Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 10
31
~1
039
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p10
31-
1039
1
0
31
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Self-sustaining and ex
ternally-powered fixe
d, sin
g
le, and du
al-
axis solar trackers
A
.
H.
Mo
ha
imin
,
M
.
R.
U
ddin,
A
.
Kha
l
il
Ele
c
trical
and
El
ectro
n
i
cs
Eng
i
ne
ering
P
r
og
ra
mm
e A
r
e
a
,
Un
iv
er
si
ti
Tek
nol
og
i B
r
u
n
ei
,
B
r
un
e
i
D
a
r
u
s
s
alam
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Se
p 1
4
, 2
019
Re
vise
d Oc
t
9, 2
019
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Fe
b 11
, 20
20
P
o
w
e
r
ou
tp
ut
f
r
om a
s
m
all s
o
lar p
a
nel
c
a
n
be
affe
ct
ed b
y
its po
wer
con
s
u
m
ption
w
h
en it co
nsu
m
es p
o
w
e
r
from
th
e
s
o
lar p
a
ne
l.
Ther
e has
been
a
lack
of
p
r
op
e
r
res
earch
an
d
exp
e
rim
e
nt in
th
e
u
s
e of s
m
a
l
l s
o
lar
pan
e
l with
tr
ack
in
g s
y
s
t
e
m
s.
I
t
s
si
gn
if
i
c
anc
e
w
a
s
d
e
t
a
il
ed
in
t
h
is
pap
e
r
wh
ere
th
e
vo
lt
age
ou
tp
ut
are
co
mp
ared
wi
th
thos
e
w
h
ich w
e
re
ex
ternal
ly
p
o
wer
e
d
.
Th
e
sol
a
r
track
ers and
a
m
i
cro
c
o
n
troller
have b
een
des
i
g
n
ed
and
fab
r
ic
a
t
ed
for
th
is
research
.
Du
e
to
the
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
track
ing
s
y
stem
(sing
l
e
ax
is
and
du
al
ax
is
),
th
e
po
wer
c
o
ns
ump
tio
n
var
i
es
from on
e
to
an
o
t
h
e
r
and
its ef
fect
on
th
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
. Se
v
e
ra
l e
xpe
rim
e
nt
s
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
c
o
nd
uct
e
d
a
nd it
wa
s
con
c
lu
d
e
d
tha
t
small so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
are
no
t effic
i
ent
eno
ugh
to
utilize
with
t
r
ack
i
n
g capabi
liti
es du
e to an
i
n
crease
in power
consumpt
io
n. The externally
po
wered sy
stem w
a
s fo
un
d to
g
e
nerate 18
% mor
e
o
u
tpu
t
compa
r
ed
to a
s
e
lf-
su
stain
i
n
g
sy
stem
an
d
th
at th
e
in
creas
e
in
av
e
r
ag
e
pow
er
co
ns
ump
t
ions
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
a
fixe
d
pa
n
e
l we
re
3
1
.
7
% a
n
d 8
2
.
5% fo
r si
ng
l
e
-a
x
i
s a
n
d d
u
a
l-
axis tracker r
e
spectively.
A concrete
evidence w
a
s ma
de t
h
a
t
utili
zing
solar
tr
ack
in
g
ca
p
abi
liti
es for
low
p
owe
r
rate
d so
la
r
p
a
n
el is
u
n
fe
as
ible
.
Ke
yw
ords:
D
u
a
l
ax
is
tr
a
c
ki
n
g
Ex
te
rn
al
pow
e
r
Po
we
r ge
nera
t
i
o
n
Se
lf-s
usta
i
n
S
i
n
g
l
e
ax
is
track
i
n
g
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
A
.
H.
Mo
h
a
imin
,
El
ect
ri
ca
l
and
El
ect
roni
c
En
g
i
ne
eri
n
g, Fa
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
gine
e
r
i
n
g
Uni
v
ersi
t
i
Te
k
nol
ogi B
r
u
n
ei
,
Jal
a
n T
ung
ku
Link
, Mu
ki
m
Gad
o
n
g
A
,
Ba
nda
r S
e
ri Be
ga
wa
n
,
B
E
14
1
0
,
Brune
i
Da
russa
la
m.
Ema
i
l
:
m
2
0
183
002
@
s
tu
d
e
n
t
.u
t
b
.edu
.b
n
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
Wh
en
th
e so
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l i
s
d
i
rec
t
ly
fa
c
i
n
g
t
h
e su
n,
th
e h
i
ghe
st
pow
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t
is ob
ta
in
ed [1-
3
] a
nd
to
gene
rat
e
rel
i
a
b
l
e o
u
tp
ut
, t
h
e
sol
a
r pa
ne
l mu
st
fac
e
t
h
e s
u
n
at
al
l t
i
mes. A
35
%
i
n
c
r
eas
e
i
n
o
u
t
p
ut ha
s bee
n
ac
hie
v
e
d
by
ut
il
i
z
i
ng d
u
al
-a
x
i
s aga
i
nst
a
fi
xe
d pa
nel
set
u
p
[2
].
On
e
rese
a
r
c
h
ac
hi
eve
d
n
ear 5
0
%
o
u
tp
u
t
gai
n
[3
].
Eve
n
a si
n
g
le
a
x
i
s
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
ca
n be
use
d
t
o
ge
nerat
e
1
2
%
more
out
put
co
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
a fi
x
e
d
an
gl
e
s
y
st
em
[4
,
5
]
. T
h
e
us
e of a
d
u
al
-a
x
i
s sola
r t
r
ac
ki
ng
met
h
o
d
wi
l
l
e
n
sure t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
a
l
w
a
ys
fac
e
s
the
su
n
[2
-1
1
]
. The
r
e
a
r
e
se
ve
ral
me
t
h
o
d
s
o
f
d
u
al
a
n
d
si
ng
l
e
-a
xi
s
t
r
ac
kin
g
me
th
ods
t
h
at
ha
ve
be
en
do
ne
pre
v
i
o
usly
by ot
he
rs. E
x
a
m
ple
s
a
r
e
mi
crop
roc
e
ss
or-ba
s
e
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
[
5
], usi
n
g we
bca
m
an
d co
mp
ut
e
r
co
nt
rol
l
e
d
[
9
], GP
S
base
d trac
ki
n
g
usi
n
g
a
s
tro
n
o
m
i
cal
equat
i
o
n
[1
0, 1
1
]
or so
l
a
r map
s
[12
]
, R
T
C
-
base
d al
g
o
ri
t
h
m [1
3], si
mpl
e
l
i
ght
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
re
si
st
or (LD
R
)-ba
se
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng [
1
4
]
,
o
r
t
h
ermal
e
xpa
nsi
o
n
o
f
mat
e
ri
al
c
o
nnect
e
d
t
o
a
le
ver
[1
5]. S
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
syst
ems
ma
y
be sel
f
-s
u
s
t
a
i
n
ed
o
r
p
o
we
re
d
up
t
h
ro
u
gh
e
x
t
e
rna
l
p
o
w
e
r
.
Fo
r a
sel
f
-s
ust
a
i
n
ed
syste
m
,
t
h
e
sol
a
r
pa
nel
ge
ne
rates som
e
power
for its s
y
stems (
c
ontro
lle
r
an
d mo
t
o
r
s
) wh
il
e e
x
ce
ss
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
st
o
r
ed
in
to
a
ba
tte
r
y
c
h
arg
e
r
.
A
sel
f
-
s
u
s
t
a
in
ed
me
thod
is no
rma
lly
u
s
ed
fo
r
larg
e
so
la
r tr
a
c
k
e
r
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e the
sola
r
pa
nel
ge
ne
ra
te
s
su
ffi
ci
ent
o
u
t
p
ut
t
o
p
o
we
r i
t
sel
f
.
Wi
t
h
t
h
is
pow
e
r
i
n
g
met
h
o
d
,
th
e
p
o
we
r c
ons
u
m
pt
io
n
from
it
s s
y
st
e
m
s wi
l
l
affec
t
ho
w
muc
h
po
w
e
r
is
re
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
su
sta
i
n i
t
s
e
lf a
nd
sti
l
l
p
r
ovi
de
po
we
r
for
ot
he
r
uses.
F
o
r t
r
a
c
k
ers usi
n
g e
x
t
e
rnal
p
o
we
r s
o
u
r
ce
, p
o
we
r c
ons
um
pti
on
fr
om
t
h
e
co
nt
roll
e
r
and t
r
a
c
ki
ng s
y
st
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
31
–
1
0
39
1
032
may be
di
sre
g
a
r
de
d. Al
l
p
o
w
e
r
out
p
u
t
t
e
d
b
y
the
sol
a
r
pane
l
i
s
wh
ol
ly st
ore
d
int
o
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry c
h
a
r
ge
r. Thi
s
c
a
n
be
use
d
f
o
r a
smal
l
sc
al
e so
l
a
r t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g s
y
st
em w
h
e
r
e
b
y
i
t
s smal
l
sola
r
pane
l c
o
uld
not
ge
nerat
e
e
nou
g
h
po
we
r for i
t
s
s
y
st
e
m
le
t
al
one
exc
e
ss
po
we
r
fo
r t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
char
g
e
r. A
sma
l
l
syst
em ma
y
sti
l
l
be
sel
f-sus
t
a
i
n
ed
but
c
o
uld a
ffec
t
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
o
u
t
p
ut
of t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r pa
nel
.
