Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
258
~
272
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
2
58
-
2
72
258
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Soft star
t
-
up str
ate
gy of pulse
-
de
nsity
-
m
odula
t
ed se
ries
-
reson
an
t
conver
t
er for in
ductio
n heati
ng appli
ca
ti
on
Pa
vlo
Herasy
menko
,
Vo
l
ody
my
r Pa
vl
ovs
kyi
Depa
rtment
o
f
T
ran
sistor Conve
r
te
rs,
Inst
it
ut
e
of
El
e
ct
rodyna
mi
cs
,
Kyiv
,
Ukra
ine
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
16
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Jan
21
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b
2
, 2
0
21
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
se
nts
a
soft
st
art
-
u
p
strategy
of
pu
l
se
-
densit
y
-
modu
la
t
ed
seri
es
-
resona
nt
conve
r
te
r
for
indu
ct
io
n
heating
appli
ca
t
ion.
The
pul
se
-
densit
y
modul
ation
(PD
M)
te
chn
ique
is
widel
y
used
in
c
onver
te
rs
b
ase
d
on
voltage
-
source
seri
es
-
res
onant
inve
rt
ers
(
SR
Is)
to
cont
ro
l
the
ou
tput
cur
re
nt
or
power
.
How
eve
r,
dur
in
g
a
st
art
-
up
p
ro
ce
ss
,
PD
M
has
some
disadv
ant
a
ges
both
in
inrush
cur
r
ent
lim
it
ing
and
prov
idi
ng
a
ze
ro
-
vo
l
ta
ge
sw
it
ch
ing
o
per
ation
of
SR
I
tra
nsistors.
In
the
pap
er,
dif
fer
ent
PD
M
te
c
hnique
s
ar
e
con
sidere
d
and
basic
mo
me
nts
o
f P
DM
using
wit
hin the
st
art
-
up
p
roc
ess
are
ana
ly
z
ed.
A
new
soft
start
-
up
stra
te
gy
of
PD
M
conve
rte
r
for
indu
ct
ion
h
ea
t
ing
ap
pli
c
at
ion
is
proposed.
Th
e
m
ai
n
fe
at
ur
es
of
th
e
proposed
stra
tegy
inc
lud
e
an
interleave
d
or
a
stepp
ed
PD
M
c
ontrol
,
an
in
it
i
al
com
bin
at
ion
of
PD
M
at
th
e
b
eginning
of
the
start
-
up
pro
ce
ss
,
and
an
oper
atin
g
al
gor
it
hm
duri
ng
the
start
-
up
p
roc
es
s.
Th
e
proposed
stra
te
g
y
was
v
eri
fi
ed
b
y
a
2.
5
kW
experim
ental
setup
o
f
the
puls
e
-
densit
y
-
modulat
ed
in
te
r
le
av
ed
c
onver
te
r
with
an
oper
ating
fr
equency
fro
m
50
kHz
up
to
100
kHz.
Expe
ri
me
n
ta
l
resul
ts
conf
i
rm
th
e
eff
e
ctive
ness
of
th
e
proposed
star
t
-
u
p
strateg
y
and
show
tha
t
the
ma
xim
u
m
cur
re
nt
a
mpl
i
tude
withi
n
start
-
up
p
roc
esses
exc
e
eds
th
e
ma
x
im
um
st
ea
dy
-
sta
te
cu
rre
n
t
am
pl
it
ude
by
no
mor
e tha
n
30%
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ph
ase
-
loc
ked loops
Pu
lse
-
de
ns
it
y mo
du
la
ti
on
Pu
lse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
modu
la
te
d
conve
rter
Series
-
res
on
a
nt
inv
e
rter
Start
-
up
strat
eg
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Pavlo He
ras
yme
nko
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Transi
stor C
on
ver
te
r
s
In
sti
tute
of
Ele
ct
rodynamics
03
057
, 56 Pe
re
mohy ave
nue,
Ky
i
v,
U
kr
ai
ne
Emai
l:
h
eras
yme
nko@i
eee.
org
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
M
ode
rn
MOS
FETs
a
nd
IG
B
Ts
al
low
to
c
r
eat
e
powerfu
l
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
transisto
r
co
nverter
s.
S
uc
h
conve
rters
are
increasin
gly
use
d
i
n
va
rio
us
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
in
par
ti
cula
r
i
n
i
nductio
n
heati
ng
s
ys
te
ms
.
For
these
sy
ste
ms
tra
ns
is
tor
co
nverters
base
d
on
t
he
volt
age
-
s
ource
or
the
c
urren
t
-
so
urce
in
ver
te
r
are
widely
use
d.
A
sta
rt
-
up
proces
s
is
ve
ry
im
port
ant
f
or
t
ran
sist
or
c
onve
rters
,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
to
li
m
i
t
their
inr
ush
c
urren
t.
F
ur
the
r
more,
hard
-
switc
hi
ng
op
e
rati
on
m
odes
of
tra
ns
ist
or
s
unde
r
th
e
s
ta
rt
-
up
process
may
a
rise
du
e
to
feat
ur
es
of
so
me
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
niques.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
sta
rt
-
up
process
ca
n
be
a
diff
ic
ult
pro
blem
in
pow
er
c
onve
rters
.
De
pe
nd
i
ng
on
wh
ic
h
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
nique
is
us
e
d
to
regulat
e
the
outp
ut
c
ur
ren
t
of
t
he
i
nv
e
rter,
it
is
possib
le
to
obta
in
dif
f
eren
t
switc
hing
m
od
es
of
the
i
nv
e
rt
er
tra
ns
ist
ors
both
durin
g
t
he
sta
rt
-
up
proces
s
an
d
in
t
he
ste
ady
-
sta
te
m
od
e
.
M
a
ny
diff
e
re
nt
c
on
t
r
ol
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
hav
e
bee
n
pro
po
s
ed
to
r
eg
ul
at
e
the
outp
ut
current
or
po
w
er
of
th
ese
c
on
ver
te
r
s,
so
me
of
w
hich
make i
t
possibl
e
to
pro
vid
e
ze
ro
-
volt
age
s
witc
hing
(Z
VS)
a
nd
/
or
ze
ro
-
c
urr
ent
switc
hi
ng
(
ZCS)
op
e
rati
on
m
od
es.
Z
VS
/ZC
S
makes
it
possib
le
to
s
ub
sta
ntial
ly
re
du
ce
p
ow
er
los
ses
in
the
conve
rters
with
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
oper
at
ion
modes.
T
he
a
dvanta
ge
of
c
onve
rters
ba
sed
on
the
vo
lt
age
-
s
ource
seri
es
-
res
onant
in
ve
rter
(S
RI
)
is
that
t
he
y
ha
ve
a
sim
pl
e
powe
r
ci
rcu
i
t
co
nf
i
gurati
on
an
d
re
gu
la
ti
on
of
it
s
outp
ut
c
urren
t
or
pow
e
r
c
a
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
So
ft
st
ar
t
-
up strategy
o
f
pulse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
mod
ula
te
d seri
es
-
res
onant co
nverte
r fo
r
…
(
P
avlo Hera
syme
nk
o
)
259
be
imple
mente
d
in
ma
ny
wa
ys
:
pulse
-
fr
e
qu
ency
mod
ulati
on,
pulse
-
widt
h
m
odulati
on,
ph
a
se
-
s
hift
c
on
t
ro
l,
pu
lse
-
de
ns
it
y
modu
la
ti
on
(
P
DM),
a
nd
co
mb
inati
ons
of
the
menti
on
e
d
ab
ove
meth
od
s
or
some
of
t
hei
r
var
ia
ti
ons
[1
]
-
[
16].
