Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
46
3
~
47
3
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
46
3
-
47
3
463
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn a
nd simul
ation of
stand
-
alone
phot
ovoltaic
syst
em
supplyi
ng BT
S in
Iraq
Sa
j
a
M
azin
S
ami
,
Anas
L
ateef
Mahmo
od
El
e
ct
roni
c and
C
omm
unications
Engi
ne
eri
ng
D
ep
art
m
ent
,
Col
le
ge
of
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Al
-
Nahra
in
Univ
ersit
y
, Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r
21
, 20
20
Re
vised
J
a
n
1
5
, 20
2
1
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
0
, 20
2
1
The
probl
em
of
power
outa
ges
is
stil
l
pr
ese
nt
in
most
citie
s
of
Ir
a
q
as
a
resul
t
of
th
e
wars
and
cr
ises
expe
r
ie
n
ce
d
by
Ira
q
and
th
is
m
ake
s
i
t
diffi
cu
lt
to
provide
contin
uous
elec
tr
ic
power
to
t
he
el
e
ct
ri
cal
devi
c
es.
Al
l
te
l
ec
om
muni
c
at
i
ons
com
p
ani
es,
inc
lud
ing
Za
in
,
As
ia
c
el
l
,
etc
in
Ira
q
used
die
sel
gen
era
tor
s
as
an
alter
n
at
i
ve
source
to
th
e
national
e
le
c
tric
it
y
gr
id,
but
thi
s
wil
l
adve
rs
el
y
aff
e
ct
th
e
e
nvironm
ent
and
hum
ans
as
a
re
sult
of
tox
ic
em
issions
associ
at
ed
with
the
us
e
of
the
se
g
ene
r
at
ors.
In
th
is
p
a
per
,
a
st
and
-
al
one
PV
sys
te
m
was
designe
d
and
simul
ated
t
o
supply
a
base
tra
nsc
ei
ver
stat
i
on
(BTS)
i
n
Ira
q.
A
BTS
in
Jadriy
ah,
Ba
ghdad
with
4.
1
77
kW
loa
d
power
bel
ong
t
o
Za
in
Tele
communicati
on
Co
mpa
ny
was
t
ak
en
as
a
ca
se
study
in
th
is
p
a
per
.
Th
e
meteor
ol
ogical
data
of
th
e
J
adr
iya
h
r
e
gion
wer
e
ta
ken
f
rom
a
wea
the
r
station
bel
ong
to
th
e
mi
nistry
of
Scie
n
ce
s
and
Te
chno
logy
in
Ira
q
for
th
e
y
e
ar
2017
.
The
si
mul
ation
for
th
i
s
BTS
was
ca
rri
ed
out
using
the
Pvs
yst
simu
la
ti
on
progra
m
.
The
fin
ancia
l
an
al
ysis
of
th
e
proposed
sys
te
m
show
s tha
t
it ha
s sma
ll kW
h
unit pri
c
e
(0
.
108
$
/k
Wh)
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
BTS
PV
s
ys
te
ms
Pv
s
ys
t6
So
la
r
cell
s
Stand
-
al
one
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
An
as
Lat
eef
Ma
hmood
Ele
ct
ro
nic
and
Comm
unic
at
ion
s
Departme
nt,
Colle
ge of
E
nginee
rin
g
Al
-
N
ah
rain U
ni
ver
sit
y, Ja
dr
iy
ah,
Ba
ghda
d, I
raq
Emai
l:
anas.lat
eef
.1
@
ce
d
.
na
hrai
nuni
v.
e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
As
a
res
ult
of
t
he
gro
wth
of
te
chnolo
gies
in
pa
rtic
ular
m
ob
il
e
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
s
s
ys
te
m
s
m
any
mobil
e
commu
nicat
io
ns
c
ompa
nies
are
operati
ng
to
c
overa
ge
a
great
numer
al
of
s
ub
sc
rib
ers.
Ce
ll
ula
r
ne
twork
op
e
rato
r
is
re
qu
i
red
to
bui
ld
m
or
e
te
le
commu
nicat
ion
towe
rs
tocat
er
to
the
inc
reasin
g
dema
nd
f
or
transmissi
on
qual
it
y
an
d
exte
ns
ive
co
ver
a
ge
[1
].
H
oweve
r
du
e
to
la
c
k
of
sta
ble
gri
d
po
wer
in
rural
or
rem
ote
areas,
te
le
c
om
op
e
rato
rs
face
a
big
c
halle
nge.
S
o,
te
le
c
om
equ
i
pm
e
nt
is
r
unning
on
dies
el
generato
r
(
DG)
or
batte
ries
durin
g
dema
nd
pe
riod
wh
ic
h
le
a
ds
to
a
t
hr
eat
of
global
warmi
ng
a
nd
C
O
2
e
missi
on
s
.
This
in
crease
s
the
fo
c
us
on
powe
rin
g
te
le
co
m
t
ow
e
rs
th
rough
re
ne
wab
le
e
nergy
s
ource
s
li
ke
s
olar,
wind,
an
d
ti
dal
[2
]
,
[
3
].
