Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 80
1
~
80
9
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
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jp
e
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s.v
1
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p
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09
8
01
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Com
p
arative performance analys
i
s
of bridgeless boost and
br
idge
less buc
k
conve
r
ter for UPS appli
c
ation
Kh
a
i
rul
S
a
fuan
Muha
mma
d
,
Ra
h
i
mi Ba
h
a
ro
m, S
i
t
i
Za
lih
a
M.N
,
Wa
n N
o
ra
isha
h Wa
n A
b
d
u
l
M
u
n
i
m
Facult
y
of
E
l
ec
tr
i
c
al E
ngineeri
ng,
Uni
v
e
r
siti Tekn
ologi MARA,
M
a
laysi
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
O
c
t
1
9
,
2
019
Rev
i
sed
D
e
c
27
, 20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
20
, 20
20
In this
pap
e
r, a
comp
a
r
at
iv
e
p
e
rformanc
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
r
id
gel
e
s
s
b
oos
t and
bridg
e
less
bu
ck
con
v
er
ter fo
r U
n
in
te
r
r
upta
b
l
e
Powe
r Su
pp
l
y
(UPS) i
s
pres
ented
.
The
p
e
rforman
ce
of U
P
S
ap
plic
ation
i
n
ter
m
s of
the
i
r effic
i
ency
is
comp
ar
e
d
b
e
tw
een
th
e
co
nve
n
t
ion
a
l d
i
o
d
e
b
r
id
ge
co
nv
erte
r and
b
o
t
h
bridg
e
less
con
v
e
rte
r
s
.
Th
e
in
pu
t
s
upp
ly
po
wer
q
u
ality
is
als
o
be
en
ana
l
ysed
b
y
a
ppl
yi
ng o
p
en
a
nd c
l
o
s
e
d
loop
c
o
ntro
l
te
c
hniq
u
e
s
to t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r.
T
h
e
resul
t
s show
t
h
at t
h
e effici
ency
and the
i
n
put
sup
p
ly
quality of
t
h
e br
idgeless
c
o
nv
e
r
te
rs
a
r
e sign
ifi
c
a
n
t
l
y im
pro
v
e
d.
UPS usi
n
g
bri
dge
l
e
ss bo
ost
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
has
be
tte
r
p
e
rfo
r
m
anc
e
in
all
asp
ect
c
o
mp
ared
to
bridg
e
less
bu
ck
co
nv
ert
e
r.
Alig
ned
w
i
th th
at,
th
e
c
l
os
ed
lo
op co
ntro
ller
fo
r
the con
v
e
r
t
er h
a
s
a
l
so
imp
r
ov
ed
th
e
e
f
ficien
cy
and
P
F
m
o
re
th
an
th
e op
en
lo
op
co
ntrolle
r
in
performi
n
g
t
h
e
UPS system.
Al
l
t
h
e
an
al
yti
c
al w
o
rk
w
a
s perfo
rme
d
using
PSIM soft
w
a
re
Ke
yw
ords:
B
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss Bo
ost
Co
nv
er
ter
Bridge
le
ss B
u
c
k
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r
U
PS A
p
p
licatio
n
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Khai
rul
Saf
u
an
M
u
h
a
mma
d,
Fa
cul
t
y
o
f
Ele
c
t
ri
ca
l En
gine
eri
ng,
U
n
i
v
e
r
siti
Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
MA
RA,
40
450
,
S
h
a
h
A
l
a
m
,
S
e
la
ng
or
,
M
a
la
ysia
Emai
l:
ksb
m
77
@g
mai
l
.com
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
An
un
in
te
rru
p
t
ib
le
po
w
e
r
supp
ly
i
s
a g
a
d
g
e
t
th
a
t
c
a
n s
upp
ly
th
e i
n
terr
up
ti
b
l
e
supp
ly
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
and
gene
ral
l
y
kn
o
w
n as UP
S. U
P
S frame
wo
rk
has b
e
en int
r
o
d
u
c
e
d b
r
oa
dl
y
i
n
t
h
e
net
w
ork
cent
r
e
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
ion
syste
m
,
fi
na
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
sti
t
u
ti
on a
nd medi
ca
l equi
pme
n
t i
n
p
r
ovi
di
ng a
rel
i
a
bl
e an
d
c
o
nti
n
u
o
u
s po
we
r.
Acc
o
rdi
n
g
l
y,
a
rra
nge
fra
m
e
w
ork st
op
pa
ge
s
have
a
ma
jo
r
e
ffe
ct
t
o
the
pu
bl
i
c
an
d
UP
S
h
a
s
be
e
n
ex
pa
n
d
ed
t
h
e
signi
fi
ca
nce
i
n
gi
vin
g
sta
b
le
p
o
we
r
s
u
ppl
y [1
-3
].
A
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e po
we
r di
sap
p
o
i
ntme
n
t
s o
f
po
wer o
u
t
a
ges
o
c
c
u
r, c
o
mput
e
r
de
vi
ce
s
l
i
ke
wo
rk
st
at
ions
a
n
d s
e
r
v
ers bre
a
k
do
wn
may h
a
pp
e
n
an
d
c
a
n
p
r
o
m
p
t
d
i
ffer
e
n
t
i
ssu
e
s
l
i
ke
pr
ogr
a
m
m
a
lfu
n
c
ti
on
and
l
o
ss of
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
dat
a
. B
e
si
des,
e
v
e
n
a
mome
nt
ary
vol
ta
ge
d
r
o
p
i
n
t
h
e
fac
t
o
r
y
pro
duc
ti
o
n
li
n
e
s
ca
n e
xpe
ri
e
n
c
e
in
sy
st
em stopp
ag
e
s
,
d
e
f
e
c
tiv
e pro
d
u
c
ts and
t
h
e
wo
rst-c
a
s
e s
cen
ar
io
, it
c
a
n
d
a
mag
e
t
h
e
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t.
Conse
que
ntl
y
, t
o
st
ay
a
w
ay
fro
m
t
h
e
s
e
i
s
s
u
es,
UP
S
ca
n
b
e
i
n
tr
o
d
uc
e
d
i
n
c
o
m
p
ut
ers,
net
w
ork
syste
m
s a
n
d
pro
duct
i
o
n li
ne
s whi
c
h c
oncei
vabl
e
to
o
p
erat
e syst
ems w
i
t
h
st
abi
l
i
t
y
and e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
by t
h
e va
ri
ous f
unct
i
ons
o
f
U
PS [
4
].
Wit
h
de
te
ri
o
r
a
t
i
on
of w
o
rl
dw
i
d
e
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
nd
ene
r
gy
cri
s
i
s
, re
d
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
l
l
uti
o
n
a
n
d
enha
nc
in
g
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
nve
rsi
o
n e
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy
ha
d pul
l
e
d wi
de c
o
n
s
i
d
era
t
i
o
n in
th
e
e
n
ti
re
wo
rl
d
.
Mai
n
t
a
i
n
in
g
a hig
h
effi
ci
enc
y
ac
ro
ss t
h
e
e
n
ti
re
l
i
n
e
ra
nge
ra
ise
s
a
ma
j
o
r
c
h
al
le
n
g
e fo
r AC to
DC re
ct
ifie
rs [5
-10
]
.
F
o
r
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
a
ppl
ic
at
i
o
ns l
i
k
e U
P
S,
t
h
e
A
C
i
nput
v
o
l
t
a
g
e fre
q
ue
ncy
i
s
5
0
he
rt
z
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
h
e
el
ec
tric
al
sup
p
l
y t
h
at
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
d to a
DC
sup
p
l
y
. R
ect
i
f
i
e
r Bri
dge
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
use
d
t
o
de
mo
nstrat
e t
h
e
con
v
e
r
sio
n
of AC
t
o
DC
. T
h
e
l
o
ss of
bri
d
g
e
rect
i
f
i
e
r
i
n
vo
l
v
es in
po
we
r
st
a
g
e
l
o
ss b
y
e
n
h
a
nci
n
g
t
h
e pow
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
0
1
–
809
80
2
l
e
vel
[11-
1
6
]. At an
y
o
p
erat
i
ng c
o
ndit
i
o
n
, bri
dge
le
ss
ca
n
be
de
fine
d w
h
en t
h
e
ci
rc
ui
t
consi
s
t
of re
c
t
ifie
r
bri
dge
an
d
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
semi
co
nd
uct
o
r
devi
ces
thr
o
ugh t
h
e
c
u
rre
nt
p
a
t
h
[1
7-
21
] .