In
rece
nt
yea
rs
,
one
of
the
m
os
t
f
re
qu
e
ntly
us
e
d
te
ch
nique
s
f
or
re
gu
la
ti
ng
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
in
volt
age
-
so
urce
SR
Is
is
PDM
[
14
]
-
[
21]
.
The
a
dv
a
ntag
e
of
the
P
D
M
SRI
is
ZVS
a
nd
quasi
-
ZC
S
[
15
]
,
[
22].
It
s
hould
b
e
no
te
d
th
at
the
SRI
m
us
t
oper
at
e
with
a
la
gg
ing
powe
r
fact
or
so
that
t
he
t
ran
sist
or
c
ommutat
ion
is
c
omplet
ed
befor
e
it
s
cu
rrent
fall
s
t
o
ze
ro
[
23].
Lo
ssless
snu
bb
i
ng
ci
rcu
it
s
are
of
te
n
use
d
to
re
du
ce
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
interfe
ren
ce
i
n
PDM
SRIs
[16
]
,
[
22
]
,
[
24
].
T
he
us
e
of
t
hese
ci
rc
uits
al
lo
ws
to
reduce
dv
/
dt
an
d
s
urge
vol
ta
ge
acr
oss
the
tra
nsi
stor,
as
well
as
com
mu
ta
ti
on
losses
of
the
SRI
tra
ns
ist
ors.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
th
e
us
e
of
the
P
DM
te
chn
iq
ue has i
ts disad
va
ntage
s.
T
he
mai
n
one
is t
he
a
pp
ea
r
ance
of
a
n SRI
cu
r
re
nt am
plit
ud
e
f
lu
ct
uatio
n. This
fluctuati
on
a
ff
e
ct
s
the
ma
xim
um
volt
age
a
ppl
ie
d
to
t
he
ca
pa
ci
tor
C
of
the
s
eries
-
re
sona
nt
ci
rcu
it
,
the
swi
tc
hin
g
modes
of
t
he
S
RI
tra
ns
ist
ors,
and
the
power
loss
i
n
t
hese
t
r
ansisto
rs.
U
nd
er
lo
w
qual
it
y
factor
Q
of
the
series
-
resona
nt
ci
rcu
i
t,
it
can
be
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
pro
bl
em.
The
a
uthors
of
[
16
]
-
[
18
]
,
[
20
]
,
[
25
]
-
[
27]
deal
with
w
ays
to
reduce
t
he
c
ur
ren
t
a
mp
li
tu
de
fluct
uatio
n
by
im
pro
ving
c
on
t
ro
l
meth
od
s
on
the
basis
of
tra
diti
onal
PDM
.
Anothe
r
disad
van
ta
ge
of
PDM
us
in
g
is
t
ha
t
at
a
fr
e
quenc
y
m
uc
h
higher
than
the
res
onant
f
reque
ncy
of
t
he
series
-
resona
nt
ci
rc
uit
it
is
possible
to
get
NON
-
ZV
S
c
ommutat
io
n
m
odes,
es
pecial
ly
du
rin
g
t
he
sta
rt
-
u
p
process
.
A
soft
sta
rt
-
up
proce
ss
play
s
an
im
portant
ro
le
in
li
mit
ing
the
m
aximum
value
of
t
he
out
pu
t
c
urren
t
amplit
ude
of
the
SRI
,
especi
al
ly
wh
e
n
the
i
nductio
n
heat
i
ng
e
quipme
nt
works
on
a
workpiece
-
fr
ee
i
nductio
n
coil.
In
su
c
h
a
case,
the
am
pl
it
ud
e
of
the
inr
ush
cu
rr
e
nt
may
re
ach
se
ve
ral
ti
mes
the
ste
ady
-
sta
te
cu
rr
e
nt
amplit
ude.
T
he
app
ea
ra
nce
of
the
excessi
ve
inr
us
h
c
urre
nt
durin
g
sta
rt
-
up
processes
may
cause
the
f
ai
lu
re
of
the
SR
I
t
ran
sis
tors
an
d/or
ove
rvolta
ge
on
the
capaci
t
or
C
be
fore
t
he
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
m
is
abl
e
to
li
mit
the
c
urren
t
by one
of the
c
om
m
only
us
e
d t
echn
i
qu
e
s.
An
impleme
nt
at
ion
op
ti
on
of
the
s
of
t
sta
rt
-
up
proce
ss
is
t
he
gr
a
dual
volt
age
inc
rease
of
the
powe
r
so
urce
[
28].
T
he
main
disa
dvanta
ge
of
this
ap
proac
h
is
th
e
nee
d
t
o
ha
ve
a
regulat
ed
po
wer
sou
rce.
A
no
t
her
op
ti
on
is
the
frequ
e
nc
y
-
decre
asi
ng
meth
od
[
15
]
,
[
29].
I
n
th
is
case,
the
init
ia
l
fr
eq
ue
ncy
of
the
co
nverter
mu
s
t
be f
ar
from
the
res
on
a
nt
on
e
.
Ho
we
ver,
it
is
no
t
al
ways
po
s
sible
beca
us
e
t
he i
nd
uction
he
at
ing
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
is
to
op
e
rate
over
a
wide
f
reque
nc
y
range.
It
is
possible
to
us
e
ph
a
se
-
s
hift
c
on
trol
to
pro
vid
e
so
ft
sta
rt
-
up
process,
bu
t
in
t
his
case
the
i
niti
al
fr
e
quenc
y
has
al
so
be
hi
gh
e
r
t
han
t
he
res
on
a
nt
f
reque
ncy
to
pr
ov
i
de
Z
VS,
a
nd
t
he
lowe
r
the
val
ue
of
Q
an
d
hi
gher
the
value
of
the
in
ver
te
r
outp
ut
curre
nt,
the
hi
gh
e
r
the
i
niti
al
fr
eq
uen
c
y
m
us
t
be.
This
a
rtic
le
bu
il
ds
up
on
the
i
deas
of
our
pr
el
imi
nar
y
wor
k
pr
e
sente
d
in
[
30],
that
s
ho
wed
the
ke
y
featur
e
s
of
co
nt
ro
l
to
li
mit
the
inr
ush
c
urren
t
of
the
P
DM
c
onve
rter.
This
pap
e
r
e
xten
ds
the
a
nalysis
of
PDM
con
t
ro
l
te
c
hn
i
ques,
in
pa
rtic
ular,
c
ompa
rin
g
t
he
inte
rleave
d
PDM
c
ontrol
with
th
e
ste
ppe
d
on
e
f
or
the
m
odular
conve
rter,
e
xte
nd
s
t
he
discussi
o
n
of
t
he
sta
rt
-
up
proces
s
of
the
co
nverte
r
w
it
h
PDM
c
on
tr
ol
te
chn
i
que
f
or
m
ore
in
-
dep
t
h
i
nv
est
igati
on
.
T
he
m
ai
n
c
on
t
rib
utio
n
of
this
pap
e
r
is
a
new
s
of
t
st
art
-
up
strat
eg
y
of
P
D
M
c
onve
rter
f
or
inducti
on
heati
ng
a
pp
li
cat
io
n.
