Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
2
,
Jun
2021
,
pp.
822
~
831
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
2
.
pp
822
-
831
822
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
PID
s
peed
c
ont
ro
l of DC
m
otor
u
s
ing
m
eta
-
h
euristic
a
lgo
rithms
Bi
shw
a B
abu
Ach
arya
,
S
andeep
Dhak
al
,
Aa
yus
h Bh
att
ara
i,
Na
wraj
Bhattar
ai
Depa
rtment
o
f
Mec
hanica
l
and
Aerospac
e
Enginee
ring
,
Pul
cho
wk
Cam
pus,
Inst
it
ute of Engin
ee
r
ing,
Tri
bhuv
an
Univer
sity,
Nep
al
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
8,
2021
Re
vised
M
a
r 1
6,
2021
Accepte
d
Apr
4,
2021
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
ese
nts
ar
chime
des
optimizati
o
n
al
gor
it
hm
(
AO
A)
and
dispersive
f
li
es
o
pti
mization
(DF
O)
to
opt
im
a
ll
y
t
une
ga
in
par
ame
te
rs
of
PID
cont
rol
sche
me
in
orde
r
to
r
e
gula
t
e
DC
motor’s
spee
d
.
Thes
e
suggested
te
chn
ique
s
tun
e
the
con
trol
l
er
by
the
m
ini
m
izati
on
of
the
fit
n
ess
func
ti
on
rep
rese
nt
ed
by
t
he
int
egr
al
of
tim
e
multipl
ie
d
b
y
absolu
te
err
or
(IT
AE
)
.
Th
e
mode
lling
and
simul
ation
are
c
arr
i
ed
ou
t
i
n
MA
TL
AB
/
Si
mul
ink.
The
tra
nsien
t
respon
se
of
unit
step
input
ob
ta
in
ed
from
AO
A
-
PID
-
ITAE
and
DFO
-
PI
D
-
ITAE
cont
rol
le
rs
wer
e
com
p
are
d
to
t
hose
obta
in
ed
fr
om
Ziegle
r
-
Nichol
s
(
ZN)
m
et
hod
and
p
art
i
c
le
sw
arm
opt
imization
(PS
O).
The
resul
ts
indi
c
at
e
th
at
AO
A
-
PID
-
ITAE
and
DF
O
-
PID
-
ITAE
are
mor
e
eff
icient
th
an
ZN
method
and
PS
O
in
red
uci
ng
rise
ti
m
e
and
se
tt
li
ng
time
.
L
ikew
ise,
DF
O
conve
rge
f
aste
r
t
o
th
e
optimal
so
lut
ion
with
lowe
r
ov
e
rshoot
tha
n
AO
A
and
PSO.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Ar
c
hime
des opt
imi
zat
ion
Disp
e
rsive
f
li
es opti
miza
ti
on
M
et
a
-
heurist
ic
al
gorithm
PI
D
contr
oller
Zie
gler Nic
hol
s meth
od
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Aayus
h
B
hatta
rai
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
M
ec
han
ic
al
a
nd
Aeros
pace
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
Trib
huva
n
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Lal
it
pu
r
44
700
,
Ne
pal
Emai
l:
aayush
@p
ca
mpus.e
du.
np
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
DC
m
otors
a
re
act
uato
rs
t
hat
pro
duce
a
ngul
ar
r
otati
on
when
s
upplied
wi
th
el
ect
rical
en
ergy.
Th
ey
hav
e
si
gnific
ant
imp
or
ta
nce
in
va
rio
us
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
ms
employe
d
in
domesti
c
an
d
in
du
st
rial
app
li
c
at
ion
s
su
c
h
as
el
ect
ri
cal
veh
ic
le
s,
i
ndus
tria
l
mil
ls
and
cra
nes,
r
obots,
a
nd
m
ul
ti
ple
ho
me
a
ppli
ances
[1
]
,
[
2].
This
importa
nce
is
du
e
to
t
heir
a
dvanta
geous
ch
aracte
risti
cs
li
ke
pr
eci
sio
n,
c
onve
nience,
an
d
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
c
on
t
ro
l
[3].
I
n
orde
r
t
o
dr
i
ve
t
he
D
C
mo
t
or
at
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
s
pee
d
or
to
rque,
it
is
necessa
r
y
to
ha
ve
a
proper
co
ntr
ol
scheme
.
PI
D
co
ntr
oller is
on
e
of
s
uch
co
nt
ro
l
sc
heme
s
empl
oy
e
d
i
n
numer
ous
in
du
stria
l
app
li
cat
ion
s
[
4].
T
he
te
rm
P
ID
is
a
n
ab
br
e
viati
on
f
or
“
pro
portio
na
l
integral
de
rivati
ve
”
a
nd
a
PI
D
co
ntr
oll
er
is
a
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
inco
rpor
at
in
g
these
th
ree
c
omp
on
e
nts.
Th
e
integ
rator
mit
igate
s
the
con
t
ro
ll
ed
sys
te
m’s
e
rror,
a
nd
the
der
i
vative p
r
ov
ides
im
pro
ved o
ut
pu
t,
a
dd
i
ng to
oth
e
r
a
dvant
ageous
rea
sons
as
t
o
w
hy
P
I
D
co
ntr
oller h
as
b
een
pr
e
ferred
f
or
more
tha
n
ei
ght
deca
des
[
5].
The
par
am
et
ers
of
pr
opor
ti
onal
,
integ
rato
r
and
de
rivati
on
gains
,
denoted
r
es
pec
ti
vely
as
,
,
,
are
tun
e
d
to
obtai
n desire
d o
utput from
the c
ontr
olled
process
[6].
Ther
e
are
se
ve
ral
cl
assic
al
appr
oach
es
to
tun
e
the
P
ID
co
nt
r
oller
na
mely
Zie
gler
-
Nich
ols
[
7],
Coh
e
n
-
C
oon
[
8]
,
C
hien
-
H
r
ones
-
Re
s
wick
[
9
]
,
Astr
om
a
nd
Ha
gg
l
und
[
10].
Howe
ver,
these
c
onve
nt
ion
al
methods
t
yp
ic
a
ll
y
con
s
ume
a
gr
eat
de
al
of
ti
me
as
tun
i
ng
of
pa
rameters m
us
t
be
done
it
erati
vely
un
ti
l
opti
mal
so
luti
on
is
obt
a
ined
[11]
a
nd
r
esults
in
un
des
irable
over
sho
ot
[12
].
T
o
ove
rcome
these d
isa
dvanta
ges,
num
ber
of
PID
tu
ning
methods
ha
ve
been
pro
pose
d
in
the
li
te
ratu
re.