B
eca
u
s
e
o
f
thi
s
a
n
d t
h
e
p
o
we
r c
o
nsu
m
pt
io
n
of t
h
e s
y
ste
m
,
some
rese
a
r
c
h
di
sco
u
ra
ge
d t
h
e use
o
f
a
trac
ki
n
g
s
y
st
e
m
fo
r smal
l
s
o
la
r
p
a
ne
ls [1
6,
1
7
].
Ma
ny
pape
rs
ha
ve c
o
ncl
u
ded
po
wer
co
ns
umpt
i
o
n
at
2-3%
[16
-
2
0
] o
f
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
ed
p
o
we
r
fo
r st
an
da
rd l
a
rge
pa
nel
wi
th
fe
w
pa
p
e
rs gi
vi
n
g
0.
5
t
o
0.
6Wh
as
t
h
ei
r
po
we
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
ion
[2
1-2
3
]. S
e
ve
ral
pa
pe
rs
have
t
r
i
e
d t
o
re
duc
e
t
h
ei
r
s
y
st
em’s po
we
r c
ons
umpt
i
on t
o
ma
xi
mi
ze
po
we
r ge
ne
ra
t
i
on
[24
-
26
].
The
o
ret
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
the
d
u
al
-a
xi
s sol
a
r t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g s
y
st
e
m
ge
ne
ra
te
d t
h
e
hi
g
h
est
o
u
tp
ut
fr
om t
h
e
si
ngl
e-a
x
is
and
fi
xe
d
pa
ne
l
syst
e
m
,
fol
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
the
si
n
g
l
e
-a
xi
s sol
a
r t
r
acki
ng s
y
ste
m
pr
oduc
i
ng
hi
g
h
er t
h
a
n
fi
xe
d
pane
l
whi
l
e
a
fi
xe
d
a
ngl
e
s
o
la
r
pa
ne
l
ge
ne
ra
te
s t
h
e
l
east
out
p
u
t
a
m
on
g
the
m
[2
7].
Ho
we
ver, t
h
e
po
we
r c
ons
um
pt
ion
fo
r
a
d
u
al
-a
xi
s t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
s
y
st
em i
s
hi
g
h
er
t
h
an t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
two
.
Fo
r
a sm
al
l
sc
al
e a
nd
sel
f
-s
ust
a
i
n
e
d
sola
r
t
r
ac
kin
g
s
y
st
e
m
, w
h
e
n
t
h
ere
i
s
a l
a
c
k
of
di
re
ct
su
nli
ght
, t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
ma
y
be
lo
w
e
r t
h
a
n
si
ngl
e-a
x
is
an
d fi
xe
d
pane
l.
T
h
e
tra
c
ki
n
g
met
h
o
d
fo
r
thi
s
re
sea
r
ch
wi
l
l
be L
D
R
-
de
pen
d
e
n
t
a
s
ex
pl
ai
ne
d i
n
[6
,
7 a
n
d
1
0
]
.
F
o
r
t
h
e fi
rs
t
fe
w
e
x
peri
m
e
nt
s
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r t
r
a
c
k
i
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
s
e
lf
-s
us
ta
i
n
e
d
a
n
d af
te
r s
e
ver
a
l
e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nt
s,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
po
we
red
from a
n
e
x
t
e
rna
l
s
o
u
r
ce
. T
h
e 3
volt
a
ge
s
fro
m t
h
e
dual
-
a
x
is,
si
ngl
e
a
x
i
s
, an
d the
fixe
d
pa
nel
a
r
e
t
h
en
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n th
e
se
lf
-su
s
ta
in
ed
a
n
d ex
te
rn
al
ly
p
o
w
e
re
d to
d
e
te
rm
in
e
w
h
e
t
h
e
r self-
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
e
d
is
fe
a
s
ib
le
or n
o
t
fo
r
use
i
n
s
m
al
l
sol
a
r t
r
ac
kin
g
s
y
ste
m
s
as sta
t
e
d
by
[1
2, 1
3
].
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
ns
umpt
i
on fr
om al
l
t
h
e
sol
a
r
t
r
ac
kin
g
syst
e
m
s wi
l
l
al
so be
me
asu
r
e
d
by
ca
l
c
ul
at
in
g
cu
rre
n
t
as
m
e
asure
d
wi
th
the
vol
ta
ge req
u
i
r
e
d
to
o
p
e
r
a
te
t
h
e sys
t
e
m
. Th
e r
ead
in
g
s
from
t
h
is
wi
ll
b
e
u
s
ed to d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
in
cr
ea
se in pow
e
r
c
o
n
s
ump
t
i
o
n
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e
fi
xed
pa
nel
,
sin
g
l
e-axi
s
t
r
ac
kin
g
a
n
d
a
l
so
d
u
al
-axi
s sol
a
r t
r
ac
kin
g
s
y
st
ems
.
The
r
e
ha
ve
be
e
n
no c
o
ncl
u
si
ve
re
sul
t
s f
r
om
othe
r
pape
rs
whe
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
so
l
a
r pa
nel
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
a
ffe
ct
ed
whe
n
t
h
e s
y
st
e
m
s a
r
e sel
f-s
ust
a
i
n
e
d
. T
h
e
sol
a
r t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g syst
ems on
whi
c
h ot
hers
ha
ve
prese
n
te
d ha
ve
medi
u
m
t
o
l
a
r
g
e
pan
e
l
s
[2,
6,
1
4
, 2
8
-3
0]
whi
c
h a
r
e ca
p
a
ble
of ge
nera
ti
ng
po
we
r
out
puts
o
f
mo
re t
h
a
n
3
0
wat
t
s
f
o
r me
di
um
si
ze
sol
a
r
p
a
ne
l
a
n
d
a
b
ov
e
2
0
0
W
for l
a
rge
si
ze
sol
a
r
pa
nel
.
S
m
al
l
sol
a
r
pane
l
s
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
case
,
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
e
ss
t
h
an
30
wa
tt
s. In
t
h
is p
a
p
e
r
,
th
e
ma
in
ob
je
ct
iv
e is
to co
mp
a
r
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s be
tw
e
e
n
3 sm
al
l
so
l
a
r
tr
ack
ing
sy
st
ems
wh
i
c
h ar
e
l
i
k
e
ly
t
o
b
e
a
f
f
e
cte
d
by th
e
pow
e
r
con
s
ump
tio
n
of
i
t
s sy
ste
m
.
I
t
ha
s
b
e
en
fo
u
nd t
h
at
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
on i
ndee
d
inc
r
ea
ses 2-
3 t
i
me
s
of
fixe
d sol
a
r
pa
nel
a
n
d t
h
at
e
x
te
rnal
l
y
p
o
we
re
d
sola
r t
r
acke
r
g
e
nera
te
d ove
r 10
% more
o
u
t
put
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
se
l
f
-s
usta
i
n
e
d
t
r
a
c
k
er
s [3
1].
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H M
ETH
OD
2.1.
C
o
n
t
ro
ll
er
se
tup
Th
e
so
la
r
p
a
n
e
l to
b
e
u
s
ed
fo
r th
e
who
l
e
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
i
s
sup
p
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e i
n
stitu
te wh
i
c
h
h
a
s a
mo
d
e
l
name
MS
X0
1.
Thi
s
so
l
a
r
pan
e
l
has
a
p
o
w
er
ra
ti
ng
of 1
.
0
1
W
,
a
v
o
lt
age
o
f
7.
5V
at
ma
x
po
we
r,
1
0
.3V
a
t
o
p
en
c
i
r
c
u
i
t, curr
en
t
of 135
mA
a
t
m
a
x
p
o
w
e
r and
15
0mA
a
t
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
u
it.
Cu
rre
n
t
w
ill
no
t be
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
proj
ec
t as t
h
e current
i
s
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
on lo
a
d
re
sist
anc
e
an
d th
a
t
l
o
ad re
sist
an
ce
wil
l
be fi
xe
d at
h
i
g
h
re
si
st
ance
.