All
ste
ps
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
sta
r
t
-
u
p
st
rateg
y
a
r
e
prese
nted
th
r
ough
a
n
al
gorit
hm
.
The
main
nove
lt
ie
s
of
this
s
trat
egy
are
as
fo
ll
ows:
1)
sel
ect
ing
t
he
su
it
able
P
D
M
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
niqu
e
an
d
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
P
D
M
pa
ram
et
ers
w
hich
pr
ov
i
de
fe
wer
a
mp
li
tud
e
fluct
uations
a
nd
the
f
ree
-
w
heeli
ng
interval
durati
on
of
t
he
co
nverte
r
outpu
t
cu
rr
e
nt;
2)
usi
ng
t
he
modu
la
r
c
onve
rte
r
base
d
on
the
series
c
onnect
ion
of
inv
e
rters,
a
nd
us
in
g
t
he
i
nterl
eaved
or
ste
pp
ed
PDM
co
ntr
ol
f
or
t
his
c
onver
te
r;
3)
the
s
ta
rt
-
up
proces
s
be
gin
s
from
t
he
ma
xi
mu
m
f
reque
nc
y
a
nd
with
t
h
e
sel
ect
ed
init
ia
l
comb
i
natio
n
of
PDM
pa
rameters
.
E
nhanced
exp
e
rime
ntal v
al
idati
on
s a
re a
lso
prov
i
ded to
v
e
rify the
pe
rformance
of th
e
prop
os
ed
strat
egy.
2.
SY
STE
M DESC
RIPTIO
N AND
OPER
A
TION
PRI
N
C
IPLE
2.1.
System c
onfig
urati
on
A
l
oad
of
i
nduc
ti
on
heati
ng
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
(an
i
nductio
n
coil
a
nd
a
workpiec
e)
is
us
uall
y
m
od
el
le
d
as
a
series co
nnect
ion
of the e
qu
i
va
le
nt inducto
r
L
an
d
eq
uiv
al
e
nt r
esi
sto
r
R
, b
ased
on
it
s an
a
logy w
it
h res
pe
ct
to
a
trans
forme
r,
a
nd
it
is
def
i
ned
by
value
s
of
th
e
equ
i
valent
in
du
ct
a
nce
L
a
nd
equ
i
valent
re
sist
ance
R
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Figure
1
.
T
he
resist
ance
R
re
pr
ese
nts
the
re
sist
ance
of
an
inserted
w
ork
pi
ece
into
an
i
nductio
n
c
oil
an
d
the
resist
ance
of
th
e
c
oil
it
sel
f.
T
he
in
duct
ance
L
represe
nts
i
nduc
ta
nces
of
t
he
w
ork
piece,
c
oil,
a
nd
ai
r
ga
p
be
tween
the
workpiece
and
in
duct
ion
c
oil.
Values
of
R
an
d
L
de
pend
on
the
coil
a
nd
workpiece
ge
ome
trie
s
a
nd
ma
te
rial
s,
op
e
rati
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
of
t
he
proces
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
par
a
mete
rs.
In
series
-
res
on
ant
ci
rc
uits,
t
he
in
du
ct
or
L
a
nd
the
resist
or
R
a
re
connecte
d
in
s
eries
with
the
capaci
tor
C
.
Fi
gure
1
s
hows
t
he
basic
ci
rc
uit
config
ur
at
io
n
of
th
e
inducti
on
heati
ng
e
quipme
nt
base
d
on
the
S
RI.
Th
e
co
nf
i
gurati
on
incl
ud
e
s
a
diode
bri
dg
e
recti
fier,
a
D
C
-
filt
er,
a
f
ull
br
id
ge
s
eries
-
re
sona
nt
inv
e
rter
(F
B
-
S
RI),
a
matc
hi
ng
t
ran
s
f
or
me
r,
and
a
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
ma
tc
hin
g
trans
forme
r
is
us
e
d
f
or
galva
ni
c
isolat
ion
an
d
impeda
nce
ma
tc
hin
g.
A
blo
c
king
capaci
to
r
C
b
is
need
ed
t
o
avo
i
d
the appea
ran
ce
of the
D
C c
omp
on
e
nt
on th
e prima
r
y win
di
ng
of the
matc
hi
ng tra
nsfo
rm
er.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
258
–
272
260
Figure
1.
The
basic ci
rc
uit
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of t
he
in
duct
io
n h
eat
ing
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt b
a
sed
on t
he
SRI
2.2.
Analy
sis of P
DM tec
hnique
s
Figure
2
de
picts
the
P
DM
sig
nal
υ
PDM
,
the
ga
te
con
tr
ol
sig
na
ls
(
Q
1
,
Q
2
,
Q
3
,
Q
4
)
of
SRI
tra
ns
ist
ors,
a
nd
the
vo
lt
age
υ
O
an
d
c
urre
nt
i
O
wa
veforms
a
t
the
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
un
der
PDM
i
n
the
st
eady
-
sta
te
m
ode.
The
modu
la
ti
on
p
e
r
iod
T
M
of
υ
O
c
onta
ins
tw
o
i
nterv
al
s: t
he
ON
-
s
ta
te
ti
me inter
va
l
T
ON
(
PDM
works
by c
onne
ct
in
g
the
load
t
o
the
so
ur
ce
durin
g
m
cycles
of
the
per
io
d
T
sw
of
υ
O
within
T
ON
)
a
nd
t
he
OFF
-
sta
te
interval
T
OFF
(P
D
M
works
on
t
he
s
hort
-
ci
rc
uited
load
durin
g
n
c
ycles
of
T
sw
wi
thin
T
OFF
).
T
ON
can
al
s
o
be
na
med
as
an
inje
ct
ion
interval,
beca
use
the
ene
rgy
on
this
inter
val
is
transm
it
te
d
from
the
s
ource
i
nto
the
se
ries
-
r
eso
nan
t
ci
rc
uit;
T
OFF
can also be n
a
med
as a
fr
ee
-
wh
eel
in
g
inte
r
val, b
eca
us
e at
this inte
rv
al
th
e energ
y
bei
ng stor
e
d
in the c
apacit
or
C
at
the
end
of
T
ON
is
du
m
pe
d
into
t
he
resis
ta
nce
R
.
T
he
presence
of
thes
e
two
int
er
vals
causes
the
a
m
plit
ud
e
fluctuati
on
of
i
O
,
a
nd
the
l
ow
e
r
t
he
qual
it
y
fa
ct
or
Q
is,
the
great
er
is
t
he
flu
ct
uation.
T
he
S
RI o
ut
pu
t
c
urre
nt o
r
powe
r
re
gula
ti
on is car
ried
out by c
ha
ng
i
ng the
T
ON
a
nd
T
OFF
durati
ons
within
T
M
.
Figure
2. Patt
ern o
f dr
i
v
e se
quence
s, v
oltag
e
υ
O
a
nd curre
nt
i
O
wav
e
forms
und
e
r
t
he
P
D
M
operati
on
It
is
c
onve
nien
t
to
e
valuate
t
he
mod
ulati
on
pe
rio
d
T
M
,
inter
val
T
ON
,
a
nd
i
nt
erv
al
T
OFF
with
the
ai
d
of
numb
e
rs
t
hat a
re c
orresp
onde
d wit
h
the
qua
ntit
y
of
T
sw
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2
:
m
=
T
ON
/
T
sw
,
n
=
T
OFF
/
T
sw
,
k
=
T
M
/
T
(1)
Wh
e
re
k
=
m
+
n
is a n
umber
of
cycles
hav
i
ng the
per
i
od
T
sw
within
T
M
.
