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I
n
v
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ter
s
ar
e
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s
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f
o
r
in
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u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
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s
,
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d
h
e
n
ce
p
o
w
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co
n
v
er
s
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n
e
f
f
icien
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s
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m
ai
n
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m
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w
a
v
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f
o
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m
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T
h
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is
s
u
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d
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ess
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th
r
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s
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g
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el
in
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to
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ci
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th
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o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
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iate
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
[
1
4
]
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
W
ith
a
g
i
v
e
n
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
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(
P
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ts
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ter
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a
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2
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ate
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ase
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c
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o
w
ev
er
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e
P
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p
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els
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d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
5
,
8
]
.
A
s
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lar
P
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el
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as
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t
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s
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r
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ac
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ce
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h
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f
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g
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ce
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v
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to
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et
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n
o
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er
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m
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m
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les
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y
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te
m
,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
v
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tu
al
DC
b
u
s
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
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y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
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h
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g
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n
e
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tr
al
l
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ir
ec
tl
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h
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n
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p
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le
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f
t
h
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b
u
s
,
t
h
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s
tr
a
y
ca
p
ac
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et
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t
h
e
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p
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els
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d
th
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g
r
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n
d
is
b
y
p
as
s
ed
.
T
h
e
C
M
g
r
o
u
n
d
leak
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
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co
m
p
letel
y
.
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tu
al
DC
b
u
s
is
cr
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ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
n
eg
a
tiv
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v
o
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g
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f
o
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th
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n
e
g
ati
v
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g
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r
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t
g
e
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n
.
T
h
e
v
ir
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al
DC
b
u
s
is
r
ea
lize
d
w
it
h
th
e
s
w
i
tch
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ca
p
ac
ito
r
tech
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lo
g
y
t
h
at
u
s
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les
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs c
o
s
t c
an
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
1
is
s
h
o
w
n
a
D
C
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r
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as
s
u
m
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to
b
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r
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m
a
P
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p
an
el,
w
h
ich
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s
f
ed
to
an
in
v
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ter
m
ad
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f
s
w
itc
h
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f
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llo
w
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b
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p
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d
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Ma
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p
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tib
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lter
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w
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m
ak
in
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p
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t p
at
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s
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
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2
.
2
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2
h
as b
ee
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s
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ter
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p
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w
h
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DC
d
ec
o
u
p
li
n
g
[
1
6
]
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
.
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1
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Fig
u
r
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2
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2
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ased
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[
1
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1
6
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ased
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3.
L
E
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A
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CURR
E
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T
P
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H
S AN
D
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lectr
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g
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ilter
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d
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h
d
if
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ll
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ip
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ls
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w
id
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lat
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(
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W
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d
h
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-
b
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a
v
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ed
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m
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w
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m
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
in
[
1
7
]
f
o
r
g
iv
in
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
w
it
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
w
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n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
o
d
o
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u
s
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il
ter
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h
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n
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ter
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s
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t
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tr
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S5
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d
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6
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h
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r
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all
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m
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ith
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ter
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h
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ig
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r
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s
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r
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te
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w
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h
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h
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tiv
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o
llo
w
ed
in
p
ap
er
[
20
]
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h
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e
m
ai
n
tar
g
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is
ai
m
ed
at
in
cr
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p
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20
-
22
]
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litt
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RO
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u
r
e
4
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1
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ased
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tio
n
(
UP
-
P
W
M)
an
d
B
ip
o
lar
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
(
B
P
-
P
W
M)
,
m
ea
n
w
h
ile
b
o
th
t
y
p
es
o
f
P
W
M
is
u
s
ed
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
B
P
-
P
W
M
is
m
o
r
e
u
s
ea
b
le
an
d
p
er
f
ec
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
to
r
tio
n
at
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
u
s
es
th
e
P
W
M
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
t
h
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
c
h
a
s
b
u
c
k
,
b
o
o
s
t,
b
u
ck
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b
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s
t
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
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n
g
p
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er
s
w
itc
h
es
ca
n
b
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
B
J
T
,
o
r
I
GB
T
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
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th
e
f
r
eq
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y
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th
e
s
w
itc
h
es
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s
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i
g
h
(
KHz
o
r
MH
z
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an
g
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th
e
ac
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t
i
s
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latio
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t
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at
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th
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g
h
i
n
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t
v
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o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
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d
cir
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it
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
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d
,
th
is
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
i
s
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t
h
r
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g
h
d
u
t
y
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atio
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(
D)
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h
en
ce
v
o
ltag
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g
ai
n
(
M)
th
at
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
n
d
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c
tio
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m
o
d
e
f
o
r
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ck
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b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
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b
o
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s
t
w
h
en
M=
D,
M=
1
/(
1
-
D)
an
d
M=
D/(
1
-
D)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
[
2
6
]
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
les
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
also
n
ee
d
to
m
ain
tai
n
th
e
tu
r
n
o
n
/
o
f
f
ti
m
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
u
t
y
r
at
io
.