The
vol
t
a
ge
, o
n
t
h
e
ot
her ha
nd
, w
i
l
l
be
me
asure
d
i
n
ope
n
c
i
rc
ui
t
meas
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
h
ere
t
h
e
resi
sta
n
ce
i
s
very
hi
gh
o
r
vi
rt
u
a
l
l
y i
n
fi
nit
e
. Fi
gu
re
5(a
)
is c
r
eat
ed a
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
giv
e
n
po
we
r, c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
age
rat
i
n
g
fr
om
t
h
e dat
a
s
h
ee
t
o
f
t
h
e s
o
la
r pa
n
e
l
MS
X0
1.
A
t
0V
,
t
h
e
c
i
rcui
t
i
s
sh
ort a
n
d
cu
rre
n
t
is at
i
t
s hi
ghe
st o
f
15
0m
A
but
b
e
ca
use
t
h
e
volt
a
g
e
i
s
0V
,
pow
e
r
is
al
so
0
W
.
In
c
r
e
a
sing
the
vo
lt
ag
e
,
t
h
e
cu
rr
en
t
w
ill
b
e
fix
e
d
a
t
15
0mA
wh
ile
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
in
crea
sin
g
p
r
o
por
tio
n
a
lly
t
o
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
e
a
se u
p
to
wh
en
th
e vo
l
t
a
g
e r
e
a
c
h
e
s
7
V
w
h
er
e
t
h
e cu
rr
e
n
t
sta
r
t
s
t
o
de
cre
a
se. Ma
x
p
o
w
e
r of
1.
01W
c
a
n
be
obt
ai
ne
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
7.
5V
a
nd c
u
rre
n
t
at
1
3
5
m
A
.
F
r
om
th
er
e o
n
,
c
u
rr
en
t
and
po
wer
k
eep
d
ecr
ea
si
ng
exp
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
ll
y
wh
i
l
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
c
r
eases
un
ti
l 1
0
.3V w
h
ere
current
n
o
w be
comes
0
A
, me
ani
n
g
a
ful
l
y o
p
en
ci
rc
ui
t
wa
s
crea
te
d
.
S
o
la
r
p
a
n
e
l vo
lt
ag
e
c
a
n b
e
me
asur
e
d
i
n
se
v
e
ra
l me
thods
su
ch a
s
u
s
ing
sen
s
o
r
s
w
h
ich
a
r
e
v
e
ry
ac
cura
te
, e
x
t
e
r
n
al
ly
meas
ure
d
u
s
i
n
g a
mul
t
imet
er or
v
o
l
t
m
e
t
e
r
or
direct
l
y
co
n
n
ect
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
rol
l
e
r's
ana
l
o
g
p
i
n
.
F
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t,
th
e
la
tte
r
met
h
od
is
most
su
ita
b
l
e
du
e
to
le
ss
co
mpo
n
en
t
u
s
ed
and
a
u
t
o
ma
tic
me
asu
r
in
g
by
t
h
e
co
nt
rol
l
e
r.
H
o
we
ver
,
t
h
e
mi
c
r
oc
o
n
tr
oll
e
r
P
I
C
1
8F
4
5
2
0
c
o
uld
o
n
l
y
me
a
s
u
r
e a
n
a
l
og
v
o
l
t
a
ge
u
p
to
5
V
a
n
d th
e so
la
r
pa
n
e
l to
b
e
u
s
ed
can
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
vo
lta
g
e
up
to 1
0
.3V
.
B
e
c
a
u
se of
th
is, th
e so
la
r
pa
n
e
l w
ill
f
i
r
s
t
l
y
b
e
con
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e di
vi
de
r ci
rc
ui
t
as i
n
Fi
gu
re
1(a)
t
o
re
d
u
ce t
h
e
ma
x vol
t
a
ge to
5
V
a
s
re
q
u
i
r
e
d
by
t
h
e
mi
cr
o
c
on
tr
o
ller
r
a
n
g
e.
From
t
h
i
s
,
th
e
con
t
ro
lle
r
w
ill
c
a
l
c
u
l
ate
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
to
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
e
th
e ac
tu
a
l
vo
l
t
a
g
e v
a
l
u
e.
The ca
l
c
ul
at
io
n fol
l
o
ws (1
) a
s
sh
ow
n. The
vol
ta
ge
di
vide
r ci
rcui
t
ens
u
res
t
h
at
the
c
ont
ro
ll
e
r
ca
n
rea
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
up
t
o
a
ma
x o
f
15
V fo
r e
x
tr
a sa
f
e
ty
p
r
e
cau
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
S
e
l
f
-
s
usta
i
n
i
n
g
an
d e
x
t
er
na
lly
-
p
o
w
e
r
ed
fi
xe
d,
sing
l
e
,
a
n
d
dua
l
-
a
x
is
so
la
r
tra
c
k
e
r
s
…
(
A
. H
.
Moh
a
i
m
i
n)
1
033
Fi
gu
re
1(a
)
.
V
o
lt
a
g
e di
vi
der
ci
rc
uit
,
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
re
1
(
b
)
.
H
a
rd
wa
re
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
ci
rcui
t
(1
)
P
o
wer
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
bet
w
ee
n vol
t
a
ge
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
pa
nel
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t fl
owi
n
g
t
h
ro
u
gh
a
l
o
ad. Nor
m
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e c
u
rre
n
t
i
s
de
t
e
rmi
n
ed by l
o
ad resi
sta
n
ce an
d the
l
o
ad i
s
fi
xe
d t
o
a spec
ifie
d res
i
st
anc
e
va
lue
.
A
s
a
re
sul
t
,
po
we
r
f
r
o
m
a s
o
la
r
pa
n
e
l i
s
ge
ner
a
l
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
nal
t
o
t
h
e
ge
ne
rat
e
d vol
t
a
ge
.
T
h
e
sola
r
pa
nel
wi
l
l
fi
rst
l
y
be c
o
nn
ec
t
e
d
t
o
a
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
vide
r
c
i
rc
ui
t
as i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
(
a
)
to re
duc
e t
h
e
max
volt
a
ge
t
o
5V a
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
mi
cr
oc
ontr
o
ll
er
ran
g
e.
Aside
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
vi
de
r
ci
rc
u
i
t
,
t
h
e
c
ont
rol
l
er al
so
c
onsi
s
t
s
o
f
a
real
-t
i
m
e c
l
oc
k
mod
u
l
e
a
n
d
a
mem
o
ry
c
a
r
d
mo
dul
e.
T
h
e c
ont
roll
e
r
wi
l
l
me
asu
r
e
t
h
e
o
p
en
-c
irc
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of
t
h
e sol
a
r
pa
ne
l
e
v
ery 1
0
sec
o
n
d
s i
n
real
-t
i
m
e to e
n
su
re ac
cura
te
rea
d
i
ng as
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
.
T
h
e v
o
lt
age
rea
d
b
y
t
h
e c
ont
r
o
ll
er
wi
ll
t
h
en
be
r
ecor
d
e
d
i
n
to
t
h
e
mem
o
r
y
c
a
r
d
a
n
d
a
l
so
e
v
ery
10
sec
ond
s.
T
h
e
cl
oc
k
mo
dul
e
DS
32
3
4
is
use
d
t
o
me
a
s
u
r
e t
h
e t
i
m
e
o
f
volt
a
ge
me
asu
r
e
m
e
n
t,
acc
urat
e
t
o
t
h
e sec
onds
.
F
i
gu
re
1
(
b
)
sh
ows
t
h
e
ha
r
d
war
e
c
o
nn
ect
i
on
of
t
h
e
mic
r
oc
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r
to
the
v
o
lt
a
g
e di
vi
der
c
i
rc
u
i
t
as w
e
l
l
as t
h
e
me
mor
y
ca
r
d
a
n
d
a
real
-t
i
m
e cl
oc
k. T
h
e c
o
n
t
rol
l
er has a set
o
f
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
ns i
n
10 s
e
c
o
n
d
s w
h
ic
h a
r
e
to
rot
a
te
t
h
e sola
r
p
a
ne
l
,
st
ori
n
g
dat
a
t
o
a
me
mor
y
ca
rd
a
n
d
idl
e
/st
a
nd
b
y
st
at
e
in
gene
r
a
l
.
Th
e 3
sol
a
r
t
r
a
c
ke
r
s
wi
ll
ha
ve
sl
i
ghtl
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
op
e
r
atio
n
s
to
ca
te
r t
o
its
u
s
e. Fi
gure
2 il
lu
str
a
tes
t
h
e s
e
qu
e
n
c
e
o
f
op
e
r
a
t
i
on fo
r
th
e
3
so
la
r tr
ack
e
r
s.
Fr
om
t
h
is
,
th
e c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
w
i
l
l
c
a
l
c
u
lat
e
th
e v
a
l
u
e
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e t
h
e
a
c
tu
al
vo
lt
ag
e
v
a
l
u
e
.
The
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
io
n
f
o
ll
o
w
s
(
1
) a
s
show
n.