Ther
e
are
tu
rn
-
off
lo
sses,
no
t
urn
-
on
on
e
s,
a
nd
no
re
ver
se
-
r
ecov
e
r
y
pro
blem
wit
h
a
ntipar
al
le
l
dio
de
s
in
the
case
of
operati
ng
with
a
la
ggin
g
powe
r
facto
r
[8
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
31
].
This
m
od
e
is
pr
e
ferre
d at
high
fr
e
qu
encies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
So
ft
st
ar
t
-
up strategy
o
f
pulse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
mod
ula
te
d seri
es
-
res
onant co
nverte
r fo
r
…
(
P
avlo Hera
syme
nk
o
)
261
To
ma
ke
th
e
s
witc
hing
proce
ss
cl
os
er
to
op
t
imum,
it
is
advi
sable
to
ch
an
ge
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
T
DT
betwee
n
t
he
SRI
transisto
r
c
ontr
ol
si
gn
al
s
during
the
wor
k
pr
oce
ss
[
6
]
,
[
18].
I
n
pract
ic
e,
unde
r
the
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
m
od
e
t
he
SRI
op
e
rati
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
ω
sw
=
(
2π)
/
T
sw
is
cl
ose
to
t
he
res
onance
fr
e
quenc
y
=
1
/
√
of
the
series
-
res
onan
t
ci
rcu
it
.
The
cas
e of
P
DM tec
hniq
ue
i
n w
hich
m
,
n
,
a
nd
k
are
only
inte
ger
s
,
is o
ften
n
a
me
d i
n
the
li
te
ratu
re
as
a
“st
and
a
rd
”
or
“t
rad
it
ion
al
”
P
DM
(Case
I
in
Fig
ur
e
3)
[
18
]
,
[
20
]
,
[
26].
T
he
pu
lse
de
ns
it
y
D
of
P
D
M
c
an
be
expresse
d
as
(2)
D
=
T
ON
/
T
M
=
m
/
k
(2)
In
[
17]
,
t
he
PDM
te
ch
nique
(
wh
e
re
n
a
re
on
ly
inte
gers,
m
and
k
are
m
ulti
ples
of
0.5)
for
dec
reasi
ng
the am
plit
ud
e
fl
uctuati
on is a
na
lyzed
i
n detai
l (Case
II in
Fig
ur
e
3).
Figure
3. Wa
ve
forms
of
υ
O
in
case
of
dif
fer
e
nt P
DM tec
hni
qu
e
s
The
lo
west
a
m
plit
ud
e
fl
uctua
ti
on
of
i
O
can
be
achie
ved
w
hen
n
an
d
m
a
re
mu
lt
ip
le
s
of
0.5
a
nd
t
he
value of
k
can
be
bot
h
an
i
nte
ger
a
nd a m
ulti
ple of 0.5 as s
how
n
in
Case I
I
I
in Fi
gure
3
[16
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
25].
I
n
this
case,
m
os
t
patte
rn
var
ia
nts
of
υ
O
can
be
obta
ined
,
since
s
uc
h
the
case
inclu
des
al
l
the
co
m
bin
at
io
ns
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
of
the
fir
st
tw
o
ca
ses.
S
om
e
aut
hors
na
me
this
PDM
te
ch
ni
que
as
“as
ym
met
rical
fr
e
quenc
y
mod
ulati
on
”
(
wh
ic
h
is
ow
in
g
to
t
he
ob
ta
ine
d
patte
rn
of
υ
O
)
[
16]
,
oth
e
r
aut
hors
–
as
“enh
a
nce
d
pu
lse
densi
ty
modu
la
ti
on”
(
be
cause
small
er curr
e
nt
amp
li
tu
de
fl
uc
tuati
on
s
co
mp
a
red
t
o
the
tra
diti
on
al
P
D
M
ca
n be ac
hieve
d) [18].
The
au
t
hors of
[20]
this
PDM
case
re
ga
rd
as
one
of
three
operati
on
mode
s
of
thei
r
im
prov
e
d
PDM
an
d
name
t
his
m
od
e
of
op
e
rati
on
as
“s
emi
mode”.
H
oweve
r,
i
n
this
c
ase,
the
volt
age
υ
O
ma
y
c
on
ta
i
n
a
dc
c
omp
onent.
It
sho
uld
be
paid
a
caref
ul
at
te
ntion
f
or
ch
oosin
g
the
ca
pacit
an
ce
of
C
b
.
On
t
he
on
e
ha
nd,
the
la
rg
er
value
of
C
b
al
lows
to
re
du
ce
the
ma
ximum
vo
lt
age
on
t
he
pr
ima
ry
wi
nd
i
ng
of
the
matc
hing
tra
nsfo
rm
er.
On
the
ot
he
r ha
nd, t
his
ca
n
le
ad t
o
cor
e
sa
turati
on
of
the
matc
hi
ng
tran
sf
ormer
unde
r
the
c
ha
ng
e
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
duri
ng
oper
at
ion
a
nd,
es
pe
ci
al
ly,
durin
g
the
sta
rt
-
up
pr
ocess.
T
hi
s
typ
e
of
P
DM
is
conven
ie
nt
wh
e
n
it
is
no
ne
ed
to
us
e
the
matc
hing
tra
nsfo
rme
r.
Both
Ca
ses
I
I
and
I
II
are
ad
van
ce
d
ve
rsions
of
the
t
rad
i
ti
on
al
P
D
M
.
T
he
sa
me
densi
ty
D
can
be
achieve
d
unde
r
dif
fer
e
nt
c
ombinati
ons
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
).
T
her
e
fore,
it
is
a
dv
isa
bl
e
to
ch
oose
t
he
com
bin
at
i
on
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
pr
ov
i
ding
the
fe
wer
fr
e
e
-
w
heeli
ng
int
erv
al
a
nd
am
plit
ud
e
fl
uctuati
on
of
i
O
[
17
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
27
].
In
or
der
t
o
ens
ur
e
a
m
or
e
un
i
form
c
on
tr
ol
cha
racteri
sti
c,
it
is
ex
pe
dient
to
c
ombine
nea
rby
co
mb
i
natio
ns
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
to
obta
in
add
it
io
nal c
harac
te
risti
c p
oi
nts,
a
nd some
of
them ca
n be e
xc
lud
e
d.
2.3.
Drawb
ack o
f
PD
M
un
der
S
ta
r
t
-
up
Pr
oces
s
In
or
der
to
pro
vid
e
ZV
S
oper
at
ing
durin
g
th
e
sta
rt
-
up
proc
ess,
it
is
necess
ary
to
get
a
c
urren
t
la
gg
i
ng
.
Fo
r
t
his
pur
po
se,
it
is
adv
isa
ble
to
set
the
init
ia
l
fr
eq
uen
c
y
ω
ini
of
the
S
RI
to
the
ma
ximu
m
,
w
hich
ha
s
to
be
gr
eat
er
tha
n
ω
sw
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
a
fr
e
quen
cy
trac
king
s
ys
te
m
f
or
the
SRI
is
ba
sed
on
a
phase
-
loc
ked
-
lo
op
(
PLL)
te
chn
iq
ue
th
at
tracks
the
phas
e
sh
ift
bet
wee
n
υ
O
a
nd
i
O
.