I
n
b
elo
w
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
les
s
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
No
w
i
n
b
elo
w
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
to
p
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g
y
in
tab
u
lar
f
o
r
m
i
n
T
ab
le
5
.
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an
d
5
.
2
f
o
r
5
0
% a
n
d
7
5
% d
u
t
y
r
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r
esp
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tiv
el
y
.
5
.
1
.
Dut
y
c
y
cle,
D=5
0
%
(
s
w
i
t
ching
o
n/o
f
f
t
i
m
e
is
eq
ua
l)
Her
e
in
T
ab
le
5
.
1
an
d
5
.
2
ar
e
s
h
o
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m
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s
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h
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n
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f
ix
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5
V
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d
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h
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cc
u
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in
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lea
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r
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5
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r
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% d
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k
ag
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en
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h
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer
-
Les
s
I
n
ve
r
ter To
p
o
lo
g
y
Tech
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
Lea
ka
g
e
C
u
r
r
en
t R
ed
u
cti
o
n
(
M.N
.
H.
K
h
a
n
)
943
6
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
L
ea
k
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
at
h
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
u
s
ed
b
y
AC
a
n
d
D
C
d
ec
o
u
p
li
n
g
w
h
er
e
t
w
o
e
x
tr
a
s
w
itc
h
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
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ed
u
ce
d
u
p
to
f
e
m
t
o
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
5
0
%
a
n
d
7
5
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
leak
a
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w
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n
7
5
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
is
ap
p
li
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
is
r
e
m
ai
n
ed
q
u
ite
s
a
m
e
a
f
ter
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Kh
a
n
,
M
.
N.H.
,
A
h
m
a
d
,
K.J.,
Kh
a
n
,
S
.
,
&
Ha
sa
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
M
.
(2
0
1
5
).
L
e
a
k
a
g
e
Cu
rre
n
t
P
a
th
s
in
P
V
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
L
e
ss
S
in
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
In
v
e
rter
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Its
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
P
W
M
f
o
r
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
6
(1
),
1
4
8
-
1
5
9
.
[2
]
Ra
k
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
C.
D.,
Ka
k
a
ra
s,
E.
C.
,
Ky
rit
sis,
D.C.
,
&
Ra
k
o
p
o
u
lo
s,
D
C.
(2
0
1
6
).
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
m
b
u
stio
n
a
n
d
F
u
e
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
Eco
n
o
m
ica
l
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tall
y
F
rien
d
ly
P
o
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
En
g
in
e
s
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
P
lan
ts:
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
E2
0
1
6
0
0
1
.
[3
]
Ha
d
a
d
,
M
.
,
&
S
h
a
rb
a
ti
,
A
.
(2
0
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
rm
a
l
As
p
e
c
ts
o
f
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
ta
ll
y
Frien
d
ly
-
M
QL
Gr
in
d
i
n
g
Pr
o
c
e
ss
.