On
e
of
su
c
h
ap
proac
hes
i
s
the
usa
ge
of
meta
-
heurist
ic
tech
niq
ue
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
PID spe
ed
con
trol of
DC
mo
t
or
us
in
g meta
-
heuri
sti
c a
lg
ori
thms
(
Bishw
a Ba
bu Achary
a
)
823
M
et
ahe
ur
ist
ic
op
ti
miza
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
a
re
st
och
a
sti
c
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
that
pro
vi
des
s
uffici
entl
y
acce
ptable
so
luti
on(
s)
it
er
at
ing
the ca
nd
i
date so
l
ution(s
)
imp
rovin
g
a
certai
n
metri
c,
of
te
n
re
ferred
t
o
as the f
it
ness
v
al
ue.
M
et
ahe
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithms
ca
n
ef
fecti
vely
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
prob
le
m
of
getti
ng
s
tu
ck
in
local
opti
ma
wh
il
e
exp
l
or
at
io
n
in
the
feasible
so
l
ution
domain
a
nd
prov
i
de
ef
f
ect
ive
opti
miz
at
ion
i
n
pro
ble
ms
with
c
ompl
exiti
e
s
of
ti
me
or
dim
ensio
ns
[
13
]
,
[
14].
Co
ntr
ol
of
DC
mo
t
or
has
bee
n
a
popula
r
area
w
he
re
s
ever
al
meta
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithms
fi
nd
appli
cat
ion
[15
]
,
[
16]
.
In
this
pa
per
,
t
wo
meta
he
ur
is
ti
c
al
go
rith
ms
are
prese
nted
as
tun
in
g
met
hods
t
o
tu
ne
pa
rameters
of
sp
ee
d
-
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
DC
mo
t
or,
namely
,
a
rc
himede
s
opti
miza
ti
on
al
gorithm
(
AOA)
an
d
dis
per
si
ve
flie
s
op
ti
miza
ti
on
(
DFO).
T
he
pa
pe
r
is
se
t
i
n
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
orde
r
:
Se
ct
io
n
2
outl
ines
the
meth
odolog
y
e
mp
l
oyed
i
n
th
e
stu
dy
with
a
br
ie
f
descr
i
ption
of
meta
-
heurist
ic
al
gor
it
hm
s,
Se
ct
io
n
3
il
lustrate
s
r
esults
a
nd
rele
van
t
discuss
i
ons
,
a
nd
S
ect
io
n
4
c
oncl
udes t
he
stu
dy.
2.
METHO
D
2
.
1.
M
od
el
li
n
g of D
C
m
otor
An
exte
rn
al
ly
excit
ed
DC
m
otor
is
e
mp
l
oyed
i
n
this
stu
dy.
The
sc
hema
ti
c
of
armat
ur
e
-
co
ntr
olled
DC
mo
t
or
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Fi
gure
1.
The
vo
lt
age
(
)
is
em
ploy
ed
t
o
re
gu
la
te
t
he
a
ngula
r
vel
ocity
(
)
of
the
mo
to
r.
Figure
1.
Sc
he
mati
c o
f
ar
mature
-
co
ntr
olled
DC m
otor
Rotat
ing
r
otor
interact
s
with
t
he
fixe
d
fiel
d
at
righ
t
an
gle.
S
o,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
induce
d
acr
os
s
it
s
te
rmin
al
i.e, the
mo
t
or ba
ck
E
M
F
(
)
is propo
rtion
al
t
o
t
he
s
pee
d
(
)
=
(
1
)
Wh
e
re
is t
he b
ack E
M
F
const
ant.
T
he g
ov
e
r
ning mat
hemat
ic
al
mo
de
l f
or
armatu
re l
oop
i
s
=
+
+
(
2
)
Wh
e
re
is
the
armatu
re
c
urre
nt,
is
the
indu
ct
ance
of
ar
ma
ture
windin
g,
a
nd
is
the
arma
ture
re
sist
ance.
Since the
to
rqu
e
est
ablish
e
d b
y
the
m
otor
(
)
is pro
portion
at
e
to
c
urren
t
(
)
in t
he
arm
at
ur
e
=
(
3
)
Wh
e
re
is
t
he
mo
to
r
t
orq
ue
c
on
sta
nt.
T
he
dyna
mic
e
qu
at
i
on
wit
h
c
oeffic
ie
nt
of
fr
ic
ti
on
(
)
an
d
moment
of
inerti
a
(
)
is
=
2
2
+
(
4)
Since,
(
)
=
(
)
. T
he re
su
lt
ing t
ransfe
r
fun
ct
io
n for t
he
sp
ee
d
-
c
ontr
olled D
C
m
oto
r
is
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
=
(
+
)
(
+
)
+
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
822
–
831
824
Fo
r
the
m
od
el
par
a
mete
rs
c
on
sidere
d,
t
he res
ulti
ng
t
ran
s
fe
r funct
io
n
is
.
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
=
1
0
.
22
28
66
2
+
0
.
77
06
7
+
1
(
6
)
2.2.
PID
c
ontr
oller
This
st
udy
ass
um
es
to
ac
hiev
e
a
distu
rb
a
nce
reject
io
n
c
ontrolle
r
by
us
i
ng
a
ste
p
i
nput
a
s
re
fer
e
nce.
The
c
ontrolle
r
eff
ic
acy
is
e
va
luate
d
with
re
gards
t
o
ov
e
rs
hoot.
rise
ti
me
,
pea
k
ti
me,
an
d
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
the
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
ste
p respo
ns
e.
The t
ran
s
fer f
unct
ion
of the
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er is
(
)
=
+
+
=
(
1
+
1
+
)
(
7
)
w
he
re
,
a
nd
r
epr
ese
nt
pro
portion
al
g
ai
n,
i
nt
egr
al
g
ai
n
,
a
nd
der
i
vative g
a
in
, r
es
pecti
vely
.
Like
wise,
and
represe
nt
the inte
gr
al
a
nd
de
rivati
ve
ti
m
e co
ns
ta
nt
.
A
ls
o,
=
/
, a
nd
=
.
The
sc
hemati
c
diag
ram
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
ontr
oller
f
or
s
pe
ed
c
on
tr
ol
of
DC
m
otor
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
2.
Fi
nal
ly,
f
or
no
-
loa
d
co
ndit
ion
wit
h
PID
sp
ee
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
th
e
c
losed
-
lo
op
tra
nsfer
f
unct
ion
is
gi
ven
by
(
8).
−
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
=
(
)
.
(
)
1
+
(
)
.
(
)
=
2
+
+
0
.
22
2
86
6
3
+
(
0
.
77
06
7
+
)
2
+
(
1
+
)
+
(
8
)
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
of
pa
rameter
opti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
ocess
of the
PID c
on
trolle
r
2.3.
Zi
egler
-
Nich
ol
s (
ZN
)
me
tho
d
The
Z
N
meth
od [17] to fin
d
,
, and
is devel
oped
on the tra
nsi
ent r
esp
onse
of
the
s
ys
te
m
t
o
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
.
In
this
stu
dy
,
ste
p
re
spo
ns
e
(
op
en
lo
op)
meth
od
is
em
ploye
d.