Un
i
n
te
rrup
t
ib
l
e
Po
we
r
Sup
p
lie
s (
U
PS
) sy
st
e
m
is
u
s
ed
when
t
h
e i
npu
t pow
e
r
sou
r
ce
o
r
ma
in
s
pow
er
fa
il
s. U
P
S i
s
a
no
n
-
st
o
p
po
we
r fra
m
e
w
ork, a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
de
vi
ce
t
h
at
gi
ve
s e
m
e
r
genc
y p
o
w
e
r
to a
l
o
a
d
.
A
UP
S
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
f
r
o
m
an
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
o
r
stan
dby
g
e
ner
a
to
r
t
h
a
t
w
ill g
i
v
e
c
l
o
s
e
promp
t
a
s
su
r
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
i
nput
p
o
w
e
r i
n
t
e
rru
pti
o
n
s
b
y
su
p
p
l
y
in
g
e
n
er
gy
store
d
f
r
o
m
bat
t
e
ri
es.
The
o
n
-bat
t
e
ry
ru
nti
m
e o
f
most
uni
nt
e
r
ru
pt
ibl
e
p
o
w
e
r sou
r
ce
s
i
s
mo
de
ra
te
ly sh
ort
yet
ade
q
u
a
t
e
for
a
st
a
n
d
b
y
p
o
we
r so
urc
e
or ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
cl
ose
dow
n t
h
e
p
r
ote
c
t
e
d
eq
ui
pme
n
t.
Th
e c
i
r
c
u
it
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
sh
own
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1 is a sim
p
le
for
m
of
th
e co
mmer
c
i
a
l
U
PS th
at
can d
e
liv
er
48
VDC
. In
the
p
o
we
r
fai
l
ure
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
wi
l
l
t
a
ke
o
v
er
. T
h
e t
r
an
sformer
st
eps
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
mai
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
12
V
A
C
a
n
d t
h
en
t
h
e
b
r
i
dge
rec
t
i
f
i
e
s
i
t
. T
h
e
re
ct
ifie
d
sig
n
a
l
is t
h
en
sm
oot
h
b
y
t
h
e
capa
c
i
t
or. D
u
ri
n
g
no
rmal
ope
rat
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
wil
l
be char
ge
d
b
y
mea
n
s
of
dio
d
e
D
1
a
nd t
h
e re
gul
at
or
ge
t
s
sup
p
l
y
from di
o
d
e
a
t
D3
.
At
th
e
ou
tpu
t
of
t
h
e
l
o
ad
t
e
r
m
in
als
48
V
D
C
i
s
ap
p
l
i
c
a
b
le
.
Dur
i
ng
po
wer
f
a
ilur
e
,
t
h
e
m
a
in
su
pp
l
y
is
c
u
t-
off a
nd t
h
e
ba
t
t
e
r
y
wi
ll
t
a
ke
ove
r t
o
su
p
p
l
y
current
t
o
t
h
e
48
V
D
C
out
pu
t
t
e
rmi
n
al
t
h
ro
ug
h di
o
d
e a
t
D
2
. T
h
e
fu
nct
i
o
n of
di
o
d
e at
D
1
i
s
to
make
s
u
re
t
h
e
r
e
is
onl
y
o
n
e-
way
fl
ow
of
c
u
rre
nt
du
ri
n
g
ba
tt
e
r
y mo
de.
Ho
weve
r,
t
h
e
di
ode
b
r
i
d
g
e
su
ffe
r
from
hi
gh c
o
nd
uct
i
on
l
o
sse
s t
hus
red
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
ove
ra
l
l
effic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r.
F
i
gu
re
1. Ba
si
c UP
S syst
em
c
i
rcui
t
Me
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
t
h
e
inc
r
ea
sin
g
of
hig
h
effic
i
e
n
c
y
re
qui
reme
nt
s
has bee
n
gi
vi
ng t
h
e
cha
n
c
e
s
t
o
l
ook
for
any
p
o
te
nti
a
l op
p
o
rt
unit
i
e
s to re
duc
e t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r losse
s
[2
2-2
3
].
The most
c
o
mm
o
n
sol
u
t
i
o
n
i
s
b
y
usin
g
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r w
h
i
c
h
wi
del
y
use
d
fo
r
vari
ou
s
ki
n
d
s
o
f
se
rvers,
w
o
rksta
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
c
o
mput
e
r
s.
H
o
weve
r,
i
t
le
ads
to
hi
g
h
co
n
duct
i
on
l
o
sse
s
sinc
e t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t c
u
rrent
al
wa
ys
fl
o
w
t
h
ro
u
gh
the
t
w
o
bri
dge
di
ode
s
and
a
p
o
w
e
r sw
it
ch
in
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
Th
e
c
ondu
c
tio
n loss
es
f
r
o
m
d
i
odes
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
in
fro
n
t
en
d
re
ct
if
ier h
a
s
d
e
cr
e
a
s
e
th
e
ove
ra
l
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
,
ma
i
n
l
y
at
t
h
e
i
n
put
vol
t
a
g
e
an
d
hi
gh o
u
t
p
ut
p
o
we
r.
There
f
ore
,
bri
dgel
e
ss
t
opol
o
g
y
i
s
i
n
t
r
od
uce
d
t
o
i
n
c
r
ease
t
h
e
c
o
nve
rt
er
pe
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e [
2
4
-
2
6
]
.
The
pro
p
o
s
ed
con
v
e
r
t
e
r c
o
nsi
s
t
s
of t
w
o t
y
p
e
s o
f
bri
dgel
e
ss t
o
pol
ogy
t
h
a
t
w
i
l
l
be
st
u
d
ie
d
whi
c
h a
r
e
bo
ost a
n
d
buc
k c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
fo
r U
P
S
a
p
pli
c
a
t
ion.
The
s
e t
w
o w
i
l
l
be a
n
al
yse
d
a
n
d
si
mu
l
a
t
e
d b
y
usi
n
g
P
S
I
M
simul
a
t
o
r by
usi
n
g
t
w
o
me
t
h
o
d
s o
f
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r.
Al
l
t
h
e
anal
yse
d
da
ta
wi
ll
be rec
o
r
d
ed
by
var
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
para
met
e
rs a
n
d
dut
y
c
y
cl
e i
n
order t
o
get
th
e
desire
d l
o
a
d
out
put
.
In o
r
de
r t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
l
o
a
d
of
48
VDC
,
t
h
e
i
n
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of b
o
o
s
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t w
oul
d
be
12
V
A
C
whe
r
e
a
s
t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
age for b
u
c
k
c
i
rcui
t
w
o
ul
d be
i
n
t
h
e
ra
nge
o
f
9
0
-2
30
VAC
.
The
c
o
nve
nti
ona
l
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r o
f
di
ode
bri
dge
wi
l
l
be
co
mpa
r
e
d
wi
th
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
lo
gi
es
p
r
op
o
s
ed in ter
m
s of th
e
i
r e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
. To
g
e
t
th
e
h
i
gh
est po
ssib
l
e
e
ffici
en
c
y
in
U
PS p
e
rfor
m
an
ce
,
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
(P
F)
is hig
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
by
usin
g th
e
PF
co
rre
ct
io
n
(PFC)
i
n
th
e c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
ci
rc
u
it.
The
obje
c
t
i
ve
s
fo
r
t
h
is st
u
dy
i
s
t
o
de
vel
o
p
a
new
UP
S
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on u
s
i
ng b
r
i
d
gel
e
ss
co
nve
rte
r
t
opol
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
o
a
n
al
yse
t
h
e
pe
rf
orma
nce
o
f
the
pr
op
ose
d
UP
S
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
. T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d t
o
p
o
lo
gi
e
s
are
expl
ai
ne
d i
n
t
h
e
ne
xt sect
i
o
n fol
l
o
we
d
b
y
t
h
e
si
mula
t
i
o
n
a
n
d resul
t
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d.
2.
BRID
GE
LE
SS C
O
NVE
R
T
E
R
F
i
gure
2 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e c
i
rc
ui
t of
bri
dge
le
ss b
o
o
st
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r. T
h
e
i
n
du
ct
or i
s
sp
l
i
t
and
we
re
pla
c
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
AC
si
de in
pe
rfo
rmin
g the
st
ruct
ure
of b
o
o
s
t con
v
e
r
t
e
r u
n
li
ke t
h
e c
o
nv
ent
i
on
a
l
c
o
nve
rt
er ci
rc
uit
.
