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th
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-
4
7
3
1
.
IEE
E,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
Hu
a
,
Ch
ih
-
C
h
ian
g
,
a
n
d
M
e
n
g
-
Y
u
L
in
,
“
A
stu
d
y
o
f
c
h
a
rg
in
g
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
lea
d
-
a
c
id
b
a
tt
e
ry
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
in
In
d
u
str
ial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
0
0
.
I
S
IE
2
0
0
0
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
0
I
EE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
135
-
1
4
0
.
IEE
E,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
]
Al
-
k
a
ra
k
c
h
i,
A
h
m
e
d
A
.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
G
il
li
a
n
L
a
c
e
y
,
a
n
d
G
h
a
n
i
m
P
u
tru
s.
“
A
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
e
le
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
c
h
a
rg
in
g
to
im
p
ro
v
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
li
fe
,
”
In
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
f
(U
P
EC),
5
0
th
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
.
I
EE
E,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
K.
N.
M
u
d
e
,
H.
K
Da
sh
o
ra
,
M
.
Be
rto
lu
z
z
o
,
a
n
d
G
.
Bu
ja,
“
F
ro
m
W
ired
to
I
n
-
M
o
v
i
n
g
Ch
a
rg
in
g
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s,”
In
Pro
c
.
o
f
W
S
EA
S
I
n
t.
Co
n
f.
o
n
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t,
E
n
e
rg
y
,
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t,
Eco
n
o
mic
s
(
D
EE
E)
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
M
.
Yilm
a
z
a
n
d
P
h
il
i
p
T
.
Kre
in
,
"
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
c
h
a
rg
in
g
p
o
w
e
r
le
v
e
ls
a
n
d
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
f
o
r
p
lu
g
-
in
e
le
c
tri
c
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
s"
,
In
El
e
c
tric V
e
h
icle
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IEV
C),
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
M
.
Yilm
a
z
a
n
d
P
h
i
li
p
T
.
Kre
in
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
rid
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
d
istr
ib
u
t
io
n
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
u
ti
li
ty
in
terf
a
c
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
5
6
7
3
-
5
6
8
9
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
C.
C.
Ch
a
n
,
"
T
h
e
sta
te
o
f
th
e
a
rt
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
,
h
y
b
rid
,
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
v
e
h
icle
s"
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
v
o
l.
9
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
,
7
0
4
-
7
1
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[8
]
Ca
rd
o
so
,
Re
n
a
t
o
T
.
,
Jo
n
a
s
R.
T
ib
o
la,
M
a
rc
e
l
Da
ll
P
a
i,
A
n
tó
n
i
o
M
S
S
A
n
d
ra
d
e
,
M
á
rio
L
.
d
a
S
.
M
a
rti
n
s,
a
n
d
L
u
c
ian
o
S
c
h
u
c
h
.
"
M
o
d
if
ied
c
u
rre
n
t
p
u
lse
c
h
a
rg
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
lea
d
-
a
c
id
b
a
tt
e
ries
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
h
a
se
-
sh
if
t
f
u
ll
-
b
rid
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
in
U
P
S
s
f
a
m
il
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s."
In
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
EP
E'1
5
ECCE
-
E
u
ro
p
e
),
2
0
1
5
1
7
t
h
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
.
IEE
E,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
Bo
-
Yu
a
n
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
Ye
n
-
S
h
i
n
L
a
i,
”
Ne
w
Dig
it
a
l
-
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
b
a
tt
e
r
y
Ch
a
rg
e
r
w
it
h
c
o
n
sta
n
t
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
w
it
h
o
u
t
c
u
rr
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
On
In
d
u
s.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
5
-
1
5
5
3
,
M
a
rc
h
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
Ch
in
e
-
M
i
n
g
W
a
n
g
,
Ch
a
n
g
-
Hu
a
L
in
a
n
d
Hs
in
-
Yi
L
in
,
“
Hi
g
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
lo
w
-
str
e
ss
ZV
S
-
P
W
M
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
e
r.
