Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
1767
~
1774
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
86
94
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
1767
-
1774
1767
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Real
-
tim
e monito
ring a
nd control
of
fl
ow rat
e in tr
ansportati
on
pipelines
us
i
ng
m
atlab
-
ba
sed i
nteractiv
e
GUI
and
P
ID
contr
oller
S. Vija
y
alaks
hmi
, C.
An
ur
ad
h
a
,
R.
C.
Il
amb
ir
ai
, Visw
anat
h
an G
an
e
sh
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
SR
M Insti
t
ute
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Technol
ogy
,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
1
4
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
J
un
26
, 20
20
I
n
thi
s
p
ape
r
,
a
Matl
ab
base
d
GU
I
and
Propotin
al
In
te
gr
al
De
rv
at
iv
e
(PID
)
cont
roller
is
d
esigne
d
to
automat
i
cally
reg
u
la
t
e
the
f
low
-
rat
e
of
the
ci
rcu
la
t
ing
f
lui
d
.
Whe
n
flui
ds
are
tra
nsport
ed
over
long
dis
ta
nc
es,
the
pre
ss
ure
and
f
lo
w
rate
have
to
be
moni
tor
ed
re
mot
el
y
in
a
con
trol
room.
Us
ing
an
HM
I
or
Control
Pan
el
s
the
f
low
rate
can
be
in
creased
o
r
dec
r
ea
sed
to
co
mpe
nsa
te
f
or
pre
ss
ure
dro
ps
or
disturb
ances.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
at
t
em
pts
to
dem
onstra
te
such
an
Industri
al
Con
trol
Opera
t
ion
in
a
s
ca
l
ed
-
do
wn
envi
ronm
ent
.
A
Graphi
cal
Us
e
r
Int
erf
a
ce
or
GU
I
is
const
ru
ct
ed
which
ena
bl
es
th
e
Oper
at
or
to
moni
tor
,
as
well
as
cont
ro
l
an
e
lectr
oni
ca
l
l
y
actua
ted
Control
Valve
which
ca
n
ef
fi
ci
en
tl
y
reg
u
la
t
e
th
e
flow
-
rate.
Autom
at
i
c
oper
ations
have
al
so
be
en
im
p
l
em
en
te
d
using
a
PID
cont
rol
ler
al
gori
thm,
which
tr
ie
s
to
tr
a
ck
th
e
Se
t
-
point
in
Re
al
-
t
im
e
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Actuato
r
Con
tr
ol
Valve
GUI
M
at
la
b
PI
C
on
t
ro
ll
er
Transp
or
ta
ti
on
pip
el
ine
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
S. Vij
ayalaks
hmi
,
Dep
a
rteme
nt
of Elec
tric
al
and
Elec
tro
nics E
nginee
rin
g,
SRM In
sti
tute of Sci
ence
and
Tech
no
l
ogy,
SRM Na
gar, Kat
ta
nk
ulat
hur,
Chen
galpatt
u
Dsitric
t, 60
1203, T
amil
Na
du,
I
nd
ia
.
Emai
l:
sh
ivij
i2
017@g
mail
.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Global
ly
wh
e
n
trans
portin
g
l
arg
e
volum
es
of
flui
ds
ov
e
r
l
ong
distances
,
pip
el
ine
pro
vi
des
the
m
os
t
comme
rcial
ly
and eco
nomica
ll
y
su
sta
ina
ble
so
luti
on
for
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
.
T
he
y
fi
nd w
i
des
pread a
dopti
on
acro
s
s
al
l
industries,
f
rom p
et
r
oleum
an
d
f
uels,
t
o
s
ewa
ge
a
nd
slu
r
ry,
as
well
as
c
le
an
water f
or
i
rr
igati
on
or d
ri
nk
i
ng
pur
po
ses
.
O
nly
re
qu
iri
ng
a
pu
mp
f
or
pro
vid
i
ng
the
press
ur
e
at
one
e
nd,
e
ffor
tl
ess
tra
nsp
ort
at
ion
from
re
mo
te
locat
ion
s
bec
ome
possible
with
ve
ry
li
tt
le
add
it
ion
al
ma
npower
a
nd
monit
or
i
ng.
Th
u
s,
pi
peline
tra
ns
po
r
ta
ti
on
beats
t
rad
it
io
na
l
opti
ons
su
c
h
as
tr
uck
s
,
or
the
rail
r
oad,
wi
th
pr
ic
es
of
the
f
ormer
bein
g
2
-
3
ti
mes
le
sse
r.
T
he
on
l
y
dow
ns
ide
with
pipe
li
nes
is
detect
in
g
t
he
locat
io
n
of
le
aks,
w
hich
are
of
te
n
very
s
ma
ll
and
ha
rd
to
t
rack
-
dow
n.
B
ut
wit
h
the
cu
rr
e
nt
gen
e
rati
on
of
highly
preci
se
sensi
ng
eq
uipment,
a
nd
ma
chine
-
le
ar
ning
ai
ded
too
ls,
eve
n
tha
t
pro
blem
is
be
ing
ef
fecti
vely
ta
ckled.
A
n
ultraso
nic
t
yp
e
fl
ow
mete
r
is
use
d
al
ong
with
l
inea
r
arr
a
y
t
ran
s
duc
er
for
meta
l
pip
e
s
ytem
[
1
].
Howe
ve
r
,
c
onc
entrati
on
of
bubb
le
ha
s
a
n
ef
f
ect
due
t
o
ultr
aso
nic.
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
in
te
gr
al
de
rivati
ve
(PI
D)
is
us
ed
to
c
on
tr
ol
f
low
of
li
quid
and
ve
rified
w
it
h
lyp
a
npuu
st
abili
ty
analysis
[
2]
.