It
can be
sa
id
th
a
t
th
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
b
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
s
s
an
d c
onv
e
n
tiona
l c
o
nv
er
ter
circ
u
it is
t
h
at
t
h
e i
n
du
ct
or cu
rre
n
t of
b
r
i
d
g
e
le
ss w
ill
o
n
l
y
fl
ow th
rou
g
h
two
sem
i
co
ndu
c
t
or
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
wh
ich
w
i
ll
le
ad
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
con
d
u
c
tion
lo
sse
s.
N1
N2
C1
R1
R2
D1
D2
D3
RL
B1
LED
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Co
mp
ara
t
iv
e per
f
o
r
man
c
e a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
b
r
i
d
gele
ss
bo
ost
and
b
r
i
d
g
e
le
ss
bu
ck
…
(Kh
a
i
ru
l
Sa
f
u
a
n
Mu
hamm
a
d
)
8
03
Th
is
topo
l
o
g
y
a
l
so
had
r
e
p
l
ac
ed
th
e slo
w
dio
d
e
s
of
c
o
nv
en
ti
o
n
a
l
t
o
po
l
o
g
y
by
u
s
ing
M
O
SF
ET body
d
i
od
e
re
gul
a
t
e
d
b
y
p
u
lse
-
wi
dth
-
mo
dul
at
i
o
n (P
WM. Th
us
, t
h
e
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
of t
h
e b
r
i
d
gel
e
ss
t
o
pol
og
y
i
s
i
m
p
r
ove
d
d
u
e
t
o
l
e
ss co
nd
uc
t
i
on
l
o
sses oc
c
u
r.
B
e
si
des,
t
h
e bri
d
gel
e
ss t
o
pol
og
y not
onl
y re
du
c
e
the
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ion l
o
ss
e
s
, it
a
l
so
redu
c
e
s
t
h
e to
ta
l com
pone
n
t
s in
t
h
e c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
mp
ar
ed to
co
nv
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t.
B
a
se
d
on t
h
e
Fi
gu
re
1,
fo
r
posi
t
ive
hal
f
c
y
c
l
e
,
a
s
M
O
S
F
ET
S1
t
u
rns
on
, t
h
e i
n
d
u
ct
or L
1
st
ores
ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
fl
ow
s thr
o
ugh
the
pat
h
o
f
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
L
1
, MO
S
F
ET
S
1
, t
h
e int
e
rnal
di
ode
of MOS
F
ET S
2
a
n
d
i
n
du
c
t
or
L2
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e MO
SF
ET S1
i
s
tu
rn
s
o
f
f
,
L1
will t
h
en
d
i
sc
h
a
rg
e
s
th
e
st
o
r
ed
e
n
ergy
by
D1
to
th
e
l
o
ad. H
e
nc
e
,
t
h
e c
u
rre
n
t
fl
o
w
s t
h
rou
g
h
t
h
e
pa
t
h
of
di
o
d
e
D1
, l
o
ad
R
1
, i
n
te
rnal
di
ode
o
f
MO
S
F
ET
S
2
,
i
nduc
t
o
r L
2
a
n
d i
n
p
u
t
l
i
n
e
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
nega
t
i
ve
hal
f
c
y
cl
e,
as
MO
S
F
ET
S
2
t
u
rns
o
n
t
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
L2
wi
l
l
stores
e
n
erg
y
and
c
u
rre
nt fl
o
w
s
t
h
ro
u
gh pa
th of i
n
d
u
c
t
or
L2,
M
O
SF
E
T
S
2
, i
n
t
e
r
n
al
di
ode
of M
O
S
F
ET S1
a
n
d indu
c
t
or
L1
. Wh
e
n
t
h
e
M
O
SF
ET
S2 i
s
tu
rn
s of
f,
L2
d
i
sch
a
rg
e
s
stor
ed
e
n
er
gy by D2
to lo
ad
a
n
d
c
u
rr
e
n
t
f
l
ow
s th
ro
u
gh
th
e
p
a
th
o
f
d
i
od
e D2
, l
o
a
d
R1
, in
te
rn
al
d
i
od
e
of
MO
S
F
ET S1
, indu
c
t
or
L1 a
nd i
n
p
u
t
li
n
e
. Th
e
M
O
S
F
ET S1 can
on
ly be
d
r
i
v
e
n
e
ith
er on a
n
d
of
f in
po
siti
ve
h
a
lf cy
c
l
e
wh
er
e
a
s MO
SFET S2 dr
iv
en
o
n
l
y
in
nega
ti
ve
hal
f
c
y
cl
e. B
o
t
h
M
O
S
F
E
T
s
dri
v
e
n
on/
off
si
mult
a
n
e
o
usl
y
as
t
h
e
free
w
h
ee
li
n
g
di
odes
i
n
S
1
a
n
d
S
2
pro
v
i
d
in
g
ri
g
h
t cu
rre
n
t
fl
ow
in e
v
e
r
y
a
l
t
e
na
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
i
nput
li
ne.
The
bri
d
gel
e
s
s
buc
k
c
o
nve
rt
er
s
h
o
w
n in
F
i
gu
re 3, ut
il
i
ze tw
o
co
n
s
ecut
i
v
e
a
ssoc
i
a
t
e
d
buc
k
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
s
, whic
h
o
p
e
ra
te
in
al
te
rn
a
t
i
v
e
h
a
l
v
e
s
of
t
h
e
lin
e-v
o
lta
g
e
cy
cle
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
ist
s
of
a un
id
i
r
e
c
tio
n
a
l
sw
itc
h
ca
rri
ed
o
u
t
b
y
di
o
d
e t
h
at
se
ri
es wi
th
swi
t
ch
, free
w
h
eel
i
n
g di
o
d
e,
fi
lt
er in
duc
t
o
r, a
n
d
o
u
t
put
ca
paci
t
o
r.
Du
rin
g
th
e
co
ndu
c
tio
n of
a
sw
itc
h, th
e i
npu
t cu
rren
t
w
i
l
l
a
l
w
a
y
s
flo
w
th
rou
gh on
ly on
e
d
i
od
e
.
Th
e
i
n
p
u
t
b
r
i
d
g
e
di
ode
s
i
n
whi
c
h t
w
o di
o
d
es
c
a
rr
y
t
h
e
i
n
put
c
u
r
r
ent
is
ne
gl
e
c
t
t
o
imp
r
ove
t
h
e e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
1
3
]
.
Du
ri
ng th
e posi
tiv
e
h
a
l
f
c
y
cle
,
t
h
e
op
e
r
a
tio
n co
nsi
s
ts
o
f
un
i
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
a
l sw
itch
o
f
d
i
od
e
D1
se
r
i
e
s
wi
th
swi
t
c
h
S
1
. A
s
S
1
i
n
t
u
rns
on
, t
h
e
fi
lt
e
r
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
L
1
is
cha
r
gi
ng
a
n
d
c
u
rre
nt
flo
w
s
t
h
r
o
ug
h
di
ode
D
1
,
swi
t
c
h
S1
,
in
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
1
,
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
C
1
,
l
o
ad
of R1
an
d
c
a
p
ac
it
or C
2
. D
u
ri
ng the
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e vol
t
a
ge
acr
oss
ca
paci
t
o
r C
1
is
low
e
r tha
n
t
h
e
pea
k
l
i
ne
vol
t
a
ge t
h
at
re
g
u
la
te
d
b
y
PWM
o
f
sw
it
c
h
S1 [1
4
]
. Whe
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
S2 is
t
u
rns off, i
n
d
u
c
t
or L
1
di
sc
har
g
ed by
fr
ee
wh
eeli
n
g
d
i
od
e D
3
t
o
t
h
e
lo
ad
R1
.
D
u
rin
g
ne
ga
ti
ve
ha
lf c
y
cl
es
o
n
li
ne
v
o
l
t
a
ge, sw
it
ch
S
2
i
s
t
u
r
n
s on
a
n
d t
h
e
cu
rre
n
t
fl
ows t
h
ro
ug
h
ca
paci
t
o
r C
2
,
c
h
arge t
h
e e
n
e
r
gy
t
o
i
n
d
u
ct
or
L2
a
nd
t
o
the
u
n
i
d
irect
i
o
nal
d
i
ode
o
f
D
2
in
s
e
ri
es wi
th s
w
i
t
c
h
S
2
.