The
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
vi
der
c
i
r
c
ui
t e
n
su
r
e
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
ca
n
re
ad
v
o
l
t
a
ge rea
d
in
gs
u
p
t
o
a
ma
x
of
1
5
V
f
o
r
ex
tr
a
safe
ty
pr
ec
au
t
i
on
.
F
i
gu
re
2.
Se
qu
e
n
ce
of
ope
ra
ti
ons
f
o
r
t
h
e
3
s
o
l
a
r tr
ac
ke
rs
2.
2.
E
x
pe
ri
men
t
al
s
e
tup
F
o
r
ea
c
h
e
xpe
r
i
ment
, t
h
e
volt
a
ge
of
3 sol
a
r t
r
ac
ke
rs a
r
e t
o
be mea
s
u
r
ed
,
o
n
e
wi
t
h
dua
l
-
a
x
i
s
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g,
a
not
he
r
wi
t
h
si
ngle
-
axi
s
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng a
n
d
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
fi
xe
d
in
one
di
re
ct
i
on
fac
i
ng
ze
n
i
t
h
.
Th
e t
r
a
c
ki
ng
ca
pa
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
Int J
Pow
Elec &
Dri Syst,
Vol. 11,
No. 2,
J
u
ne
2020
:
1031
– 1039
1
034
f
o
r
t
h
ese
sola
r
t
r
a
c
ke
rs
ar
e b
y
mot
o
rs a
nd
s
i
mpl
e
LE
D
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
as
de
si
gn
e
d
i
n
[5
] a
nd [
1
6
]
. T
h
ese
mo
dul
e
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
e p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m
the
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
o
ope
r
a
t
e
an
d
wi
l
l
be
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
d
u
ri
ng t
h
e
pow
e
r
co
ns
um
pti
o
n
e
xpe
ri
me
nt
.
Fo
r t
h
e
p
o
we
r
co
nsu
m
pti
o
n
e
x
p
e
ri
ment
,
t
h
e
c
u
rre
nt
fl
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
fr
om
the
s
o
u
r
c
e
i
s
mea
s
u
r
ed
at
se
vera
l
p
o
i
n
ts
of ti
me as in
di
ca
te
d
b
y
Fi
g
u
re
2.
The
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e i
s
t
o
fi
nd t
h
e c
u
rre
n
t
wh
en t
h
e
sy
ste
m
is ro
ta
t
i
n
g
th
e s
o
lar pan
e
l,
sto
r
in
g
da
ta
to
a
memor
y
c
a
rd
a
n
d
duri
n
g
st
a
n
dby
.
A
t
o
ta
l of
3
cu
rr
e
n
t
r
eadi
ngs
we
r
e
expe
ct
e
d
.
F
r
o
m
he
re
,
p
o
we
r
co
nsu
m
pt
i
on i
s
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
(3
)
w
h
e
r
e
b
y t
h
e
ope
rat
i
o
nal
v
o
l
t
a
ge o
f
ea
c
h
co
mp
on
en
t is fix
e
d a
t
5
V
.
Th
e
in
i
tia
l exp
e
r
i
men
t
is to me
asur
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
so
lar p
a
n
e
l i
n
wh
ic
h
t
h
e
sy
st
em
is
se
l
f
po
we
red
b
y
i
t
s
sol
a
r
pa
nel
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
set
u
p, t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
f
r
o
m t
h
e s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
wi
ll
be
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
2 v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
h
an
nel
s
.
O
n
e cha
nne
l
pa
sses
thr
o
u
g
h a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
r
e
gul
at
o
r
t
h
e
n
t
o
t
h
e mi
cr
oc
o
n
t
r
ol
le
r
f
o
r th
e
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
nd t
h
e
ot
he
r
cha
nne
l
pa
ssing t
h
r
o
ug
h t
h
e
vol
ta
g
e
di
vide
r ci
rc
uit
an
d f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
vi
de
r
t
o
t
h
e
co
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
fo
r
v
o
lta
g
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
en
t. To
en
su
r
e
a
su
ffi
ci
en
t
s
upp
ly
o
f
p
o
w
e
r to
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r, a r
e
c
h
ar
g
eab
le
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
is co
nne
ct
ed
in p
a
r
a
ll
el
to
t
h
e
mic
r
oco
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
. Th
e b
a
tte
ry
b
e
c
o
mes
a
loa
d
w
ith
lo
w
r
e
sista
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
ng
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
(
o
r whe
n
the
r
e i
s
ample
p
o
w
e
r t
o
o
p
era
t
e
t
h
e
cont
rol
l
e
r
) a
n
d
di
scha
rge
s
p
o
w
er
sh
oul
d t
h
e sola
r
p
a
n
e
l
no
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
ng en
oug
h
p
o
w
e
r.
Fig
u
r
e
3 illu
s
t
rat
e
s th
e
conn
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e so
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
w
i
th
th
e
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
as m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
e
x
ter
n
al
l
y
p
o
we
r
e
d
so
lar
tr
a
c
ke
r
,
a
no
rm
al
A
C
ho
me
so
ck
e
t
w
i
ll b
e
u
s
e
d
.
The
use
of
a
v
o
l
t
a
ge
re
gula
t
o
r
a
nd
re
cha
r
ge
abl
e
bat
t
e
ry
a
r
e
n
o
t
ne
e
d
e
d
.
Ho
w
e
ver
,
t
h
e
y
wi
l
l
be
re
pl
ac
ed
b
y
t
h
e
use
of
a
t
y
pi
c
a
l
5V
mobi
l
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
r
t
o
chan
ge
t
h
e
A
C
vol
t
a
ge
to
a D
C
5V
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
u
i
t
a
b
le
fo
r
t
h
e
mic
r
o
c
on
t
r
o
l
ler.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
illu
str
a
t
e
s
th
e
c
o
nn
e
c
tio
n o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
ly
p
o
w
e
r so
la
r p
a
n
e
l and
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
rn
a
l
p
o
w
e
r to
th
e
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
cir
c
u
it.
Fi
gu
re
3.
S
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
ke
r
i
n
se
lf
-
s
uf
fi
ci
ent
pow
er
set
u
p
F
i
gu
re
4.
S
o
l
a
r
t
r
ac
ke
r in
e
x
t
e
r
n
al
ly
-
p
ow
ere
d
set
u
p
3.
RE
S
U
LT
S
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
3.
1.
C
o
nt
r
o
ller perfo
r
ma
nce
Usi
n
g
the
ab
o
v
e
se
tu
p
f
o
r t
h
e mi
cr
oc
ont
r
o
ll
er
, t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
ve
r
y
a
ccur
a
t
e
wi
t
h
onl
y
1.
87%
maxi
m
u
m
e
r
ro
r
du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
si
mula
ti
on
.
T
h
e
ave
r
age
er
r
o
r
was a
t
0
.
2
4
%
w
h
i
c
h
was
d
e
te
rmine
d
usi
n
g (
2
)
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
sho
w
s t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e a
s
meas
ur
e
d
a
n
d cal
c
u
la
te
d by
t
h
e
mi
cr
oc
ont
rol
l
e
r
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
the
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d ce
ll
vol
t
a
ge
an
d
w
h
at
wa
s measu
r
e
d
by
the
si
mul
a
t
i
on pr
ogr
am
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Sel
f
-
su
stai
ni
ng
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
rn
al
ly
-p
owe
r
e
d
f
i
xe
d, si
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
axi
s
s
o
l
a
r t
r
acke
rs
…
(A
.
H. M
ohai
mi
n
)
1
035
%
10
0
(2
)
(3
)
(a)
(b)
Fi
g
u
re
5
(
a)
.
Cur
r
e
n
t
to
vo
lt
ag
e
(I-
V)
and
p
o
we
r
cu
rv
e o
f
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
at nomi
n
al
te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e.
Primar
y y
-
a
x
is
(l
eft
)
is cu
rre
n
t
(A
)
a
n
d
sec
onda
ry y-a
x
i
s
(ri
ght
) is
po
we
r (W).
M
a
i
n
x
-
a
x
i
s
i
s
vol
t
a
ge
(V
).
Fi
gu
re
5(b
)
. Ce
l
l
vol
t
a
ge
as ca
l
c
ul
at
e
d
fr
o
m
si
mul
a
t
i
on
an
d mi
croc
o
n
troll
e
r. T
h
e
y
a
n
d
x axe
s
a
r
e bot
h
volt
a
ge
(
V
).
3.2.
Pow
e
r c
o
nsumpt
ion
In p
o
we
r
c
o
n
s
um
pt
ion
ex
per
i
ment
,
se
ve
ral
readi
n
g
s
a
r
e
t
a
ken at
di
ffe
r
e
n
t o
p
era
t
i
o
n t
i
me. M
o
st
re
adi
n
g
s
ta
ke
n
we
re
gi
vi
ng
c
onsta
nt val
u
es of c
u
rre
nt
wi
t
h
a very sma
l
l
e
r
ror of
1
m
A
.
