In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
6
7
5
~1
6
8
6
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1675-1686
1675
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
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na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Cogeneration of energy in solar s
ystems - a study case, K
osovo
B
u
k
u
rije Hoxha, Rexh
e
p
S
e
limaj,
D
renu
s
ha Krasn
iqi,
S
ab
rije
O
sm
a
na
j
F
acult
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o
f
M
echan
ical
En
g
i
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eerin
g,
U
n
i
versit
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of P
ris
h
t
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na, 10
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0
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,
Pri
s
hti
n
a,
K
os
o
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o
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
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tic
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:
Re
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8
Re
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ar 1
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Nowa
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e
ff
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Energ
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g
ener
a
t
ion
H
ybri
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sys
tem
s
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
a
brij
e
O
s
m
a
na
j
,
Fac
u
l
t
y
of
M
ech
a
n
i
c
a
l
Eng
in
ee
ri
ng
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty o
f
Prish
tina
;
K
oso
v
o
,
Em
ail:
sa
bri
j
e.osm
a
na
j@
un
i-
pr.
e
du
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
En
ergy
i
s
t
h
e
mo
st
v
a
l
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a
bl
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so
u
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ce
a
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und
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s
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so
o
u
r
h
e
r
it
ag
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fo
r
fut
u
re
gene
ra
ti
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s.
P
rese
rvi
ng
t
h
i
s
r
es
ource
f
o
r
the
futur
e
r
equires
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
gh
un
dersta
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d
i
n
g
of
e
ne
rg
y
r
e
so
urce
s,
op
tim
al
oper
a
t
i
o
n
,
an
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
b
l
e
usa
g
e.
A
pp
lica
t
io
n
o
f
n
ew
c
a
p
acit
y
g
e
n
e
r
at
e
d
by
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
ene
r
g
y
source
s,
n
e
w
m
ana
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s,
a
dva
n
ced
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s
an
d
impr
o
v
i
n
g
p
r
oduc
tiv
i
t
y
ca
n
c
o
ntr
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
ec
onom
ic
g
ro
w
t
h [1]
.
B
y
a
d
d
i
ng
t
h
e
al
terna
tive
so
ur
ces,
o
n
e
c
a
n
overc
ome
t
h
e
sc
he
du
l
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
u
t
t
o
o
[
2
]
.
A
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
/
t
h
erm
a
l
hy
br
id
s
ola
r
s
ys
tem
(P
V
T
–
s
y
s
tem
)
i
s
a
co
mb
in
at
io
n
fo
r
p
hot
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
an
d
sol
a
r
therm
a
l
c
o
mp
one
nts
/
sy
ste
m
s
w
h
ic
h
pr
od
uc
e
bo
t
h
e
le
ctri
c
i
t
y
a
nd
h
ea
t
from
one
i
nte
g
r
a
ted
c
o
m
pone
nt
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
3
]
.
O
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
l
l
u
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
t
he
e
a
r
t
h
’s
s
ur
fac
e
,
w
h
ic
h
c
onsis
ts
o
f
a
fl
ux
o
f
ph
o
t
o
n
s
c
o
veri
ng
a
spec
trum
o
f
e
n
e
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g
i
es
f
r
o
m
infr
are
d
t
o
ul
t
r
av
i
o
l
e
t,
d
e
liver
s
1.6
to
2
.
8
M
Wh
a
nn
ua
lly
f
or
ea
ch
s
qua
re
m
eter
o
f
t
h
e
ea
rt
h’s
sur
f
ac
e.
A
t
the
ou
te
r
she
l
l
of
t
h
e
t
erres
t
rial
a
tm
osph
ere,
t
he
i
ntens
i
t
y
o
f
solar
ra
d
i
a
t
ion
call
e
d
th
e
sol
a
r
c
onst
a
n
t
,
i
s
t
ak
en
o
n
av
era
g
e
a
s
I
SC
=
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3
t
o
1
,3
67
W
/m2,
w
it
h
a
fl
u
ct
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
abo
u
t
7
%
a
n
n
u
a
l
ly.
Thr
o
u
g
h
ph
ot
o
t
h
er
ma
l
solar
radia
tio
n
co
nver
s
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
so
l
a
r
radia
t
io
n
(
w
hi
c
h
c
arr
i
e
s
p
h
o
t
o
n
ic
e
nerg
y)
i
nto h
i
g
h
-
t
e
m
pe
rature
h
e
a
t
f
o
llow
e
d by
c
on
versi
o
n
of
t
h
e
h
ea
t
in
to
m
ec
han
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
(
or
s
ha
ft
w
ork).
Toda
y’s
tec
h
nol
og
ica
l
w
or
d
ful
l
y
de
pe
nds
on
e
l
ec
tric
i
t
y,
b
u
t
t
h
e
ava
ila
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
e
lec
t
r
i
c
so
urce
i
s
l
o
w
.
T
he
d
efic
ie
ncy
of
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
b
e
c
omes
t
h
e
b
reak
in
g
po
i
n
t
fo
r
e
m
e
r
g
i
ng
c
o
unt
ri
e
s
.
The
fi
rst
re
po
rt
e
d
s
tu
dy
o
n
a
fl
a
t
p
l
a
t
e
P
V/
T
wa
s
p
r
es
ent
e
d
by
W
ol
f
in
1
976
.
Th
e
mi
c
r
o
g
r
id
’s
ene
r
ge
tic
p
erfo
rm
ance
i
s
dire
c
t
l
y
a
f
f
ec
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
so
lar
ra
dia
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
t
h
e
in
sta
l
lat
i
o
n
sit
e
.
The
dere
gu
la
t
e
d
elec
trica
l
p
ow
e
r
m
arke
t
t
r
i
e
s
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
f
u
l
l
u
t
iliz
atio
n
of
t
he
e
le
ctric
netw
ork
w
ith
h
i
g
h
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
l
be
n
e
fi
t
s
a
nd
also
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
s
t
he
s
e
c
uri
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
sys
t
e
m
[
4-7]
.
B
e
c
a
use
the
me
chan
ic
a
l
e
nerg
y
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
nver
t
e
d
i
nt
o
e
l
ectr
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy,
f
i
gur
e
t
h
er
m
a
l
sola
r
radia
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
v
ersi
o
n
c
a
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
167
5
– 1
686
1
676
be
v
ie
w
e
d
a
s
a
m
ea
ns
t
o
gener
a
te
e
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t
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r
m
echa
n
ica
l
o
r
elec
t
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hot
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r
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e
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to
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ave
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ret
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for
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nver
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la
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o
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ork
(elec
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)
an
d
for
deter
m
i
n
i
n
g t
h
e effi
c
ienc
y of
t
h
i
s pr
ocess. In our c
ase,
ther
e
i
s a pow
e
r
t
o a
l
o
a
d
i
n a
n
i
so
la
ted s
i
te, in or
de
r to
stud
y
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
s
ys
tem
b
a
se
d
on
c
l
i
m
at
ic
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
8].
