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12
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2021
,
pp.
10
69
~
108
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2088
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8694
,
DO
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.
11591/
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Vo
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12
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J
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2021
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69
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108
2
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t
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[
15
]
.
In
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
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h
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c
h
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r
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in
S
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c
t
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o
n
7
.
2.
DE
T
AI
L
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D
DE
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CR
I
P
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I
ON
OF
100
KW
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I
L
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GRI
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CT
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D
PV
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RA
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P
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we
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de
l
i
ve
r
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d
by
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-
kW
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a
r
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is
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h
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nne
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ı
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[
16
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.
T
h
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d
m
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de
l
[
17
]
,
[
18]
a
r
e
:
a.
PV
A
r
r
a
y
:
M
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r
de
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i
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r
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by
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r
r
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y
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100
kW
at
1000
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/
m
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s
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n
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.
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DC
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DC
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ve
r
t
e
r
:
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m
a
xim
u
m
po
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r
,
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o
u
t
pu
t
v
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ge
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273
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DC
w
hi
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[
19
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18]
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n
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t
h
e
I
nv
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
b
oo
s
t
c
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
is
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d.
On
e
m
o
du
l
e
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
g
i
v
e
n
by
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
ur
e
r
a
r
e
:
a.
T
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
of
s
e
r
i
e
s
-
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
PV
c
e
l
l
s
is
96
pe
r
m
o
du
l
e
.
b.
T
h
e
o
pe
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
is
Vo
c
=
64.
2
V
c.
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
is
I
s
c
=
5.
96
A
d.
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
at
m
a
xi
m
u
m
po
we
r
is
V
m
p
=
54.
7
V
e.
C
ur
r
e
n
t
at
m
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r
is
I
m
p=
5.
58
A
f.
P
o
we
r
pe
r
m
o
dul
e
=
54.
7
x
5.
58
=
305
.
2
W
W
hi
c
h
g
i
ve
s
a
tot
a
l
o
ut
pu
t
p
o
we
r
of
PV
A
r
r
a
y
=
nu
m
b
e
r
of
s
t
r
i
n
gs
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
×
n
u
m
be
r
of
m
o
du
l
e
s
pe
r
s
tr
i
n
g
×
p
o
we
r
pe
r
m
o
du
l
e
=
66
×
5
×
305.
2
W=
100.
7
kW
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
nc
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
a
n
d
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
(
de
g.
C)
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
w
o
i
n
put
s
g
i
v
e
n
to
t
h
e
bl
o
c
k
of
PV
A
r
r
a
y
.
T
he
bl
o
c
k
of
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
u
il
de
r
is
us
e
d
to
s
e
t
t
h
e
i
n
put
va
l
ue
s
f
o
r
PV
A
r
r
a
y
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
3.
CHAR
AC
T
E
R
I
S
T
I
CS
OF
B
AT
T
E
RY
On
e
or
m
o
r
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
e
ll
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
ll
y
to
de
l
i
ve
r
po
we
r
to
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
de
vi
c
e
s
f
o
r
m
a
r
e
c
h
a
r
ge
a
bl
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
In
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
c
e
l
l
s
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
is
s
t
or
e
d
in
a
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
w
hi
c
h
g
i
v
e
s
e
ne
r
g
y
in
an
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
on
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
n
g
l
o
a
d
to
i
t
.
A
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
w
hi
c
h
is
t
h
e
r
e
c
ha
r
ge
a
bl
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
h
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g:
a.
T
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
is
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
de
vi
c
e
by
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
at
t
h
e
po
s
i
t
i
ve
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
(
c
a
t
h
o
de
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
is
i
nv
o
l
v
e
d
h
e
r
e
.
b.
T
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
l
e
a
v
e
s
t
h
e
po
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
de
vi
c
e
by
t
h
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
at
t
h
e
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
(
a
n
o
de
)
.
T
h
e
o
xi
da
t
i
o
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
is
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
h
e
r
e
.
c.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
'
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
duc
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
a
no
de
a
n
d
c
a
t
h
o
de
is
do
n
e
by
t
he
s
u
b
s
t
a
nc
e
c
a
ll
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
.
T
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
in
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
is
c
o
nve
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
i
s
c
ha
r
ge
pr
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
is
ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
s
p
li
t
i
n
t
o
m
o
v
a
bl
e
i
o
n
s
due
to
t
h
e
o
xi
da
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
.