Thi
s
cu
rrent
i
s
t
h
en
mult
i
p
li
ed wi
t
h
vol
t
a
ge
t
o
g
e
t
po
we
r un
de
r
(3).
T
h
e
re
su
l
t
s
of pow
e
r
c
ons
umpt
i
o
n
are
as fo
un
d
i
n
Tabl
e 1
.
The c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
of po
w
e
r co
nsu
m
pti
o
n
bet
w
een
a
fi
xe
d
pane
l
wi
t
h
a
si
ngl
e-a
x
is s
o
l
a
r t
r
ac
ker an
d
a
fi
xe
d
pane
l
wi
th t
h
e
dua
l
-
a
x
i
s
s
o
la
r t
r
a
c
ke
r
a
r
e al
s
o
sh
ow
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
1. F
r
om
t
h
e
resul
t
s ac
hie
v
ed
, t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
pow
e
r
con
s
u
m
pti
o
n i
n
cre
a
se
d
b
y
3
1
.7% a
n
d
8
2
.5
% for si
ngl
e
-
a
x
is a
n
d
dua
l
-
a
x
i
s
s
o
la
r t
r
ac
k
e
r res
p
ec
ti
vel
y
from
t
h
e fi
xe
d
pa
ne
l
.
Ta
ble
1. P
o
wer co
ns
umpt
i
o
n
r
e
sult
s
a
n
d
c
o
mpari
s
on
for 3
s
o
l
a
r trac
ke
rs
a
t
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
ope
rat
i
ons
O
p
e
r
a
tion F
i
xed
pa
nel
Si
n
g
le a
x
is
Dua
l
axis
S
i
n
g
le a
x
is to f
i
xed pa
nel
D
u
al a
x
is to f
i
xed
pa
nel
S
t
a
n
dby
0.
20W
0.
25W
0
.
35W
25%
75%
Wr
iting to c
a
r
d
0.
30W
0.
35W
0
.
45W
17%
50%
P
a
ne
l r
o
tati
on
0.
20W
0.
40W
0
.
55W
100%
175%
A
v
e
r
a
g
e pow
er
consum
pt
ion
0.
21W
0.
275W
0
.
38W
31.
7%
82.
5%
3.3.
Se
lf
-s
u
s
t
a
i
n
ed
tr
acke
rs
Th
e n
e
x
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
is to
o
b
ta
in
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
su
lts wh
en
the so
la
r tr
ack
e
r
s
a
r
e se
lf
-po
w
er
ed.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
expe
ri
me
n
t
s h
a
ve
bee
n
co
mp
le
te
d re
sul
t
ing
in q
u
i
t
e va
ryi
n
g re
sul
t
s
de
pe
n
d
in
g
on
t
h
e
we
at
he
r at
t
h
e t
i
me o
f
t
h
e
e
x
peri
me
nt
a
nd ot
her
vari
ous
fact
o
r
s. T
h
e most
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
res
u
l
t
s as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
s 6
a
n
d
7
were
2
re
sul
t
s
wh
en t
h
e
weat
he
r
wa
s su
n
n
y
an
d c
l
ou
d
y
re
spect
i
v
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f
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e
d
sol
a
r t
r
ac
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rs a
t
s
u
n
n
y
we
at
hers
al
most
o
u
t
p
ut t
h
e
same
a
m
ou
nt
of
p
o
we
r i
f
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
d
o
es
not
re
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u
i
r
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r
gi
n
g
. H
o
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ve
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due
to
0
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4
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8
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24
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we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
31
–
1
0
39
1
036
cha
r
gi
ng,
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
ge
out
put
d
r
ops
by
2.5
V
as
se
e
n
fro
m the
dual
-
a
x
is tracke
r
v
o
l
t
a
ge li
n
e
i
n
Fi
gu
re
6
.
Vol
t
a
g
e
dr
ops
fo
r si
ngl
e-a
x
i
s
t
r
ac
ker an
d
fi
x
e
d pa
nel
we
re
at
2V
an
d
1.5
V
res
p
ec
ti
ve
ly
.
D
u
e
t
o
the
hi
g
h
er p
o
we
r
c
onsum
pt
ion
o
f
d
u
a
l
-axi
s sol
a
r
t
r
a
c
ker
,
the
vol
t
a
ge d
r
ops
are
l
a
rge
r
in
d
u
al
-
axi
s
t
r
ac
ker t
h
a
n
the
ot
he
r
t
w
o syst
em
s
ca
usi
n
g
a
red
u
c
t
i
on
i
n
t
o
ta
l o
u
t
put
by d
u
al
-a
xis
t
r
a
c
k
er b
y
18
%
com
p
are
d
to
t
h
e fi
xed
pa
nel
.
A si
ng
l
e
-axi
s
t
r
a
c
ke
r onl
y
gene
rat
e
s
0.2
%
mo
re
out
put
t
h
an the
fixe
d
pa
nel
.
Du
ri
n
g
cl
o
u
d
y
we
at
he
r
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
7
,
seve
ral
volt
a
ge
dr
o
p
s we
re
rec
o
rde
d
.
In
t
h
i
s
fig
u
r
e
,
t
h
e vol
ta
ge dro
p
s
for
dual
-
a
x
is t
r
a
c
k
e
r
w
e
re al
s
o
t
h
e
hig
h
est
a
m
o
n
g t
h
e
t
h
re
e by
al
mo
st
3
V
fol
l
o
w
e
d
by
a si
ngl
e
a
x
is tra
c
ke
r
b
y
2.7V
.
The
fixe
d
pa
nel
ha
s
t
h
e
l
o
west
v
o
l
t
age
drop
of
1
V
. T
h
i
s
ca
use
d
the
po
we
r ge
nerat
e
d b
y
t
h
e fi
xe
d
panel
t
o
out
put a
l
m
o
st eq
ua
l t
o
dua
l-axi
s
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
b
u
t
more
tha
n
si
ngl
e
-
a
x
is
sola
r tracke
r
. T
h
e t
o
t
a
l
o
u
t
p
ut
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
fi
xe
d pa
n
e
l
wa
s a
n
inc
r
ea
se
o
f
0.99
%
and
-1.2
6%
fo
r d
u
al
-a
xi
s
a
n
d si
ngle
-
a
x
i
s
t
r
a
c
k
er
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y.
F
i
gu
re 6.
S
o
la
r tracke
r
s
i
n
se
lf
-susta
i
n
e
d
set
u
p du
rin
g
su
nn
y
weat
he
r
Fi
gu
re
7. S
o
l
a
r t
r
ac
ke
rs i
n
sel
f
-sust
a
i
n
ed
se
tu
p
du
ri
n
g
cl
ou
d
y
we
at
he
r
3.4.
Ex
ternal
ly
-po
w
er
ed tr
acker
s
The
fi
nal
e
xpe
ri
ment
is t
o
o
b
t
a
in
vol
t
a
ge
re
sul
t
s
whe
n
t
h
e
sola
r trac
ke
rs
a
r
e
p
o
we
re
d
b
y
a
n
e
x
te
rnal
sou
r
ce
w
h
e
r
e
no
bat
t
e
r
y
i
s
re
qui
red
fo
r t
h
i
s
e
xpe
rime
nt
.
In
t
h
i
s
e
xpe
ri
me
nt,
m
u
c
h
st
abl
e
v
o
lt
age
l
i
n
e
s
we
re
ac
hie
v
e
d
a
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
s
8 an
d 9 beca
use
t
h
e
r
e are
l
e
ss
si
gni
fic
a
nt
vol
t
a
ge
d
r
o
p
s as op
pose
d
t
o
a sel
f
susta
i
ne
d set
u
p
of
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7.
T
h
e
vo
l
t
age
d
r
o
p
s
ex
pe
ri
e
n
ce
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
ex
peri
me
n
t
were
o
n
l
y
c
a
u
sed
b
y
cl
ou
d c
ove
r a
s
seen
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8,
t
h
e
we
at
her w
a
s s
u
nn
y
wi
t
h
a
cl
ear s
k
y. D
u
a
l
-axi
s a
n
d
si
ngl
e
axi
s
sol
a
r tr
ack
e
r
s al
so
out
put
a
l
most t
h
e sa
me amo
u
n
t
of po
we
r al
bei
t
a bit
hi
g
h
f
o
r
dua
l
-
axi
s
sol
a
r tr
acke
r
s
.
The
fixe
d
pa
n
e
l
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
d
t
h
e sa
me
o
u
tp
ut
wi
t
h
t
h
e
t
w
o t
r
a
c
kers
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
su
n
is
pe
rp
endi
c
u
l
a
r t
o
th
e
sol
a
r
p
a
n
e
l an
d t
h
e
so
la
r p
a
n
e
l is
f
i
x
e
d
t
o
zen
it
h bu
t ou
tp
u
t
s low
e
r p
o
we
r
b
e
fo
re an
d
a
f
te
r no
on
tim
e. The t
o
ta
l
out
put
ge
nerat
e
d at
s
u
n
n
y
we
at
her
wa
s a
n
i
n
crease
of 9
.