The
k
e
y
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
due
t
o
t
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e
lac
k
o
f
pro
p
er
o
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g
a
n
i
z
a
t
ion
of
t
he
e
ner
gy
sec
t
or
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
try
un
der
re
v
i
e
w
.
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v
er
95%
o
f
t
h
e
gene
ra
ted
ene
r
gy
is
from
c
o
al-fire
d
p
o
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p
la
nts,
a
nd
n
ow
i
t
ha
s
be
gun
i
nc
orp
o
ra
tin
g
ren
e
w
a
bl
e
tech
n
o
l
o
gie
s
,
gener
a
t
i
n
g
e
ner
gy fr
om
pho
to
vo
l
t
a
i
c p
a
ne
ls as
w
e
l
l a
s
s
ol
a
r
pa
n
el
s (F
igure
1).
F
i
gur
e 1
:
T
herm
ody
nam
i
c
m
ode
ls for
ph
o
t
o
t
h
e
r
m
a
l so
lar
radia
tio
n
conv
ersi
on
i
nt
o
wo
rk. (a)M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
e
x
erg
y
o
f i
n
s
o
l
a
tio
n; (
b) m
od
el a
cc
oun
t
i
n
g
for
solar
c
once
n
t
r
at
io
n
an
d
hea
t
tr
a
ns
fer
2.
PHOTOVOLT
A
I
C
-T
H
E
RMAL SYSTEMS
I
f
e
xp
ose
d
t
o
a
low
s
o
lar
co
n
c
entra
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o,
t
he
t
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
of
a
P
V
pan
e
l
i
n
cre
a
ses,
a
s
me
nt
i
o
ne
d
abo
v
e.
I
n
th
is
c
ase,
t
he
P
V
cell
e
f
fi
c
ienc
y
dec
r
ea
ses,
b
u
t
t
he
o
v
e
ral
l
p
an
el
e
ffici
en
cy
i
n
c
re
ase
s
.
Th
ere
i
s
a
li
m
i
t
t
o
t
he
o
pe
rati
ng
tem
p
er
ature
of
t
he
P
C
ce
lls,
w
h
ich,
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
on
t
he
c
o
n
s
t
ruc
t
i
on,
i
s
in
t
he
r
ange
o
f
a
b
out
6
0
t
o
1
0
0
℃
.
Low
e
rin
g
t
he
P
V
pa
n
e
l
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
is
a
m
e
a
ns
o
f
i
n
cre
a
sing
e
f
fi
c
ienc
y.
I
f
coo
l
i
n
g
is
app
l
ied
w
i
t
h
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
a
h
ea
t
tra
n
sfer
fl
ui
d
to
a
P
V
pa
n
e
l, i
t
s t
e
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e
c
a
n
b
e
m
a
i
nt
ai
n
e
d
bet
w
e
e
n
40
a
nd
80
℃
(d
ep
e
ndin
g
on
t
h
e
s
ol
ar
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
an
d
on
w
h
e
th
e
r
c
on
c
e
n
tr
ation
sys
t
em
s
ar
e
app
l
ied)
[
9].
The
h
e
a
t
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
u
s
a
g
o
o
d
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
e
m
p
era
t
ur
e
t
o
b
e
us
e
d
i
n
a
m
u
lti
t
ude
o
f
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
Conse
que
n
tly,
P
V
/T
(
ph
oto
v
o
l
taic
–
t
herm
al
)
sy
stem
s
m
ake
se
nse
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
i
ncre
asing
t
h
e
effi
c
ie
n
c
y
of
p
ow
e
r
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
the
effi
c
i
e
ncy
of
s
ola
r
r
e
s
o
u
rce
ut
iliza
tio
n.
W
a
t
e
r
,
gl
yc
ol
–
w
ater
,
and
a
i
r
a
r
e
typ
i
ca
l
he
at
t
r
a
n
s
fer
fluids
us
ed
i
n
PV/T
s
ys
tem
s
.
H
ot
w
a
t
er
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
f
or
e
ne
rg
y
ge
ne
rati
o
n
,
space
h
ea
ti
n
g
,
sa
n
i
tar
y
w
ater
h
eat
i
ng,
g
re
en
ho
use
he
a
t
i
n
g,
s
ola
r
dr
yi
n
g
,
solar
st
il
l
s
,
a
n
d
ot
her
purp
o
ses
[1
0].
W
h
en
w
a
t
er
i
s
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
o
l
in
g
medi
u
m
,
arra
n
g
e
men
t
s
can
b
e
m
ade
t
o
c
om
bine
P
V
te
chn
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
a
fl
at
pla
t
e
so
lar
ther
m
a
l
col
l
e
c
t
or.
Th
us,
water
at
i
ts
l
ower
t
em
per
a
t
u
r
e
c
a
n
fl
o
w
u
n
d
e
r
n
e
a
t
h
a
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
o
t
h
a
t
,
thr
o
u
g
h
h
e
a
t
transfe
r
,
it
co
o
l
s
th
e
pa
nel
a
n
d
im
pro
v
es
i
ts
e
ffic
iency.
W
a
t
e
r
i
s
pre
h
ea
t
e
d
in
t
his
w
a
y
an
d
the
n
p
a
ssed
t
h
ro
ugh
fl
a
t
p
l
at
e
so
l
a
r
t
h
e
r
ma
l
col
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
fo
r
fu
rth
e
r
h
ea
ti
ng.
T
he
d
i
a
gra
m
o
f
a
sys
t
em
a
s
suc
h
,
used
f
or
space
a
nd
w
a
t
e
r
hea
tin
g in
a
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
c
e
,
a
s
s
u
gge
ste
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2
[1
1].
The
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
rgy
effi
c
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
coge
ne
rat
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
usua
ll
y
defi
n
e
d
a
s
us
efu
l
e
le
c
t
ric
i
t
y
and
hea
t
ge
ne
rated,
e
x
p
ressed
in
e
ne
rgy or
e
xer
g
y
un
its,
re
spect
i
v
el
y,
over
t
h
e
c
onsum
ed
s
ol
a
r
r
esourc
e
(
a
g
ain
in
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
e
r
g
y
u
n
i
t
s
)
.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
defi
n
e
the
e
n
e
r
gy
effi
c
i
e
nc
y
of
t
he
c
o
g
ener
atio
n
sy
st
e
m
c
ons
i
d
er
i
ng
t
h
at
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
t
y
i
s
a
mor
e
v
al
uab
l
e
pro
duc
t t
h
a
n
t
h
e
he
a
t
[12]
.