P
r
o
c
e
d
ia
CIRP
,
4
0
,
5
0
9
-
5
1
5
.
[4
]
Ka
n
,
C.
W
.
,
L
o
,
C.
K.,
&
M
a
n
,
W
.
S
.
(2
0
1
6
).
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ta
ll
y
f
rien
d
ly
a
sp
e
c
ts
in
c
o
lo
ra
t
io
n
.
Co
l
o
ra
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
,
1
3
2
(
1
),
4
-
8
.
[5
]
Kh
a
n
,
H.,
No
m
a
n
,
M
.
,
K
h
a
n
,
S
.
,
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
T
.
S
.
,
&
S
h
a
h
id
,
Z.
(2
0
1
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
).
DC
-
AC
in
v
e
rte
r
wit
h
p
e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
o
f
c
o
mm
o
n
mo
d
e
a
n
d
wa
v
e
-
sh
a
p
in
g
.
IEE
E
In
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
in
S
m
a
rt
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (ICS
I
M
A
),
2
0
1
3
.
1
-
5.
[6
]
Bu
ti
c
c
h
i,
G
.
,
L
o
re
n
z
a
n
i,
E.
,
&
F
ra
n
c
e
sc
h
in
i,
G
.
(2
0
1
3
).
A
f
iv
e
-
lev
e
l
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
c
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v
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f
o
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re
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e
wa
b
le d
istri
b
u
ted
sy
ste
m
s.
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
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ics
,
IEE
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T
ra
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sa
c
ti
o
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s o
n
,
6
0
(
3
),
9
0
6
-
9
1
8
.
[7
]
L
o
p
e
z
,
O.,
Teo
d
o
re
sc
u
,
R.
,
F
re
ij
e
d
o
,
F
.
,
&
Do
v
a
lGa
n
d
o
y
,
J.
(2
0
0
7
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
).
L
e
a
k
a
g
e
c
u
rr
e
n
t
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sin
g
lep
h
a
se
tra
n
sfo
rm
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rle
ss
PV
in
v
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c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
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e
g
rid
.
Tw
e
n
t
y
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e
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o
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
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c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
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r
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e
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tro
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ics
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
A
P
EC.
9
0
7
-
9
1
2
.
[8
]
H.
Kh
a
n
,
No
m
a
n
,
M
.
e
t
a
l
.
.
(2
0
1
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r).
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a
v
e
sh
a
p
in
g
wit
h
re
d
u
c
e
d
lea
k
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g
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rr
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tra
n
sfo
rm
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r
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les
s
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v
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r
.
IEE
E
In
tern
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ti
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l
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n
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in
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m
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rt
In
stru
m
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tatio
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e
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su
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m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s
(ICS
IM
A
).
1
-
5.
[9
]
Kh
a
n
,
M
.
N.
H.,
A
n
o
w
a
r,
M
.
T
.
,
H
o
ss
e
n
,
M
.
D.,
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m
il
,
K.
A
.
,
Zah
a
n
,
M
.
S
.
,
&
A
la
m
,
M
.
M
.
(2
0
1
6
).
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f
e
c
t
o
f
Lea
k
a
g
e
Cu
rre
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
Les
s
In
v
e
rter
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
,
6
(4
),
3
2
7
2
-
3
2
7
5
.
[1
0
]
Kh
a
n
,
M
.
N.H.,
Isla
m
,
M
.
T
.
,
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
T
.
S
.
,
&
Ha
sa
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
M
.
(
2
0
1
5
)
.
A
Do
u
b
le
P
W
M
S
o
u
rc
e
I
n
v
e
rter
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
w
it
h
Re
d
u
c
e
d
L
e
a
k
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g
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Cu
rre
n
t
f
o
r
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p
p
li
c
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ti
o
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o
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t
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d
a
lo
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s.