4
4
%
f
o
r
b
o
th
si
n
g
l
e
a
n
d d
u
a
l
-a
xi
s
t
r
a
c
k
ers c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
fixe
d
panel
.
Du
rin
g
c
l
o
u
d
y
wea
t
h
e
r as i
n
Fi
gu
re
9,
dual
-
axi
s
ge
ne
rat
e
s the
most
amo
u
n
t o
f
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
st
o
f
t
h
e t
i
m
e
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
sol
a
r
panel
s
a
r
e
sh
a
d
ed
b
y
cl
o
uds
a
n
d
a
l
mo
s
t
l
i
ne
ar
t
h
r
o
u
gho
ut
t
h
e
e
xpe
r
i
ment
bet
w
ee
n 8
V
a
n
d
9
V
.
S
i
ngle
-
axi
s
s
o
l
a
r t
r
ac
ker p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a bit
la
rger
va
ria
t
i
on
of vol
t
a
ge
bet
w
ee
n 6
.
7
V
a
n
d
8.5V
w
h
i
l
e
fi
xe
d
pa
ne
l
pro
duce
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
be
tw
ee
n
6
V
an
d
8
.
2
V
.
T
o
t
a
l
out
p
u
t
ge
n
e
ra
te
d d
u
r
i
n
g
c
l
ou
d
y
w
e
at
h
e
r
w
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
of
1
0
.14
%
an
d 5.
19
% fo
r
du
a
l
-
a
x
i
s a
n
d
sin
g
l
e-
ax
is r
e
sp
ec
ti
v
e
ly
comp
ar
ed
t
o
fi
xed
pa
nel
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9
9
.5
10
1
0
.5
11
11.5
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
Du
a
l
Ax
i
s
S
i
ngle Axi
s
F
i
xed P
a
nel
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
1
1
1
.
51
2
1
2
.
51
31
3
.
5
Du
al A
x
i
s
Single Axis
Fi
x
e
d Panel
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Sel
f
-
su
stai
ni
ng
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
rn
al
ly
-p
owe
r
e
d
f
i
xe
d, si
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
-
axi
s
s
o
l
a
r t
r
acke
rs
…
(A
.
H. M
ohai
mi
n
)
1
037
Fi
gu
re
8.
S
o
l
a
r t
r
a
c
ke
rs i
n
e
x
t
e
rnal
l
y
-p
o
w
ere
d
se
t
u
p
d
u
ri
ng
sun
ny
wea
t
he
r
Fi
gu
re
9. S
o
l
a
r
t
r
ac
ke
rs i
n
e
x
t
e
rnal
ly
p
o
w
ere
d
set
u
p
duri
n
g
cl
ou
dy
we
at
her
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
P
r
ot
oty
p
e
s
o
l
a
r
tr
acki
n
g
s
y
st
ems
ha
ve
bee
n
fa
bri
cat
e
d
t
o
com
p
are
t
h
ei
r
volt
a
ge
o
u
t
put
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
s
e
lf
-po
w
e
r
e
d
or
ex
te
rn
al
l
y
po
w
e
red
.
A
mi
cro
c
o
n
t
rolle
r
w
a
s
al
so
d
e
sign
ed
t
o
au
to
ma
ti
ca
lly
me
asur
e
th
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
ou
t
p
u
t
s from
t
h
e
so
lar
tra
c
k
e
r
s. I
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
ob
s
e
r
v
ed
t
h
a
t
d
u
a
l-a
x
is
so
la
r
tr
ac
ke
r
in se
lf-
s
u
s
ta
in
i
n
g
po
we
r
set
u
p ge
nera
te
s
l
e
ss
o
u
t
put i
n
gene
ral
of 1
8
%
ma
xim
u
m re
d
u
ct
i
on a
g
a
i
nst
fixe
d pa
ne
l w
h
i
l
e
si
n
g
l
e
a
x
is
t
r
ac
ker ge
nera
t
e
s
a
n
a
l
most
equi
val
e
nt
a
m
o
unt
of
o
u
t
put
to fi
xe
d p
a
nel
.
Fo
r
e
x
t
e
rnal
ly p
o
we
r
set
u
p
,
t
h
e
out
put
for
bot
h
d
u
al
a
n
d
si
ngl
e-a
x
is
sol
a
r t
r
ac
ke
r i
s
m
o
re
st
abl
e
an
d
hig
h
e
r
tha
n
t
h
e
fi
x
e
d
pa
nel
wi
th
10%
and
5%
i
n
crea
se
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
Fro
m
t
h
ese
obs
erva
t
i
on
s, i
t
ca
n be
co
ncl
ude
d
tha
t
e
x
t
e
rnal
ly
p
o
w
er s
o
la
r
t
r
ac
kers ge
ne
rat
e
d 18%
mor
e
out
put t
h
a
n
s
e
lf-s
usta
ini
n
g
sol
a
r t
r
a
c
k
er
s.
P
o
w
e
r
out
p
u
t
gene
rat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
a sel
f
su
st
ai
n
i
ng pow
e
r
s
e
tu
p suffe
r
s
fro
m i
n
c
r
eas
in
g pow
er co
n
s
ump
tion
for
th
e tra
c
k
i
ng
sy
s
t
em
. In sum
m
a
r
y
,
a smal
l-siz
e
d
dual
-
axi
s
sola
r trac
ke
r c
o
nsu
m
es mor
e
po
wer t
h
a
n
gene
rat
i
n
g
it
wi
th
82
.5
%
i
n
c
r
ea
se
pow
e
r
con
s
u
m
pti
o
n for
a
1
0
%
i
n
cre
a
se i
n
o
u
tp
ut
ge
nera
ti
o
n
.
F
o
r a si
ngl
e
-
a
x
i
s
trac
ke
r,
t
h
e
po
we
r
c
onsu
m
pt
ion
in
c
r
ea
se
s
by
31
.7
% fo
r a
5
%
to
9
%
i
n
cr
ease
in
ou
tpu
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
on
.
In
c
o
n
c
lu
sio
n
, it is
u
n
f
e
asi
b
le
to
u
tili
z
e
d
so
l
a
r
tra
c
k
i
n
g ca
p
a
b
i
li
tie
s on
lo
w
po
w
e
r
ra
te
d
so
la
r p
a
n
e
l.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
We
wo
ul
d
l
i
ke t
o
tha
nk U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Tek
nol
ogi
Bru
n
ei
fo
r fi
n
a
nc
ia
l
su
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
c
a
rry o
u
t
t
h
is rese
a
r
c
h
th
ro
ugh
in
t
e
rn
al p
r
o
j
ec
t
fu
nd
[Re
f
.
No
. UTB/G
S
R/1
/
2
018
(3)
]
.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
J. Rizk
and
Y
.
Chaik
o
,
“S
o
l
ar
Track
ing
Sy
ste
m
: M
o
re
Effi
cie
n
t Use o
f
S
o
lar
P
a
nels,”
Wo
rld
Aca
d
em
y o
f
Sci
e
nce,
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g a
nd Te
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
V
o
l. 4
1
,
p
p
.
31
3-31
5,
20
08
.
[2]
T.
S.
Zh
an
,
W.
M
.
Lin
,
M
.
H.
Tsai
and
G. S
.
Wang
, “Des
ig
n
an
d im
p
l
e
m
en
tation
of th
e d
u
a
l-
ax
is
so
lar
tra
c
k
i
n
g
system
”,
IEEE
3
7
th
An
nu
a
l
Comp
ut
e
r
S
o
ftwa
r
e
and
Ap
pli
c
atio
n
Co
nf
e
r
e
n
ce
,
pp
. 27
6-2
7
7
,
2
0
13.
[3]
M
.
Ca
tarius
and
M
.
P
.
Christin
e
r
,
“Azi
muth
-Alti
tud
e
Du
al A
x
is
S
o
lar
Track
er,”
A
M
a
j
or Qua
l
i
f
y
i
ng
Pr
ojec
t (Al
l
Ye
a
r
s) to
WORCES
TER
POLYTE
C
HNIC
INS
T
IT
UTE,
2
010
.
[4]
S
.
Deep
thi, A.
P
o
nn
i, R. Ran
j
ith
a
an
d R
.
Dh
ana
b
al, “C
o
m
p
a
riso
n o
f
Efficien
cies
of
S
i
n
g
l
e-Axis
Track
in
g S
y
s
t
e
m
and
D
u
al-Axis Track
in
g S
y
ste
m
w
i
th F
i
x
e
d M
o
u
n
t
”,
In
tern
at
io
na
l Jour
na
l of
Eng
i
n
eerin
g S
c
ien
c
e
an
d Inn
o
vatio
n
T
echno
lo
gy
,
Vo
l. 2
,
N
o
.
