I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2017
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
3
~
1
9
4
7
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v8
i
4
.
pp
1
9
4
3
-
1947
1943
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
Vibra
tion ba
sed
Energ
y
H
a
rv
estin
g
Interf
a
ce
Circu
i
t
using
Dio
de
-
Ca
pa
citor
To
po
lo
g
ies for Lo
w
P
o
w
er Applicat
io
ns
A
m
irul A
dla
n A
m
ir
nu
d
in,
F
a
ra
hiy
a
h
M
us
t
a
f
a
,
Anis
M
a
i
s
a
ra
h M
o
hd
Asry
,
Sy
Yi
Si
m
De
p
a
rtme
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o
f
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e
c
tri
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a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
H
u
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
,
8
6
4
0
0
P
a
ri
t
Ra
ja,
Ba
tu
P
a
h
a
t
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
1
8
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
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s
ed
No
v
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
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ted
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v
3
0
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2
0
1
7
A
b
a
tt
e
r
y
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les
s
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
r
v
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stin
g
in
terf
a
c
e
c
ircu
it
to
e
x
tr
a
c
t
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
f
ro
m
v
ib
ra
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
in
t
h
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p
a
p
e
r
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
in
teg
ra
ted
with
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
ircu
it
s
w
e
r
e
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
sim
u
late
d
u
sin
g
M
u
lt
i
S
IM
so
f
tw
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
c
ircu
it
wa
s
th
e
n
f
a
b
rica
ted
o
n
to
a
p
ri
n
ted
c
ircu
it
b
o
a
r
d
(
P
CB),
u
si
n
g
sta
n
d
a
r
d
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
T
h
e
Co
c
k
c
ro
f
t
W
a
lt
o
n
d
o
u
b
ler w
a
s
c
h
o
se
n
to
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
th
is
stu
d
y
b
y
u
ti
li
z
in
g
d
io
d
e
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
w
it
h
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
R
C
lo
w
p
a
s
s
f
il
ter.
T
h
e
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
sig
n
e
d
u
sin
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a
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OS
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
re
g
u
lato
rs,
w
h
ich
a
re
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
lo
w
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
y
ste
m
.
T
h
e
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
in
terf
a
c
e
c
ircu
it
w
a
s
a
b
le
to
b
o
o
st
u
p
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
5
V
f
o
r
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
8
0
0
m
V
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Dio
d
e
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
I
n
ter
f
ac
e
cir
cu
it
L
o
w
p
o
w
er
en
er
g
y
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Far
ah
i
y
ah
M
u
s
ta
f
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
8
6
4
0
0
P
a
r
it R
aj
a,
B
atu
P
ah
at,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail:
f
ar
ah
i
y
a
h
@
u
t
h
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
a
k
e
y
li
m
ita
tio
n
i
n
m
a
n
y
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
ar
t
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
d
ay
,
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
m
o
b
ile
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
to
lap
to
p
an
d
d
esk
to
p
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
I
t
also
h
as
a
h
u
g
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
l
ik
e
a
m
b
ien
t
in
telli
g
en
ce
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
w
h
ich
ar
e
p
o
w
er
ed
s
ep
ar
atel
y
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
l
y
.
A
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
,
n
e
w
d
es
ig
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
li
m
it
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
w
h
er
e
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
i
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
r
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
f
av
o
r
ab
le,
s
u
c
h
as
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
,
m
ed
ical
i
m
p
lan
ts
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
a
g
e
n
er
al
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
er
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
t
h
at
h
ar
v
es
ts
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
i
n
to
e
lectr
ical
p
o
w
er
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
ca
n
b
e
a
n
an
t
en
n
a,
a
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
d
ev
ice,
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
a
f
u
e
l
ce
ll,
a
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
s
ed
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
to
d
a
y
is
v
ib
r
an
t,
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
R
F)
a
n
d
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
.
A
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tu
d
ied
p
r
ese
n
ts
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
th
at
en
ab
le
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
t p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
c
u
its
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
to
d
ate
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tar
t
s
w
ith
e
x
tr
a
ctin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
v
ib
r
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
r
ec
ti
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
alter
n
ati
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
co
n
v
er
tin
g
it
in
to
a
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
v
ib
r
atio
n
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic,
p
iezo
elec
t
r
ic
an
d
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
b
u
t
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
[
4
]
.