B
y
di
v
id
ing
th
i
s
he
a
t i
n
t
o
t
he
t
ota
l
s
o
l
ar
e
n
e
rgy us
e
d
w
e
ob
t
a
i
n:
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Coge
ner
a
t
i
on
of
ene
r
gy
i
n
so
la
r system
s
-
a study
c
a
se
,
Ko
sov
o
(
B
ukur
ije
H
o
x
h
a)
1
677
So
l
a
r
en
e
r
g
y
i
s
av
ail
a
bl
e
wo
rld
w
id
e
and
c
a
n
p
l
ay
a
k
e
y
r
ol
e
in
fac
i
l
i
t
at
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
nde
pe
nde
nc
e
an
d
r
e
silienc
e
at
t
h
e
r
egio
na
l,
n
at
io
na
l,
l
oca
l
a
n
d
h
ouse
h
o
l
d
le
vel
l
ow
-
an
d
me
di
um
-
t
em
pe
r
a
tur
e
,
solar
-
th
er
m
a
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
gi
es
c
a
n
g
e
n
er
a
t
e
he
at
f
or
m
any
d
i
ve
r
s
e
r
e
si
de
nti
a
l,
c
o
mm
er
cial
a
nd
pr
oce
s
s
h
e
a
tin
g
ap
pl
ica
t
io
ns,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
f
o
r
m
n
atur
a
l
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
p
r
ov
i
s
i
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
w
i
t
h
hi
g
h
r
elia
b
i
lit
y
[
13]
.
The
r
e
new
a
ble
e
n
er
g
y
se
ct
or
e
mpl
o
y
s
9
.
5
m
i
l
lio
n
pe
op
l
e
w
or
ld
w
i
de,
o
f
w
h
i
c
h
3
.
7
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
ar
e
in
t
he
s
ola
r
s
ec
tor
(i
n
c
lu
din
g
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
P
V
,
s
ola
r
h
ea
ti
ng,
a
n
d
c
oo
l
i
ng)
.
Sm
a
l
l-
s
c
a
le
t
he
r
m
a
l
and
sta
n
d-
al
o
n
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
c
r
e
a
t
e
o
ppo
rtu
n
it
i
e
s
fo
r
l
o
c
a
l
ec
onomi
c
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
a
m
u
c
h
-
lo
c
a
l
i
z
e
d
va
lue
cha
i
n
c
o
ver
i
ng
d
es
i
g
n,
m
anufa
c
tur
e
,
in
sta
l
l
a
t
i
on,
a
n
d
m
ain
t
e
n
ance
.
In
a
dd
iti
o
n
,
sola
r
sys
t
em
s
ar
e
i
nsu
l
a
t
ed
from
t
h
e
i
n
sta
b
i
l
ities
of
o
i
l
p
r
i
c
e
fluc
t
u
a
tio
ns,
c
o
n
f
lic
ts,
an
d
fi
na
n
c
ia
l
unce
r
t
a
in
ty.
A
PV-
T
m
od
u
l
e
i
ncr
e
a
s
es
t
he
l
on
ge
vi
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
cell
s
a
s
t
h
ese
are
o
p
e
ra
t
e
d
at
l
o
w
er
t
e
m
p
e
rat
u
re
s,
e
sp
eci
a
lly
i
n
ap
pli
c
a
t
i
on
s
su
ch
a
s
swi
m
mi
ng
p
o
o
l
s
,
hot
el
s,
h
e
a
t
pum
p
s
,
an
d
un
der
f
l
o
o
r
he
a
t
i
n
g,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
a
l
ar
ge
a
mo
un
t
o
f
l
o
w
-
te
m
p
era
t
ur
e
heat
.
This
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
a
rise
s
fro
m
th
e
fact
t
h
e
s
olar
cells
i
n
PV
-T
c
o
l
lecto
r
s
suf
f
e
r
lo
w
e
r
t
em
per
a
tur
e
s
t
r
esses,
w
hic
h
a
r
e
k
now
n
t
o
g
i
v
e
r
i
se
t
o
m
a
jor
c
a
uses
f
or
P
V
system
f
a
ilur
e
s
du
e
to
c
e
ll
bre
a
ka
g
e,
e
n
c
a
p
sul
a
tio
n
di
sc
ol
o
r
at
i
o
n
,
a
nd
de
l
a
mi
na
t
i
o
n
.
Mor
e
over
,
P
V
-
T
sys
t
e
m
s
e
n
a
b
le
‘
se
lf-
c
on
s
u
m
p
tio
n’
–
the
gene
r
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
u
se
o
f
elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
o
n
si
te.
Se
lf-co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on
i
s
the
che
a
p
es
t
w
a
y
to
g
ener
a
t
e
e
n
ergy
w
it
h
r
e
ne
w
a
ble
s
a
n
d
r
e
duce
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
ss
on
t
h
e
loca
l
gri
d
a
t
t
h
e
sam
e
time
.
P
V-
T
sys
t
em
s
c
a
n
be
i
nte
g
rated
wi
t
h
hea
t
p
umps
o
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
sys
t
em
s
a
n
d
the
el
ec
t
r
i
c
ity
g
en
erat
ed
in
ex
c
e
ss co
ul
d
b
e
st
o
red
[
1
4
]
.
F
i
gur
e
2
:
H
ot
w
ater
p
r
oduc
t
i
on
w
i
th
P
V
/
T
sys
t
e
m
s
F
i
gur
e
3.
S
c
hem
a
tic
d
i
a
gr
am
of
P
V
-
T
her
m
a
l
s
yst
e
m
Agenc
y
(
I
E
A)
T
ask
ind
i
ca
te
s
a
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
c
os
t
re
d
u
ct
ion
of
r
ou
g
h
l
y
1
0%
f
or
P
V
-
T
in
sta
l
lat
i
on
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed to
t
h
e
com
b
i
n
a
tio
n of
s
e
p
ara
t
e
sys
t
em
s
wit
h
m
a
r
ket
de
v
el
op
men
t
.