W
o
rld
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l,
Co
m
p
u
ter
,
En
e
rg
e
ti
c
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
and
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
9
(
2
),
2
4
6
-
2
5
1
.
[1
1
]
Kh
a
n
,
M
.
N.H.,
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
T
.
S
.
,
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
T
.
,
&
Kh
a
n
,
S
.
(2
0
1
4
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
).
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
V
a
rio
u
s
L
e
a
k
a
g
e
Cu
rr
e
n
t
Pa
t
h
s
wit
h
Diff
e
re
n
t
S
wi
tch
in
g
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n
d
it
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s.
In
ter
n
a
ti
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l
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n
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c
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in
Co
m
p
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ter
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
on
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(ICCCE),
p
p
.
2
6
9
-
2
7
2
.
[1
2
]
J.W
.
a
.
M
.
Zu
e
rc
h
e
r
-
M
a
rti
n
so
n
.
(a
p
ril
/m
a
y
2
0
0
9
,
c
it
e
d
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
4
,
2
0
1
3
)
"
In
Ho
w
In
v
e
rte
rs
W
o
rk
"
,
h
tt
p
:
//
so
larp
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l.
c
o
m
/article
s/p
ro
d
u
c
ts
-
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t/
in
v
e
rters
/h
o
w
-
in
v
e
rters
-
w
o
rk
/p
a
g
e
/0
/5
.
[1
3
]
D.
G
u
n
a
se
k
a
r
a
n
,
&
Um
a
n
a
n
d
,
L
.
(2
0
1
2
).
A
mu
lt
i
-
w
in
d
in
g
tra
n
sfo
rm
e
r
b
a
se
d
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
fo
r
a
g
ro
win
g
DC
mic
ro
-
g
rid
stru
c
t
u
r
e
.
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Driv
e
s
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s (P
EDES
)
.1
-
6.
[1
4
]
H.
e
.
a
.
Ja
b
ir.
(S
e
p
tem
b
e
r,
2
0
1
3
).
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
tra
n
sf
o
rm
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
mu
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rte
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
sta
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
ste
m.
1
5
th
IEE
E
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (E
P
E).
1
-
1
0
.
[1
5
]
Y.
e
.
a
.
G
u
.
(2
0
1
3
).
T
ra
n
sf
o
rm
e
rles
s
in
v
e
rter
w
it
h
v
irt
u
a
l
DC
b
u
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
c
o
st
-
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
2
8
.
7
9
3
-
8
0
5
.
[1
6
]
M.
N.
H
.
K.
e
.
a
l.
(2
0
1
6
).
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
(P
V
)
P
a
n
e
l
to
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
L
e
ss
In
v
e
rter
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
:
A
Re
v
ie
w
P
a
p
e
r.
El
ix
ir
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
9
3
.
3
9
5
7
4
-
3
9
2
8
1
.
[1
7
]
R.
G
o
n
z
á
le
z
,
L
ó
p
e
z
,
J.,
S
a
n
c
h
is,
P
.
,
&
M
a
rro
y
o
,
L
.
(2
0
0
7
).
T
ra
n
sfo
rm
e
rles
s
in
v
e
rter
f
o
r
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
ste
m
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
2
2
.
6
9
3
-
6
9
7
.
[1
8
]
A
.
K.
R.
a
.
M
.
T
.
E.
Ka
h
n
.
(2
0
1
5
).
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
g
ro
u
n
d
lea
k
a
g
e
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
tra
n
sf
o
rm
e
rles
s P
V
in
v
e
rter t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
in
S
o
u
th
e
rn
Af
ric
a
.
2
6
.
2
0
-
24.
[1
9
]
O.
o
p
e
z
,
e
t
a
l.
(2
0
1
0
).
El
im
in
a
ti
n
g
g
ro
u
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
i
n
a
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
les
s
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
IE
E
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
.
2
5
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
7
.
[2
0
]
G
.