P
iez
o
elec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
ar
e
m
ater
ial
s
th
a
t
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
v
i
ce
v
er
s
a.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
is
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
v
ib
r
atio
n
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
ten
tia
l d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
its
ter
m
i
n
als,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
th
en
u
s
ed
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
9
4
3
–
1
9
4
7
1944
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
a
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
co
u
p
led
to
a
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
is
u
s
u
all
y
v
er
y
lo
w
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
lo
ad
an
d
i
n
AC
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
i
n
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
r
b
atter
ies
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
cir
cu
i
t
th
at
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
to
DC
w
it
h
lo
w
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
w
p
len
t
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
g
a
in
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
v
o
lta
g
e
m
u
l
tip
li
er
cir
cu
it
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
id
ea
l
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
d
io
d
e
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
co
n
v
er
ted
to
D
C
,
d
o
u
b
le
an
d
t
h
e
n
b
ein
g
r
e
ctif
i
ed
.
T
h
is
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
to
en
ter
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
cir
cu
it
,
th
e
n
to
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t r
ec
tif
ier
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
s
to
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
A
C
/
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
T
h
e
DC
–
D
C
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
a
s
al
s
o
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
s
tep
-
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
.
T
h
is
en
er
g
y
i
s
s
t
o
r
ed
in
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
cir
cu
it
w
a
s
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
M
u
ltiS
I
M
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it to
w
o
r
k
as e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
cir
c
u
it
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
is
an
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
A
C
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
er
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
DC
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
w
ill
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
u
n
it
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
f
r
o
m
AC
to
DC
w
h
ile
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
i
ts
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
i
g
h
er
le
v
el.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
is
th
e
n
b
o
o
s
ted
u
p
to
a
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
v
ia
D
C
–
D
C
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
w
as
u
s
ed
a
s
a
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
u
n
it
to
b
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
v
ia
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
,
A
C
to
DC
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
w
ill
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
DC
–
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
V
in
C
1
D
1
D
2
C
2
R
1
C
ou
t
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
Sch
e
m
atic
a
n
d
(
b
)
P
C
B
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
cir
cu
it
w
it
h
lo
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
ilter
I
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
u
s
u
all
y
h
as
a
v
er
y
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
8
0
0
m
V
.
W
ith
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
r
o
m
an
y
g
e
n
er
ato
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
lik
e
th
e
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
tif
i
ed
to
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
a
s
lig
h
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
an
d
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
(
P
C
B
)
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
in
clu
d
i
n
g
lo
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
i
lter
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
w
a
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
d
io
d
es
an
d
t
w
o
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
l
o
w
-
p
ass
f
il
ter
u
s
es
a
r
e
s
is
to
r
a
n
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
u
b
ler
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
AC
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
in
to
a
h
i
g
h
er
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
n
eg
a
tiv
e
h
al
f
c
y
cle.
I
n
th
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
h
al
f
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
p
u
t
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
,
d
io
d
e,
D
1
is
in
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
b
iased
c
o
n
d
itio
n
an
d
allo
w
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
1
to
ch
ar
g
e
u
p
to
t
h
e
p
ea
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
V
in
a
n
d
s
to
r
es th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
m
ain
s
f
u
ll
y
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
I
n
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
al
f
c
y
cle
co
n
d
itio
n
,
d
io
d
e
D
1
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
d
is
allo
w
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
1
to
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e.
At
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e,
d
io
d
e,
D
2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
ias
ed
an
d
ca
u
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
2
t
o
ch
ar
g
e
u
p
.