T
he
open
loop
meth
od
in
vo
l
ves
locat
ing
the
in
flect
ion
point
in
t
he
res
pons
e
cu
rv
e
wh
e
re
the
sl
op
e
of
th
e
res
pons
e
c
urve
sta
rts
decr
e
asi
ng
.
The
proce
dure
is
as
,
a)
e
nsu
re
that
t
he
res
pons
e
cu
rv
e
lo
ok
s
li
ke
an
S
-
sh
a
pe
d
c
urve
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
3,
fo
r
the
open
lo
op
ste
p
res
pons
e,
b)
d
ra
w
a
li
ne
t
ang
e
nt
to
the
i
nf
le
ct
io
n
point
an
d
meas
ure
t
he
dela
y
ti
me
(
)
a
nd
ti
me
con
sta
nt
(
)
,
c)
m
ea
sure
the
ste
ad
y
sta
te
gain
of
the
plant
(
)
,
a
nd
d)
f
inall
y,
c
omp
ute
the
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r
par
a
mete
rs fr
om Ta
ble 1.
T
able
1.
Zie
gle
r
-
Nich
ols tu
ning
form
ula [1
7]
Co
n
troller typ
e
P
/
PI
0
.
9
/
/
0
.
3
PID
1
.
2
/
2
0
.
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
PID spe
ed
con
trol of
DC
mo
t
or
us
in
g meta
-
heuri
sti
c a
lg
ori
thms
(
Bishw
a Ba
bu Achary
a
)
825
2.4.
Meta
-
heuristi
c a
lg
orit
hms
2.4.1.
Arc
hime
des
op
timi
z
at
i
on
al
go
ri
t
hm
Ar
c
hime
des
opti
miza
ti
on
al
gorithm
,
in
short
AOA,
is
a
phys
ic
s
-
ins
pir
ed
meta
heurist
ic
te
chn
iq
ue
pro
po
se
d
in
2020
[18
].
It
is
ba
sed
on
the
Archimede
s’
pr
i
nc
iple
wh
ic
h
sta
te
s
that
fo
r
a
n
obje
ct
,
subm
erg
e
d
fu
ll
y
or
pa
rtia
ll
y
in
a
fluid,
buoya
ncy
f
or
ce
act
ing
on
t
he
ob
je
c
t
e
qu
at
es
the
dis
placed
portio
n
of
the
fluid’s
weig
ht.
In
A
O
A,
obje
ct
s
re
fe
r
to
t
he
in
di
viduals
of
t
he
popula
ti
on
.
T
he
obje
ct
s
ha
ve
ph
ys
ic
al
pro
pe
rtie
s
li
ke
acce
le
rati
on
,
volume
,
a
nd
de
ns
it
y.
A
O
A
t
ries
to
co
nver
ge
to
an
op
ti
m
um
wh
e
re
t
hese
in
div
id
uals
ar
e
in
equ
il
ib
rium.
I
n
oth
e
r
w
ords
,
r
esulta
nt
f
or
ce
act
ing
on
t
he
obje
ct
is
zero
a
nd
t
he
obje
ct
f
loats
on
th
e
fluid
.
I
n
init
ia
l
sta
ge
of
A
O
A,
each
obje
ct
ha
s
rand
om
posit
io
n
i
n
flui
d.
Wit
h
it
erati
on,
A
OA
updates
each
obje
ct
’s
densi
ty
a
nd
vo
lume.
Ite
rati
ons
c
on
ti
nue
un
ti
l
te
rmin
at
i
on
c
rite
ria
is
met.
The
al
gorith
m’
s
im
plementat
i
on
i
n
op
ti
miza
ti
on
prob
le
m
is il
lustr
at
ed
by t
he pse
udo
-
co
de.
procedure
AOA
Define population size
, maximum iterations
, constants
1
,
2
,
3
4
Initialize
population individuals with random positions, densities, and volumes
Evaluate each individual’s fitness and choose the optimum from these fitness value
Set iteration counter
=
1
while
≤
do
for
each object
do
Update density and volume
Update t
ransfer and density decreasing factors TF and d respectively
if
≤
0
.
5
then
(
Exploration Phase
)
Update acceleration and normalize acceleration
Update position
else
(
Exploitation Phase
)
Update acceleration and normalize acceleration
Updat
e direction flag F
Update position
end if
end for
Evaluate each object’s fitness and select the best fitness
Set
=
+
1
end while
return
object with best fitness value
end procedure
2.4.2.
Dispe
rsi
ve fli
es o
p
timi
za
tio
n
Disp
e
rsive
flie
s
opti
miza
ti
on
,
intr
oduce
d
i
n
2014
[19
],
is
insp
i
red
f
r
om
t
wo
beh
a
viour
s
of
flie
s:
their
swarmi
ng
behavio
ur
w
hen
they
fin
d
a
f
ood
sou
rce
a
nd
their
retreat
in
g
a
nd
dis
per
si
ng
be
ha
viour
wh
e
n
encou
ntere
d
a
threat.
It
has
be
en
em
ploye
d
in
seve
ral
discrete
an
d
c
on
ti
nuous
searc
h
s
pa
ces
pro
blems
in
th
e
domain
of
me
dical
imagi
ng
[20],
trai
ning
of
dee
p
ne
ur
al
netw
ork
[
21],
opti
miza
ti
on
of
mac
hin
e
le
arn
i
ng
al
gorithms
[
22].
DFO’s
imple
mentat
io
n
in
opti
miza
ti
on
pro
blem is il
lustra
te
d
by t
he pse
udo
-
c
od
e
.
while
FE < 300,000
do
for
=
1
→
do
⃗
.
←
(
⃗
)
end for
←
{
,
∀
(
⃗
)
=
min
(
(
⃗
1
)
,
(
⃗
2
)
,
…
,
(
⃗
)
)
}
←
{
,
∀
(
⃗
)
=
min
(
(
⃗
)
,
(
⃗
ℎ
)
)
}
for
=
1
→
do
for
=
1
→
do
←
,
−
1
+
(
0
,
1
)
×
(
,
−
1
−
−
1
)
if
(
<
)
then
←
,
+
(
,
−
,
)
end if
end for
⃗
←
⃗
end for
end while
2.4.3.
Part
ic
le
s
w
ar
m o
p
timi
za
tio
n
Kenne
dy
a
nd
Eberha
rt
[23
]
su
ggest
e
d
PS
O
wh
ic
h
has
it
s
mo
ti
vatio
n
in
t
he
colle
ct
ive
be
hav
i
our
of
fauna
wh
ic
h
c
om
m
ute
in
gro
up
s
.
Eac
h
me
mb
e
r
in
swa
r
m
is
re
ferred
a
s
a
“
pa
rtic
le
”
wh
ic
h
m
oves
arou
nd
i
n
the
so
l
ution
s
pa
ce.
Their
mov
ements
are
gove
rn
e
d
by
pr
e
-
de
fine
d
r
ules.