T
h
e
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
in
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
is
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
c
h
e
m
ica
l
f
o
r
m
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
pr
o
c
e
s
s
of
t
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
.
T
he
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
po
we
r
s
o
ur
c
e
s
uppl
i
e
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
to
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
.
T
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
s
c
ur
r
e
n
t
by
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
o
c
c
ur
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
s
.
T
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
a
n
o
de
a
n
d
c
a
t
h
o
de
gi
v
e
s
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
an
o
pe
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
wh
e
n
an
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
o
a
d
is
n
o
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
o
pe
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
is
ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
of
S
OC
i
.
e
.
(
S
OC
)
.
T
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
of
c
ha
r
ge
(
S
OC
)
a
n
d
cap
a
c
i
t
y
(
Q)
of
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
l
s
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
.
3.
1.
Li
-
i
on
b
at
t
e
r
y
T
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
in
a
li
t
hi
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
r
e
a
ne
ga
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
(
c
a
t
h
o
de
)
h
a
vi
ng
o
xi
de
of
t
h
e
l
i
t
hi
a
t
e
d
m
e
t
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
ppe
r
c
ur
r
e
n
t
c
oll
e
c
t
o
r
,
a
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
(
a
n
o
de
)
h
a
vi
ng
l
a
y
e
r
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
gr
a
phi
t
i
c
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
n
d
a
l
u
mi
nu
m
c
ur
r
e
n
t
c
o
l
l
e
c
to
r
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
L
I
P
F
6
-
EC
-
DM
C
(
l
i
t
hi
u
m
h
e
xa
f
l
uo
r
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l
.
12
,
No.
2
,
J
un
e
2021
:
10
69
–
108
2
1072
ph
o
s
pha
t
e
-
e
t
hy
l
e
ne
c
a
r
b
o
na
t
e
-
di
m
e
t
hyl
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
t
e
)
whi
c
h
is
an
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
i
ns
u
l
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
goo
d
i
o
ni
c
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
.
P
o
l
y
e
t
hyl
e
n
e
S
e
p
a
r
a
to
r
is
u
s
e
d
to
pr
e
v
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
s
.
T
h
e
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
L
i
t
hi
u
m
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
n
d
i
t
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
ns
c
a
n
be
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
20
].
3.
2.
L
e
ad
-
ac
id
s
t
or
age
b
at
t
e
r
y
T
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
po
ne
n
t
s
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
in
l
e
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
s
t
or
a
ge
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
r
e
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
m
a
de
of
s
po
n
g
y
l
e
a
d
(
P
b
)
,
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
m
a
de
of
l
e
a
d
d
i
o
xi
de
(
P
b
O
2
),
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
o
f
s
u
l
p
h
ur
i
c
a
c
i
d
(
H
2
S
O
4
)
a
nd
S
e
pa
r
a
to
r
whi
c
h
is
u
s
e
d
to
pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
ni
c
f
l
o
w
be
twe
e
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
s
a
n
d
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
of
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
in
a
c
e
l
l
.
Ope
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
L
e
a
d
-
A
c
i
d
S
to
r
a
ge
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
nd
i
t
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
ns
can
be
f
o
u
n
d
in
[2
1
]
,
[
2
2
].
4.
B
AT
T
E
RY
M
ODE
L
A
ge
n
e
r
i
c
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
o
de
l
f
r
o
m
M
A
T
L
A
B
S
im
P
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
li
b
r
a
r
y
[2
3
]
-
[
4
9
]
wi
t
h
a
ppr
o
pr
i
a
t
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
is
us
e
d
f
o
r
a
n
a
ly
z
i
ng
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
a
n
d
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b
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b
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h
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b
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t
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50
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m
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t
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d
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d
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Q
in
(
3
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[
51
].
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=
∫
I
b
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dt
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3)
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g
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m
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h
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r
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ge
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g
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ve
n
in
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2
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t
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s
t
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h
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im
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g
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n
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3
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J
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2021
:
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69
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108
2
1074
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I
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2088
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t
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Vo
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12
,
No.
2
,
J
un
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2021
:
10
69
–
108
2
1076
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2
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J
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2021
:
10
69
–
108
2
1078
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