's
deg
re
e
in
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
UG
M
in
1993
and
a
ma
st
er's
d
egr
e
e
at
the
sam
e
u
nive
rsity
in
200
2.
The
Ph.D
.
degr
ee
was
obt
ained
from
the
Ma
la
ysian
Nat
ion
al
Univer
sity
in
20
08.
Curre
n
tl
y
,
he
works
in
th
e
fie
lds
of
elec
tric
powe
r
sys
tem
s,
en
erg
y
m
anagem
en
t,
e
lectr
i
c
veh
ic
l
es,
and
ene
rgy
storag
e
sys
te
ms.
Since
2011
he
has
be
en
a
Profess
or
in
the
D
epa
rt
m
ent
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Facul
ty
of Engin
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Sebe
l
as
Mare
t
,
Suraka
rta.
Dominicus Danar
don
o
Dw
i
Pr
i
ja
Tjahjan
a
S.T.
,
M.
T
.
,
Ph.
D
.
He
was born in S
ura
kar
ta,
C
ent
r
al
Jawa
.
H
e
was
com
pl
et
ed
his B
ac
he
lor’s
degr
ee i
n
Me
cha
n
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
UG
M i
n
1995
and a ma
ster's
d
egr
e
e at
the sam
e
univ
ersit
y
in
2004
.
T
he
Ph.D.
degr
ee was
obt
ained
from
th
e
Ch
onnam
Na
ti
ona
l U
nive
rsity, Sout
h
Korea
in
2012
.
Curre
nt
ly, he
works
in
the fi
elds
of
ren
ewa
ble
ene
rgy and
mec
hani
c
al
sys
tem.
He
has
b
ee
n
a L
ec
tur
er in
th
e
Depa
rtment
o
f M
ec
hanica
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
Univer
sita
s Seb
e
la
s Maret,
Suraka
rta..
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.