Hyb
r
id
phot
ovo
lt
ai
c
an
d
th
e
r
ma
l
(
P
VT)
collec
t
o
r
s
c
o
mbi
n
e
ph
oto
v
o
l
tai
c
(PV)
c
e
lls a
nd sola
r
the
r
m
a
l c
o
mp
one
n
t
s
a
n
d
e
n
a
b
le
t
he
s
imu
l
ta
neo
u
s
co
nv
e
r
sion
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
en
e
r
g
y
i
nto
h
eat
a
s
we
ll
a
s
in
to
e
l
ect
ri
cit
y
[
15]
,
w
h
ic
h i
s
the
i
n
t
egr
a
te
d
the
r
m
a
l
s
t
or
e
,
o
r
in
t
h
e
g
r
oun
d
to
b
e
re
uti
l
i
zed
b
y
g
r
oun
d
-
so
urc
e
h
e
a
t
pu
mps.
C
a
r
ef
u
l
pla
n
n
i
ng
o
f
e
n
er
gy
use
(
d
em
and-
s
i
d
e
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
)
m
a
y
als
o
b
e
i
m
por
ta
nt
i
n
th
e
eff
e
c
t
ive
op
er
a
tion
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m.
E
st
i
m
a
t
e
s
c
on
du
c
t
ed
i
n
the
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
o
na
l
E
n
e
r
gy
c
an
s
e
e
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
A
s
w
el
l
as
t
he
d
eta
i
ls
o
f
the
h
ybr
id
c
o
llec
t
o
r
g
i
v
e
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
167
5
– 1
686
1
678
in
fi
gure
4 in w
hic
h
you ca
n see
,
besi
d
e
s
t
h
e
ph
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
i
r
r
o
r
,
t
h
e
pi
pes
i
n
w
h
i
ch
c
ol
d
wat
e
r
i
s
i
nt
ro
du
c
e
d
by
m
eans
of
t
he
pump,
a
nd
t
he
n
b
y
t
he
h
e
a
t
r
ece
ive
d
f
r
o
m
the
su
n
i
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
s
h
i
f
t
e
r
w
h
i
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
seco
nda
ry c
yc
l
e
p
r
e
sents t
h
e
bo
ile
r
[16].
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
PV
-
T p
a
n
e
l
c
o
mpone
n
t
s
2.1.
Ther
ma
l
Part
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
ba
l
a
nce
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
s
the
d
i
stri
b
u
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
i
nc
i
d
en
t
so
lar
e
n
e
r
gy
i
nt
o
the
use
f
u
l
e
nerg
y
gai
n
,
therm
a
l
l
o
sse
s
,
whi
l
e
o
p
t
i
ca
l
lo
sse
s
d
escr
i
b
e
t
h
e
therm
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
rm
ance
o
f
a
sol
a
r
co
l
l
ec
t
o
r
[1
7].
I
n
t
he
s
tea
d
y
st
a
t
e,
t
he
t
her
m
a
l
e
nerg
y
lo
s
s
from
the
c
o
lle
ctor
t
o
the
sur
r
ou
nd
ings
b
y
c
o
n
d
u
ct
i
on,
c
on
ve
ct
ion,
a
nd
i
n
f
ra
red
radia
t
i
o
n
co
ul
d
be
r
e
p
rese
nt
e
d
a
s
the
pr
od
uc
t
of
t
he
h
e
a
t
t
ra
nsfer
c
o
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
U
L
t
i
m
es
t
h
e
d
iffe
r
e
nce
be
t
w
e
e
n
the
m
e
a
n
a
bso
r
be
r
plate
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
T
pm
and
the
ambi
ent
t
emperature
T
a
.
The
usefu
l
e
ner
g
y
ou
t
p
u
t
o
f
a
col
l
ec
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
r
ea
Ac
i
s
eq
ua
l
to
t
he
d
iffe
ren
c
e
betwe
e
n
t
h
e
ab
s
o
rb
ed
s
ol
ar
r
a
d
i
a
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
th
erma
l
l
o
ss
[
1
8
]
and
it
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n eq
ua
t
i
o
n
2
a
s:
.
.
.
(
2
)
2.2.
1.Hotte
l
-
Wh
ill
ie
r
-
Bliss e
q
u
a
t
i
on
The
me
an
t
em
pera
ture
o
f
the
abs
o
rber
p
l
a
t
e
i
s
difficult
t
o
calc
u
l
a
t
e
o
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
i
n
c
e
i
t
i
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
c
o
llec
t
or
d
es
ig
n,
t
he
i
n
c
ide
n
t
s
o
l
a
r
ra
dia
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
t
h
e
en
te
ri
ng
flui
d
c
ond
i
t
i
ons.
F
o
r
the
p
u
r
p
ose
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em
d
es
ign
,
i
t
i
s
c
on
ve
ni
en
t
t
o
r
e
l
at
e
t
h
e
p
e
rf
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
sol
a
r
co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
eat
trans
f
e
r
f
lu
i
d
,
as
t
he
p
late
te
m
p
era
t
ur
e
is
u
sua
l
l
y
n
ot
known
.
Here
,
t
w
o
e
f
fi
ci
e
n
cy
f
ac
to
rs
o
f
t
h
e
co
ll
e
c
t
o
r,
F
R
a
n
d
,
F
'
,
a
re
i
n
t
ro
du
ce
d
by
H
o
t
t
e
l
-
Wh
il
li
er-B
li
ss
(
eq
.
3
)
t
o
a
l
l
o
w
th
e
u
s
e
of
e
it
h
e
r
th
e
me
a
n
o
r
i
n
l
e
t
f
lu
id
tem
p
era
t
ur
e in
t
he
co
l
lec
t
or
[1
9
]:
.
.
.
.
(
3
)
.
.
.
.
(
4
)
2.2.
2.
I
n
c
id
e
n
ce An
gle M
o
d
i
fier
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
e
qua
tio
n
(
4
),
t
h
e
c
oe
ffic
ie
n
t
o
f
i
n
ci
de
nc
e
a
n
gl
e
m
o
dif
i
e
r
i
s
a
ppro
x
i
ma
t
e
d
as
t
he
r
a
tio
betwee
n tra
n
sm
itt
a
n
ce
– a
b
sor
p
ta
nce
coe
ffi
cien
t o
f
col
lec
t
or
s
a
nd
the
coe
f
ficie
n
t
itsel
f
at
nor
ma
l
inc
i
de
nce
:
(
5
)
wh
ere
-
the transm
itta
nc
e of the c
over
sys
t
e
m
at t
h
e
e
s
i
r
ed a
ng
l
e
a
n
d
α =
the
a
n
gula
r
a
bsor
p
t
a
n
ce o
f
the
a
b
s
o
rber
p
l
a
te.
A
S
H
R
A
E
93-
97
r
ecom
m
e
nd
s
t
h
at
K
τα
s
ho
u
l
d
be
e
x
pe
rim
e
nta
l
l
y
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
ba
se
d
o
n
E
q.