Com
pr
e
hensi
ve
co
ntr
ol
f
or
micro
fl
uid
is
impleme
nted
us
in
g
fabrica
ti
on
t
ech
niques
[3].
A
n
analyti
cal
num
erical
meth
od
is
dev
el
op
e
d
f
or
fin
ding
e
rro
r
in
flo
w
of
fluid
wh
e
n
it
cr
os
ses
t
he
be
nd
s
for
duff
e
re
nt
diam
et
ers
of
pip
e
[
4].
O
utlet
pres
su
re
of
pip
e
is
co
ntr
olled
wi
th
P
I
D
c
ontrol
le
r
us
in
g
Lab
View
so
ft
war
e
t
oo
l
[5].
Ti
me
de
p
en
de
nt
met
hod
for
diff
e
ren
t
por
ou
s
mate
rial
for
t
ran
s
portat
io
n
of
flui
d
is pr
e
sente
d
[
6].
A red
uctio
n al
gorithm is
int
rod
uced f
or u
lt
rasou
nd d
et
ect
i
on of
flo
w rat
e [
7]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1767
–
1774
1768
PI
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
us
ed
f
or
oi
l
pip
e
li
ne
c
ontr
ol
an
d
the
flo
w
c
onr
ol
is
m
on
it
ored
[
8].
A
macr
o
distrib
uted
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
usi
ng
P
ump,
P
LC
an
d
RC
C
la
yer
s
are
de
sign
e
d
to
c
ontr
ol
the
pr
es
sure
oil
i
n
Ce
ntrif
ug
al
P
umps
[
8]
.
Re
vie
w
is
c
onduct
ed
on
micr
opape
r
fluid
co
ntr
ols
wh
ic
h
are
eas
y
to
co
ntr
ol
the
fluid
flo
w
[
10].
Ce
nt
rifugal
pum
p
i
s
desig
n
e
d
usi
ng
Ha
rdwar
e
-
In
–
L
oop
(HI
L)
is
de
velo
pe
d.
P
ress
ur
e
i
nsi
de
the
Pipe
is
co
ntr
ol
le
d
us
in
g
HIL
durin
g
sta
ti
c
and
dynamic
m
od
e
[
11]
.
F
uzz
y
L
ogic
C
on
tr
oller
(F
LC)
a
nd
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
m
on
it
or
s
a
nd
co
ntr
ols
t
he
flo
w
ra
te
of
petr
ol
[12].
Vecto
r
mat
rix
co
ntr
ol
bas
ed
press
ur
e
co
ntr
ol
is
app
li
ed
v
a
riabl
e sp
ee
d dr
i
ves [13]
. In
[14] a
least
co
st si
zi
ng
is ad
opte
d for
reducin
g pipe
s
iz
e.
The
cost
of
t
ra
ns
po
rtat
ion
th
r
ough
pip
el
ine
s
dec
reases
dras
ti
cal
ly
as
the
fl
ow
-
rate
is
inc
r
eased
w
hich
are
il
lustrate
d
in
the
Fi
g
ure
1.
C
ompanies
in
the
pip
el
ine
trans
portat
ion
business
t
hus
try
to
mainta
i
n
the
sh
ig
hest
possib
le
flo
w
-
rates
,
a
nd
in
vest
i
n
pi
pes
of
la
r
ge
r
diamet
er
as
that
helps
to
re
duce
costs
.
B
ut
inc
r
ease
in
flo
w
-
rate
p
r
essure
to
o
inc
r
eases
quit
e
dra
mati
cal
ly,
espe
c
ia
ll
y
if
the
di
amet
er
of
t
he
pip
el
ine
is
sm
al
le
r
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fig
ure
2
.
This
inc
re
ases
the
c
han
c
es
of
le
aka
ges,
or
i
n
w
or
st
ca
ses
e
xp
l
os
io
ns
wh
ic
h
mig
ht
da
mage
la
rg
e
portio
ns
of
the
pip
el
ine
netw
ork.
To
re
med
y
this
,
s
ys
t
ems
are
instal
le
d
that
m
on
it
or
the
flo
w
-
rate
in
real
ti
me
an
d
regul
at
e
it
wh
e
n
the p
ress
ure value
s
reac
h
unsafe
li
mit
s,
and
to
r
edu
ce
la
r
ge
flu
ct
uations
in
the
flo
w
-
rate f
rom the
s
ource e
nd.
Figure
1. Cost
of
tran
sportat
io
n versus
flo
w
-
r
at
e
Figure
2. Pipel
ine
press
ur
e
v
e
rsu
s
fl
ow
-
rate
Re
gu
la
ti
on
of
the
flo
w
-
rat
e
pa
rameter
i
s
usual
ly
do
ne
us
i
ng
el
ect
r
on
ic
al
ly
act
ua
te
d
c
on
tr
ol
valves
[15
-
17
].
PID
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
pr
ov
i
des
the
e
ff
ect
ive
flo
w
c
ontr
ol
ther
by
inc
reas
e
the
perfor
mance
the
sy
ste
m [18
-
23]
.
T
his
gi
ve
s
the
operat
or
t
he
be
ne
fits
of
b
ot
h
ma
nu
al
as
well
as
auto
m
at
ic
op
erati
ons
.
Since
the
act
ual
eq
uip
me
nts
are
loc
at
ed
rem
otely,
they
are
i
nter
faced
us
in
g
c
omp
uter
ba
sed
sy
ste
ms
.
A
n
H
M
I
or
Human
M
achi
ne
In
te
rf
ace
is
a
ty
pe
of
to
uc
h
-
scree
n
de
vice
wh
ic
h
runs
a
GUI
i
n
real
ti
me
a
nd
al
lo
ws
co
ntr
ol
and
m
on
it
ori
ng
op
e
rati
ons.