E
ach
of
these
m
embe
rs,
or
par
t
ic
le
s,
is
assigne
d,
a
velocit
y
value
an
d
a
po
sit
io
n
value.
The
c
hange
i
n
posit
ion
is
bro
ught
up
by
a
dju
st
ment
in
velocit
y,
w
hic
h
in
tu
r
n
de
pe
nd
s
on
eac
h
m
embe
r’
s
best
posit
ion
a
nd
ent
ire
popula
ti
on’
s
best
posit
io
n
un
ti
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
822
–
831
826
that
insta
nce.
I
t
has
bee
n
em
ployed
in
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
de
sig
ning
ta
s
k
f
or
m
ulti
ple
ti
mes.
Ba
youm
i
an
d
S
olima
n
[24]
e
mp
l
oy
e
d
PSO
-
ba
sed
P
I/PID
co
ntr
olli
ng
sche
me
f
or
sp
ee
d
an
d
c
urre
nt
re
gu
la
ti
on
of
brus
hless
DC
(BLDC
)
m
ot
or.
H.
E.
A
.
Ibra
him,
F.
N.
Has
san,
an
d
A
.
O.
Shome
r
[25
]
c
ompare
d
pe
rfo
rma
nce
of
P
S
O
with
bacteria
l
f
or
a
gi
ng
opti
miza
ti
on
(B
FO)
in
re
gula
ti
ng
a
BLD
C
mo
to
r’s
s
pee
d.
R.
V
.
Jai
n,
M
.
V.
A
war
e
,
and
A
.
S.
Jun
gh
a
re
[
26]
tu
ne
d
f
racti
on
al
order
P
I
D
(FOP
ID)
co
ntr
oller
for
si
mil
ar
a
pp
li
cat
ion.
The
al
gorithm
is
represe
nted
i
n t
he
pse
ud
o
c
ode.
For
member
p
Initialize member
End
Do
For
member
p
Evaluate the fitness
If new fitness value optimal than personal best (
pfbest
)
pfbest
←
new fitness value
End
Select the member with the best
pfbest
value as global best (
gfbest
)
For
member
p
Evaluate velocity using (1)
Update position using (2)
End
Wh
il
e st
opping
crite
ria
no
t t
r
ue
The u
pd
at
e e
quat
ions are
as
(
+
1
,
)
=
(
)
(
,
)
+
1
[
(
,
)
−
(
)
]
+
2
[
(
)
−
(
)
]
(
9
)
(
+
1
,
)
=
(
,
)
+
(
+
1
,
)
(
10
)
Wh
e
re
=i
te
rati
on
num
ber,
=par
ti
cl
e
num
ber,
=velocit
y,
=po
sit
io
n,
1
,
2
=acc
el
erati
on
c
on
sta
nt
s
,
(
,
)
=per
s
onal
b
e
st
po
sit
io
n of
ℎ
part
ic
le
, an
d
(
)
=glo
bal b
e
st p
os
it
io
n
in
po
pu
la
ti
on
.
2.5.
Perfo
r
ma
nce i
ndex a
nd
res
p
on
se
cri
teria
ITAE
is
a
co
m
mon
pe
rfo
rma
nce
in
de
x
us
e
d
in
the
desig
n
of
a
PID
c
on
tr
ol.
T
his
in
dex
was
sel
ect
ed
to
be
our
obje
ct
ive
functi
on
because
inte
gral
of
s
quare
e
rror
a
nd
inte
gral
of
a
bsolute
error,
I
SE
a
nd
IA
E
resp
ect
ivel
y,
weig
h
al
l
error
equ
al
l
y
res
ulti
ng
i
n
lo
nger
s
et
tl
ing
ti
me.
I
TAE
ov
e
rc
ome
s
this
li
mit
at
i
on
[
27]
.
ITAE is e
valua
te
d
usi
ng the
(
18).
=
∫
|
(
)
|
(
)
(
11
)
Thr
ee
res
pons
e
char
act
e
risti
cs,
pa
rtic
ularly
,
the
set
tl
ing
ti
m
e,
rise
ti
me
a
nd
the
over
sho
ot
of
t
he
pla
nt
introd
uced
w
it
h
the
ste
p
in
pu
t
wer
e o
bse
r
ve
d.
T
he
n
the r
es
pons
e o
f
the
s
ugge
ste
d
al
go
rithms
,
ZN
meth
od
a
nd
PSO
w
ere
co
m
par
e
d.
T
he
dat
a
o
btaine
d
a
re
com
par
e
d
with
that
of
P
SO
a
s
it
is
t
he
m
os
t
us
e
d
al
gorith
m
f
or
sy
no
nym
ou
s
task i
n
li
te
ratur
e
.
2.6.
Algori
th
m
p
ar
amet
er
s
The
sim
ulati
on
s
of
tra
ns
ie
nt
res
pons
e
a
na
lyses
of
met
a
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorith
ms
are
pe
rformed
in
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
e
nvir
onment.
Re
s
ult
s
are
obta
ine
d
af
te
r
10
r
un
s
f
or
each
al
gorith
m
in
la
ptop
r
unni
ng
64
-
bit
Wi
ndows
10,
In
te
l(R
)
C
or
e
™
,
i
7
-
1067G
7CP
U
@
1.30G
Hz,
1.5
G
Hz,
8GB
R
A
M
.
T
he
i
niti
alizat
io
n
values
us
e
d
f
or
t
he
var
ia
bles,
ke
pt
fixe
d
durin
g
eac
h
run
of
the
c
ode
e
xecu
ti
on,
of
t
he
meta
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithms
are
li
ste
d
in the
Ta
bles
2.
Table
2
.
In
it
ia
li
zat
ion
parame
te
rs
f
or AO
A,
DFO, a
nd P
SO
AOA
DFO
PSO
Mater
i
al nu
m
b
ers
=
50
Po
p
u
latio
n
of f
lies
=
50
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
particle
s
=
50
TF
th
resh
o
ld
f
o
r
e
x
p
lo
ration
ph
ase
≤
0
.
5
Delta
=
0
.
001
Maximu
m
ite
ration
s
=
100
Maximu
m
ite
ration
s
=
100
Maximu
m
ite
ration
s
=
100
Inertial
weig
h
t
(
)
=
0
.
1
1
=
2
Acceler
atio
n
coeff
icien
t 1
(
1
)
=
1
.
2
2
=
6
Acceler
atio
n
coeff
icien
t 2
(
2
)
=
0
.
12
3
=
2
4
=
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
PID spe
ed
con
trol of
DC
mo
t
or
us
in
g meta
-
heuri
sti
c a
lg
ori
thms
(
Bishw
a Ba
bu Achary
a
)
827
The
dime
ns
io
n
of
t
he
pro
ble
m
to
be
opti
mize
d
by
t
he
al
gorith
ms
is
th
re
e,
r
efe
rr
in
g
to
the
t
hr
ee
gain
values
of PI
D con
t
ro
ll
er:
,
,
. T
he
r
a
ng
e
of the
s
e g
ai
ns
us
ed
is
.