Du
e
to
th
e
p
r
io
r
ch
ar
g
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
1
s
to
r
in
g
V
in
,
it
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
2
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
w
ice
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
V
in
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
en
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
a
s
,
V
out
=
2
V
in
,
wh
er
e
V
in
i
s
t
h
e
p
ea
k
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
V
ib
r
a
tio
n
b
a
s
ed
E
n
erg
y
Ha
r
v
esti
n
g
I
n
terf
a
ce
C
ir
cu
it u
s
in
g
Dio
d
e
-
C
a
p
a
cito
r
…. (
A
mir
u
l A
d
la
n
A
mir
n
u
d
i
n
)
1945
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
at
ic
an
d
P
C
B
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
elativ
el
y
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
w
itc
h
is
i
n
t
h
e
ON
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
L
1
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
V
in
f
r
o
m
V
1
is
p
lace
d
ac
r
o
s
s
it.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
at
a
r
ate
eq
u
al
to
V
in
/
L
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
w
i
tch
is
p
lace
d
in
th
e
O
FF
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
ch
a
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
s
e
q
u
al
to
V
out
–
V
in
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
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t
h
e
i
n
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u
cto
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a
y
s
at
a
r
ate
eq
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al
to
(
V
out
–
V
in
)
/
L
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
C
–
D
C
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
i
t
is
co
m
b
in
ed
o
n
to
a
s
in
g
le
P
C
B
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
V
in
L
1
C
1
C
3
C
2
C
4
D
1
V
C
C
GND
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a)
Sch
e
m
atic
a
n
d
(
b
)
P
C
B
o
f
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
C
B
lay
o
u
t o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
cir
cu
it
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
u
p
t
o
8
0
0
m
V
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
k
Hz.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
w
av
ef
o
r
m
h
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
in
AC
o
f
1
.
7
8
V
rm
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
v
o
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g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t
h
as
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
c
h
a
n
g
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
AC
to
D
C
w
h
ile
s
lig
h
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
3
.
1
1
V
rm
s
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
w
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
in
DC
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
is
t
h
e
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
–
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
w
a
s
u
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
i
g
n
if
i
ca
n
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
u
b
ler
cir
cu
it
w
h
i
le
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
DC
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
5
V
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
is
i
n
DC
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I
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
Be
n
in
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
En
a
b
li
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
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l
o
g
y
f
o
r
Am
b
ien
t
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
9
-
1
6
4
9
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
]
L
.
T
riet,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
o
w
e
r
Ha
rv
e
ste
r,
”
Un
it
e
d
S
t
a
tes
Pro
v
isio
n
a
l
P
a
ten
t
,
DBI0
5
2
9
2
2
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
]
E.
L
e
f
e
u
v
re
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
Ha
r
v
e
stin
g
De
v
ice
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
By
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
El
e
c
tri
c
Ch
a
rg
e
Ex
trac
ti
o
n
s,”
J
.
In
tell.
M
a
ter
.
S
y
st.
S
tru
c
t
,
p
p
.
8
6
5
-
8
7
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
R.
M
.
M
a
h
i
d
u
r
a
n
d
R.
S
a
rk
e
r,
“
V
ib
ra
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
P
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o
e
lec
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
Ha
r
v
e
stin
g
Util
izin
g
Brid
g
e
les
s
Re
c
it
if
ier
Circu
it
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Ke
j
u
ru
ter
a
a
n
,
p
p
.
8
7
-
9
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
F
.
S
.
S
o
u
z
a
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
S
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
T
ra
n
sd
u
c
e
rs,”
M
a
ste
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
I
lh
a
S
o
lt
e
ira
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
N.
Ro
sc
o
e
a
n
d
M
.
Ju
d
d
,
“
Ha
rv
e
s
ti
n
g
En
e
rg
y
f
ro
m
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
ield
s
to
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
S
e
n
so
rs,”
IEE
E
S
e
n
so
rs
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
p
p
.
2
2
6
3
–
2
2
7
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
R.
V.
Be
g
u
m
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Nin
e
L
e
v
e
l
H
-
Brid
g
e
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
I
n
v
e
rter
Op
e
ra
ted
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
M
o
d
u
le
u
sin
g
M
a
tl
a
b
,
”
IOS
R
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
M
.
R.
S
h
a
k
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
a
Ba
tt
e
ry
-
L
e
s
s
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
b
a
s
e
d
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
In
terf
a
c
e
Circu
it
w
it
h
3
0
0
m
W
S
tartu
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