A
s
a
ru
le
,
t
his
tr
ackin
g
s
ys
te
m
is
reali
zed
by
PLL
-
integrate
d
ci
r
c
uits,
dig
it
al
c
ontr
ollers
or
fie
ld
-
program
ma
ble
gate
ar
ra
ys
[
19
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
33]
.
It
ma
y
be
too
high
inr
us
h
c
urren
t
dep
e
ndin
g
on:
the
value
of
ω
i
ni
(ho
w
cl
os
e
it
is
to
ω
sw
),
the
qu
al
it
y
fact
or
Q
,
an
d
t
he
i
nert
ia
of
the
co
ntr
ol
sy
s
te
m
for
determ
ining
t
he
er
r
or
sign
al
betwee
n
the
measu
re
d
l
evel
of
i
O
a
nd
t
he
ta
sk
sig
nal
as
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e
4(a)
.
I
n
this
c
ase,
it
is
a
vaila
ble
to
sta
rt
wor
k
with
t
he
init
i
al
PDM
c
ombi
nation
to
pre
ve
nt
a
n
excessive
high
inr
us
h
c
urren
t.
The
us
e
of
su
c
h a
c
ombinati
on
of
P
D
M
mak
es
it
possi
ble
t
o l
imi
t
in
r
us
h
c
urrent
durin
g
sta
rt
-
up
pro
ces
ses e
ve
n
if
ω
i
ni
is cl
os
e to
ω
sw
.
Howe
ver,
if
th
e
fr
e
que
ncy
ω
sw
durin
g
t
he
s
te
ady
-
sta
te
m
ode
is
mu
c
h
lo
wer
tha
n
ω
ini
,
NON
-
ZV
S
commuta
ti
on
modes
of
i
nv
e
rter
tra
ns
ist
ors
durin
g
the
sta
rt
-
up
process
may
occ
ur,
in
pa
rtic
ular
,
r
ever
se
-
recover
y
pro
blems
with
anti
par
al
le
l
di
od
es
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
4(b).
T
his
is
beca
us
e
fr
ee
dam
pe
d
curren
t
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
oc
cur at
the
T
OFF
, w
it
h fr
e
quenc
y
2
1
dr
=−
(3)
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
258
–
272
262
Wh
e
re
2
RC
L
=
is t
he d
amping
facto
r.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
Wa
ve
forms
of start
-
up
processe
s
unde
r
P
D
M
,
(a
)
ω
ini
is cl
os
e t
o
ω
sw
,
(b)
ω
ini
is
m
uc
h hig
her tha
n
ω
sw
Within
t
he
sta
rt
-
up
process
,
wh
e
n
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
w
ould
sta
rt
to
use
PDM,
after
T
OFF
at
the
beg
i
nn
i
ng of t
he
n
e
xt
T
ON
a ti
me s
hift
T
φ
bet
ween
υ
O
a
nd
i
O
will
o
cc
ur. T
he
v
al
ue
of
T
φ
c
an be
def
i
ned a
s
11
2
(
p
l
l
)
d
p
l
l
T
n
T
=
−
+
(4)
W
he
re
ω
pll
is
the
f
un
da
menta
l
fr
eq
ue
ncy
of
υ
O
at
the
be
ginnin
g
of
T
OFF
,
T
ϕ(pll)
is
the
ti
me
sh
ift
bet
ween
the
f
undame
nt
al
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
of
υ
O
an
d
i
O
a
t
the
be
ginnin
g
of
T
OFF
.
NON
-
ZCS
co
mm
utati
on
modes
of
t
he
transisto
rs wil
l occ
ur provide
d
that
2
2
pll
(
pll
)
pll
d
pll
T
T
T
Tn
TT
−
→
−
(5)
W
he
re
T
d
=
2
π
/
ω
d
is
the
per
i
od
of
dam
pe
d
c
urren
t
os
ci
ll
at
ion,
T
pll
=
2
π
/
ω
pll
is
the
pe
rio
d
of
υ
O
at
t
he
beg
i
nn
i
ng
of
T
OFF
.
For
pr
ov
i
ding
ZV
S
oper
at
ing
i
t
is
nece
ssary
t
o
c
ompe
ns
at
e
T
φ
,
f
or
th
is
the
PLL
trac
kin
g
sy
ste
m
duri
ng
T
OFF
has
to
ma
ke
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
it
s
gen
e
rator
cl
os
e
to
ω
d
.
In
pract
ic
e,
un
der
small
value
s
of
n
,
this
is
a
diff
ic
ul
t
ta
sk
;
in
a
dd
it
ion
,
the
ph
a
se
s
hift
betwee
n
υ
O
an
d
i
O
is
usual
ly
reali
zed
by
th
e
PLL
s
ys
te
m
wh
e
n
changin
g o
f
ω
p
ll
is bein
g f
ulfill
ed
with
the
aid
of the
pro
por
ti
on
al
-
inte
gr
al
(P
I
)
c
ontrol.
2.4.
Int
erl
ea
ved a
nd
s
tepp
e
d
P
DM co
nt
r
ols
To
re
duce
the
current
am
pli
tud
e
fluctuati
on
an
d
the
dur
at
ion
of
the
free
-
w
heeli
ng
in
te
rv
al
,
it
is
adv
isa
ble
to
use
an
i
nterleave
d
P
D
M
c
on
t
ro
l
[20
]
,
[
34
]
,
[
35]
.
This
kind
of
P
DM
co
ntr
ol
is
s
uitable
f
or
co
nverter
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
So
ft
st
ar
t
-
up strategy
o
f
pulse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
mod
ula
te
d seri
es
-
res
onant co
nverte
r fo
r
…
(
P
avlo Hera
syme
nk
o
)
263
wh
ic
h
are
base
d
on
se
ries
or
pa
rall
el
connecti
on
of
in
ver
te
r
s.
The
us
e
of
inte
rleavin
g
betwe
en
the
P
D
M
c
ontr
ol
of
eac
h
c
ha
nn
e
l
of
a
mod
ular
conve
rter
to
re
du
ce
the
vo
lt
a
ge
ri
pp
le
is
c
onside
red
in
[20
]
an
d
t
o
inc
rea
se
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
th
e
conve
rter
–
in
[
34].
The
ba
sic
idea
of
the
interl
eave
d
P
D
M
c
on
tr
ol
is
th
at
each
cha
nne
l
of
N
inv
e
rters
ha
s
t
he
same
patte
rn
of
the
P
D
M
sig
nals
a
nd
t
her
e
i
s
the
ti
me
sh
i
ft
S
betwe
en
the
m;
be
sides
,
t
he
la
tt
er
is
the
m
ulti
ple
of
T
sw
.
Fig
ure
5
show
s
a
m
od
ular
co
nverter
base
d
on
t
he
s
eries
c
onnecti
on
of
t
wo
SR
Is
(
N
=2
)
and
Fig
ur
e
6
de
picts
the
ou
t
put
volt
ages
of
each
c
hannel
(
υ
O1
,
υ
O2
)
,
loa
d
current
(
i
L
),
a
nd
total
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
m
odula
r c
onve
rter
υ
total
unde
r
interl
ea
ve
d
P
D
M
. T
he patt
ern o
f
υ
total
dep
e
nds
on the
num
ber
N
of s
eries
-
connecte
d i
nve
rters a
nd the
shi
ft
S
betwee
n
t
heir PD
M
si
gn
al
s.