The
GUI
ca
n
al
so
di
rectl
y
be
run
on
a
c
omp
uter.
The
GUI
is
c
onstr
ucted
i
n
M
at
la
b wit
h vi
rtual
dials an
d kno
bs
a
nd
bu
tt
on
s
that a
re i
nterf
ace
d wit
h fiel
d
eq
uipme
nts [24
,
25].
2.
PID CO
NTR
OLE
R
On
e
of
the
m
os
t
co
mm
on
l
y
us
e
d
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorithms
us
e
d
for
I
ndus
t
rial
Au
t
om
at
io
n
world
wide
is
t
he
P
ID
al
gorithm
[25
].
A
P
I
D
c
on
tr
oller
is
impleme
nted
by
basical
ly
cal
culat
ing
t
hr
ee
separ
at
e
par
a
mete
rs
s
uc
h
as
the
Pro
portio
nal,
the
In
te
gr
al
a
nd
the
De
rivati
ve
ga
in
c
onsta
nts
in
real
ti
me,
an
d
gen
e
rati
ng
a
C
on
t
ro
l
sig
nal
wh
ic
h
a
f
unct
ion
of
these
ga
in
values.
T
he
co
ntr
oller
me
asur
e
s
the
value
of
a
sy
ste
m
var
ia
ble,
know
n
as
th
e
Pr
oce
ss
Va
ri
able
(PV)
,
an
d
com
par
es
it
w
it
h
the
desire
d
value,
know
n
as
the
Set
P
oin
t
(S
P
)
.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nc
e
bet
ween
th
e
tw
o
is
t
he
e
rror
sig
nal,
de
no
te
d
by
e
(t).
This
er
ror
te
rm
is
mu
lt
ipli
ed wit
h t
he path
gai
n
c
on
sta
nts
(
K
p
,
K
d
an
d
K
i
)
t
o det
ermine
the
O
utp
ut Res
ponse
.
The
ta
s
k
of
t
he
C
on
t
ro
ls
E
ng
i
neer
is
to
tun
e
the
c
ontr
oller,
so
as
t
o
get
t
he
m
ost
su
it
able
performa
nce
from
t
he
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
P
rop
or
ti
on
al
Gain
k
p
de
te
rmin
es
ho
w
ag
gr
es
sively
,
or
co
ns
e
rv
at
iv
el
y
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
with
res
pond
t
o
a
n
input.
A
la
rg
e
k
p
makes
the
s
ys
te
m
faster
,
but
wit
h
inc
reas
ed
Overs
hoot.
And
a
P
-
c
on
tr
oller
with
only
Pr
oport
ion
al
Gai
n
will
al
way
s
ha
ve
a
la
rg
e
non
-
zer
o
ste
ady
sta
te
er
ror.
T
his
mea
ns
the
Sy
ste
m
ca
n
ne
ver
f
ully
rea
ch
the
Set
point
(S
P
)
value
.
Th
is
is
where
the
I
nteg
ral
gain
comes
in
.
W
orkin
g
al
on
e
it
is
ve
r
y
slo
w
a
nd
un
us
a
ble,
but
a
PI
-
co
ntr
oller
with
pro
pe
rly
tun
e
d
k
p
a
nd
k
p
value
is
inc
red
i
bly
rob
us
t,
a
nd
wil
l
ensure
ze
ro
s
te
ady
sta
te
e
rror.
But
t
his
im
pro
ved
pe
rformance
c
om
e
s
at
a
pr
ic
e
of
in
creased
ov
e
rs
hoot and
sy
ste
m
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
. Thus
t
he deri
vative G
ai
n
k
d
is re
qu
ir
ed
, which do
e
sn
't
actual
ly consi
d
er t
he
value
of
the
e
rror
sig
nal,
a
nd
i
ns
te
ad
wor
ks
on
the
Ra
te
of
cha
nge
of
t
he
e
(t)
te
rm
.
It
prov
i
des
minimal
impetus
, whe
n PV
=
SP, a
nd the
der
i
vative
of the
e(t)
term
is almost ze
r
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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ow Elec
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ys
t
IS
S
N:
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694
Real
-
ti
me m
on
i
torin
g and c
on
trol of fl
ow
ra
t
e in tr
an
s
porta
ti
on
pip
el
ines
us
in
g
M
atla
b
…
(
S. Vij
ay
alak
sh
mi
)
1769
Figure
3. Re
spon
s
e
of
PV t
o
s
te
p
cha
nge
But
durin
g
init
ia
l
op
erati
ons,
wh
e
n
P
V
is
le
sser
tha
n
SP,
t
he
Der
ivati
ve
Con
t
ro
ll
er
trie
s
t
o
flat
te
n
the
e(t)
cu
rv
e
by
da
mp
in
g
the
for
ce
a
pp
li
ed
.
Th
is
esse
ntial
ly
e
li
minate
s
the
overs
hoot,
wh
ic
h
is
bu
t
a
deca
ying
Sinu
s
oi
d
f
unct
ion as s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
3. Fi
gure
4
s
hows
bl
oc
k diag
ram of
PI
D
contr
oller.