0
.
01
≤
,
,
≤
20
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
To
i
nv
e
sti
gate
the
e
ff
ic
ac
y
of
A
O
A
a
nd
DFO,
t
heir
pe
rformance
in
transient
res
ponse
wer
e
com
par
e
d
with
ZN
a
nd
PS
O.
Th
e
c
hosen
al
gorith
ms
f
or
pe
r
forma
nce
c
omparis
on
are AO
A
-
P
I
D
-
ITAE, D
F
O
-
PI
D
-
I
TAE
a
nd
PS
O
-
PID
-
IT
A
E.
T
ransi
ent
re
sp
onse
crit
eria
mainl
y
i
nclu
de
pe
rcen
ta
ge
overs
hoot
(
)
,
rise
ti
me
(
)
, s
et
tl
ing
t
ime
(
)
, a
nd p
e
ak
ti
me
(
)
.
3.1.
Open l
oop res
po
nse
Table
3
pro
vi
de
s
transie
nt
re
sp
onse
crit
eria
for
the
syst
em
w
he
n
intr
od
uced
with
ste
p
input
in
t
he
abse
nce
of
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
A
mil
d
ov
e
rs
hoot
of
1.180
9
a
nd
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
1.835
4s
is
obse
r
ved
i
n
the
op
e
n
lo
op
ste
p
re
spo
ns
e
su
ggest
in
g
t
he
impleme
ntati
on
of
de
rivati
ve
act
ion
in
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
to
m
it
igate
the
ove
rsho
ot
and
re
duce
set
t
li
ng
ti
me.
Als
o,
the
rise
ti
me
of
1.1
945s
is
obser
ve
d
i
n
the
op
e
n
l
oop
ste
p
res
pons
e
s
ugge
sti
ng
the inc
orp
or
at
i
on of
pro
portio
nal and i
nteg
ra
ti
ve
act
ion i
n
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
to
r
e
du
ce
the
rise
ti
me.
Table
3
. T
ra
ns
i
ent r
es
ponse
cr
it
eria wit
hout
PI
D
contr
oller
Tr
an
sien
t r
esp
o
n
se crite
ria
Valu
es
(
%
)
1
.18
0
9
(
)
1
.19
4
5
(
)
1
.83
5
4
(
)
2
.55
7
0
3.2.
Zi
egler
-
Nich
ol
s method
As
per
the
pr
ocedu
re
descr
i
bed
in
S
ect
io
n
2.3
.
,
t
he
par
a
mete
rs
for
c
omp
uting
the
P
ID
gai
ns
is
ob
ta
ine
d
from
Figure
3.
The
ob
ta
ine
d
pa
ra
mete
rs
a
re
=
1
,
=
0
.
40476
,
and
=
0
.
6
4
2
85
.
The
PI
D
gain
par
a
mete
rs
co
mput
ed
us
i
ng
t
hese
va
lues
with
t
he
co
rr
es
pondi
ng
tra
ns
ie
nt
re
sp
onse
c
rite
ria
are
inco
rpor
at
e
d
i
n
Ta
ble
4
.
T
he
cl
os
e
d
-
lo
op
respo
ns
e
of
th
e
mo
t
or
us
i
ng
PI
D
gai
n
par
a
mete
rs
ob
ta
ine
d
f
r
om
Zie
gler
-
Nich
ol
s
meth
od
has
r
ise
ti
me
of
0
.
77
68
,
s
et
tl
ing
ti
me
of
1
.
2518
,
pea
k
ti
me
of
5
.
1184
,
a
nd
no
ov
e
rs
hoot.
He
nce,
the
Zie
gl
er
-
Nich
ols
method
seems
to
hav
e
im
pro
ved
the
s
ys
te
m’s
t
ran
sie
nt
respo
ns
e
b
y
rem
ov
i
ng
t
he
disturba
nce
a
nd
re
duci
ng
ris
e
ti
me
and
pe
ak
ti
me
.
Alth
ough
Zie
gle
r
-
Nich
ols
re
m
ov
ed
the
disturba
nce
for
m the t
ran
sie
nt
r
es
pons
e
, peak
ti
me increa
sed
f
r
om
2
.
5570
to
5
.
1184
.
Figure
3. F
undi
ng
K, L a
nd T
f
r
om ‘
S’
s
ha
pe
d
ste
p
re
spo
nse
curve
3.3.
Meta
-
heuristi
c a
lg
orit
hms
Table
4
il
lustr
at
es
the
best
pe
rformance
of
the
al
gorithms
t
o
pro
du
ce
op
ti
mal
PI
D
co
nt
ro
ll
er
gains
.
The
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
res
pons
e
of
the
DC
m
oto
r
usi
ng
P
ID
gain
par
a
mete
rs
obt
ai
ned
f
rom
A
O
A
-
P
I
D
has
rise
ti
me
of
0
.
1100
,
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
0
.
1957
,
pea
k
ti
me
of
0
.
5516
,
an
d
0
.
2600%
overs
hoot.
He
nc
e,
the
A
OA
-
PID
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2021
:
822
–
831
828
has
im
pro
ved
the
s
ys
te
m’
s
tr
ansient
res
ponse
by
sig
nifica
ntly
r
ed
ucin
g
t
he
peak
ti
me,
t
he
set
tl
ing
ti
m
e,
an
d
the
rise
ti
me.
S
imi
la
r
con
cl
us
ion
ca
n
be
de
rived
for
the
tra
ns
ie
nt
res
pons
e
crit
eria
of
D
FO
-
PID
w
hic
h
has
the
rise
t
ime
of
0
.
1098
,
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
0
.
1951
,
pea
k
ti
m
e
of
0
.
5349
,
a
nd
0
.
4600%
over
sh
oot.
These
respo
ns
e c
rite
ria are
bette
r w
he
n
c
ompare
d
t
o
th
os
e
obtai
ne
d from
ZN
met
hod
a
nd P
SO
-
PI
D
.
Table
4.
C
on
t
r
oller
gains
a
nd
transient
res
pons
e c
rite
ria
Co
n
troller
ty
p
e
(
%
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
AOA
-
P
ID
1
5
.40
0
0
1
9
.97
0
4
4
.44
7
7
0
.26
0
0
0
.11
0
0
0
.19
5
7
0
.55
1
6
DFO
-
P
ID
1
5
.43
6
7
1
9
.99
9
7
4
.45
3
5
0
.46
0
0
0
.10
9
8
0
.19
5
1
0
.53
4
9
PSO
-
P
ID
1
3
.69
4
8
1
7
.73
8
9
3
.94
6
8
0
.77
0
0
0
.12
3
9
0
.21
9
8
0
.57
5
2
ZN
-
P
ID
1
.90
5
9
2
.35
4
3
0
.38
5
7
0
.00
0
0
0
.77
6
8
1
.25
1
8
5
.11
8
4
DFO
-
P
I
D
ou
t
performs
AOA
-
P
I
D,
ZN
-
P
I
D,
a
nd
PS
O
-
P
ID
in
te
rms
of
rise
ti
me,
pe
ak
ti
me,
a
nd
set
tl
ing
ti
me.