"
6
th
IEE
E
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
stri
a
l
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
5
-
1
1
9
0
.
IEE
E,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
J.
Ch
a
n
n
e
g
o
w
d
a
,
V
.
K.
P
a
t
h
ip
a
ti
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
W
il
li
a
m
so
n
,
"
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
DC
f
a
st
c
h
a
rg
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
:
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
p
lu
g
-
to
-
w
h
e
e
ls
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
,
"
In
IEE
E
2
4
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
E
lec
tro
n
ics
(
IS
IE)
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
-
2
6
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
M
.
H.
Ra
sh
i
d
,
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s,
Circu
it
s,
De
v
ice
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
3
rd
e
d
.
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
:
P
e
a
rso
n
/
p
re
n
ti
c
e
-
Ha
ll
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
M
a
sri,
S
.
,
a
n
d
P
.
W
.
Ch
a
n
.
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
d
c
-
d
c
Bo
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
c
o
n
sta
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
.
”
In
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
y
ste
m
s (ICIA
S
),
In
t.
Co
n
f
.
p
p
.
1
-
4
.
I
EE
E,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
M
a
rian
K.
Ka
z
i
m
ier
c
z
u
k
a
n
d
A
n
to
n
i
o
M
a
ss
a
rin
i,
“
F
e
e
d
f
o
r
w
a
rd
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
DC
-
DC
P
W
M
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
o
n
c
irc
u
it
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
-
1
4
8
,
F
e
b
.
1
9
9
7
.
[1
5
]
Vellan
k
i
Me
h
ar
J
y
o
th
i,
T
.
Vi
ja
y
Mu
n
i,
S
V
N
L
L
alit
h
a,
An
Op
ti
m
al
E
n
er
g
y
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
P
V/B
atter
y
Sta
n
d
alo
n
e
S
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
E
l
ec
tr
ical
an
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
8
~2
5
4
4
.
[1
6
]
M.
N.
H.
Kh
an
,
K.
J
.
Ah
m
ad
,
M.
S.
Z
ah
a
n
,
M.
N.
Hasa
n
,
B
atter
y
-
E
q
u
i
v
alen
t
DC
S
u
p
p
l
y
f
r
o
m
L
ea
k
a
g
e
C
u
r
r
en
t: P
V
to
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
le
s
s
I
n
v
er
ter
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs a
n
d
Dr
i
v
e
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
,
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
3
~1
1
9
9
.
[1
7
]
So
n
ak
S
in
g
h
an
d
B
h
i
m
S
in
g
h
,
So
lar
P
V
w
ater
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
DC
-
li
n
k
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
ics (
I
J
P
E
)
,
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
/2
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
8
5
.
[1
8
]
J.
-
S.
L
ee
,
J
.
-
J
.
L
ee
,
M.
-
R
.
K
i
m
,
I
.
-
J
.
P
ar
k
a
n
d
J
.
-
G.
Ki
m
,
“E
lectr
ic
Mo
d
el
o
f
L
i
-
I
o
n
P
o
l
y
m
er
B
atter
y
f
o
r
Mo
to
r
Dr
iv
in
g
C
ir
cu
it
in
H
y
b
r
id
E
lectr
ic
Veh
icle”
,
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lectrica
l
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
3
2
-
9
3
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
K.
-
C.
B
ae
,
S.
-
C
.
C
h
o
i,
J
.
-
H.
Ki
m
,
Y.
-
C
.
J
u
n
g
an
d
C
.
-
Y.
W
o
n
,
“L
i
FeP
O4
D
y
n
a
m
ic
B
atte
r
y
Mo
d
elin
g
f
o
r
B
atter
y
Si
m
u
lato
r
”,
I
E
E
E
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
C
o
n
feren
ce
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
I
T
)
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
-
3
5
8
,
Feb
.
2014.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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em
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er
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7
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5
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5
–
1
5
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