In
Fig
ure
6
it
i
s
sho
wn
the
de
pende
nce
of
th
e
υ
total
patte
rn
on
se
ver
al
c
ombinati
ons
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
a
nd
diff
e
re
nt
value
s
of
S
.
P
r
ov
i
din
g
of
S
al
lo
ws
to
decr
e
ase
th
e
durati
ons
of
the
fr
ee
-
wh
eel
i
ng
i
nter
val
of
i
L
and
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
ts
of
in
ve
rters
(
i
O1
,
i
O2
),
resp
ect
ively,
as
well
as
to
dec
rease
t
heir
am
plit
ud
e
s
fluctuati
ons
.
Unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
value
s
of
S
a
nd
t
he
same
c
ombin
at
ion
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
the
res
ults
may
be
t
he
sa
me
or
diff
e
re
nt
.
It
is
adv
isa
ble to
choo
s
e
S
in
su
c
h a wa
y
to
pr
ov
i
de
the
least
fre
e
-
w
heeli
ng int
erv
al
a
nd am
pl
it
ud
e
fluctuati
on.
Figure
5. Mo
dula
r
c
onve
rter
base
d on the se
ries co
nnect
io
n o
f
tw
o
SR
Is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
6. V
oltage
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
υ
O
1
,
υ
O
2
, a
nd
υ
total
, and
c
urre
nt w
a
ve
forms
of
i
L
in case
of: (а) (
k
;
m
;
n
)=
(
5;
4;1
)
and
S
=
0;
(b) (
k
;
m
;
n
)=
(5,4,1
)
a
nd
S
=
1;
(c)
(
k
;
m
;
n
)=(5;4;1
)
a
nd
S
=
2;
(d)
c
ombaine
d (
k
;
m
;
n
)=
(2.5
;
0.5;2
) wit
h
(
k
;
m
;
n
)=(1.
5;0.
5;1) a
nd
S
=
0; (e) c
ombaine
d (
k
;
m
;
n
)=
(2.5
;
0.5;2
) wit
h
(
k
;
m
;
n
)=
(1.5
;
0.5;1
) a
nd
S
=
1;
(f)
com
baine
d (
k
;
m
;
n
)=(2.
5;0
.
5;
2) w
it
h (
k
;
m
;
n
)
=(1.5;
0.5;1) an
d
S
=2
.
The
simi
la
r
patte
rn
of
υ
total
ca
n
be
obta
ined
without
interl
e
avin
g
of
patte
r
ns
of
the
P
D
M
sign
al
s,
but
with
t
he
diff
e
r
ent
patte
rn
s
of
PDM
sig
nals
of
eac
h
c
ha
nnel
.
In
this
ca
se,
to
re
duce
t
he
c
urre
nt
am
plit
ud
e
fluctuati
on,
it
is
ad
visa
ble
tha
t
the
m
odulati
on
is
only
in
on
e
of
th
e
N
c
ha
nn
el
s
an
d
t
he
modu
la
ti
on
si
gnal
s
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
258
–
272
264
the
oth
e
r
on
e
s
are
0
a
nd
/
or
1.
This
kind
of
m
odulati
on
c
an
be
na
med
a
s
“st
ep
pe
d
PDM”
since
m
odulati
on
beg
i
ns
to
act
only
i
n
one
c
ha
nn
el
,
an
d
w
hen
the
m
odulati
on
sig
nal
in
this
cha
nn
el
bec
ome
s
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
0,
t
he
modu
la
ti
on
sta
rts
to
act
i
n
othe
r
c
ha
nn
el
,
a
nd
so
on
to
the
la
st
of
t
he
N
cha
nn
el
s
.
In
Fi
gur
e
7
it
is
sho
wn
how
t
o
ob
ta
in
t
he
sam
e
patte
rn
o
f
υto
ta
l
wh
en
t
he
in
te
rleaved
o
r
ste
pp
e
d
P
D
M
co
nt
ro
ls
is
bein
g
use
d.
Any
way, u
sin
g
these
kinds PD
M
all
ows t
o re
du
ce
the
fr
e
e
-
wh
eel
in
g
i
nter
val of
i
L
or av
oi
d
it
at al
l.
Figure
7. I
nterl
eaved P
D
M
c
ontr
ol v
s
. s
te
pp
e
d
P
D
M
c
on
t
ro
l
3.
THE
PROPO
SED S
T
A
RT
-
UP
ST
R
ATEGY
OF P
D
M CO
NV
E
RTER
As
sta
te
d
in
Se
ct
ion
2.2
,
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
current
c
an
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
di
ff
ere
nt
P
D
M
t
echn
i
qu
e
s.
Fo
r
t
hese
te
c
hniq
ues
there
c
an
be
sel
ect
ed
co
mb
i
natio
ns
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
w
hich
pr
ov
i
de
a
fe
wer
fr
ee
-
w
he
el
in
g
interval.
T
he
a
nalysis
co
nduc
te
d
in
Sect
io
n
2.3
rev
eal
e
d
t
ha
t
the
us
e
of
P
DM
in
the
sta
rt
-
up
process
ca
n
le
a
d
to
NON
-
ZV
S
c
ommutat
io
n
modes
of
t
he
tr
a
nsi
stors
,
in
par
ti
cular
–
s
witc
hin
g
of
the
SRI
transisto
rs
ont
o
open
anti
-
pa
rall
el
di
od
e
s,
due
t
o
t
he
dif
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
f
requen
ci
es
ω
pll
a
nd
ω
sw
,
a
nd
al
s
o
t
he
durati
on
of
the
fr
ee
-
w
heeli
ng
i
nter
val.
In
a
dd
i
ti
on
,
it
was
s
ho
wn
that
the
us
e
of
the
interl
ea
ve
d
or
ste
pp
e
d
P
DM
c
on
t
ro
l
re
duces
the
durati
on
of
the
f
ree
-
w
hee
li
ng
i
nter
val.
I
n
t
his
sect
io
n,
on
the
basis
of
the
anal
ys
is
c
onduct
ed
ab
ov
e,
the
al
gorithm
of
t
he
so
ft
sta
rt
-
up
s
trat
egy
f
or
PDM
c
onver
te
r t
o
pro
vid
e
Z
VS
of
tr
ansist
or
s
a
nd
li
mit
in
g t
he
inr
ush
curren
t
of the
c
onve
rter is
pro
po
s
ed
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
8.
The
st
rateg
y
c
on
sist
s
of the
foll
ow
i
ng steps:
1)
Sele
ct
ing
t
he
P
DM tec
hniq
ue t
o
co
ntr
ol
i
L
:
•
tradit
ion
al
PDM
(Case
I)
–
ha
s
hi
gh
am
plit
ud
e
fl
uctuati
on
of
i
L
,
lo
ng
dur
at
ion
of
the
fr
e
e
-
w
heeli
ng
interval,
and is
simple t
o
im
plement;
•
enh
a
nce
d
P
D
M
(Case
II)
–
has
few
e
r
am
plit
ude
fluctuati
on
of
i
L
,
and
le
ss
dur
at
ion
of
the
fr
e
e
-
w
heeli
ng
interval c
ompa
rting wit
h t
ra
diti
on
al
P
D
M
, b
ut is m
or
e
com
plex
t
o
im
plem
ent;
•
enh
a
nce
d
PDM
(Case
III)
–
has
t
he
few
est
amplit
ude
fl
uct
uation
of
i
L
,
an
d
le
ss
durati
on
of
the
f
ree
-
wh
eel
in
g
i
nter
val,
bu
t t
her
e
is a D
C
comp
onent
of
υ
O
.