(5)
by
po
sit
i
o
n
in
g
a
col
l
ec
tor
i
n
t
he
i
nd
o
o
r
test
ing
(
w
i
t
h
θ
=
0,
30,
4
5,
a
nd
6
0
d
e
g
ree
s
)
.
M
ore
over,
i
n
t
h
e
ou
tdo
o
r
test
ing
,
t
he
p
a
i
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
s
ymm
e
tri
c
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
s
o
lar
n
oon
s
h
oul
d
b
e
c
on
du
ct
ed
, when
t
h
e
a
ng
l
e
s
of
t
h
e
bea
m
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
are
appro
x
i
m
ately
30º,
4
5
º
a
nd
60º.
O
n
t
he
o
the
r
h
a
nd,
E
N
1
219
5
als
o
r
ec
om
m
e
nds
deter
m
i
n
i
n
g
K
τ
α,
f
or
b
o
t
h
i
n
do
or
a
nd
ou
t
do
or
t
e
s
ts.
A
s
o
la
r
sim
u
l
at
or
s
houl
d
be
u
se
d
u
n
d
er
i
n
d
o
o
r t
e
st,
w
h
il
e
e
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
oge
ne
rat
i
on of
e
n
e
r
gy in sola
r
sy
ste
m
s
- a
st
udy
c
a
se, Ko
sov
o
(Bukur
ije
H
o
xh
a)
1
679
in
t
he
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
t
e
st
a
m
ova
b
l
e
tes
t
r
ac
k
co
ul
d
be
u
se
d,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
he
o
rien
tat
i
on
of
t
he
c
o
l
lect
or
c
oul
d
b
e
arbi
tra
r
ily
a
d
j
u
s
te
d.
I
n
gener
a
l,
t
he
e
ffe
c
tive
t
r
ansm
i
t
ta
nce
-
a
bs
orba
nce
c
o
efficie
n
t
eτα
for
ordi
nary
g
la
ss
can
be
a
ppr
ox
ima
t
ed by
[2
0] by
(6)
e
qua
ti
o
n
:
1
.
(
6
)
≅
1
.02
(
7
)
An
d
fo
r
t
h
e
co
ll
ect
o
r
s
wit
h
n
eg
l
i
gi
bl
e
a
b
so
rpt
i
o
n
co
v
e
rs,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
d
b
y
f
r
o
m
the
expre
ssi
on
in
t
he
e
q
u
at
i
on (8):
≅
1
.01
(
7
)
F
u
rtherm
ore
,
K
lei
n
(
1
9
7
9
)
pro
pose
d
a
n
e
m
pirica
l
e
q
ua
t
i
on
for
t
h
e
he
at
l
oss
fr
om
t
he
t
o
p
f
or
t
he
me
an
p
l
a
t
e
tem
per
a
t
u
res
i
n
t
he
r
ange
o
f a
m
bien
t
an
d 25
0
℃
. It
ca
n
b
e
d
es
cr
i
b
ed
a
s:
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
(
8
)
W
h
ere:
N
= num
ber
of
g
l
a
ss
c
o
v
e
r
s
β
=
co
l
l
ect
o
r
til
t
(d
eg
re
e
s
)
ε
g
=
e
mi
t
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
g
l
a
s
s
(0
.
8
8
)
ε
p
=
e
m
i
tta
nc
e
o
f
p
la
te
(
0.88)
)
07866
.
0
0
(
)
1166
.
0
089
.
0
1
(
N
h
h
f
p
w
w
)
000051
.
0
1
(
520
2
C
0
°
70
°
.
7
0
°
90
°
7
0
pm
T
e
100
1
430
.
0
T
a
=
am
bie
n
t te
m
p
era
t
ur
e (
K
)
T
pm
=
mea
n
p
l
a
t
e t
e
mp
e
r
atu
r
e
(K
)
ℎ
= wind he
a
t
tr
a
nsfer
coef
fici
ent
/
∙
W
i
nd coeffici
e
n
t
ℎ
give
n
by
Mc
A
d
am
s in 19
5
4
:
w
h
w
8
.
3
7
.
5
(
10)
wher
e 0
<
w < 5m
/s
F
o
r
flat
p
l
a
t
e
s,
L
loy
d
a
n
d
Mor
a
n
gi
v
e t
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
ing
eq
ua
ti
o
n
:
0
.
76
∙
10
1
0
0
.
15
∙
10
1
0
w
m
2
Re
(
11)
The
he
a
t
l
oss
e
s
t
h
ro
ug
h
t
h
e
e
d
ges
o
f
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
ors
c
oul
d
be
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ated
b
y
com
p
arin
g
the
ed
g
e
l
oss-
c
o
eff
i
ci
ent
-
are
a
p
ro
du
ct
(UA) e
d
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
are
a (
A
c):
C
edge
e
A
A
U
U
)
(
(
12)
Wh
i
l
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
gy
l
o
ss
t
h
r
o
ug
h
the
b
o
t
t
o
m
of
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
o
r
due
t
o
the
i
n
su
l
a
ti
on
co
u
l
d
be
p
re
sen
t
ed
b
y
th
e
fo
l
l
ow
i
n
g
eq
ua
ti
o
n
[1
5
]
:
L
k
U
b
(
13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
6
7
5
–
1
686
1
680
Thus
t
e
b
L
U
U
U
U
(
14)
3.
ASSUM
P
T
I
ONS IN
M
O
D
E
L
The g
l
a
z
i
n
g
is
2
-
s
ubstr
a
t
e
,
t
he
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
f
r
o
m
w
h
ic
h t
h
e
ph
o
t
ov
o
lt
a
i
c
pa
ne
l
is bui
l
t
i
s
m
o
n
o
cr
ystal
l
i
n
e
si
li
c
o
n.
T
he
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
or
c
onsi
s
ts
o
f
c
oppe
r
pi
p
e
s
t
h
a
t
ar
e
p
l
ace
d
be
t
w
ee
n
th
e
in
su
lat
i
o
n
l
a
yer
and
t
h
e
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
p
anel
g
la
ss
[
22]
.
S
upp
ose
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
ur
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
a
n
d
pho
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
n
e
l
s
i
nv
olve
d
i
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
2
m
2
,
l
e
n
g
t
h
2
m
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
1
m
,
w
e
a
l
s
o
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
l
a
y
e
r
o
f
t
he
p
h
o
t
ovol
tai
c
p
ane
l
i
s
2
d
o
ubl
e
gla
z
i
n
g.
T
he
h
yb
r
i
d
p
a
ne
l
i
s
p
la
ce
d
a
t
t
h
e
a
n
g
l
e
o
f
3
0
̊
.