DFO
-
P
I
D
c
ontrolle
r
has
rise
ti
me
of
0
.
1098
,
set
t
li
ng
ti
me
of
0
.
1951
,
and
pea
k
ti
me
of
0
.
5349
.
Like
wise,
A
O
A
-
P
I
D
ranks
s
econd
with
ris
e
ti
me
of
0
.
110
0
,
set
t
li
ng
ti
me
of
0
.
1957
,
and
pe
ak
ti
me
of
0
.
5516
.
With
reg
a
r
ds
to
ov
ersho
ot,
AOA
-
PI
D
outpe
rfo
r
ms
ot
her
meta
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
go
rithms
with
0
.
26%
overs
hoot.
Likewise
,
D
FO
-
PI
D
ra
nks
sec
ond
with
0
.
46%
over
sh
oot.
Fig
ur
e
4
shows
the
cl
ose
d
-
l
oop
ste
p
res
ponse
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
for
al
l
these
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
Alt
hough
al
l
the
meta
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithms
ca
n
reduce
the
dist
urban
c
e
in
c
omparis
on
to
ope
n
lo
op
res
pons
e,
sma
ll
per
ce
ntage
of
ove
rsho
ot
is
sti
ll
pr
evalent
in
the
sy
ste
m.
Fig
ure
4
il
lustrate
s t
he
close
d
-
lo
op st
ep resp
onse
of
the s
ys
te
m
for a
ll
these contr
ol
le
rs.
Figure
4. Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
ste
p res
pons
e
for al
l con
t
ro
ll
ers
Table
5
pro
vi
des
the
mini
mu
m
value
of
the
obje
ct
ive
f
unct
ion
thes
e
meta
he
uri
sti
c
al
gorith
ms
conve
rg
e
to
af
te
r
10
0
it
erati
on
s
.
This
hel
ps
one
co
nclu
de
that
th
e
pro
po
s
ed
tu
ning
methods
pr
ov
i
de
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
par
a
mete
rs
with
co
mp
a
rati
vely
lo
wer
IT
AE
val
ue
wh
ic
h
is
a
de
sired
feature
.
DFO
-
P
I
D
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
evide
ntly,
has
t
he
lo
west
I
TA
E
with
l
ow
est
sta
nd
a
rd
de
viati
on
for
10
in
de
pende
nt
r
uns.
Hen
ce
,
the
DFO
-
P
I
D
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
th
e
mo
st
accu
rat
e
meta
-
he
ur
ist
i
c
al
go
rit
hm
ba
sed
on
I
TA
E
fi
tness
f
un
ct
i
on.
Likewise,
DFO
-
P
I
D
is
evide
nt
to
s
how
minimal
var
ia
nce
in
the
res
ult
for
dif
f
eren
t
runs
il
lus
trat
ing
t
he
high
re
peata
bili
ty
of
the
al
gorithm.
AO
A
-
P
I
D
ra
nks s
econd a
fter
DFO
-
P
I
D
in
term
s of f
it
ness fun
ct
ion
value
as
well
.
Table
5
.
Be
st
f
it
ness
f
unct
ion
value f
or
ea
ch
con
t
ro
ll
er
Co
n
troller typ
e
Bes
t f
itn
ess
valu
e (
IT
A
E)
Stan
d
ard d
ev
iatio
n
in IT
A
E
AOA
-
P
ID
0
.00
2
4
9
3
4
.77
E
-
04
DFO
-
P
ID
0
.00
2
4
8
4
2
.31
1
9
E
-
06
PSO
-
P
ID
0
.00
3
1
5
3
9
.22
E
-
04
Figure
5
il
lustr
at
es
the
co
nv
e
r
gen
ce
of
the
m
et
a
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithm
for
the
best
simulat
io
n
r
un.
It
is
ob
s
er
ved
t
hat
the
s
uggeste
d
methods
ta
ke
l
ess
it
erati
on
t
o
conve
rg
e
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
a
n
opti
m
al
PI
D
c
ontr
oller.
It
is
ob
s
er
vab
le
t
ha
t
the
DF
O
-
P
ID
co
nv
e
r
ges
fa
st
er
tha
n
A
OA
-
PI
D
a
nd
PS
O
-
PI
D
.
W
hile
D
FO
-
PID
t
ook
only
18
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
PID spe
ed
con
trol of
DC
mo
t
or
us
in
g meta
-
heuri
sti
c a
lg
ori
thms
(
Bishw
a Ba
bu Achary
a
)
829
it
erati
on
s
to
c
onve
r
ge
to
the
I
TAE
of
0.0
02484,
A
O
A
-
P
I
D
took
ab
out
50
i
te
rati
on
s
t
o
ac
hieve
a
ppr
ox
i
mate
ly
the
sa
me.
O
n
the
c
on
t
rary,
P
SO
-
PID
co
uld
only
c
onve
rge
to
I
TAE
of
0.003
153
eve
n
with
100
it
e
r
at
ion
s.
AOA
-
PID
a
nd
DFO
-
P
I
D
ou
t
pe
rform
Z
N
method
a
nd
PSO
-
method
in
t
ransi
ent
res
ponse
crit
eria
as
well
as
in
minimi
zi
ng
IT
AE
value.
Fur
therm
or
e
,
thes
e
two
pro
pose
d
met
hods
ta
ke
com
par
at
ivel
y
le
ss
it
erati
ons
to
conve
rg
e
to o
pt
imal
I
TAE
v
al
ue
tha
n PS
O
-
P
ID
.
Figure
5. Co
nverg
e
nce
plo
t
of
meta
-
heurist
ic
algorit
hm
s
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
st
udy,
two
ne
w
a
ppr
oac
hes
are
pr
ese
nted
t
o
ob
ta
in
opti
mum
gain
par
a
m
et
ers
of
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
to
re
gu
la
te
a
DC
m
otor’s
r
otati
onal
sp
ee
d
.
I
n
c
ontr
oller
desig
n
proce
ss,
meta
-
he
ur
ist
ic
al
gorithms
are
util
iz
ed
to
minimi
ze
t
he
IT
AE
fitness
functi
on.
Tra
nsi
ent
res
ponse
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
DC
m
otor
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
wer
e
e
m
ploy
ed
to
e
valuate
the
ef
ficacy
of
meta
-
heuris
ti
c
al
go
rith
ms.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
AOA,
DFO,
a
nd
P
SO
al
gorithms
are
co
ns
ide
red
f
or
pe
rformance
c
omparis
on.
T
he
nume
rical
fi
gures
a
nd
gr
a
phic
al
simulat
ion
res
ults
co
nclu
de
t
hat
the
pro
pose
d
te
ch
niques
outpe
rform
the
cl
assic
al
ZN
m
et
hod
a
nd
the
popula
r
PSO
met
hod.