Figure
4. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
of P
ID
co
ntr
oller
In
ce
rtai
n
s
ys
te
ms
w
he
re
the
Plant
Mo
del
is
know
n,
tra
diti
on
al
le
a
d
-
la
g
c
ompen
sat
ors
ar
e
know
n
t
o
pro
vid
e
mu
c
h
bette
r
pe
rformance,
w
he
n
com
par
e
d
t
o
poorl
y
tu
ned
P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
Since
the
c
ontr
oller
fo
c
us
es
on
t
he
fee
db
ac
k
l
oop,
an
d
no
stric
t
knowle
dge
of
the
s
ys
te
m
is
re
qu
ire
d,
f
rom
a
C
on
tr
ol
S
ys
te
ms
sta
ndpoint,
th
e
pe
rforma
nce
rem
ai
ns
stric
tl
y
reacti
ve
,
a
nd
that
is
a
big
co
mpr
om
i
se
in
certai
n
crit
ic
a
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
P
oorly
t
un
e
d
c
ontr
ollers
are
know
n
f
or
hi
gh
ov
e
rs
hoot,
sl
ow
reacti
on
ti
m
es,
or
e
ven
ho
rr
ible
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s t
ha
t can act
ually
da
mage
t
he
act
ua
ti
ng
me
m
ber
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
first
sta
ge
of
this
mu
lt
i
-
disci
plin
ary
pr
oject
involve
d
us
i
ng
t
he
t
oo
ls
avail
able
in
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink
t
o
create
a
s
impli
fied
m
od
el
of
the
s
ys
te
m,
an
d
te
st
the
beh
a
viou
r
of
th
e
var
i
ou
s
para
mete
rs.
Tw
o
set
s
of m
od
el
s
w
e
re c
onstructed
and te
ste
d.
On
e
was
w
it
hout
t
he
P
I
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
a
nd
th
eref
or
e
no
c
orrecti
on
s
to
the
posit
ion
of
t
he
act
uating
membe
r,
an
d
t
he
oth
e
r
on
e
with
a
pro
pe
r
con
t
ro
ll
er
impl
ementat
io
n.
T
he
sim
ulate
d
ou
t
pu
t
is
de
pi
ct
ed
in
Figure
5.
I
n
th
e
first
model
t
her
e
is
no
fee
db
ac
k
c
ontr
oller
to
c
orrect
t
he
posit
ion
of
the
act
ua
tor
wh
e
n
it
dev
ia
te
s
f
r
om
t
he
Set
point
va
lue
an
d
th
us
th
e
Ou
t
pu
t
Re
s
ponse
fail
s
to
ac
cur
at
el
y
t
rack
t
he
Set
point
.
Also
,
there
is
a
la
r
ge
ov
e
rs
hoot
at
the
mi
dd
le
of
t
he
curve,
w
hich
is
to
be
a
voide
d
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
6.
No
w
a
PID
Con
tr
oller is i
mp
le
me
nted
.
It
is
obvious
f
r
om
the
sim
ulat
ion
re
su
lt
s
that
the
co
ntro
ll
er
helps
to
el
imi
na
te
err
ors
a
nd
t
he
syst
em
performs
op
ti
mall
y
as
il
lustr
at
ed
in
the
Fig
ur
e
7.
T
he
Va
r
ia
ble
Set
po
i
nt
was
bei
ng
tra
cked
by
the
ac
tuator
.
Ther
e
a
re
act
ua
ll
y
tw
o
co
ntr
oller
l
oops
in
the
model.
T
he
in
ner
l
oop
c
on
t
ro
ls
the
pos
it
ion
of
t
he
ac
tuator
,
wh
il
e
t
he
oute
r
lo
op
co
ntr
ols
t
he
pr
e
ssure
a
nd
flo
w
-
rate
of
the
ci
rc
ulati
ng
f
luid.
The
mai
n
PID
co
ntr
oller
r
uns
on
t
he
oute
r
l
oop.
T
he
co
ns
ta
nt
value
s
of
pa
r
amet
ers
k
p
a
nd
k
i
we
re
deter
mined
us
i
ng
t
he
M
at
la
b
Li
ne
arized
Tu
ning T
oo
l
box.
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S
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:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1767
–
1774
1770
Figure
5. Sims
cape
fluid
s
m
odel
le
d wit
h
act
uato
r
a
nd contr
oller
Figure
6. S
ys
te
m
res
ponse
s
w
it
h
no P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Figure
7. S
ys
te
m
res
ponse
with P
ID
co
ntr
oller
3.1.
Ha
rd
w
are
de
s
ign
The
el
ect
ronic
s
is
m
ounted
on
a
pa
nel
t
hat
i
s
phys
ic
al
ly
se
par
at
e
d
from
t
he
pi
peline,
to
protect
the
m
from
an
y
le
a
ks.
T
he
mo
t
or
is
co
nnect
ed
to
th
e
Co
ntr
ol
Val
ve
us
i
ng
a
sim
pl
e
gea
r
-
base
d
c
ouplin
g
as
sem
bly
.
A
ded
ic
at
e
d
AC
to
D
C
po
wer
adap
te
r
is
al
so
prov
i
de
d,
w
hi
ch
co
nnect
s
to
the
Moto
r
D
r
iver
m
odule
w
hich
su
ppli
es
the
m
otor
w
hich
has
a
fu
ll
-
loa
d
cu
r
ren
t
dra
w
of
a
bout
3
Amps.
Figure
8
s
how
s
the
hard
war
e
desig
n
of the s
ys
te
m
.
Water
is
ch
os
e
n
as
the
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
fluid
f
or
the
sa
ke
of
sim
plici
ty.
Its
flo
wing
th
r
ough
a
pip
el
in
e
a
nd
it
passes
t
hro
ugh
a
dig
it
al
fl
ow
-
rate
se
ns
or
t
hat
ope
rates
on
the
pri
nci
ple
of
Hall
Ef
fect.
T
his
se
ns
or
outp
uts
the
val
ue
to
a
Ardu
i
no
micr
oc
on
t
ro
ll
er.
The
Ard
uino
is
int
erf
ace
d
wit
h,
a
nd
is
pro
gr
a
m
med
us
i
ng
the
M
at
la
b
GUI
bac
ke
nd
platfo
rm.
It
e
na
bles
us
to
co
ntr
ol
bo
t
h
t
he
User
I
nter
face
and
al
s
o
pro
gram
the
Ard
uino
from
the
same
set
of
rich
to
ols.