Bu
ti
c
c
h
i,
Ba
ra
ter,
D.,
L
o
re
n
z
a
n
i,
E.
,
&
F
ra
n
c
e
sc
h
in
i,
G
.
(2
0
1
2
).
Dig
it
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
c
tu
a
l
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
c
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v
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f
o
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ro
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d
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k
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c
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t
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d
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c
ti
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i
n
P
V
tran
sf
o
rm
e
rles
s
s
y
ste
m
s"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
.
8
.
5
6
3
-
5
7
2
.
[2
1
]
G
.
Bu
ti
c
c
h
i,
e
t
a
l.
(S
e
p
te
m
b
e
r,
2
0
1
0
).
Co
mp
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
stra
te
g
y
o
f
a
c
tu
a
l
c
o
mm
u
t
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
PV
tra
n
sf
o
rm
e
rle
ss
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
.
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
M
a
c
h
in
e
s (ICE
M
).
1
-
5.
[2
2
]
D.
Ba
ra
ter,
Bu
ti
c
c
h
i,
G
.
,
Crin
to
,
A
.
S
.
,
F
ra
n
c
e
sc
h
in
i
,
G
.
,
&
L
o
re
n
z
a
n
i,
E.
(2
0
1
2
)
.
Un
ip
o
lar
P
W
M
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
rles
s P
V
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
.
2
7
.
8
3
5
-
8
4
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
93
6
–
9
4
5
944
[2
3
]
Zh
a
n
g
,
W
.
,
&
Ch
e
n
,
W
.
(2
0
0
9
,
Au
g
u
st
).
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
v
o
l
ta
g
e
-
so
u
r
c
e
PW
M
in
v
e
rte
r b
a
se
d
o
n
sta
te a
n
a
lys
is
me
th
o
d
.
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
M
e
c
h
a
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
.
2
1
8
3
-
2
1
8
7
.
[2
4
]
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
T
.
A
.
,
M
e
rc
u
ri,
D.O.,
T
a
c
c
a
,
H
.
E.
,
&
P
u
p
a
re
li
,
M
.
E.
(2
0
1
6
).
S
in
g
le
-
S
w
it
c
h
S
o
f
t
-
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
Bo
o
st
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Co
rre
c
to
r
f
o
r
M
o
d
u
lar
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
7
(2
).
[2
5
]
W
u
,
T
.
F
.
,
Ku
o
,
C.
L
.
,
S
u
n
,
K.H
.
,
&
Hs
ieh
,
H.C.
(
2
0
1
4
)
.
Co
m
b
in
e
d
u
n
i
p
o
lar
a
n
d
b
i
p
o
lar
P
W
M
f
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
d
isto
r
ti
o
n
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
u
ri
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
2
9
(
4
),
1
7
0
2
-
1
7
0
9
.
[2
6
]
C.
Ch
a
n
g
.
(
2
0
1
2
,
c
it
e
d
b
y
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
3
1
,
2
0
1
3
).
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
ial
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
tro
l
lers
.
F
.
V
a
sc
a
,
L
lan
n
e
ll
i
(Ed
s).
Dy
n
a
mic
s
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
S
wit
c
h
e
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic S
y
ste
ms
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s f
o
r
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
S
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
"
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
sp
rin
g
e
r.
c
o
m
/9
7
8
-
1
-
4
4
7
1
-
2
8
8
4
-
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
d
.
No
m
a
n
H
a
b
i
b
K
h
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E)
f
ro
m
A
h
sa
n
u
ll
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsity
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(A
US
T
),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
0
9
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
h
e
a
lrea
d
y
f
in
ish
e
d
h
i
s
M
.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
),
M
a
lay
sia
a
t
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
d
o
i
n
g
w
o
rk
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ss
istan
t
a
t
UM
P
EDA
C
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
a
(UM)
w
it
h
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
e
sp
e
c
iall
y
so
lar,
h
y
d
ro
,
w
in
d
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
issu
e
.