To
c
a
r
ry
o
ut
t
h
e
a
n
a
lys
i
s
i
n
que
st
i
o
n,
t
he
y
r
eceive
a
n
a
i
r
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
of
2
5
℃.
T
o
c
a
lcu
l
a
t
e
the
win
d
c
oe
ffic
ie
nt
a
ro
u
nd
t
h
e
so
lar
col
l
ec
tor
w
i
l
l
b
e
base
d
o
n
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
the
N
A
SA
i
n
s
t
i
t
ute
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
5:
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
5
:
D
ail
y
s
olar
r
adiat
i
o
n
a
nd
w
i
n
d
s
pee
d
f
or
K
oso
vo
g
i
ve
n
b
y
N
a
sa
S
t
a
t
ion
a,
b
)
[5]
4.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
B
e
ar
ing
in
m
ind
t
h
at
K
oso
v
o
a
s
the
c
o
u
n
try
'
s
mos
t
r
ec
ent
c
o
u
n
tr
y
de
cl
are
d
a
s
an
i
n
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t
c
o
u
n
tr
y
has
lo
ng
be
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
deve
lope
d,
a
n
d
n
ow
a
s
a
pla
c
e
o
f
tr
a
c
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
t
h
e
e
l
emen
t
a
r
y
p
robl
e
m
s
of
t
he
en
e
r
gy
s
e
c
t
o
r
a
s
a
k
ey
e
l
e
men
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
el
op
ment
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
F
ro
m
t
h
e
earli
e
r
an
aly
s
es
o
f
th
e
P
V
/
T
sys
t
em
s
w
e
m
ain
l
y
ha
ve
t
he
s
ys
t
e
ms
t
ha
t
ge
ner
a
t
e
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
i
ty
f
r
om
t
he
p
ho
to
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
pa
ne
l
s
a
nd
the
r
ma
l e
n
e
r
g
y
a
s
s
ani
t
ar
y
w
a
t
e
r
,
w
e
have an
a
l
y
z
e
d
t
ha
t
bec
a
use
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
y
ha
s
go
od
ge
ogr
a
p
h
i
c
p
o
sit
i
on,
w
h
i
c
h
e
ns
u
r
es
f
or
a
whil
e
d
u
ri
ng
s
o
l
ar
r
adia
tio
n
th
e
n
i
t
w
a
s
w
o
rth
a
n
a
l
yz
i
ng th
e
elec
t
r
i
c
it
y
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
yste
m
by
hea
tin
g
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
to
h
igh
tem
p
er
a
t
ur
es,
w
h
ic
h
ser
v
e
s
a
s
a
s
o
ur
c
e
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
ectr
i
c
i
t
y
t
hr
ou
gh
t
h
e
R
a
nk
in
c
ycle
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
p
r
o
ce
ss
o
f
a
n
a
l
yzi
ng
t
h
is
p
a
p
er
,
w
e
assume
t
ha
t
the
out
do
or
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
em
per
a
tur
e
i
s
2
5
℃
an
d
so
me
a
ppr
ox
i
m
a
tio
n
s
h
av
e
als
o
b
ee
n
m
a
de
,
whic
h
in
c
er
ta
in
c
ase
s
a
re
me
nt
i
one
d
(
F
igur
e
6)
.
I
f
w
e
a
s
sume
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Coge
ner
a
t
i
on
of
ene
r
gy
i
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so
la
r system
s
-
a study
c
a
se
,
Ko
sov
o
(
B
ukur
ije
H
o
x
h
a)
1
681
w
a
ter
tem
p
er
a
t
ur
e
in the
o
u
tle
t
fr
om
t
he
c
o
l
l
e
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t
or
i
s
a
b
out 2
5
0
℃
whi
c
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ll
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sed
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eit
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ct
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ty
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ner
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t
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o
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hea
tin
g
t
h
e
n
t
he
m
a
nufac
tur
e
r
'
s
c
h
ar
a
c
ter
i
st
ics
f
or
s
uch
t
y
p
e
s
of
t
he
h
ybr
i
d
c
ol
lec
t
or
.
Fig
u
r
e 6: S
ch
ematic
d
iag
r
am o
f
h
eat lo
sses in
a fl
a
t plate
s
o
la
r
c
o
llec
t
or
f
or
a
n
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
c
a
s
e.
4.
1.
Tem
pe
ratu
re distr
i
b
u
t
i
on
s i
n flat-p
late
c
ollect
o
r
s
The
e
n
er
g
y
t
r
a
nsf
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
t
he
fl
ui
d
w
i
l
l
h
ea
t
t
h
e
fl
u
i
d
,
ca
usin
g
a
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
g
r
ad
i
e
nt
t
o
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
dir
e
c
t
i
on
o
f
fl
o
w
.
S
i
nce
i
n
a
n
y
r
e
g
io
n
of
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
or
,
the
gen
eral
t
e
m
p
e
rat
u
re
l
e
v
el
i
s
go
v
e
rn
e
d
b
y
th
e
l
o
c
a
l
tem
p
er
at
ur
e
le
vel
of
t
he
fl
u
i
d.
D
eter
m
i
ne
t
he
c
o
llec
t
or
t
o
p
l
o
s
s
c
o
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
g
l
a
s
s
c
o
v
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
follo
w
i
ng
sp
e
c
i
fi
c
at
ion
s
(
Fig
u
re
7
):
The
t
h
i
c
k
n
ess
of
t
his
hy
br
id
c
ol
lec
t
or
0
.
0
55
m
Pl
at
e emi
t
t
a
n
c
e
0
.
8
8
A
m
bien
t
tem
p
er
a
t
ur
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25℃
Mea
n
pla
te
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e
m
pe
rature
25
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C
o
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t
or t
ilt
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̊
Wi
n
d
h
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a
t
tr
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n
sfer
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oe
ffi
c
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11.
4
W/m
2
◦C
A
n
al
yzi
n
g
t
h
e
case
for
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
y
p
es
o
f
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
lat
i
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s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
en
g
lo
ba
l
t
e
m
p
er
a
t
ur
e
a
n
d
gl
o
b
al
r
a
d
iat
i
o
n
,
w
e
will
g
e
t
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
a
s
in
F
i
gure
8
w
h
e
r
e
it
c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
th
at
t
he
h
i
g
h
e
st
e
ff
icie
nc
y
ca
n
b
e
a
ch
ieve
d
i
n
t
he
c
a
se
o
f
usi
n
g
a
be
tter
m
a
te
r
i
a
l
s
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h
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s
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s
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of
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ow
i
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l
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s
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T
=0.
9
,
a
n
d
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0.