T
he
Ard
uino
al
s
o
con
t
ro
ls
a
hi
gh
powe
r
Moto
r
Dr
i
ver
Ci
rc
uit
that
ta
kes
i
n
20
V
of
DC po
wer an
d dr
i
ves
a
high
-
tor
que
gear
e
d
-
dc
servo m
otor,
wh
ic
h
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Real
-
ti
me m
on
i
torin
g and c
on
trol of fl
ow
ra
t
e in tr
an
s
porta
ti
on
pip
el
ines
us
in
g
M
atla
b
…
(
S. Vij
ay
alak
sh
mi
)
1771
Figure
8. Ha
rdwar
e
m
od
el
of
pip
el
ine
Figure
9. Ba
sic
pip
el
ine
m
ode
l
3.2.
Ha
rd
w
are
res
ults
Ele
ct
ro
nic
hardw
a
re
ci
rc
uit
is
de
picte
d
in
F
igure
10.
The
op
e
rato
r
intera
ct
s
with
the
s
yst
em
by
us
i
n
g
this
G
UI
Co
nt
ro
l
Panel
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e
11.
T
he
T
og
gle
s
witc
h
puts
the
sy
ste
m
i
n
ei
the
r
open
-
l
oop
or
M
a
nu
al
Mo
de,
w
her
e
the
Dis
crete
Kno
b
give
s
use
rs
di
rect
co
ntr
ol
of
the
act
uato
r,
or
A
uto
mati
c
or
cl
os
e
d
-
loop
m
ode
where
the
us
e
r
ha
s
to
on
l
y
sel
ec
t
the
Set
po
i
nt
us
in
g
t
he
Fl
ow
-
rate
Co
ntr
ol
K
nob,
an
d
t
he
PID
al
gorithm
does
al
l
the
w
ork
.
The
Ga
ug
e
dis
plays
the
value
,
w
hich
is
mea
su
re
d
by
the
Fl
ow
Se
ns
or.
Th
e
two
Ardu
i
nos
c
ommu
nicat
e
with
each
oth
e
r
t
o
exc
ha
ng
e
Anal
og
data
us
in
g
a
basic
RC
filt
er
ba
sed
D
AC
t
hat
conve
rts the
P
W
M
ou
t
pu
t
of
the Ar
du
i
no to Anal
og sig
nals
.
Figure
10. Elec
tro
nics
ha
r
dw
a
re frit
zi
ng
ci
rc
uit
Figure
11. G
UI
impleme
ntati
on
3.2.1.
Open L
oop
R
espo
n
se
The
sy
ste
m
is
op
e
rated
in
op
en
-
l
oop
or
M
a
nu
al
Mo
de
i
niti
al
ly.
He
re
t
he
op
e
rato
r
has
di
rect
co
ntr
ol
of
the
act
uato
r,
an
d
c
on
t
ro
ls
the
Pe
rce
ntage
Op
e
ning
of
the
Co
ntro
l
Val
ve
.
But
i
n
op
e
n
-
loop
mode
t
he
s
ys
te
m
cannot
react
t
o
distu
r
ban
ce
s
and
t
he
opera
tor
ha
s
to
ma
nual
ly
co
ntr
ol
the
fl
ow
-
rate
w
hich
is
il
li
strat
ed
in
the Fig
ure
12.
The
operat
or
c
an
s
witc
h
t
o
t
he
A
utomat
ic
or
cl
os
e
d
lo
op
c
ontr
ol
m
od
e
by
flipp
i
ng
the
To
gg
le
switc
h
in
the
G
U
I.
T
he
PID
al
gorith
m
r
un
s
i
n
the
f
ie
ld
side
A
rdui
no
de
vice
an
d
it
receive
s
the
Setpo
i
nt
val
ue
from
the
Re
m
ote
sid
e
A
r
du
i
no,
a
nd
the
real
-
ti
me
PV
val
ues
f
rom
th
e
Flo
w
Se
ns
or.
Te
n
it
does
Set
po
i
nt
T
r
ackin
g
and D
ist
urban
c
e Rej
ect
ion
in
re
al
-
ti
me. F
ig
ur
e 13 s
hows
the
close
d
lo
op r
e
sp
onse
.
In
it
ia
ll
y
it
is
e
sta
blished
th
at
the
s
ys
te
m
pe
rforms
a
s
e
xpe
ct
ed
with
a
c
onsta
nt
Set
point
value,
set
us
in
g
the
M
at
la
b
bas
ed
GUI.
It
can
e
ven
r
ej
ect
small
disturbances
i
n
fl
ow
-
rate
int
rod
uced
by
va
r
yin
g
t
he
so
urce
press
ure.
A
fter
this
a
typ
ic
al
ste
p
i
nput
wa
s
giv
e
n
t
o
th
e
s
ys
te
m
by
c
ha
ng
i
ng
the
Set
po
i
nt
f
rom
ab
ou
t
11
L/mi
n
to
23
L/mi
n,
an
d
even
t
he
n
the
sy
ste
m
perfor
ms
as
ex
pecte
d.
T
he
la
r
ge
overs
hoot
is
a
r
esult
of
imper
fect
tu
nin
g
of
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
a
nd
ca
n
be
easi
ly
el
imi
nated
by
ev
en
fi
ner
tu
ni
ng
w
hich
is
de
picte
d
in
the Fig
ure
14.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1767
–
1774
1772
Figure
12. O
pe
n
lo
op s
ys
te
m
r
esp
on
se
Figure
13. Clo
sed
l
oop
s
ys
te
m r
es
ponse
Figure
14. Syst
em
res
ponse
w
it
h
ste
p
i
nput
3.2.2.