The
v
o
l
t
a
g
e ac
ross c
a
p
ac
it
or
C
2
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n is
re
gu
l
a
te
d
by
P
W
M of s
w
i
t
c
h S
2
. A
s
t
h
e
swi
t
c
h
S
2
is
t
u
rns o
f
f, in
du
c
t
or L
2
is di
sc
ha
rge
d
b
y
free
w
heel
i
n
g
dio
d
e
of
D4 t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad R
1
. D
u
ri
n
g
swi
t
c
h
c
o
nd
uct
i
on
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
fl
ows
from
th
e
i
n
p
u
t li
n
e
vo
lta
g
e
o
f
V
AC
i
s
a
l
ways th
rou
gh
o
n
e
di
o
d
e ei
t
h
er
D1
o
r
D2. E
f
fi
c
i
ency
ca
n be i
m
pro
v
e
d by
t
e
rmi
n
at
i
n
g
t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
b
r
i
dge
di
ode
s
a
s
t
h
e in
p
u
t
c
u
rre
n
t
was ca
rri
e
d b
y
onl
y tw
o
di
o
d
e
s
.
Fi
g
u
re
2
.
Br
idge
le
ss bo
ost r
e
c
t
if
ie
r
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
Bri
dge
les
s
bu
c
k
re
c
t
if
ie
r
3.
RES
E
ARCH M
ETH
O
D
OLOGY
3.1. Op
e
n
l
o
o
p
(OL) c
o
n
t
ro
l
The
fir
s
t
me
t
hod i
n
si
mula
ti
n
g
the
c
i
rc
ui
t i
s
by
usi
n
g the
o
p
e
n
l
o
o
p
c
o
n
t
rol
.
The
o
p
en l
o
op
c
o
nt
rol
is
th
e
s
i
mp
l
e
st
wa
y
to
simu
lat
e
th
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t i
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
ng
th
e
in
pu
t v
o
l
ta
g
e
.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
sh
own
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
re
prese
n
t
s
the
c
ont
roll
e
r
by
usi
n
g
c
o
mpa
r
at
or i
n
c
o
mpa
r
e b
o
t
h
dut
y
cyc
l
e
fro
m
dc
vo
l
t
a
ge
so
u
r
c
e
and
t
r
i
a
ng
ul
ar-wa
v
e v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
u
r
ce
. T
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
is set
bas
e
d
on
t
h
e
ra
ng
e
of the
ca
lc
ul
a
t
i
on
of
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
fo
rm
ul
a.
It
c
a
n
be
va
rie
d
bec
a
use the
o
u
t
p
ut
vo
l
t
a
ge
i
n
o
p
e
n lo
op ca
n
not
be sy
nc
hro
n
i
zed ac
co
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
dut
y c
y
cl
e
.
B
e
si
des, t
h
e
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r al
so
c
o
n
s
i
s
t o
f
p
h
a
s
e
det
e
ct
or
a
nd a
co
mbi
n
a
t
i
o
n of lo
gi
c
gat
e
s.
T
h
e
com
p
ara
t
o
r
ca
n o
n
l
y
give
p
o
si
t
i
ve
hal
f
c
y
c
l
e
outp
u
t
w
h
ere t
h
e
sig
n
a
l
i
s
posi
t
i
ve
out
put
a
nd
re
pres
e
n
t
t
h
e
“hi
g
h” si
g
n
al
.
Du
rin
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
ti
ve ha
lf cyc
l
e
,
t
h
e p
h
ase
det
ect
or i
s
i
n
“
h
i
g
h” as
we
ll
. He
nce
,
t
h
e
si
g
n
al
fr
om
t
h
e c
o
m
p
ara
t
or a
n
d
pha
se
de
t
e
ct
or wi
ll
give
t
h
e “
h
i
g
h”
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
sit
i
v
e
i
n
ve
rt
er
w
h
e
r
e
i
s
e
n
abl
e
AN
D
2
. O
n
th
e
R1
S2
S1
C1
L1
L2
AC
D1
D2
R1
C1
AC
D1
D3
S2
S1
L1
L2
D2
D4
C2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
0
1
–
809
80
4
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
duri
n
g
t
h
e n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
h
a
l
f
c
y
c
l
e
,
t
h
e ou
tpu
t
from th
e ph
ase de
te
ct
o
r
is “
zero
”
. Th
is
w
ill en
a
b
le
AN
D
1
an
d d
i
sa
b
l
e
AND
2
w
h
i
c
h
give
s
t
h
e “
h
igh”
si
g
n
al
t
o
t
h
e
nega
ti
v
e
in
v
e
rt
er.
Fi
gu
re
4.
O
p
e
n
l
o
o
p
c
o
ntr
o
l
3.2. Cl
ose
d
lo
op
(C
L
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
O
t
he
r
t
h
an
op
en
l
o
o
p
c
ontr
o
l
fo
r UP
S
a
p
pli
c
a
t
i
on,
cl
os
ed l
o
o
p
c
ont
rol
has
bee
n
re
prese
n
t
e
d
t
o
si
mu
la
te
th
e
s
y
ste
m
fo
r b
e
tte
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
an
d e
ffi
ci
en
cy
as s
how
n in
Fi
gu
re 5.
I
t
is a
n
o
t
h
e
r m
e
th
od
th
at
ca
n
be c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
h
e
pe
rf
ormanc
e
in
usi
n
g t
h
e
bri
dge
le
ss
bo
o
s
t
an
d
b
r
i
d
gel
e
ss
buc
k
as t
h
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
r i
n
t
h
e
U
P
S
.
Cl
osed
l
o
op
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
ha
s t
w
o
fee
dba
c
k
l
o
o
p
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
onsi
s
t
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
fe
edbac
k
lo
op
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
fee
dbac
k
l
oop.
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
fe
e
dbac
k
l
o
o
p
i
s
t
o
c
o
ntr
o
l t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
age
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
w
h
e
r
ea
s
the
c
u
rrent
fe
e
dbac
k
l
oop i
s
t
o
s
h
a
p
e
t
h
e
si
nus
oi
d
a
l
cu
rre
nt
wa
v
e
fo
rm
at
t
h
e i
nput
.
In
t
h
e
cl
ose
d
l
o
o
p
c
o
nt
rol,
t
h
e
po
we
r fa
ct
or
pre
r
eg
ul
at
o
r
ha
s
bee
n
use
d
as
t
h
e PF
c
o
rre
ct
i
o
n
(P
FC
)
t
o
im
pro
v
e t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
fact
or i
n
t
h
e syst
em.
To
achi
e
ve
t
h
e ne
ar
uni
t
y
P
F
,
the
i
n
p
u
t
vol
t
a
ge
an
d i
n
p
u
t
curre
nt
si
g
n
al
s
we
re re
prese
n
te
d a
n
d
bec
o
me
t
h
e c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
vol
ta
ge
refe
re
n
ces t
o
t
h
e
P
F
pre
r
e
gul
at
o
r
.
By
using
t
h
i
s
c
l
ose
d
l
o
o
p
co
nt
rol, t
h
e
d
u
t
y
ca
n
be
set
bas
e
d
o
n
the
ex
pec
t
e
d
out
p
u
t
volt
a
ge
as t
h
e
co
nt
rol
l
e
r
wi
l
l
mai
n
t
a
i
n
the
exac
t
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
. T
h
e
vol
ta
ge s
e
ns
or
gai
n
is set
b
y
1
:
0.
0
1
.
Henc
e
,
t
h
e e
xpe
ct
ed
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e ca
n
be
se
t
by m
o
re
t
h
an
0.
48 i
n
o
r
der
t
o
obt
ai
n
4
8
VD
C
of
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
. T
h
e c
l
os
e
d
l
o
o
p
co
nt
rol
l
e
r
al
so use
d
p
h
a
s
e
det
ect
or a
n
d
c
o
mbi
n
at
i
o
n
l
o
gi
c
gat
e
s a
s
t
h
e
op
en
l
o
o
p
c
ont
ro
l
fo
r t
h
e
U
P
S
appl
ic
at
i
o
n
.
Th
e
p
h
ase
de
te
ct
or i
s
use
d
t
o
d
e
te
ct
t
h
e
pha
se
from
th
e
i
npu
t s
upp
ly
v
o
l
tag
e
y
e
t
to
en
su
r
e
th
a
t
t
h
e
g
a
te
sign
a
l
is i
n
ph
a
s
e
a
n
d
sy
nc
hro
n
i
z
e
d wi
th
t
h
e
inpu
t su
pp
l
y
.
It
is
from
t
h
e
c
o
mparat
or w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e si
nu
soi
d
al
inp
u
t
wa
vef
o
rm
i
s
f
r
o
m
m
a
i
n
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge a
n
d i
t
i
s
c
onne
ct
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
noni
nv
er
ti
ng t
e
rmi
n
a
l
w
h
ere
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rt
i
n
g
t
e
rmi
n
al
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
g
r
ou
nd
.