2,
p
p
.
42
5-43
0,
20
13
.
[5]
C. S
.
Chin
, “M
o
d
el-Bas
ed S
i
m
u
latio
n
of an
I
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
Micro
p
r
ocess
o
r-Bas
e
d
S
t
a
n
dalon
e
S
o
l
a
r Tra
c
k
i
ng
”,
in
MAT
L
AB: ‘A Fu
nd
amen
ta
l T
o
o
l
fo
r Sci
e
nti
f
ic
Co
mp
uting
a
n
d
Engi
ne
e
r
i
ng A
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
’
(InTe
c
h
P
r
e
s
s,
20
12
, 3
r
d
edn
)
,
pp.
252-2
78,
20
12.
[6]
J. M
.
Wang
and
C. L. Lu
,
“D
esig
n and
imp
l
em
en
tation
o
f
a s
u
n
tr
ack
er w
i
th
a
du
al-
a
xis
sing
le-
m
oto
r
fo
r an
op
tic
al
sen
s
or-b
ased
ph
otov
olta
ic
s
y
s
t
e
m
”,
S
e
ns
or
s
,
Vo
l. 1
3
,
pp
.
31
57
-3
16
8,
20
13
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
11
11.25
1
1
.5
11.
7
5
1
2
1
2
.
2
5
1
2
.
5
Dual Axi
s
(V)
Sin
g
le Ax
is (
V
)
Fix
e
d Pan
e
l (V)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10
10.5
1
1
11.
5
1
2
12.5
1
3
1
3
.
5
1
4
14.5
1
5
dua
l
axis
s
i
ngl
e a
x
is
f
i
xe
d p
a
n
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
31
–
1
0
39
1
038
[7]
H.
M
ohaimin
, M
.
R
Ud
din
,
F
.
K.
Law,
“D
es
ig
n an
d fab
r
ic
at
ion
of
sin
g
le-
a
xis an
d d
u
al-ax
i
s
s
o
lar
tra
c
king
sy
stems”
,
20
18
IEE
E
S
t
u
d
e
nt Con
f
er
enc
e
i
n
Resear
ch
Eng
i
n
eerin
g
and
D
e
v
e
lop
m
ent
(S
CO
ReD
)
,
pp.
1-4,
2
018
.
[8]
H.
Mo
ha
im
i
n
,
M. R.
Ud
d
i
n
,
H. Ha
sh
i
m
,
N.
T
u
a
h
a
n
d
M.
R.
Za
h
a
ri,
“
D
e
s
i
gn a
nd sim
u
l
a
ti
on
of si
n
g
l
e
-a
x
i
s a
n
d d
u
a
l
-
axis so
lar tr
ack
i
n
g
s
y
stems,”
Brun
ei Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Co
nferen
ce
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g an
d
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
(BIC
ET),
pp.
3
8
(4
p
p
.
)
, 20
18
.
[9]
S
.
A
z
iz
an
d
M.
Has
s
an
, “D
ua
l
Ax
is
S
o
l
a
r
Tr
ac
k
e
r
f
o
r
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
nel
wi
th
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
S
w
it
ch
in
g,
”
Pr
oceed
ing
o
f
t
h
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
Inte
rn
at
ion
a
l
Confe
r
e
n
ce on Mic
r
oe
l
e
c
t
ro
ni
c
s
, Co
mp
ut
ing
& Commu
n
i
c
a
ti
on Sy
st
e
ms (M
C
C
S 2
0
1
7
),
Vol
47
6, pp
.
49
-62
,
20
18
.
[10]
M
.
H
.
M
S
i
d
e
k
,
W. Z.
W
H
a
san,
M
.
Z. A
.
Ab
.
K
a
d
i
r,
S
.
Sh
af
ie
,
e
t
.
al, “GP
S
b
a
se
d
po
rtab
le
dual-
a
x
is
s
o
lar track
in
g
sy
stem
us
in
g astrono
mic
a
l equ
a
tion
,
”
2
0
1
4
IE
EE
In
tern
at
io
na
l Co
nferen
ce on
Power an
d En
er
gy (PECon),
pp
.
24
5-2
49,
20
15
.
[11]
M
.
H
.
M
.
S
i
d
e
k
,
N
.
A
z
i
s
,
W
.
Z
.
W
.
H
a
ssan,
M. Z. A. Ab.
Kad
i
r, et.
a
l
,
“A
uto
m
ated
po
sition
in
g
d
u
al-ax
i
s
so
la
r
track
ing
s
y
stem
with
pre
c
ision
elev
a
t
io
n a
n
d
azi
muth an
gle
con
t
r
o
l,”
Energy
, Vo
l.
12
4, p
p
.
16
0
-
1
7
0,
20
17.
[12]
S
.
B.
Elag
ib
an
d
N. H
.
Osman
,
“D
esign
an
d
imp
l
emen
tation o
f
d
u
al ax
is s
o
lar
track
er
b
a
sed
o
n
so
lar
maps
,”
20
13
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l Conf
e
r
e
n
ce
o
n
Comp
ut
in
g
,
E
l
ec
t
r
ic
a
l
an
d
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g (ICCE
EE
)
,
pp. 697
-6
99
, 2
0
1
3
.
[13]
M
.
A
b
d
o
llahp
o
u
r
a, M
.
R
.
Gol
zar
iana
, A.
Ro
han
i
, H
.
A
.
Zarch
i
b,
“Dev
elop
ment
o
f
a
ma
ch
in
e
v
i
sion
du
al-
a
x
i
s
so
la
r
track
ing
s
y
stem
”
,
So
la
r E
n
e
r
g
y
,
Vo
l.
16
9
,
pp.
1
36-1
4
3
,
2
0
18.
[14]
N.
K.
Kumar,
V
.
S
u
braman
iam a
n
d
E. M
u
ru
ng
an
, “P
o
w
er
an
aly
s
is
o
f
no
n-track
in
g
P
V
sy
stem with
lo
w p
o
w
e
r RTC
bas
e
d s
e
ns
or
ind
e
p
e
nd
en
t
so
la
r tr
ackin
g
(S
IS
T) P
V
s
y
s
t
em”,
Mat
e
r
ials T
o
day
,
vo
l.
5,
pp.
10
76
-108
1, 20
18
.
[15]
I. b
.
Ibr
a
him
,
F
.
D
.
b.
A. R
a
h
m
an
and
M
.
b
.
Roh
a
izat,
“Du
a
l Ax
es S
o
l
a
r
Track
er”,
Internat
ional Journal
of
E
l
ec
t
r
ic
al a
nd
Compu
t
e
r
En
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
, Vol
.
8
,
Is
s
u
e 3,
pp.
18
87
-1
89
2, 20
18
.
[16]
M
.
C. Brito, J
.
M
.
P
o
, D
.
P
e
r
e
ir
a, F
.
S
i
moes,
R. Rodrigu
e
z
and
J
.
C. Amad
or
,
“
P
ass
i
v
e
so
lar
tr
a
c
k
e
r b
a
sed
in
th
e
different
ial ther
mal exp
a
nsi
o
n
of vertical st
r
i
ps”,
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Ren
e
wa
ble
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
aina
ble
En
er
gy
, Vo
l
.
11
,
04
37
01,
20
19
.
[17]
H. M
o
u
s
azad
eh
, A. Key
h
an
i, A. Jav
a
di
,
H
.
M
obli,
K
.
A
b
rini
a and
A. S
h
ar
ifi
,
“A review
o
f
p
r
in
cip
l
e an
d su
n-
tr
ack
ing
me
th
od
s
f
o
r
maxi
m
i
zi
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
sy
st
ems
ou
tp
ut
”,
Ren
e
wa
ble and
Su
stain
a
b
l
e En
erg
y
Re
v
i
e
w
, Vo
l.
1
3
,
pp.
18
00
-181
8,
20
0
9
.
[18]
T. J
i
n
a
y
i
m, J
.
A
r
un
ru
ng
rasmi,
T. T
a
nitteerap
an
, an
d
N
.
M
ung
ku
ng
, “High
l
y
e
fficient lo
w p
o
w
er co
ns
umptio
n
tr
ack
ing
so
lar
c
e
l
l
s
f
o
r
w
h
i
t
e
LED-based lighting syst
em”,
In
ter
natio
na
l Jo
ur
n
a
l of
El
ec
tr
ica
l
, Co
mpu
t
er
an
d
S
y
st
e
m
E
ngi
nee
r
in
g
, Vo
l.
1
,
pp
. 1
3
0
7
-
51
79,
20
07
.
[19]
S.