Hen
ce
,
t
he
propose
d
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
ca
n
be
e
mp
lo
ye
d
t
o
e
ns
ure
opti
mum
performa
nc
e
of
PI
D
con
t
ro
ll
er i
n
la
rg
e
elec
tric
al
sy
ste
ms,
pr
oces
s in
du
st
ry an
d automati
on sec
tor, am
ong oth
ers.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
W.
La
n
and
Q.
Zhou
,
“
Speed
c
ontrol
of
DC
m
otor
using
co
mp
osite
nonl
ine
a
r
f
ee
dba
ck
con
trol
,
”
In
2009
IEEE
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Con
trol
and
Aut
oma
ti
on
,
Dec
2009,
pp.
2160
-
2164
.
[2]
Q.
V.
Ngo,
Y.
Chai,
and
T.
T.
Nguyen,
“
T
he
fu
zz
y
-
PID
b
ase
d
-
pitch
angl
e
cont
ro
ller
for
smal
l
-
sc
al
e
win
d
turbi
ne
,
”
Inte
rna
ti
onal
Journal
o
f
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
(IJ
PE
D
S)
,
vol
.
11
,
no.
1,
pp
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135
-
142
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2020
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jpe
ds
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v11.
i1.
pp135
-
142
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[3]
Dil
Kum
ar
T
R
and
Mi
ja
S.J
,
“
Design
and
per
for
ma
nc
e
evalua
t
io
n
of
robust
SM
C
sche
me
s
for
spe
ed
cont
rol
of
DC
mot
or
,
”
In
201
4
IE
EE
Int
ernati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Adv
an
ce
d
Comm
unicat
ions,
Control
and
Computi
ng
Technol
ogi
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p
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92
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7019235
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[4]
R.
Na
mba,
T.
Y
am
a
mot
o
,
and
M.
Kan
eda
,
“
Ro
bust
PID
con
troller
and
i
ts
app
lication
,
”
1997
I
E
EE
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Confe
renc
e
on
Syste
ms
,
Man,
and
Cyb
erne
tics.
Computa
ti
onal
Cyb
erne
tics
an
d
Simula
ti
on
,
O
ct
1997,
v
ol
.
4
,
pp.
3636
-
3641
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/I
CS
MC.1997.
633233
.
[5]
Š.
Bucz
and
A.
Kozá
ková,
“
Adv
anc
ed
methods
of
PID
cont
rolle
r
tuni
ng
for
spec
ifi
ed
p
erf
orm
ance,
”
PID
Control
for I
ndustrial Proce
ss
es
,
pp
.
73
-
119,
20
18
,
DO
I:
10.
5772/i
n
te
cho
pen.
76069
.
[6]
L.
Cha
ib,
A
.
C
houcha
,
and
S.
Arif,
“
Opt
im
a
l
design
and
tuning
of
novel
f
ra
ct
ion
al
ord
er
PID
power
sys
te
m
stabi
lizer
using
a
n
ew
me
t
ahe
ur
isti
c
Ba
t
al
gor
ithm
,
”
Ai
n
Shams
Eng
ine
ering
Jo
urnal
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
113
-
125
,
2017
,
DO
I:
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.
1
016/j
.
ase
j.
2015
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003
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i
ah
and
S.
Mall
ad
i,
“
An
opti
mized
r
elati
o
n
bet
wee
n
T
i
an
d
T
d
in
Modif
ied
Zi
eg
le
r
Ni
chols
PID
cont
roll
er
tuni
ng
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2013
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EE
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ren
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Ab
Male
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Ev
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n
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me
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for
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D
cont
roller
par
am
e
te
rs
of
a
cru
i
se
cont
rol
sys
tem
using m
e
ta
mod
e
li
ng
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”
Mod
el
l
ing
and
Simula
ti
on
in
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ine
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t J
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c
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Yokoyama
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“
Ap
pli
c
at
ion
of
gen
e
ti
c
p
rogra
m
mi
ng
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fin
e
tuni
ng
PID
cont
rol
le
r
p
ara
m
et
ers
desig
ned
through
Zie
gle
r
-
Nicho
ls
t
echnique
,
”
Inte
rna
ti
onal
Confe
r
en
ce
on
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d
M.
Z.
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“
Acc
ura
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ba
tt
er
y
model
p
aram
et
er
id
ent
if
icati
o
n
using
h
eur
isti
c
opt
im
i
zation
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
s
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P
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ari,
R
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Meta
heur
isti
c
a
l
gorit
hms:
guidel
ine
s
for
i
mpl
e
m
ent
a
ti
on
,
”
Journal
of
Soft
Computing
and
Dec
ision
Su
pport
Syste
ms
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Ha
mm
oodi
,
K.
S.
Flayy
ih
,
a
nd
A.
R
.
Ha
ma
d
,
“
Design
and
i
mpl
ement
at
ion
spee
d
cont
ro
l
sys
te
m
of
DC
mot
o
r
base
d
on
PID
cont
rol
and
ma
t
la
b
sim
ul
ink,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
tronic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
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11
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S.
Eki
n
ci,
D.
I
zc
i
,
and
B
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He
kim
oğlu,
“
PID
spee
d
co
ntrol
o
f
DC
mo
tor
us
ing
Harri
s
Hawks
opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
al
gorit
h
m
,
”
202
0
Inte
rnatio
nal
Confe
renc
e
on
El
e
ct
rica
l,
Com
municat
ion
,
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
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ECC
E)
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Jun 2020,
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CCE49384
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J.
G.
Zi
eg
le
r
and
N.
B
.
Ni
chol
s,
“
Optim
um
s
et
t
ing
s for
aut
o
matic controll
e
rs
,
”
T
rans
.
ASME
,
vo
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a
A.
Hashi
m,
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s
ai
n,
Essam
H.
Hous
sein,
Mai
S.
Ma
brouk
and
W
al
id
Al
-
At
ab
any
,
“
Arch
im
ed
es
opti
mization
al
g
orit
hm:
a
new
me
t
ahe
urist
ic
a
l
gorit
hm
for
solv
ing
op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
probl
em
s
,
”
Ap
p
li
ed
Int
el
l
ige
n
ce
,
vol.
51
,
no
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020
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M.
Al
-
R
ifaie,
“
Dispersiv
e
flies
opt
im
i
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”
2014
Fe
d
erate
d
Con
fe
re
nce
on
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te
r
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ce
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ems
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M.
al
-
Rif
aie
and
A.
Aber
,
“
Dispersive
f
li
es
optimisat
io
n
and
me
di
cal
i
ma
ging
,
”
R
ec
e
nt
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dvan
ce
s
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M.
Hoom
an,
M.
M.
Al
-
Rif
aie
,
and
M.
A.