2)
Sele
ct
ing
co
m
bin
at
io
ns
(
k
;
m
;
n
) (
for
the
c
ombinati
ons
with
the
sa
me
D
prefe
ren
ce
has t
o be
giv
e
n t
o t
he
com
bin
at
io
n
w
it
h
the
small
er
value
of
n
;
s
ome
of
the
c
ombinati
ons
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
ca
n
be
co
mb
ine
d
t
o
get
add
it
io
nal
po
i
nt
s and s
om
e ca
n be e
xclu
ded).
3)
Using
an
N
-
c
ha
nn
el
m
odular
co
nverte
r
(
ba
sed
o
n
the
se
ries
c
onnecti
on
of
N
in
ver
te
r
s)
an
d
us
in
g
the
interl
eave
d
or
ste
pp
e
d
P
DM
con
t
ro
l
f
or
this
co
nverter
.
Th
e
m
or
e
c
hanne
ls
m
odular
co
nverter
c
on
ta
i
ns,
the
fe
we
r
a
re
t
he
fluctuati
on
le
vel
of
i
O
a
nd
the
durati
on
of
the
f
ree
-
w
he
el
ing
i
nter
val
a
nd
the
hi
gh
e
r
i
s
the cost
of th
e
conve
rter.
4)
In
t
he c
ase
of
usi
ng
t
he i
nterle
aved
PDM
c
on
trol
–
for t
he s
el
ect
ed c
ombi
nations
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
de
te
rmin
in
g t
he
sh
ift
S
wh
ic
h p
rovides
a
few
e
r durat
ion o
f
t
he
f
ree
-
wh
eel
in
g
inte
rv
al
of
i
L
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
So
ft
st
ar
t
-
up strategy
o
f
pulse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
mod
ula
te
d seri
es
-
res
onant co
nverte
r fo
r
…
(
P
avlo Hera
syme
nk
o
)
265
Figure
8. Al
gorithm
of the
pr
opos
e
d
sta
rt
-
up
strateg
y of P
D
M
c
onve
rter
5)
In
the
case
of
us
in
g
the
interl
eaved
PDM
co
ntr
ol
–
sel
ect
ing
t
he
init
ia
l
co
mb
inati
on
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
with
t
he
appr
opriat
e
va
lue
of
S
.
I
n
the
case
of
us
i
ng
t
he
ste
pped
P
D
M
c
ontr
ol
–
s
e
le
ct
ing
th
e
i
niti
al
com
bin
at
i
on
of (
k
;
m
;
n
)
i
n on
e
ch
a
nnel
a
nd
pro
vid
in
g 0 a
nd
/
or 1 i
n othe
r on
es
.
In
it
ia
l
co
mb
i
na
ti
on
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
with
the
s
hi
ft
S
,
i
n
t
he
ca
se
of
the
interl
eaved
P
D
M
co
ntr
ol,
or
init
ia
l
com
bin
at
io
n
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
in
one
c
hannel
with
0
a
nd
/
or
1
i
n
oth
e
r
on
e
s,
i
n
the
case
of
us
i
ng
the
ste
pp
e
d
PDM
c
ontrol,
mu
st
be
sel
ect
ed
s
o
t
hat
in
t
he
case
of
sta
r
ti
ng
on
the
w
ork
piece
-
fr
ee
in
du
ct
io
n
c
oil,
t
he
inr
us
h cu
rr
e
nt
would be
li
mit
ed
at
a
n
acce
pt
able le
vel.
6)
The
sta
rt
-
up
proces
s
has
to
sta
rt
from
the
maxim
um
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
ω
ini
a
nd
with
the
be
ing
set
init
ia
l
com
bin
at
io
n of (
k
;
m
;
n
).
7)
Functi
on
i
ng
in
accor
da
nce
with the
ope
rati
on algorit
hm w
hi
ch
is
de
pi
ct
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
258
–
272
266
Step
7
of
the
pro
po
se
d
strat
egy
is
exec
ute
d
duri
ng
the
i
nter
val
wh
e
n
the
PLL
s
ys
te
m
c
ha
ng
es
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
it
s
gen
e
rato
r
f
rom
ω
ini
to
ω
sw
.
I
n
this
ste
p,
t
he
error
si
gn
al
v
al
ue
m
us
t
be
c
onsidere
d
only
if
it
matc
hes
t
he
com
bin
at
io
n
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
with
th
e
pulse
de
ns
it
y
D
le
ss
t
han
th
at
of
the
init
ia
l
co
mb
i
nation.
Also
,
durin
g
th
is
ste
p
withi
n
a
set
num
ber
of
per
i
ods
of
υ
O
(
w
hen
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
υ
O
r
eaches
ω
sw
),
th
e
value
of
t
he
ti
me
co
ns
ta
nt
for
nume
rical
integrati
on
of
t
he
error
si
gnal
ha
s
to
be
la
rg
e
r
than
it
s
val
ue
durin
g
t
he
ste
a
dy
-
sta
te
m
od
e
.
These
tw
o
points
are
due
to
the
fa
ct
that
t
he
init
ia
l
co
m
bin
at
io
n
ca
n
be
rep
la
ce
d
by
a
c
ombinati
on
tha
t
will
no
t
be
a
bl
e
to
li
mit
the
i
nrus
h
c
urre
nt
t
o
t
he
de
sired
l
evel
due
t
o
the
inerti
a of
meas
ur
i
ng
the
value
of
i
L
by t
he
c
ontr
ol syst
em.
8)
Using
t
he
c
ombinati
on
of
(
k
;
m
;
n
)
an
d
S
acc
ordin
g
t
o
a
n
er
r
or
sig
nal
whos
e
val
ue
is
li
nea
rly
pro
portio
na
l
to
the
dif
fer
e
nc
e b
et
wee
n
t
he
t
ask
a
nd meas
ureme
nt v
al
ues of
i
L
.
Step
8
is
the
la
st
ste
p
of
t
he
pro
posed
strat
eg
y;
it
corres
ponds
to
the
be
ginnin
g
of
t
he
ste
ady
-
sta
te
m
od
e
.
In
the
ste
a
dy
-
s
ta
te
mo
de
the
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
co
ntinu
e
s
to
op
e
rate
in
acc
orda
nce
with
t
his
ste
p
an
d
t
he
sel
ect
ed
P
DM
te
chn
iq
ue, P
D
M
par
a
mete
rs,
and interle
a
ved/
ste
pp
e
d
P
D
M
con
t
ro
l.
As
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
s
are
c
onnected
in
series
with
matc
hing
t
ran
s
forme
rs,
the
ou
tpu
t
c
urre
nts
of
the
in
ver
te
r
s
are
e
qu
al
(
i
O1
=
i
O2
=
i
O
) a
nd
i
O
is
co
nnec
te
d
wit
h
i
L
tr
ough
the
trans
forme
r t
ur
ns
rati
o.
T
o
prov
i
de Z
VS
op
e
rati
ng
modes,
it
is
imp
or
ta
nt
to
c
ontr
ol
phase
-
sh
i
ft
betwee
n
υ
O
and
i
O
.
The
refor
e
,
it
is
expe
dient
to
meas
ure
an
d
regulat
e the
va
lue of
i
O
.
4.