Fi
gu
re
5. Cl
ose
d
lo
o
p
c
ont
rol
4.
PROP
OS
E
D
CO
NVE
RTE
R
The
p
r
o
pose
d
c
i
rc
uit
is ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
top
o
l
o
gy
from
bri
d
ge
l
e
ss boost
ci
rc
ui
t
and
has
be
e
n
m
o
d
i
fi
ed
and im
pl
eme
n
te
d
t
o
the
basi
c UPS
circui
t s
y
st
em rega
rdle
ss t
h
e
b
r
idge
re
ct
ifie
r as
sho
w
n
in Fi
g
u
re
6. T
h
e
sup
p
l
y
v
o
lt
age
must
be l
o
w
as i
t
will
ste
p
up the
suppl
y
v
o
lt
age
where
t
h
e
li
ne vol
t
a
ge wa
s
se
t i
n
a
r
o
und 1
2
V
AC
. The
desired
o
u
t
put
volt
a
ge
for
t
h
i
s
ci
rc
u
i
t
a
l
so is depends
on t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge of t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
ry and the
bo
ost
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Co
mp
ara
t
iv
e per
f
o
r
man
c
e a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
b
r
i
d
gele
ss
bo
ost
and
b
r
i
d
g
e
le
ss
bu
ck
…
(Kh
a
i
ru
l
Sa
f
u
a
n
Mu
hamm
a
d
)
8
05
volt
a
ge
must
a
b
l
e
to
suppl
y
1
.
2 t
i
m
e
s
of
t
h
e ba
tt
ery vol
ta
ge
to
char
g
e
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry.
Al
l
t
h
e
para
met
e
r
s
we
re
desi
g
n
e
d
a
cco
rdi
ng
t
o
the ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
result
s
a
nd
ca
n
be
varie
d
a
s
l
o
n
g
as the
out
p
u
t po
wer a
nd cha
r
gi
n
g
v
o
l
ta
g
e
can
be mai
n
t
a
i
n
ed.
T
h
e
c
i
rc
uit
i
s
regula
t
e
d
b
y
P
W
M a
nd
du
t
y
rati
o for t
h
e
ci
rcui
t
is
foll
o
w
e
d
by:
1
(1)
The
dut
y c
y
c
l
e
a
b
ove
i
s
base
d
on t
h
e
Vi
n
of
12 V
AC
and the
outp
u
t
of
4
8
V
DC
and to get
t
h
e opti
m
u
m
r
e
su
lt
,
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
c
l
e
,
D
=
0
.
68
.
Fi
gure
6.
B
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss
boost
fo
r UP
S ap
pli
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
i
rcui
t
4.2. Br
id
gel
e
s
s
B
u
c
k
fo
r U
P
S A
p
pl
ic
a
t
i
o
n
The
prop
osed
bri
dgele
ss
b
u
c
k
ci
rcui
t
show
n
in
F
i
g
u
re
7
i
s
ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
t
opol
ogy
fro
m
bri
dge
le
ss
buck c
i
rcuit
a
nd has be
en i
m
pl
ement
e
d t
o
t
h
e
UPS
simpl
e
c
i
rcuit
regard
l
e
ss t
h
e
bridge
re
ct
ifi
e
r.
The
sup
p
ly
volt
a
ge
must
b
e
hi
g
h
as t
h
e
b
u
c
k
i
s
ste
p
do
wn t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
and i
s
around
90 –
23
0 V
AC
.
The desired out
p
u
t
volt
a
ge
i
s
dependi
n
g
on t
h
e
ca
pac
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
and t
h
e
b
u
c
k
v
o
lt
age
must
able
t
o
c
a
t
e
r the
charging
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of 1.2
t
i
mes the
outp
u
t
vol
ta
ge
of
48 V
DC
. The
dut
y
c
y
c
l
e fo
r b
u
c
k
ca
n be c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
by usi
ng
e
qua
ti
on
(2
):
(2)
The
abo
v
e d
u
t
y
cycl
e
can b
e
ob
t
a
i
n
ed fro
m
the
input
of 90 V
AC
a
n
d
ou
t
p
ut
of 4
8
V
DC
. For
t
h
e
opti
m
um
resul
t
,
t
h
e d
u
t
y
cycl
e is se
t at
D
=
0.2
5
.
As
bot
h
t
o
p
o
l
ogy
o
f
bo
ost and
b
u
c
k
wi
ll
b
e
c
o
mpare
d
i
n
terms
of thei
r perf
o
r
ma
nce,
some
v
a
lues are
e
q
ua
l for b
o
th ci
rcui
t
s
.
The performance anal
ysis of the bri
dgel
e
ss boost
of
UPS
syst
em is based
on
th
e
effi
ci
enc
y
a
n
d
t
h
e t
i
me respon
d o
f
t
h
e s
y
st
em du
ring
swi
t
c
h
ing
opera
ti
o
n
. T
h
e
swit
ch MOSF
ET bet
w
een A
C
and DC
part of t
h
e ci
rc
u
i
t
resembl
e
the
swi
t
c
hi
ng
ope
rat
i
on an
d t
i
me w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
it is t
a
k
e
o
v
er
by
t
h
e
D
C
to
sup
p
ly
th
e
l
o
ad
.
Fi
gure
7. Bri
d
g
e
l
e
ss
buck
f
o
r UP
S ap
pli
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
i
rcuit
C2
R2
R3
D5
D6
D7
R4
B1
LE
D
R1
S2
S1
C1
L1
L2
AC
D1
D2
R1
C1
AC
D1
D3
S2
S1
L1
L2
D2
D4
C2
C3
R2
R3
D5
D6
D7
R4
B1
LE
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
8
01
– 80
9
80
6
5.
R
E
SU
LT ANS
DISCU
S
S
I
ON
The pr
oposed
boost
a
n
d
buc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
rs a
r
e
si
mula
te
d
using P
S
I
M
wi
th
d
i
ff
ere
n
t
p
a
ramet
e
r
s
fo
r
e
v
ery c
onve
rt
er.
H
o
weve
r,
th
e
val
u
es of
out
put
p
o
we
r
,
Po
u
t
and o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge,
Vout
ha
v
e
bee
n
set
t
o
m
a
ke
c
o
mpar
iso
n
f
o
r
t
h
ei
r
pe
rf
orma
nce
.
Fi
gur
e
8 t
o
Fi
gu
re 12 show t
h
e
wa
vef
o
rm
o
f
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
t
a
ge,
Vo
ut
and
out
p
u
t curre
nt,
Iout
f
r
o
m ever
y top
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
t
c
a
n b
e
sai
d
t
h
at
t
h
e Vo
ut is at 48
V
DC
b
y
m
a
i
n
t
a
in
in
g
th
e
Po
u
t
to
b
e
i
n
r
a
nge.
Fi
gure 8.
V
o
u
t
and
I
out
of dio
d
e
bri
d
g
e
re
ct
if
ie
r
Fi
gure
9
.
V
out
a
n
d
I
out
of BL bo
ost
OL
c
o
ntr
o
l
F
i
gu
r
e
10.
Vo
u
t
and
I
out o
f
B
L
buc
k OL
c
o
n
t
rol
Fi
gure
11.
V
o
u
t
a
nd I
out
o
f
BL
b
o
ost
C
L
co
nt
rol
Fi
gure
12. Vo
u
t
a
n
d
I
out
o
f
BL
buc
k
CL con
t
rol
Fr
o
m
Ta
ble
1,
the
output
va
lue is anal
yzed from
t
h
e wa
ve
form obt
ai
ned.
The
Vo
ut
i
s
t
h
e
e
xpect
ed
out
p
u
t vol
ta
ge to be more
t
h
a
n
48
V. I
t
ca
n be
inc
r
ease
mor
e
i
n
t
h
e fut
u
re
as l
o
n
g
a
s
i
n
li
ne wi
t
h
the e
x
p
e
ct
ed
r
e
sult
.
The
a
v
e
r
age
V
out
re
pr
esent
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
condit
i
on
w
i
t
h
chargi
ng mo
de of t
h
e UP
S.
Howe
ve
r,
si
nce i
t
is
th
e
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
for
U
P
S s
y
st
e
m
,
th
e
b
e
st
V
o
u
t
mu
s
t
ab
le
to
r
e
ac
h 1.