88,
a
nd
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h
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low
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st
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f
i
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cy
w
ill be
a
c
h
ieve
d
with
t
he
use
o
f
the
m
a
te
ria
l
I
T
O
/
Low
I
r
on
G
l
a
s
s/A
R
,
T=
0
.
86,
e
=0.
2
0:
(a)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
6
7
5
–
1
686
1
682
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
7.
a
)
Co
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t
of
l
os
ses
as
a
f
unc
tio
n
of
t
em
per
a
tu
r
e
, b)
solar
coll
ector
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
chan
ge
s for
di
ff
er
e
n
t
t
y
pes
of
m
ater
ia
l
use
d
The sme
l
t
i
ng h
a
s an impor
ta
n
t
role i
n
i
ncre
asi
ng
t
h
e ef
fic
i
e
n
cy
o
f the
so
la
r
hybr
i
d
p
a
n
e
l
,
and f
o
r
this
r
eason,
t
he
c
a
s
e
o
f
a
d
oub
le
-
g
l
a
ze
d
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
l
e-
g
l
a
z
e
d
c
olle
c
t
or
i
s
an
al
y
z
ed
,
t
a
ki
n
g
i
n
t
o
ac
cou
n
t
t
he
r
at
io
be
t
w
ee
n
the
te
m
p
er
a
t
ur
e
at
t
h
e
e
ntr
a
nce
of
t
he
c
o
lle
c
t
or
a
n
d
t
h
e
tem
p
er
a
t
ur
e
en
vir
onm
e
n
t
to
g
l
o
bal
r
a
di
a
tio
n
in
t
ha
t
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
.
Wit
h
t
he
c
ha
nge
o
f
ir
r
a
dia
t
i
on
a
nd
othe
r
spe
c
i
f
i
ca
ti
on
s
o
f
t
he
m
od
ule,
t
he
o
utp
u
t
var
i
e
s
[
2
3
]
.
F
r
om
t
he
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
e
p
r
e
se
nta
tio
n
o
f
s
uc
h
ca
se
s
can
b
e
se
en
t
he
i
n
c
r
e
ase
of
c
o
llec
t
or
e
ff
ic
i
e
nc
y
o
n
how
t
o
ac
h
i
ev
e
it
.
F
i
gur
e
8
:
E
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
for
ung
l
a
ze
d,
s
in
gle
g
l
az
e
d
a
nd
dou
bl
e
gl
a
z
e
d
.
F
r
om
F
i
gur
e
1
0
)
i
t
c
an
b
e
se
e
n
t
hat
i
n
t
he
c
ase
o
f
t
he
g
la
z
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
c
oll
e
ctor
,
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
i
s
v
er
y
sma
l
l
i
n
t
erms
o
f
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
b
e
t
wee
n
t
h
e
s
ing
l
e-g
l
a
z
e
d
an
d
d
oub
le-
g
laz
e
d
c
ol
lec
t
or
,
an
d
a
s
f
ar
a
s
the
ca
se
o
f
the
co
l
l
ec
tor
'
s case
is
c
o
n
cer
ne
d
Do
u
b
le
g
laz
i
n
g
is muc
h
lar
ge
r
tha
n th
ose w
i
t
h
sin
g
l
e
g
l
a
z
in
g,
so
f
o
r
pr
a
c
tica
l
c
a
ses
i
t
w
o
u
l
d
be
a
b
e
t
ter
tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
s
ol
ut
i
on
t
o
u
se
a
s
ing
l
e
-
g
l
a
z
e
d
col
l
ect
o
r
.
Al
th
oug
h
po
wer
l
o
ss
m
i
ni
m
i
za
ti
on
h
a
s
bee
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
e
xte
n
si
ve
ly,
th
i
s
a
spec
t
is
s
t
ill
a
t
t
r
a
cte
d
t
he
n
um
er
ous
r
ese
a
r
c
h
in
t
e
r
e
st
s
[
2
4]
.
4.
2.
R
a
n
k
i
n
e
cycle
calcu
l
at
ions
The
rese
arc
h
e
r
s
a
r
e
alwa
ys
i
n
t
e
r
es
ted
in
w
orki
n
g
i
n
t
h
i
s
f
ie
ld,
p
art
i
cu
lar
l
y
w
ith
t
he
m
assi
ve
inc
o
r
p
o
r
at
io
n
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
ner
g
y
int
o
t
h
e
pow
e
r
s
yst
e
m
[2
5,
2
6
].
T
h
e
a
n
a
ly
ze
d
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
h
a
s
als
o
b
een
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
out
by
th
e
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
c
y
c
le
s
o
t
h
at
m
a
ny
di
ff
er
e
n
t
c
l
a
r
ifi
ca
ti
ons
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
de
d
i
n
e
a
c
h
p
h
ase.
w
or
k
of
t
he
pum
p
G
i
ve
n
t
h
at
w
e
have
a
h
ybr
id
s
ys
tem
in
w
hic
h
p
h
o
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
n
els
a
nd
s
o
lar
col
l
e
c
t
or
s
ar
e
i
n
c
o
rpora
t
e
d
,
the
n
w
e
can
a
ssume
t
ha
t
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
t
ha
t
the
pum
p
spe
n
ds
t
o
c
a
r
r
y
ou
t
t
h
e
R
a
n
k
i
n
e
cy
cl
e
c
a
n
b
e
t
ak
e
n
t
o
be
e
n
tir
e
l
y
co
ve
r
e
d
by
so
lar
pane
ls
i
n
the
h
y
b
r
i
d
system
(
F
i
gur
e
9
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
oge
ne
rat
i
on of
e
n
e
r
gy in sola
r
sy
ste
m
s
- a
st
udy
c
a
se, Ko
sov
o
(Bukur
ije
H
o
xh
a)
1
683
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
9:
a
)
Ra
nk
in
's sc
h
em
e im
plem
en
tat
i
on
,
b)
T
-s dia
gra
m
of
t
h
e
Ra
nkin
e
c
y
c
l
e
, wi
thou
t
t
a
ki
ng
int
o
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e wo
rk
o
f
t
h
e pu
mp
5.