No
w
a
t
p
re
s
e
n
t,
h
e
is
d
o
i
n
g
w
o
rk
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E),
Utt
a
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(UU
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
M
d
.
De
l
w
a
r
H
o
ss
e
n
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(EE
E)
f
ro
m
S
ta
m
f
o
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
(C
o
n
ti
n
u
i
n
g
)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(EE
E)
f
ro
m
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(IU
T
),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
r
v
in
g
a
s
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
f
ro
m
No
v
2
0
1
2
to
p
re
se
n
t
a
n
d
L
e
c
tu
re
r
f
ro
m
F
e
b
2
0
0
9
to
Oc
t
2
0
1
2
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Uttara
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(UU
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
.
P
re
v
io
u
sly
(No
v
2
0
0
7
to
Ja
n
2
0
0
9
)
h
e
wa
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E),
A
ti
sh
Dip
a
n
k
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
A
D
UST
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
M
d
.
Ala
m
g
ir
K
a
b
ir
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(E
EE
)
f
ro
m
R
a
jsh
a
h
i
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(RUE
T
),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
1
3
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E)
in
Uttara
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
sin
c
e
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
5
.
M
d
.
S
a
li
m
Za
h
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E)
f
ro
m
Ra
jsh
a
h
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
RUET
),
Ba
n
g
la
d
e
sh
i
n
2
0
13
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(EE
E)
in
Uttara
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
sin
c
e
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
5
.
K
h
a
n
d
k
e
r
J
a
m
il
A
h
m
e
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
A
h
sa
n
u
ll
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
A
US
T
),
B
a
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
0
9
w
h
e
re
h
is
m
a
jo
r
w
a
s
p
o
w
e
r.
He
h
a
d
d
o
n
e
th
e
Hig
h
e
r
Dip
l
o
m
a
f
ro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Yo
u
t
h
T
ra
in
in
g
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
1
1
.
In
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
,
h
e
w
a
s
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
A
ss
ista
n
t
En
g
in
e
e
r
i
n
El
e
c
tro
G
ro
u
p
u
n
ti
l
d
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
No
w
h
e
is
d
o
i
n
g
h
is
M
.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(ECE
)
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
f
ro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
),
M
a
lay
sia
a
t
2
0
1
4
M
d
.
M
o
ifu
l
Ala
m
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
(Ho
n
o
rs)
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
h
y
si
c
s
f
ro
m
Ja
g
a
n
n
a
th
Un
iv
e
rsity
(Jn
U),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2006
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
h
e
a
lrea
d
y
f
in
ish
e
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
(T
h
e
sis)
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
P
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
Ja
g
a
n
n
a
th
Un
iv
e
rsity
(Jn
U),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
0
7
(
Ex
a
m
h
e
ld
in
2
0
1
0
)
a
n
d
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
d
o
i
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
so
lar
p
h
o
to
-
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
ste
m
,
d
e
t
e
r
io
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
so
lar
c
e
ll
a
n
d
S
P
V
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
o
th
e
r
M
S
d
e
g
re
e
in
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Dh
a
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(DU
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
i
n
2
0
1
4
(Ex
a
m
h
e
ld
i
n
2
0
1
5
).
He
e
n
r
ich
e
d
h
is
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
w
it
h
d
o
in
g
w
o
rk
a
s
a
tea
c
h
in
g
a
s
sista
n
t
(TA
)
a
t
P
h
y
sic
s
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(BU
ET
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
No
w
a
t
p
re
se
n
t,
h
e
is
d
o
in
g
w
o
rk
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
(EE
E),
Uttara
Un
iv
e
rsity
(UU
),
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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re
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n
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sh
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2
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n
d
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is
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ste
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ro
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in
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Un
iv
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w
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d
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n
in
2
0
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3
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h
e
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e
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s
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o
m
m
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ti
o
n
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
in
g
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Uttara
Un
iv
e
rsity
(
UU
)
,
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.