Co
m
pa
ri
s
on
s
with
PLC
Sim
ulat
i
on
PLC la
dder
lo
gi
c w
as
buil
t an
d
te
ste
d usi
ng the S
ie
me
ns Lo
go
s
oft
PLC
Simulat
or s
of
t
wa
re.
Since
i
ndus
tri
es
dema
nd
m
or
e
r
obust
s
olu
ti
ons,
PLCs
are
pr
e
ferre
d
ov
e
r
micr
oc
ontrolle
rs.
As
a
pro
of
-
of
-
c
once
pt
the
Distu
rb
a
nce
Re
je
ct
ion
and
Setp
oin
t
tr
ackin
g
c
on
ce
pt
s
of
this
projec
t
wer
e
im
plem
ented
in
the Simulat
or.
P
LC
la
dder
log
ic
is sh
own
in
the
Fig
ur
e
15
.
Th
e
sim
ulator
res
pons
e matc
hes
th
e
res
pons
e
of
the
act
ual
S
ys
t
em
Ha
rdwa
re
as
it
dem
on
st
r
at
ed
aut
om
at
ic
Set
point
trac
king,
but
not
without
the
li
mit
at
ion
s
of t
he Dem
o v
ersio
n of t
he
L
ogosoft s
oft
wa
re.
The
true
a
pp
li
cat
ion
of
t
his
easi
ly
scal
able
project
li
es
in
impleme
ntin
g
a
SCA
DA
ba
sed
G
UI
that
can
c
ommu
nic
at
e
with
a
PLC
an
d
ass
ociat
ed
anal
og
IO
c
omp
on
e
nts
in
th
e
fiel
d.
Fig
ur
e
16
s
hows
the
s
et
po
int
trackin
g
i
n
P
L
C si
mu
la
to
r.
Figure
15. PL
C l
add
e
r
lo
gic
Figure
16. Set
point
trac
king
i
n PLC
sim
ulator
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Real
-
ti
me m
on
i
torin
g and c
on
trol of fl
ow
ra
t
e in tr
an
s
porta
ti
on
pip
el
ines
us
in
g
M
atla
b
…
(
S. Vij
ay
alak
sh
mi
)
1773
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
c
omplet
el
y
automate
d
cl
ose
d
-
l
oop
flo
w
-
rate
co
ntr
ol
syst
em
is
imple
mented
us
i
ng
op
e
n
-
sou
rce
Ardu
i
no
mic
rocon
t
ro
ll
er,
a
nd
a
M
at
la
b
base
d
GUI
is
buil
t
to
interact
wit
h
the
s
ys
te
m.
A
el
ect
r
o
-
mec
han
ic
al
act
uator
is
desi
gn
e
d
that
act
s
as
a
mo
t
or
iz
e
d
flo
w
-
c
on
t
r
ol
va
lve
an
d
ca
n
re
gu
la
te
the
flo
w
-
rate
of
pip
el
in
es
in
real
-
ti
me,
w
hilst
pro
vid
in
g
re
mo
te
Mon
it
ori
ng
capa
bili
ti
es
us
in
g
t
he
GUI
.
T
he
scal
able
natu
re
of
t
he
project
makes
it
a
des
irable
i
n
a
la
rger
Ind
us
tria
l
S
et
up
.
Also,
t
his
project
has
pro
vid
e
d
the
in
vo
l
ved
st
ud
e
nt
s
with
gr
eat
le
ar
ning
opportu
niti
es
in
a
wide
var
ie
ty
of
t
opic
s,
incl
ud
i
ng
Act
uato
r
D
esi
gn,
G
UI
ba
ckend
pro
gr
am
min
g,
PI
D
Co
ntr
oller
s and t
un
i
ng fu
nd
a
mental
s,
as
well
as
basics
of G
l
ob
al
Pipel
ine Tr
a
nsp
or
ta
t
ion
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Nguyen,
T.
H.
L
.
,
&
Park
,
S,
“M
ult
i
-
Angle
Li
qu
i
d
Flow
Mea
sureme
nt
Us
ing
Ultr
asonic
L
ine
ar
Ar
ray
Tra
nsduc
er,”
Sensors
,
vol. 20, no. 2, pp
388
,
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020.
[2]
Raz
var
z,
Sina
,
Cristóba
l
Varga
s
-
Jaril
lo
,
R
ahe
l
eh
Jafa
r
i,
and
Ale
xande
r
Gegov.
"
Flow
cont
rol
of
flui
d
in
p
ipe
l
ines
using PID c
ont
r
oll
er
.
"
IE
EE A
c
c
ess
,
vol
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5673
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25680,
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19.
[3]
Li
m
,
Hos
ub,
Ali
Tur
ab
Ja
fry,
an
d
Jinke
e
Lee,
“F
abr
icati
on
,
Flow
Control,
and
Ap
pli
c
at
ions
of
Mi
cro
flui
d
ic
Paper
-
Based
Analy
ti
c
a
l
Devi
ce
s,
”
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lecule
s
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[4]
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ong
Zha
ng,
Baoh
uan
Su,
Jianm
in
Li
u,
Xuemi
n
Li
uc
,
Guol
i
Qi,
Ya
jun
Ge,
“Ana
lysis
of
flo
w
cha
ra
ct
er
isti
cs
and
flow
me
asu
rem
en
t
a
cc
ur
ac
y
of
e
lbow
with
diffe
ren
t
di
amet
ers,
”
IO
P
Conf
.
Serie
s:
Earth
an
d
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ent
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ce
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[5]
Ent
e
za
ri
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Ahma
d,
and
Ahmad
Afifi.