E
F
FI
CIENCY
O
F
H
Y
B
RID SY
S
T
EM
To
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
hybr
id sy
s
t
e
m
efficie
n
c
y
w
e
use
the
form
ula
as
below
:
)
(
1
cell
ref
Co
ref
T
T
Temp
EFF
Efficiency
(
15)
)
1
(
Re
ref
insolation
ref
Op
insolation
OA
cell
EFF
f
T
T
Solar
T
T
(
16)
F
i
gure
10:
T
he
rm
al pa
n
el i
nc
or
por
ated
i
n
t
o a
tra
d
iti
o
n
al pa
n
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
167
5
– 1
686
1
684
(a)
(b)
F
i
gur
e 1
1
:
a)
T
he di
f
fere
nce
b
e
tw
ee
n t
h
erm
a
l
and e
l
ec
trica
l
e
ff
icie
nc
y
g
i
ve
n by
h
ybr
id
c
ol
lect
or
(
P
V
&T)
,
b
)
the
r
ma
l effic
i
e
n
c
y
for
a
hybri
d
col
lec
t
or
f
or di
ffe
re
nt te
m
pe
r
a
ture
r
e
p
or
t
A
nume
r
ica
l
m
odel
o
f
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
or
i
s
use
d
t
o
stu
d
y
i
n
m
o
re
d
et
ail
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
t
h
e
mo
d
u
l
e
d
esi
gn
para
me
ters
on
its
t
herm
al
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
e
ffic
ienc
i
e
s
a
n
d
to
e
v
al
ua
te
t
he
t
e
m
pera
t
u
r
e
l
oca
l
l
y
on
t
h
e
so
lar
c
e
ll.
Thi
s
s
tud
y
asse
sse
s
th
e
e
ffe
ct
o
f
t
w
o
d
e
sign
p
a
r
amet
ers:
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
g
lazi
n
g
a
n
d
t
he
t
u
b
e
s
p
ac
in
g
(
W
/
D
ratio).
6.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
P
hoto
v
o
l
tai
c
P
lan
t
s
(P
V
)
a
re
f
ast
grow
i
n
g
t
o
s
a
tis
fy
e
lec
t
ric
a
l
p
ow
e
r
d
e
m
a
nd.
D
i
f
fer
e
nt
m
a
x
im
um
pow
er
p
oin
t
t
ra
c
k
in
g
tec
h
ni
qu
es
(
MP
P
T
)
a
r
e
use
d
t
o
ma
xi
m
i
ze
P
V
syste
m
s
gener
a
te
d
p
o
w
e
r.
A
nothe
r
one
o
f
me
tho
d
s
i
s
u
s
i
ng
t
h
is
s
ys
t
e
m
a
l
so
c
al
le
d
c
oge
nera
ti
on
s
y
s
t
e
m.
S
o
l
ar-b
a
s
ed
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
ms
c
ap
a
b
l
e
o
f
del
i
v
eri
ng
do
m
e
stic
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
,
spac
e
hea
t
i
ng
a
n
d/
or
c
o
o
l
i
n
g,
a
n
d
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
ity
h
av
e
a
sig
n
if
i
cant
pot
en
ti
al
t
o
c
o
nt
ribu
t
e
to
K
o
s
ovo
a
nd
Eu
r
o
p
ean
t
arg
e
t
s
o
f
:
1.
A
20% re
duct
i
on o
f
g
ree
n
h
o
u
s
e
gas
em
i
ssio
n
s
;
a
nd
2.
A
n
i
ncre
ase
i
n
t
he
p
rop
o
rt
i
o
n
of
f
in
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
ge
nera
tio
n
fro
m
r
ene
w
able
s
ource
s
t
o
2
0%
by
2
0
20,
w
h
i
le
a
t
the
sam
e
tim
e
de
cre
a
s
i
ng
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
um
pt
ion
in
t
h
e
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
sec
t
or.
The
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
-
t
h
erm
a
l
hy
br
id
s
yste
m
ha
s
a
de
vic
e
t
ha
t
ca
n
pr
ov
id
e
th
e
same
t
i
m
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
perform
ance
d
epen
ds o
n
t
h
e
PV
ope
rating
t
emperature
a
nd
f
o
r
low
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s
of
i
t
,
h
ig
he
r
l
e
vel
s
o
f
elec
t
r
ic
ity
a
n
d
hea
t
c
a
n
b
e
obta
i
ne
d.
H
ybr
id
p
hot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c-t
h
er
ma
l
(P
V
/
T)
m
odu
le
s
ge
ner
a
t
e
h
ea
t
a
n
d
elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
si
m
u
lta
ne
ous
l
y
i
n
o
n
e
mod
u
l
e
.
T
he
b
as
ic
i
de
a
of
t
he
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
s
t
o
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
a
l
s
o
harve
s
t
i
n
g
t
he
w
a
s
t
e
h
ea
t
t
h
a
t
i
s
ge
ne
rate
d
in
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
i
c
(
P
V
)
m
o
d
u
le
s.
T
he
a
bove
-m
ade
a
n
al
ys
i
s
i
s
ma
de
w
h
en
t
he
w
a
t
e
r
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
l
l
e
ct
or
i
s
he
a
t
ed
u
p
t
o
s
team
a
nd
s
e
r
v
es
f
or
t
he
p
rod
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
le
ctric
i
t
y
,
ex
pa
nd
ing
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
t
u
r
bi
ne
a
nd
b
y
vi
rtue
o
f
t
h
at
,
th
e
g
e
n
e
rat
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
f
o
r
m
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
m
a
l
l
efficie
n
c
y
m
ak
in
g
it
t
h
e
mos
t
s
u
ita
ble
f
o
rm
o
f
ope
rat
i
o
n
t
oge
th
e
r
w
ith
a
t
he
rma
l
p
um
p
or
t
he
u
se
o
f
this
syste
m
f
or
h
ea
tin
g
o
n
l
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
or
f
or
p
r
oduc
ing
s
a
n
i
tary
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
F
r
om
t
h
o
se
a
na
ly
ze
s
w
e
c
an
s
ee
how
a
mor
e
r
eliab
l
e
syste
m
f
or
t
he
ope
rat
i
on
of
a
s
olar
h
y
b
rid
c
o
l
l
ec
t
o
r
w
i
ll
b
e
it
s
opera
t
i
o
n
tha
t
w
i
l
l
e
n
ab
le
t
he
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ici
t
y
t
hro
u
g
h
t
he
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
,
a
nd
t
he
s
olar
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
p
a
r
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
s
u
c
h
t
ha
t
it
w
ill
all
o
w
w
a
ter
he
atin
g
on
l
y
f
or
s
a
n
itar
y
n
ee
ds
o
r
for
a
n
y
hea
tin
g
nee
d
s
of
a
ny
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
.
H
e
at
l
os
s
from
the
to
p
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0
1
02
03
04
05
0
Effici
ency
W/D
T
h
ermal E
f
ficien
cy
E
l
e
c
t
r
ic
al
Ef
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
0.
0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1.
0
0
.
0
0
0.
05
0.
1
0
0
.
15
0.
20
efficiency
[
‐]
(tm ‐
t
e)/G
[m2K/W]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.