2 ti
me
s v
o
l
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
In
th
i
s
syste
m
pro
p
o
s
e
d
,
d
u
ri
ng
n
o
r
m
a
l
condit
i
o
n
,
t
h
e supply
v
o
l
t
a
g
e c
a
n su
pp
l
y
di
rec
t
l
y
t
o
l
o
ad w
h
i
l
e
char
g
i
ng t
h
e
ba
tt
ery of
4
8
V
.
The out
p
u
t p
o
we
r, P
out i
s
t
o
b
e
maint
a
i
n
ed be
twe
e
n 1
0
0
W an
d 1
1
0
W
t
o
ma
ke a
fu
rt
h
e
r
pe
rf
ormance
c
o
mpar
iso
n
f
o
r a
l
l
convert
er
s.
He
nce,
t
h
e Po
ut
i
s
e
xpect
ed to be i
n
ra
ng
e
.
When t
h
e
e
x
pe
ct
ed
out
p
u
t has
bee
n
de
te
rmined,
t
h
e
pe
rfo
rmanc
e
fo
r e
v
e
r
y
top
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
anal
yz
e
d
a
n
d st
u
d
ie
d.
Fi
gur
e 13
to
Fig
u
re
17
s
h
ow
the
wave
f
o
rm
s of
i
n
put
vol
ta
ge
,
Vin
an
d
i
n
p
u
t c
u
r
r
e
nt
, I
i
n
in
di
ff
e
r
e
n
t
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
wa
ve
f
o
r
m
s,
t
h
e per
f
o
rma
n
ce
ca
n
be
a
n
a
l
ys
e
d
b
y
ob
se
r
v
i
ng t
h
ei
r c
u
r
r
e
n
t wave
f
o
rm
s.
A
l
l the
t
o
p
o
l
o
gie
s
ar
e
o
p
e
r
a
te
d
b
a
sed o
n
t
h
e th
eor
e
t
i
c
a
l a
n
al
y
s
is an
d
wo
rk
s a
ccor
d
i
n
g
l
y
w
ith
t
h
e sim
u
la
tio
n r
e
su
l
t
s.
Th
e
ai
m is to
se
e the
wa
vef
o
r
m
of t
h
e
Ii
n
t
o
be in
phas
e
wi
t
h
t
h
e Vi
n
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
dio
d
e
br
i
dge
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
13 is
gi
vi
n
g
t
h
e
mo
st
di
st
ort
e
d wa
v
e
fo
r
m
f
o
l
l
o
we
d b
y
buc
k
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
a
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
15
.
B
L
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
ert
e
r is
gi
vin
g
some
ne
a
r
e
s
t
I
i
n si
nusoi
dal
wa
ve
f
o
r
m
esp
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
ng cl
ose
d
l
o
op c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
7
,
but
t
h
e
di
st
ort
e
d l
i
ne
i
s
st
i
l
l
appe
ar
due
t
o
ha
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
. The
w
a
ve
f
o
r
m
s c
a
n
be
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e usa
g
e
of
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
ter wh
ere th
e
Iin
w
a
v
e
fo
rm is
almo
st
i
n
lin
e
w
i
th V
i
n
wav
e
f
o
rm.
BL boo
st
conv
e
r
te
r i
n
Fi
gu
re 14
can
be
co
nsi
d
e
r
e
d
t
o
be a
b
l
e
t
o
re
gula
t
e
the
Ii
n
a
nd
ma
ke i
t
f
unda
me
nt
al
ly i
n
pha
se wi
t
h
Vi
n. T
h
e wa
ve
fo
rms
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Com
p
a
r
at
i
ve
p
e
rf
orm
anc
e
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
bri
d
g
e
l
e
ss b
o
o
s
t
a
n
d
bri
dge
le
ss b
u
c
k
…
(
K
hai
r
u
l S
a
fu
an
M
u
h
a
m
ma
d)
8
07
I
i
n ca
n
b
e
se
en
bot
h i
n
p
r
o
pos
e
d
c
ontr
o
ll
er
f
o
r BL
b
o
o
s
t an
d t
h
e
best
i
s
in
B
L
b
oost
of
cl
ose
d
l
o
op c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
as
in
Fi
gu
re
16.
Ta
ble
1.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
o
u
tput
i
n
di
ffe
rent
t
o
pol
og
y
T
o
pology
V
out (
V
)
I
out (
A
)
Pout (W)
Di
o
d
e
B
r
idg
e
86
.
70
1.
08
105.
50
BL
Boost
62
.
43
1.
78
110.
02
BL
Buck
50
.
38
2.
19
110.
24
BL
Boost
PFC
56
.
84
1.
89
107.
78
BL
Buck
PFC
48
.
02
2.
18
104.
82
Fi
g
ure
13.
V
i
n
and Ii
n
of
dio
d
e
bri
d
g
e rect
i
f
ie
r
Fi
g
u
r
e 14.
Vi
n and Ii
n of
B
L
b
oost
OL
c
ontr
o
l
F
i
g
u
r
e
15.
Vi
n and Ii
n of
B
L
b
u
ck
OL
co
nt
rol
Fi
gure
16. Vi
n a
nd
Ii
n
of
BL boost
C
L
cont
r
o
l
Fi
gure
17
.
Vi
n a
n
d
Ii
n
of
BL buc
k
C
L
co
nt
rol
Tabl
e 2 sh
ows
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
n
t
h
e i
nput
si
de
b
a
sed
o
n
the
si
mul
a
t
e
d wave
f
o
r
m
s.
It
c
a
n
c
l
e
a
rl
y se
e
t
h
at
B
L
Boost wi
l
l
ha
v
e
hig
h
Ii
n
i
f
c
o
mpa
r
ed to
ot
h
e
r t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
The i
n
p
u
t
in t
h
e diode
br
id
g
e
t
opolo
gy
has
a very
hi
gh val
u
e of
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
Tabl
e
2.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
i
n
p
u
t in d
i
f
f
ere
n
t top
o
l
o
gy
T
opology
V
i
n (V)
I
i
n (
A
)
Pin
(
W
)
D
i
ode Bridge
8
9
.
80
3.
36
20
5.
92
B
L
Boost
1
2
.
00
13.
56
11
2.
28
B
L
Buc
k
8
9
.
89
4.
36
12
9.
33
B
L
Boost
P
F
C
1
2
.
00
9.
28
11
0.
91
B
L
Buc
k
PF
C
8
9
.
89
1.
88
11
4.
82
In com
p
ari
n
g
al
l
t
h
e t
opolog
i
e
s prop
ose
d
, t
h
e fi
nal
i
z
e
per
f
orma
nce of
th
ei
r e
ffi
ci
ency a
n
d P
F
a
r
e
an
a
l
y
s
ed
a
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e 3
.
By
u
s
in
g
t
h
e d
i
od
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
r
e
c
tif
ie
r
,
t
h
e e
f
fi
ci
en
c
y
is
in
e
f
f
i
ci
en
t
si
n
c
e t
h
e e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
0
1
–
809
80
8
51%. The PF
result
from the si
mul
a
t
i
o
n i
s
i
n
the
best range b
u
t
c
a
nn
ot be fa
irl
y
compared
wi
th ot
her
t
o
pol
o
g
ie
s. Bec
a
use of the performance
o
f
t
h
e
di
ode
br
id
g
e
re
c
tif
ie
r
i
n
U
P
S
i
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
u
n
sa
tisf
a
c
t
o
r
y
perf
o
r
ma
nce
t
h
e
o
ret
i
cal
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n, the
B
L
convert
ers of b
oost
and b
u
c
k
ha
ve
be
en prop
osed an
d
compare
d
.
From t
h
e a
n
a
l
ysi
s
, the
BL
b
oost
i
s
gi
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
be
st
result
t
h
an
B
L
buc
k. It
ca
n
b
e
seen
i
n
al
l
te
rms
where
the
hig
h
est
effic
i
e
n
cy
bet
w
een
t
hos
e t
w
o
con
v
ert
e
rs i
s
BL
bo
o
s
t. Al
thou
gh
B
L
b
oost
o
f
o
p
e
n
loo
p
cont
roll
er gi
ves the hi
g
h
e
s
t effic
i
e
n
cy
of
9
7
%
, t
h
e PF
i
s
st
il
l
not
in a
g
o
o
d
ran
g
e
of ac
cep
t
e
d PF
whi
c
h
is 0.69.
BL buck wit
h
open
l
o
op
c
o
n
t
rol
l
e
r i
s
gi
v
i
ng a very low PF
of
0.