“A
PID
f
or
ne
edle
val
v
e
outpu
t
pre
ss
ure
con
trol
bas
ed
on
servo
mo
tor
&
La
bVIEW
,
”
Int
e
rnational
Con
fer
enc
e
on
Know
l
edge
-
Based
Eng
ine
ering
and
In
novat
ion
(KB
EI)
,
pp
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0151
-
0155
.
IEE
E
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2017
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[6]
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ins,
Br
ia
n
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esh
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int
hap
at
l
a,
Franc
es
S.
L
igl
er
,
and
Glenn
M.
W
al
k
er.
“Time
-
d
epe
n
dent
mode
l
for
flui
d
f
low
in
por
ous m
ateri
a
ls wi
th
multipl
e
por
e s
iz
es,
”
Ana
ly
t
ic
a
l
ch
emistry,
vol
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no
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77
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[7]
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et
al
.
“Re
sea
r
ch
o
n
mud
flow
ra
t
e
me
asur
em
en
t
me
thod
base
d
o
n
con
ti
nuous
D
opple
r
ult
r
asoni
c
wave
,
”
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ernational
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of
Optic
s,
2017
.
[8]
E.
B.
Priyank
a
a
nd
C.
Mahe
sw
a
ri,
“Par
am
e
te
r
Monitori
ng
and
Control
During
Petrol
Tra
nsport
at
ion
Us
ing
PL
C
B
ase
d
PID
Cont
roll
er
,”
Journal
of
App
li
ed
R
ese
a
rch
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
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vo
l.
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,
2
016.
[9]
Ning
W
ei,
Xiao
chun
Li,
Qian
Wa
ng,
Shua
i
Ga
o,
“
Budge
t
-
type
te
chno
-
ec
onom
i
c
mode
l
fo
r
onshore
CO2
pip
el
i
ne
tra
nsporta
ti
on
in
China,”
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Gr
ee
nhouse
Gas
Control
,
vol
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51
,
pp
.
176
-
192
,
2
016.
[10]
Jeong,
Seong
-
G
eun,
Jongmin
Ki
m,
Si
Hyung
Jin
,
Ki
-
Su
Park
,
an
d
Chang
-
Soo
Lee.
“Flow
cont
rol
in
pape
r
-
base
d
mi
cro
f
lui
di
c
d
e
vic
e
for
aut
o
m
at
i
c
mul
t
iste
p
assays:
A
fo
cu
sed
mi
n
ire
v
ie
w,
”
Korean
Jour
nal
of
Chemi
c
al
Engi
ne
ering,
vol
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Le
von
Gevorko
v,
Val
ery
Vodov
ozov,
Tonu
L
ehtla
and
Zoja
R
au
d.
,
“PLC
-
Based
Hardware
-
in
-
th
e
-
Loop
Simul
at
or
of
a
C
ent
r
ifuga
l
Pump,”
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
ren
ce
on
Pow
er
En
gine
ering
,
Ene
r
gyand
E
le
c
tric
Dr
iv
es
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EE
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2015
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[12]
Bhanda
re
,
De
ep
a
Shivs
hant
,
and
N.
R.
Kulk
arn
i
,
“Per
form
anc
es
eva
lu
at
ion
and
c
ompa
rison
of
PI
D
cont
roller
and
fuz
zy
logic
con
tr
oll
er
for
pro
ce
ss
li
quid
l
eve
l
control,
”
2015
15
th
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Control,
Aut
omat
ion
and
Syste
ms
(IC
CAS)
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EE
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Vale
ry
Vodovoz
ov,
Zoja
Raud
a
nd
L
evon
Gevor
kov,
“PLC
-
Base
d
Press
ure
Contr
ol
in
Multi
-
Pum
p
Appli
ca
t
ions,”
in
E
le
c
tric
al
,
Co
ntrol
and
Comm
unic
ati
on
Eng
in
ee
ring
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9
,
N
o.
1
,
pp
23
-
29,
2
015.
[14]
Ta
im
oo
r
As
im,
Rake
sh
Mishra
,
Suman
Pradha
n
and
and
Kuldip
Ubbi,
“A
Study
on
Opti
mal
Siz
ing
of
Pip
el
in
e
Tra
nsporting
Eq
ui
-
size
d
Par
ti
cu
l
at
e
Solid
-
Li
qu
id
Mixture
,
”
Journ
al
of
Ph
ysic
s:
C
onfe
renc
e
Seri
es
,
vol.
364
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no
.
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pp.
012072
,
201
2.
[15]
Ahmad
Entez
a
ri
,
and
Ahmad
Af
ifi
,
“
A
PID
for
Nee
dle
Va
lve
O
utput
Press
ure
Control
Based
on
Servo
Motor
&
La
bVIEW
,
”
Int
e
rnational
Con
fer
enc
e
on
Know
l
edge
-
Based
Eng
ine
ering
and
In
novat
ion
(KB
EI)
,
pp
.
0151
-
0155
.
IEE
E
,
2017
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[16]
Jagdish
B.
Ma
ndhar
e
and
Sha
rad
P.
Jadh
av,
“L
abVi
ew
base
d
PI
Control
l
er
for
a
Le
ve
l
C
ontrol
Sys
te
m
,
”
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
ren
c
e
on
Advance
d
Comput
in
g
,
2014
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[17]
So
-
Nam
Yun,
Young
-
Bog
Ham
and
Hae
ng
-
Bong
Shin,
“Pr
oporti
onal
Fuel
Flow
Control
Valve
for
Di
ese
l
Vehic
l
e,”
2008
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Con
trol,
Aut
omation
and
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ems
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I
E
EE
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Sale
e
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As
hra
f
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Sol
im
a
n,
Sere
in
Al
-
R
a
trout
,
and
Mos
te
fa
Mesbah
.