IMPLEME
N
TATION
AN
D
EX
PERI
M
ENTAL
RES
ULTS
4.1.
Ex
peri
me
nt
al
Setu
p
and i
ts Speci
fica
tions
The
ex
pe
rime
ntal
set
up
of
t
he
i
nterlea
ved
P
D
M
c
onve
rt
er
was
us
ed
t
o
e
xperime
ntal
ly
ver
i
fy
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
pro
po
se
d
sta
rt
-
up
strat
e
gy
[
30]
.
T
he
s
chemati
c
dep
i
ct
ion
of
the
se
tup
is
il
lustrat
ed
i
n
Figure
9.
T
he
s
et
u
p
wor
ks
with
an
operati
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
f
r
om
50
kH
z
up
to
10
0
kH
z
,
co
ntains
tw
o
c
ha
nn
el
s
of
FB
-
SRIs
(
N
=2
)
an
d
has
t
otal
ou
t
pu
t
power
up
to
2.5
kW.
T
he
set
up
is
po
wer
e
d
by
the
220
VA
C
50
Hz
main.
Each
of
the
F
B
-
SRIs
us
es
f
our
SiC
MOS
FETs
(S
CT
3120AL
GC11
).
The
c
o
ntro
l
syst
em
is
ba
sed
on
th
e
STM3
2H7
43Z
IT6
micr
oc
on
t
r
oller
(
M
C
).
T
he
trans
f
or
mati
on
r
at
io
of
eac
h
matc
hing
tra
nsfo
rme
r
is
64
:
1.
M
ai
n
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of the e
xperim
ental
setu
p
a
re
su
m
marized
in
Tab
le
1.
Figure
9. Sc
he
mati
c d
e
picti
on
of the e
xperi
mental
set
up
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
So
ft
st
ar
t
-
up strategy
o
f
pulse
-
de
ns
it
y
-
mod
ula
te
d seri
es
-
res
onant co
nverte
r fo
r
…
(
P
avlo Hera
syme
nk
o
)
267
Digital
con
t
ro
l
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
(
DCO
)
of
M
C
forms
tw
o
c
ompli
menta
ry
s
ign
al
s
υ
A
a
nd
υ
B
with
the
const
ant
val
ue
of
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
T
DT
=
500ns.
M
C
f
orms
f
our
PDM
sig
nals
υ
PDM(Q1
-
Q4)
fo
r
the
fir
st
cha
nn
e
l
an
d
four
P
DM
sig
nals
υ
PDM(Q5
-
Q8)
for
t
he
sec
on
d
c
hannel
of
the
c
onve
rter.
The
PDM
si
gnal
s
υ
PDM(Q5
-
Q8)
re
peat
υ
PDM(Q1
-
Q4)
wit
h
the
s
hift
S
i
n
accor
da
nce
wi
th
PDM
c
ombinati
on
giv
e
n
in
Table
2.
Sig
na
ls
υ
A
,
υ
B
,
υ
PDM
(Q1
-
Q4)
,
and
υ
PDM(Q5
-
Q
8)
are
c
om
in
g
t
o
the
lo
gic
bl
oc
k
wh
e
re
tra
ns
i
stor
si
gn
al
s
ar
e
forme
d.
The
dr
i
ver
s
are
use
d
f
or
current
am
plif
ying
of
out
pu
t
sign
al
of
the
lo
gic
blo
c
k
as
we
ll
as
f
or
it
s
gal
va
nical
ly
isolat
i
on.
T
he
sig
nal
υ
ON/OFF
is
us
ed
t
o
co
m
plete
ly
tur
n
off
,
if
neces
sar
y
,
al
l
transistors
of
t
he
co
nverte
r
(fo
r
inact
ive
or
e
mer
gen
c
y
sta
te
).
The
loa
d
c
urre
nt
i
L
is
connecte
d
with
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
ts (
i
O1
,
i
O2
)
of
t
he
co
nv
e
rter
’s
cha
nnel
s
by
the matchin
g
trans
forme
rs.
These
c
urre
nts
are
monit
ored
by
measu
rin
g
the
c
urre
nt
of
on
e
c
ha
nn
el
(
i'
O
)
with
the
c
urren
t
trans
forme
r.
L
oad
cu
rr
e
nt
re
gula
ti
on
is
ca
rr
i
ed
out
in
a
cco
r
dan
ce
with
t
he
error
si
gnal
val
ue
by
PI
c
ontro
l.
The
aver
a
ge
val
ue
of
the
e
rror
si
gn
al
is
li
near
l
y
pr
opor
ti
on
al
to
t
he
di
ff
e
ren
c
e
betwee
n
t
he
set
val
ue
of
th
e
ta
sk
sign
al
a
nd
mea
su
re
d
value
of
the
outp
ut
cu
rrent.
T
he
er
r
or
s
ign
al
is
the
n
be
ing
passe
d
th
rough
a
l
ow
-
pa
ss
filt
er
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
8.
A
ph
a
s
e
-
loc
ked
l
oop
(
PLL)
s
ys
te
m
is
impl
emente
d
with
the
ai
d
of
the
M
C
as
s
hown
i
n
Figure
10
.
Thi
s
syst
em
us
es
a
D
-
ty
pe
flip
-
flo
p
a
nd
a
co
mp
e
ns
at
or,
the
la
tt
er
is
use
d
to
c
ompe
ns
at
e
the
pro
pag
at
io
n
de
la
y
betwee
n
υ
A
an
d
υ
O1
sig
nal
s,
as
well
as
to
p
r
ovide
t
he
des
ired
ti
me
sh
i
ft b
et
wee
n
i
O1
a
nd
υ
O1
.
The
D
-
ty
pe
flip
-
flo
p
cl
am
ps
t
he
l
og
ic
sig
nal
of
t
he
ze
r
o
-
c
urre
nt
detect
or
by
t
he
rise
e
dge
of
t
he
outp
ut
sig
nal
of
t
he
c
ompen
s
at
or
.
Ba
s
ed
on
the
sig
nal
f
rom
the
D
-
ty
pe
flip
-
flo
p,
the
M
C
c
hanges
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
f
reque
nc
y
by
increasin
g/de
cr
easi
ng the c
ou
nter val
ue
of
D
CO [1
9]
.
Table
1.
Para
m
et
ers
of t
he
E
xperime
ntal Set
up
Item
Sy
m
b
o
l
Valu
e
AC m
ain
υ
s
2
2
0
VAC 50
Hz
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
inv
erte
r
ch
an
n
els
N
2
Rated
ou
tp
u
t po
we
r
(eac
h
chan
n
el)
P
2
.5 k
W
(1.2
5
kW
)
Op
erating
f
requ
en
cy
f
sw
50
-
1
0
0
kHz
Tr
an
sfo
r
m
er
turn
s
ratio o
f
ea
ch
chan
n
el
n
1
:
n
2
6
4
:1
Cap
acito
r
C
0
.03
3
µF × 37
0
=
1
2
.21
µF
Figure
10. Blo
ck diag
ram of
t
he
P
LL s
ys
te
m
.
Figure
11
pre
sents
t
wo
photogra
phs
of
the
e
xp
e
rime
nt
al
set
up
us
ed
in
the
de
scri
bed
belo
w
exp
e
rime
nts.
Figure
11. T
he
experime
ntal s
et
up
of the
inte
rleave
d
P
D
M
s
eries
-
re
sona
nt
conve
rter
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