33
an
d it
is consi
d
e
r
ed as
a very bad sys
t
em
i
f
appl
y to t
h
e
U
P
S syst
em. He
nc
e,
anothe
r t
opol
o
gy is p
r
e
s
ente
d b
y
usi
n
g t
h
e same t
o
p
o
lo
gy
of B
L
b
oost
and
BL
buck
but
i
n
di
fference
c
o
n
t
roll
er whi
c
h i
s
c
l
osed
loo
p
c
o
ntrol
l
e
r.
Tabl
e
3.
Com
p
a
r
i
s
on
of effi
ci
ency
an
d PF
i
n
di
ffe
rent
t
o
pol
og
y
T
opo
l
o
g
y
E
f
f
i
ciency (
%
)
at Pout=100W-
110
W
PF
D
i
ode B
r
idge
5
1
0.
97
BL
Boost
9
7
0.
69
BL
Buck
8
5
0.
33
BL
Boost
PF
C
9
7
0.
98
BL
Buck
P
F
C
9
1
0.
68
Th
e
cl
o
s
e
d
l
o
op
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
is an
o
t
h
e
r le
v
e
l of
me
tho
d
to
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
h
e
PF a
n
d
ac
t
as
a
PFC
.
T
h
e
a
b
i
lit
y
of thi
s
met
h
o
d
i
s
p
r
o
v
e
n
b
y
si
mula
ti
on resul
t
s. B
a
sed
on t
h
e
Tabl
e 3, the
ef
fi
ci
ency of the
B
L
bo
ost o
p
en
l
o
o
p
cont
rol a
nd
B
L
bo
ost cl
ose
d
l
o
o
p
c
ontrol
not
gi
ving
an
y di
fference
b
u
t, t
h
e P
F
i
s
i
m
proved
b
y
0.29.
In
compari
n
g the
B
L
buc
k
op
e
n
loop
and
BL
b
u
ck c
l
ose
d
l
o
op, it
has
i
n
c
r
ea
se
by
6%
of e
f
fi
ci
ency a
n
d
i
n
cre
a
se
th
e
PF
by 0.35 as w
e
ll.
Thus,
cl
ose
d
l
o
o
p
cont
roll
er gi
ves bet
t
e
r performa
n
c
e
th
a
n
op
en
lo
op
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
er
in
U
P
S
s
y
ste
m
.
Be
twe
e
n t
h
ose t
w
o of co
nve
rters
of BL bo
ost
and BL buck,
it
i
s
pre
c
i
s
e
the
abil
ity of B
L
boo
st
to gi
ve
bet
t
e
r
perf
o
r
ma
nce fo
r
UP
S
a
ppli
c
a
t
ion.
6.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
In
a
co
ncl
u
sion, t
h
e best
con
v
ert
e
r fo
r UPS
appl
ic
at
ion i
s
b
y
usi
n
g b
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss boo
st
con
v
ert
e
r wit
h
a
combina
t
i
on
of cl
osed l
o
o
p
c
ontroll
er.
Al
l
t
h
e
simul
a
t
i
on
and a
n
al
yse
d
d
a
t
a
we
re si
ded
t
o
the
BL
b
o
os
t
wi
th
cl
osed
l
o
o
p
co
nt
roll
er
sinc
e
t
h
e wave
for
m
is
t
h
e most
fun
d
ament
a
l
l
y in ph
a
s
e
wi
t
h
i
t
s i
nput v
o
lt
age and
t
h
e
simula
te
d PF
i
s
t
h
e
highe
st
a
m
on
g
other
co
nvert
er a
rra
nge
me
n
t
. Th
e
effi
ci
enc
y
is al
so
high
i
.
e.
97%
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
and
it
i
s
sure
ly
is
su
i
t
a
bl
e for
UP
S
ap
pl
ic
at
io
n. Wi
t
h
a
l
l
t
h
e
pro
v
en
da
ta
a
nd
anal
ysis, i
t
i
s
no
do
ubt
t
o
st
at
e t
h
a
t
bri
d
g
e
le
ss b
o
o
s
t c
o
nve
rt
er
w
i
th cl
osed l
o
o
p
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
giv
e
s t
h
e best
performa
nc
e for
UP
S ap
pl
ic
at
io
n an
d
reduc
e t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
on l
o
sses i
n
t
h
e syste
m
b
y
i
m
provi
n
g
t
h
e e
ffi
ci
ency
an
d PF.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
N. Kan
n
a
n
and
D. Ra
ja
,
“Int
erleaved
br
idg
e
les
s
P
F
C re
cti
f
ier f
o
r UPS
application
us
i
ng c
u
rre
nt
c
o
nt
roll
e
r
s,” in
P
r
o
c
. IE
EE
In
t
.
Con
f
.
on El
e
c
tric
al
,
Co
mp.
an
d
Co
mmu
n
i
c
at
io
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
20
15
.
[2
]
E
.
K.
Sa
t
o
, M. K
i
no
sh
it
a a
nd K
.
Sa
n
a
da
,
“
D
o
u
b
l
e
DC-D
C
converter fo
r un
i
n
terrup
t
ible
p
o
wer su
ppl
y
a
p
p
l
ic
at
io
ns.
”
in
Proc.
Inter Power Conf
eren
ce ICCE
ASI
A
,
2
010.
[3] R.
Cace
res
,
et a
l
.
,
”
A
h
i
g
h
perf
orman
ce
un
in
ter
r
up
tible
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
pp
ly
s
y
stem w
i
th
po
wer f
a
c
t
or
c
o
rre
ction
.
”
in
P
r
o
c
.
P
o
we
r
El
ec
t
r
o
n
.
Spe
c.
Conf.
19
9
7
.
[4]
U. G.
S
c
ho
lar
,
“Bridg
eles
s Bas
e
d O
n
lin
e
Tran
sf
or
m
e
rs UPS
Powe
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
Sy
st
e
m
For
En
e
r
g
y
St
ora
g
e
,
”
Int. J.
Ad
v.
R
e
s.
Bas
i
c
E
n
g
.
S
c
i
.
Te
ch
no
l.
,
vo
l. 3
,
n
o
.
24
, 20
17
.
[5
]
F.
Mu
sa
vi
,
W. Eb
e
r
l
e
, a
n
d W.
G. Du
nfo
r
d,
“
E
ffi
c
ie
n
c
y e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
si
ngle
-
ph
a
s
e sol
u
t
i
o
n
s fo
r AC-DC PF
C b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
e
r
te
rs for p
l
u
g
-i
n-
hy
bri
d
el
ec
tric
ve
h
i
c
l
e
ba
tte
ry c
h
a
r
ge
rs,”
2
0
10
IEE
E
V
e
h
.
P
o
we
r Prop
ul
s.
Co
nf
. VPP
C
20
10
,
pp
. 1
–
6
,
2
010
.
[6]
M
.
Alam
, W.
Eberle,
D
.
S
.
Gau
t
am
, and
C
.
Botti
n
g
,
“A
So
ft-S
w
i
tching
Bridgel
e
ss
AC-DC P
o
w
e
r
F
actor
Correct
io
n Co
nv
erter
,
”
IEEE
Trans.
P
o
we
r
Elect
r
o
n.
, vo
l. 32
, no
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
77
16
–7
726
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7]
R. S
a
s
i
k
a
l
a
an
d
R. S
e
y
ezh
ai, “R
ev
iew
of
A
C
-D
C po
wer
electron
i
c
co
nv
ert
e
r
to
po
log
i
es
f
o
r p
o
wer
f
actor
correc
t
io
n
,
”
I
n
te
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jou
r
n
a
l of
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s and
D
r
i
ve Sys
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
,
Vo
l.
10
,
N
o
.
3,
pp
.
151
0
-
15
19
, S
e
p
20
19
.
[8] Nabi
l
Mohamm
ed,
et a
l
.
,
“
D
e
s
ig
n,
Co
nt
ro
l
a
n
d
Mo
ni
t
o
ri
ng
of an
Offli
n
e M
o
b
ile
Batt
e
r
y Ene
r
gy St
ora
g
e Sy
st
em
for a
Ty
pic
a
l
M
a
lay
s
ian
Ho
us
ehold
Load
U
s
i
ng P
L
C,
”
Int
e
r
n
at
ional Journal of Po
wer
E
l
ectronic
s and Dr
ive
Sys
t
em
(I
JPEDS
)
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
1,
pp.
18
0-1
8
8
,
20
18
.
[9]
H.
M
a
ts
uo
,
L.
Tu
, F
.
Ku
ro
kaw
a
,
an
d H
.