Ni
col
aou
,
“
De
ep
n
eur
oevol
u
ti
on:
t
r
ai
ning
de
ep
neu
ral
net
works
for
fal
se
alarm
de
te
c
ti
on
in
int
ensiv
e
ca
re
uni
ts
,
”
2018
26th
European
Signal
Proce
ss
in
g
Confe
ren
ce
(E
USIPCO)
,
Sept
2018,
pp
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1157
-
1161
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3919/E
US
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2018.
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[22]
H.
A.
Alh
akbani
and
M
.
M
.
al
-
Rif
ai
e
,
“
Opti
mi
sing
SV
M
to
c
la
ss
ify
im
b
al
a
nce
d
data
using
dispersiv
e
flies
opti
mization,
”
2
017
F
ede
rat
ed
Confe
renc
e
on
Computer
Sc
ie
n
ce
and
Informat
ion
S
yste
ms
(
FedCSIS)
,
Sept
20
17
,
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402
,
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[23]
J.
Kenne
dy
and
R.
Eberhart,
“
Pa
rti
cle
sw
arm
op
t
im
izati
on
,
”
Proc
ee
dings
of
ICN
N'95
-
int
ernati
on
al
conference
o
n
neural
ne
tworks
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Nov 1995,
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E.
H
.
Bayou
mi
and
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M
.
Soli
ma
n,
“
PID
/PI
tu
ning
for
mi
ni
ma
l
over
shoot
of
p
erm
an
ent
-
m
agnet
brushless
D
C
mot
or
driv
e
usin
g
par
ticle
sw
ar
m
opti
miza
ti
on
,
”
ELECTROMOT
I
ON
-
CL
UJ
NAP
OCA
,
vol
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E
.
A.
Ibra
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i
m,
F.
N.
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an
,
and
A.
O.
Shomer,
“
Optimal
PID
cont
ro
l
of
a
brushless
DC
m
otor
using
PS
O
and
BF
te
chn
ique
s
,
”
Ai
n
Shams
Engi
n
ee
ring
Journal
,
vol
.
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,
no.
2,
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8
,
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sej
.
2
013.
09.
013
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Ja
in,
M.
V.
Aw
are
,
and
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S.
Junghare
,
“
Tuni
ng
of
fr
a
ct
ion
al
ord
er
PI
D
cont
roller
usi
ng
par
ticl
e
sw
ar
m
opti
mization
t
e
chni
que
for
D
C
mo
tor
spee
d
con
trol
,
”
201
6
IE
EE
1st
Int
e
rnational
Confer
enc
e
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics,
Int
e
ll
ige
n
t
Con
trol
a
nd
Ene
rgy
Syst
e
ms
(ICPE
ICES)
,
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16,
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Idir
,
M
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afi
a
,
K
.
Khe
tt
ab
,
and
S.
A.
T
ad
je
r,
“
Spe
ed
control
of
DC
mo
to
r
using
PID
and
FO
PID
cont
roll
e
rs
base
d
on
diff
ere
nt
ia
l
evol
ut
io
n
and
PS
O,
”
In
t
ernati
onal
Journ
al
o
f
In
te
l
li
g
ent
Engi
ne
ering
and
Syste
ms
,
vol
.
11
,
no.
4,
pp.
241
-
2
49
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Bish
wa
Bab
u
Acharya
re
ceiv
ed
h
is
B
.
E
.
in
Mec
h
anica
l
E
ngine
er
ing
fro
m
Inst
it
ut
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(IOE),
Pulchowk
C
am
pus,
Tri
bhuv
an
Univ
ersit
y,
N
epa
l
.
His
rese
arch
intere
sts
are
D
ynam
ic
s
and
C
ontrol
s,
O
pt
im
i
z
at
ion
and
S
ustainable
E
ne
rgy
.
San
deep
Dh
ak
a
l
is
a
fin
al
y
ea
r
me
ch
ani
c
al
enginee
ring
student
at
Pulchowk
Ca
mpus,
Insti
tut
e
of
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Tri
bhuvan
Univ
ersit
y,
Nepa
l.
H
e
is
a
ct
iv
el
y
working
in
th
e
app
li
c
at
ion
of
data
scie
nc
e
techniqu
es
in
m
ec
han
ical
engi
n
ee
r
ing
to
gene
ra
te
m
ea
nin
gful
info
rmation
.
Hi
s
rese
a
rch
int
er
est
in
cl
ud
e
s
Data
Analyti
cs,
Da
ta
Scie
n
ce
,
Oper
at
ion
Resea
rch
,
and
Supply
Chai
n
Mana
gement.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
PID spe
ed
con
trol of
DC
mo
t
or
us
in
g meta
-
heuri
sti
c a
lg
ori
thms
(
Bishw
a Ba
bu Achary
a
)
831
Aayu
s
h
Bh
attar
ai
is
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
at
the
Depa
rtment
of
Me
cha
ni
cal
and
Aerospa
ce
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Pu
lc
howk
C
am
pus
,
Inst
it
ut
e
of
E
ngine
er
ing,
Tr
ib
huvan
Univ
ersity.
Bh
at
t
a
ra
i
is
al
so
a
founding
fac
ul
ty
of
Aerospac
e
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
for
the
first
time
in
Nep
al.
He
com
pl
et
ed
h
i
s
M.E
ng
.
from
th
e
Univ
ersit
y
of
Te
chno
logy
Syd
ney,
Aus
tra
l
ia
,
a
nd
Ba
che
lor
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Aerona
utics
fro
m
Nan
ji
ng
Uni
ver
sity
of
Aero
naut
i
cs
and
As
t
rona
utics.
His
r
ese
arc
h
int
er
est
inc
lud
es
th
e
f
ield
of
Avia
ti
on,
Opera
ti
on
Res
ea
rch
,
Opera
t
io
ns
Mana
ge
me
n
t
,
and
Proj
ect
Mana
gement.
As
socia
te
Prof
e
ss
or,
Naw
raj
B
hattarai
(PhD
.
)
recei
v
ed
his
B.
E.
in
Me
cha
n
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
degr
ee
fro
m
Tribhuvan
Univ
ersi
ty
in
2000.
He
went
on
to
receive
M
.
Sc.
in
R
en
ewa
ble
Ene
rgy
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
T
ribhuva
n
U
nive
rsity
in
200
4
and
Ph.D.
in
Ene
rgy
Sys
te
m
Planni
ng
f
rom
Vienna
Univer
s
it
y
of
Te
chno
lo
gy,
Aus
tria
in
2015.
H
e
is
cu
rre
ntl
y
working
as
Hea
d
of
Depa
rtment
in
Mec
h
anica
l
a
nd
Aerospa
ce
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
P
ulc
howk
C
am
p
us,
Insti
tut
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Tribhuvan
Univ
ersi
ty,
Nepa
l.
His
re
sea
rch
in
te
r
est
in
cl
udes
th
e
field
of
Me
cha
ni
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Re
newa
ble E
n
erg
y
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
an
d
Ene
rgy
Sys
tem
Planni
n
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.