"D
esign
of
a
fr
ac
t
i
onal
ord
er
PID
cont
roller
wi
th
appl
i
ca
t
ion
to
a
n
induc
t
ion
motor
drive
,
"
Tur
ki
sh
Journal
of
E
lectric
al
Eng
ine
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&
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an
d
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kh
eka
r
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sign
of
PI
D
cont
roller
for
ca
sca
d
e
con
trol
proc
ess
using
ge
net
i
c
al
gor
it
hm
,
"
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Intel
li
gent Computi
n
g
and
Control
Sy
stems (ICICCS)
,
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EE
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Xu,
Li
ng
,
and
Feng
Ding
,
“De
si
gn
of
the
PID
c
ontrol
ler
for
ind
ustria
l
proc
esses
base
d
on
the
st
abi
lity
ma
rgin
,
”
Chine
se
Con
trol
and
De
ci
sion C
onfe
renc
e
(CCD
C)
,
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-
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04.
IE
EE
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Mati
n,
Far
zi
n,
Hami
d
Cher
aghi,
Nasi
m
Sobhan
i,
Farz
in
Pi
lt
an
,
and
Mary
am
Ra
hma
ni
,
“Re
se
arch
on
PID
-
Based
Minim
um
Ru
le
Bas
e
Fuzzy
Co
ntrol
ler
in
Ac
ti
v
e
Joint
Den
ta
l
Automa
ti
on
,
”
In
te
rnational
Jour
nal
of
Gr
id
and
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d
Com
puti
ng,
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Kumar
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Niti
n
Shar
ma
,
“
I
mprove
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anc
e
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t
em
by
PID
Cont
roll
er
,”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
Sc
ie
n
ce,
Eng
ineering
and
Te
chn
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S
N
:
2088
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t J
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Ele
c
&
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,
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"
Design
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I
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t
ion
of
St
abl
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PID
Contro
ll
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for
Int
eract
i
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Le
v
el
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tro
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d
ia
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“
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ly
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Base
d
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cal
Us
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Analysis
of
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t
rol
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tem,
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15
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ernati
onal
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ng
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ere
nc
e
fu
zz
y
ad
apt
iv
e
PID
con
t
rol
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i
ts
appli
ca
t
ions
in
typica
l
industri
al process
es,
”
2008
IEEE
Inte
rnat
ional
C
onfe
renc
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ti
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
S.
Vija
ya
la
kshm
i
recei
v
ed
her
Bac
he
lor
of
En
gine
er
ing
Degre
e
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
and
Elec
tron
ic
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Madr
as
Uni
ver
sity
in
th
e
yea
r
2000,
Ma
ster
of
Engi
n
eering
in
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Industri
al
Driv
es
in
the
ye
ar
2006
and
com
p
le
t
ed
h
er
Ph.D
in
2019
.
She
is
cur
ren
t
ly
worki
ng
as
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
the
Depa
r
tm
en
t
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
a
nd
Elec
tron
ic
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
SR
M
Instit
ut
e
of
S
ci
en
ce
and
T
ec
h
nology,
Tamil
n
a
du,
Ind
ia
.
She
h
as
publi
shed
ma
ny
pap
ers
in
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
jou
rna
ls.
Her
area
of
int
er
est
is
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
and
Rene
wab
le
ene
rgy
sys
tems.
C.
Anuradha
re
c
ei
ved
her
B
achel
or
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
Degr
ee
in
E
lectr
i
cal
a
nd
Elec
troni
cs
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Madra
s
Univ
ersit
y
in
the
ye
ar
2004
and
Master
o
f
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
s
in
the
ye
a
r
2010.
She
is c
u
rre
ntl
y
working
as
an
As
sistant
P
rofe
ss
or
in
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
and
E
lectr
oni
cs
E
ngine
er
ing,
SR
M
Instit
ute
of
Scie
nc
e
and
Te
chno
logy,
Tamil
nadu
,
Indi
a.
She
is
cu
rre
n
tl
y
pursuing
her
Ph.
D.
in
DC
to
DC
conve
rt
er.
Her
are
a
of interest
i
s E
lectr
i
cal
Driv
es
and El
ec
tr
ic v
ehi
c
le
s.
R.
C.
Il
am
bir
ai
r
e
ce
iv
ed
her
Mast
er
degr
ee
in
20
04,
from
SA
STRA
Univer
sity,
Ta
milnadu
and
Bac
he
lor’s
degr
ee
in
200
2
fro
m
Madra
s
Univ
eris
ty,
T
amilna
du
,
India
.
She
is
cur
ren
tl
y
working
as
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
the
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
and
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Enginee
ring
,
SR
M
Instit
ute
of
Science
and
Technol
ogy,
T
amilna
du
,
India.
Cur
ren
t
ly
she
is
pursuing
her
r
ese
arc
h
in
the
fi
el
d
of
dc
-
dc
power
conv
e
rte
rs.
Her
o
the
r
fie
lds
of
in
te
re
st
inc
lud
es
ren
e
wable
en
erg
y
resourc
es,
dc
dri
ves
and
hyb
rid
p
ower
conv
ert
ers
.
Visw
ana
tha
n
Ga
nesh
is
a
Stud
en
t
cur
ren
tl
y
study
ing
B
.
Tech
E
E
E
in
SR
M
Institute
of
Scie
n
ce
and
Technol
og
y,
K
at
t
ankul
a
th
ur,
Tamil
n
adu,
Indi
a.
He
h
a
s
al
so
par
ti
c
ip
at
ed
in
ma
ny
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
C
onfe
ren
c
es
and
al
so
pub
li
shed
pape
rs
in
many
Inte
rn
at
ion
al
Journals
.
His
Resea
rch
intere
s
ts a
re
Smar
t
grid
,
En
erg
y
Man
ag
em
en
t, Power
Sys
te
ms, El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Mac
hin
es.
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