Wa
tan
a
b
e
,
“A
nov
e
l
soft-
s
w
i
tchin
g
buck
-
bo
ost typ
e
AC-DC
conv
e
r
ter
w
ith
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Co
mp
ara
t
iv
e per
f
o
r
man
c
e a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
b
r
i
d
gele
ss
bo
ost
and
b
r
i
d
g
e
le
ss
bu
ck
…
(Kh
a
i
ru
l
Sa
f
u
a
n
Mu
hamm
a
d
)
8
09
h
i
g
h
po
we
r
e
f
fi
cie
n
c
y
,
h
i
gh p
o
we
r fa
c
t
or
a
n
d low h
a
rm
onic
d
i
sto
r
ti
on
,”
IE
EE
Po
we
r Ele
ctro
n.
Sp
e
c
.
Con
f
.,
vol. 2,
pp
. 1
0
3
0
–
103
5
,
19
98.
[10
]
S
a
nthi M
a
ry
A
n
tony
,
Go
dwin
I
mmanu
el,
“A
N
o
vel
S
i
ng
le-P
has
e
b
r
id
geles
s
AC/
D
C
P
F
C co
nv
e
r
t
e
r fo
r
Low
To
ta
l
Harmonics Dist
ortion
a
n
d Hi
gh-Powe
r Fa
c
t
or”
In
ter
natio
na
l Jo
u
r
n
a
l of
Power
Ele
c
tro
n
ic
s
an
d Dr
ive S
y
stem
s
(IJP
E
DS)
, Vo
l.
9,
No.
1,
pp
.
1
7
-
2
4
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
18
.
[11
]
Y.
J
a
ng
, “Br
i
dg
eles
s High
-P
ower-F
actor Buck C
o
nverter
,”
I
E
EE Trans.
Power
Electron.
,
v
o
l.
26
, no
.
2,
p
p
.
60
2–
61
1,
20
11
.
[12] D.
J
a
is
wal
et
a
l
.
,
“A
naly
sis of Br
id
gel
e
s
s
P
F
C
Boos
t Con
v
erter
,
”
I
n
t. J
.
En
g
.
R
e
s
.
Tech
no
l.
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
no
. 5, pp
. 1–
7,
20
12
.
[1
3]
K. S. Mu
ha
mm
a
d
a
n
d
D.
D. Lu
,
“
S
in
gl
e-ph
a
s
e Sin
g
le-stage
Z
C
S
Boos
t PF
C Rec
tifier with Reduced Swi
t
ch
Count,
”
Australas.
Univ
. Pow
e
r
Eng. Conf.
,
vol.
3,
n
o
.
Oc
t
obe
r, p
p
.
1
–6,
20
14.
[14]
K. Muhamm
a
d
and D
.
-C.
L
u
,
“Tw
o
-s
wi
tch
Z
C
S
to
t
e
m
-
po
le
br
i
d
ge
l
e
ss
P
F
C boost rectifi
e
r
,
”
i
n
Pr
oc. I
E
E
E
P
E
C
o
n
,
Dec.
20
12
,
pp
.
1
–
6
.
[15
]
M
.
M
a
h
d
avi
an
d
H. F
a
rz
an
ehf
a
rd, “
Z
ero
-
v
o
l
t
ag
e tr
ans
i
tio
n
b
r
id
geles
s
s
i
n
g
le-
e
n
d
ed
prim
ary i
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
conv
er
ter
po
wer
fa
ctor co
r
r
ectio
n rect
ifier
,
”
I
E
T
Pow
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
.
,
vo
l.
7, n
o
.
4
,
pp.
89
5–
90
2,
Apr.
20
1
4
.
[16]
J
.-W
.
Shi
n
,
S.
-J
.
Choi
, and
B.
-H.
Cho
,
“High
-
effic
i
en
cy br
id
ge
less fly
b
ack
r
e
c
t
if
i
e
r
wi
th
bi
di
r
ect
io
na
l
sw
it
ch
an
d
du
al ou
tpu
t
win
d
i
ng
s,”
IE
EE
Tr
an
s.
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
ron
.,
vo
l.
2
9
,
no
.
9,
pp
. 4
7
5
2–4
76
2,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
4
[17
]
Y.
J
a
ng
a
n
d M
.
M
.
Jo
van
ovi, “B
rid
g
eles
s Buck
P
F
C
Rectifier,”
Po
w
e
r El
ec
tr
on.
L
a
b. D
e
lt
a
Pr
o
d
.
C
o
rp
.
,
pp
. 23
–
2
9
,
20
10.
[18
]
Y.
J
a
ng
an
d
M
.
M
.
Jo
vano
vi
ć
, “Bridgeless
high-pow
e
r-fac
t
or
buck
conver
ter
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
an
s.
Po
w
e
r
E
l
ec
tr
on.
, v
o
l
.
26
, n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
60
2–
611
, 2
0
1
1
.
[1
9]
B.
Z
h
a
o
, A. Ab
ra
m
o
v
itz
,
a
n
d K.
Sm
e
d
le
y, “
F
a
m
ily
of Bri
dge
le
ss
Bu
c
k
-
B
oo
st
PF
C Rec
t
ifi
e
rs,
”
IEEE Trans.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
.
,
vo
l.
3
0
,
no. 1
2
,
pp.
6524
–6
5
2
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[20]
Nor Akmal R
a
i,
et a
l
.
,
“
B
ri
dg
ele
ss PFC si
ng
le
e
n
d
e
d prim
a
r
y
in
du
c
t
a
n
c
e
c
o
nverte
r
in
c
o
n
t
i
n
uous c
u
rre
nt m
ode,
”
In
te
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
ourna
l o
f
Po
we
r
El
ec
tron
ic
s an
d
Driv
e
Sy
ste
m
(IJP
EDS
)
, Vol.
1
0
,
No.
3, p
p
. 14
27
-1
43
6,
20
19.
[21
]
M
eena Dev
i
R
and
L. P
r
ema
l
a
t
h
a
,
“S
oft Co
mp
u
t
ing T
echniqu
e
of Brid
geles
s
S
E
P
I
C Con
v
erte
r
fo
r P
M
BLDC
M
o
tor D
r
iv
e,”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l
of
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
an
d
D
r
ive Syst
em (IJPEDS
)
, Vo
l
.
9, No
. 4
,
pp.
15
0
3
-
1
5
0
9
,
20
18.
[22]
A. V.
Da
costa
,
C. H.
G.
Tr
evi
s
o, and
L.
De
Fre
ita
s, “
A
n
e
w ZCS-
ZVSPWM
b
o
o
st
c
o
nve
rte
r
wit
h
u
n
it
y
p
o
wer
facto
r
op
er
ation
,
” in
Pr
oc
. I
E
E
E
A
PEC
,
19
94
,
pp
.
4
0
4
–41
0.
[23
]
C. d
a
Cu
nh
a Du
arte
and
I
.
Barb
i, “A
n
e
w ZVS
-
P
W
M
act
iv
e-clam
ping
high
po
wer
factor
r
e
ct
if
i
e
r
:
A
n
aly
s
i
s
, d
e
s
i
gn
,
exp
e
rimen
t
ation
,
” in
Proc. I
E
EE
AP
EC
,
1
9
9
8
,
pp. 23
0–
23
6.
[24
]
C. C
a
nes
i
n
an
d
I. B
a
rbi
,
“A no
v
e
l
s
i
n
g
l
e-ph
as
e
ZCS
-
P
W
M
high
-p
ow
erfactor
b
o
o
s
t
re
ctif
ier
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
an
s.
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
.,
vo
l.
1
4
,
no. 4,
p
p
. 6
29–6
35
,
19
99
[25
]
L.
Hu
ber,
Y
.
Ja
n
g
,
and
M
.
Jo
va
no
vic,
“P
e
rform
ance
e
v
alu
a
tion
o
f
bridg
e
less
P
F
C bo
os
t rec
t
ifier
s
,”
IE
EE
Tra
n
s
.
Po
w
e
r E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
. 3, pp.
13
81
–1
3
90,
200
8
.
[26]
H.-Y.
T
s
ai, T.
-
H
.
Hs
i
a
, and
D
.
Chen,
“A fam
i
ly
of
zero-voltage-
t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on br
i
d
ge
les
s
pow
e
r-fac
t
or-
c
orrecti
o
n
ci
rcu
i
ts wit
h
a zero-
c
urrent-
switchi
ng auxiliary
s
w
it
ch,”
I
E
E
E
Trans.
Ind. Elect
ron
.
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
no
. 5
,
pp
.
18
48
–1
85
5
,
20
11
.
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