Ab
da
lla
h,
“
T
he
e
ffec
t
of usi
n
g
sun
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng syst
e
m
s
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e-cu
rr
ent
c
h
a
r
ac
teris
tics
an
d po
wer
gen
e
rat
i
o
n
of fla
t
p
l
at
e P
V
,”
En
ergy Con
ver
sion an
d
M
ana
g
e
m
e
nt
,
Vol
.
4
5
, p
p
.
16
71
-1
67
9
,
20
0
4
.
[20]
S.
Abda
llah
and
O. O.
Badran
, “Sun tr
ack
i
n
g sys
t
em for produ
c
tivi
t
y
of
solar
still”,
De
s
a
l
i
n
a
ti
on
,
vo
l. 22
0
,
p
p
.
66
9-
67
6, 200
8
.
[21]
M
.
M
.
Ab
u-K
h
a
d
e
r
,
O
.
O
.
Bad
r
a
n
and S
.
Ab
da
lla
h
, “
E
v
a
lu
ating
multi-
axes su
n-t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
of differ
e
nt
mod
e
s
o
f
op
e
r
ati
on in
J
o
rda
n
”
,
R
e
newa
b
l
e
and
Su
st
aina
ble
En
ergy
Re
view
, Vol
.
1
2
,
pp
. 86
4-8
7
3
,
20
08
.
[22]
R.
A
,
Ferd
aus
,
S
.
Rahman
,
S
.
S
a
leh
i
n
and
M
.
A. M
a
nn
an, “En
e
rg
y Effi
cient H
y
b
r
id Du
al Ax
is S
o
lar
Tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
Sy
st
e
m
,
”
Hi
nd
awi J
o
u
r
na
l o
f
R
e
ne
wa
bl
e En
e
r
gy
,
V
o
l.
2
014
,
1
2
p
a
ges
,
20
14
.
[23]
P
.
Bh
ateja,
A.
Gu
pta
and
V
.
S
.
S
h
arma
,
“En
e
rgy
effic
i
ent
stud
ies
– mod
e
lling
and
an
alys
is
o
f
so
la
r track
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
,”
Journal
of
A
d
vanced R
e
se
arch i
n
Alternat
i
v
e E
n
ergy,
E
n
vi
ronment and
E
c
olog
y
,
vo
l.
6, 3&
4, pp
.
1-6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[24]
M
a
rcu, C. Al
ex
and
r
u
and
I.
B
a
rb
u, “Dy
n
am
ic
o
p
timi
zat
io
n
of
a du
al-
a
xis
so
la
r tr
ack
er fo
r
P
V
mo
du
les,
”
IO
P
S
c
ie
nc
e
Se
ri
e
s
: M
a
t
e
ri
al
s Sc
ie
nce
a
n
d
E
n
gi
n
e
e
r
ing
, Vol.
5
14,
0120
37
,
20
19.
[25]
Ma
rc
u
,
C.
Ale
x
a
n
d
r
u a
n
d I. Ba
rbu
,
“
M
od
el
li
ng
a
n
d sim
u
latio
n
o
f
a du
al-
a
xis so
lar
track
er
for P
V
mo
dules,
”
IO
P
S
c
ie
nc
e
Se
ri
e
s
: M
a
t
e
ri
al
s Sc
ie
nce
a
n
d
E
n
gi
n
e
e
r
ing
, Vol.
5
14,
0120
36
,
20
19.
[26]
B.
P
u
lu
ng
a
n
,
L.
S
on,
S
.
Hu
da,
S
y
afii
an
d
U
b
a
i
di
lla
h
,
“Sem
i ac
tiv
e
con
t
rol
o
f
u
s
in
g var
i
able
po
siti
on of
add
e
d mas
s
con
t
ro
l,”
20
19 16
th
Int
e
rn
at
io
nal Co
nfe
r
e
n
ce
o
n
Qu
a
l
i
t
y
in Re
se
arc
h
(Qi
R
):
Inte
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Sy
mp
osiu
m
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
an
d Co
mp
uter
En
gineer
in
g
, p
p
.
1-5
,
20
19
.
[27]
J. N
.
Kha
l
ifa
an
d
S
.
S
.
A
l
-M
uta
w
alli
,
“
E
ff
ec
t o
f
tw
o-ax
is s
u
n
tr
a
c
kin
g
on
th
e p
e
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
co
mp
oun
d p
a
rab
o
l
i
c
con
cen
trators
,
”
En
erg
y
Con
versi
on
an
d
Man
ag
e
m
ent
, V
o
l
.
39
, N
o
.
10
,
pp
. 1
0
7
3
-
9
,
19
98
.
[28]
M.
Ko
ussa
,
A.
Ch
e
k
n
a
ne
,
S.
Ha
dji
,
M. Ha
d
d
a
d
i
an
d S.
No
ure
d
di
n
e
,
“
M
ea
sure
d a
n
d
m
o
de
lle
d
i
m
pro
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
sol
a
r
energy yield fr
om f
l
at
plat
e
p
h
ot
ovol
taic systems
u
t
ilizi
n
g
different track
i
n
g
syst
ems
and
under
a range
of
env
i
ro
nm
enta
l c
o
ndition
s,
”
A
pplied Energy
, vol
. 8
8
, pp
.
1
7
56-1
7
7
1
, 20
11
.
[29]
S.
Be
rin
g
e
r
,
H.
Sc
hi
lk
e,
I.
L
o
h
s
e
a
n
d
G.
Se
c
k
me
y
e
r,
“
C
a
s
e
st
udy sh
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
th
e
ti
lt
a
n
g
l
e of p
h
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic p
l
a
n
ts
i
s
near
ly
irrelevant
,”
So
la
r Energ
y
, v
o
l
.
8
5
,
p
p
.
47
0-47
6,
20
11
.
[30]
D.
H.
W.
L
i
and T
.
N.
T.
Lam,
“Determi
n
i
ng the opt
i
mum t
ilt angl
e
and
or
ientati
o
n for
solar energy
co
l
l
ecti
on
bas
e
d o
n
me
as
ured
solar
rad
i
an
ce
d
a
ta,”
I
n
te
rn
at
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of Ph
ot
oe
ne
rgy
, vol.
20
0
7
,
pp.
1
-
9,
2
0
0
7
.
[31]
H. M
o
h
a
im
in,
M.
R.
Ud
din,
H.
Has
h
im
, “V
oltage ou
tp
ut
co
mp
aris
on
o
f
self-s
u
s
taining
an
d
e
x
tern
a
l
ly po
w
e
r
e
d
fix
e
d
angl
e, sin
g
le
ax
is
and
d
u
a
l
ax
is
so
lar
tr
acking
s
y
s
t
ems,
”
8
t
h In
tern
at
io
n
a
l
Co
nf
e
r
enc
e
on
Infor
m
a
t
ics
,
En
vir
onm
ent
,
En
erg
y
an
d App
lic
ation
(I
EEA)
,
(S
CIEI),
pp
. 2
1
7
-2
20
, 20
19
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
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arch
with
th
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sam
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since
2018.
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s
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lar
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s
M
.
Ra
k
i
b
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din
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th
or b
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c
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m
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a M
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mber
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f
IEEE,
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S
A in
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re
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deg
r
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ering
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ch
nolog
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Dh
ak
a,
Ban
g
l
ad
esh
in
20
05
and
BS
c
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r
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a
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ei (UTB)
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unei
D
a
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mb
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h
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r S
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a
msu
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nced
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aseo
ng/Geh
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g,
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o
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a
ff M
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mb
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r Eng
i
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eer
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m
20
11
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20
14
.
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work
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s
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o
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-d
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ll
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om
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internat
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a
tent
s
Dr.
Ashraf Khalil recei
ved
the B.
Sc. and
M. Sc. d
e
grees
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n
el
ectr
i
c
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engineering
fr
om the
U
n
iversity
of
Be
n
g
h
azi, Lib
y
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in
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0
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d 200
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e
spect
iv
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h
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deg
r
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r
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g
fro
m
Uni
v
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r
sity
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f
Bi
rm
in
gh
am
, UK in
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0
12. In 2012
,
h
e
wa
s
a
le
ctur
e
r
at
U
n
iversity
of
Be
n
g
h
azi, Lib
y
a
,
h
e
is an
ass
i
s
t
an
t
pro
f
e
s
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r a
t
Un
ive
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sit
i
T
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kn
olo
g
i
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r
un
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c
e
J
u
ly
2
0
1
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. H
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
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th
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r
e
fer
e
ed
jo
urn
a
l an
d co
nfer
en
c
e
pap
e
rs
.
H
e
is
a memb
er
o
f
IEEE. His r
e
s
ear
ch in
terests
inc
l
u
d
e en
ergy
econo
my,
r
e
newab
l
e
e
n
ergy
, sm
art-gr
id
s
and
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
s of
t
h
e t
i
m
e
de
la
y on
powe
r
syste
m
sta
b
ili
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.