So
it
was
nece
ssary
to
fi
nd
a
no
t
her
ty
pe
of
energ
y
s
ource
and
the
P
ho
t
ovoltai
c
s
ys
te
m
is
a
good
al
te
rn
at
ive
so
urce
[4]
,
es
pe
ci
al
ly
in
a
reas
wh
e
re
t
he
rate
o
f
ra
diati
on
is
high.
I
raq
is
l
oc
at
ed
in
the
northern
he
misp
he
re
i
n
Asia
to
the
south
of
t
he
E
quat
or
.
The
weat
her
i
n
the
s
outh
an
d
mid
dle
of
Ir
a
q
is
s
unny
al
m
os
t
of
th
e
yea
r
wh
il
e
it
is
le
ss
cl
ear
in
the
nort
h.
M
id
dle
and
s
outh
reg
i
ons
of
I
ra
q
co
nsi
der
e
d
as
one
of
the
great
est
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
areas
in
the
w
or
l
d
[
5
]
.
The
west
re
gion
in
I
ra
q
ha
s
the
highest
s
olar
irr
adiat
io
n
amo
ng
oth
e
r
r
egio
ns
with
a
n
a
ve
rage
of
170
W/m
2
;
there
fore
it
is
the
best
re
gion
t
o
us
e
s
olar
e
le
ct
rici
ty
obste
tric
s.
I
n
Ba
ghda
d,
th
e
yea
rl
y
accu
mul
at
ive
un
i
ver
sa
l
rad
ia
ti
on
is
(2160
–
70
00)
M
J
/m
2
[
6
].
T
he
la
r
gest
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
in
Ba
ghda
d
ci
t
y
is
f
ound
i
n
Jun
e
an
d
J
uly
an
d
it
is
a
ppr
oxim
at
el
y
e
qu
al
to
(
240
W
h/m
2
)
w
hilst
the
small
est
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
is
fou
nd
in
Dece
mb
e
r
a
nd
it
is
appr
ox
imat
el
y
equ
al
to
(
80
W
h/m
2
).
Se
ve
ral
stud
ie
s
li
ke
in
[
7
]
w
her
e
AL
-
Ri
ah
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
46
3
–
47
3
464
et
al
.,
res
olv
e
t
he
me
diu
m
m
onthly
s
olar
radi
at
ion
i
n
t
hr
ee
major
ci
ti
es
(
M
osul
in
the
nort
h
of
Ir
a
q,
B
aghda
d
in
the
mi
dd
le
of
Ir
a
q
a
nd
N
asi
riya
in
t
he
so
ut
h
of
Ir
a
q)
durin
g
the
ti
me
1971
–
19
85.
On
e
of
the
biggest
pro
blems
in
Iraq
th
rou
gh
t
he
bygone
40
ye
ars
is
th
e
deca
y
of
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
network
a
nd
t
he
s
hortag
e
of
app
a
ratus
.
Til
l
2017
the
mi
nistry
of
Ele
ct
rici
ty
fail
ed
to
pro
vid
e
el
ect
rici
ty
more
t
han
12
hours
a
da
y
in
mo
s
t
ci
ti
es
in
th
e
c
ount
ry.
Be
ca
us
e
of
this
lo
ng
ti
me
of
c
ut
i
n
t
he
el
ect
ric
power
ma
de
I
raqi
p
e
op
le
s
dep
e
nd
on
diesel
an
d
petr
ol
ge
ner
at
or
s
a
s
an
al
te
r
native
so
luti
on
t
o
the
el
ect
rici
ty
ou
t
age
[
8
].
T
hat
r
el
ia
nce
on
generator
s
br
i
ng
s
a
bout
a
la
rg
e
us
e
of
f
ue
l
of
poor
sta
ndar
d
t
han
br
i
ng
a
bout
a
cute
harm
to
the
w
eat
her
qual
it
y
and
the
Ir
a
qi
cl
imat
e.
The
Ir
a
qi
nati
on
al
has
sta
rted
to
pe
rceive
the
ec
ologica
l
danger
co
nn
ect
ed
to
poll
ut
ants
resu
lt
in
g
in ca
r
s an
d ge
ner
at
ors [
5
].
Les
sen f
os
sil
fuel co
nsum
ption
is t
he l
arg
e
defy th
at
can b
e t
ran
s
ferred o
n
thr
ough
I
raq
t
o
the
util
iz
at
ion
of
re
ne
wab
le
powe
rs
i
n
el
e
ct
rici
ty
gen
e
rat
ion
[
5
].
T
he
be
st
al
te
rn
at
ive
powe
r
so
urce
t
hat
ca
n
be
us
e
d
in
ste
ad
of
the
die
sel
an
d
petr
ol
ge
ner
at
or
s
is
that
w
hic
h
de
pends
on
re
ne
wab
le
energies
a
nd
t
he
mai
n
re
ne
wab
le
e
nerg
y
app
ea
rin
g
in
I
raq
is
t
he
so
la
r
ene
rgy
[
9
].
I
raq
has
a
n
e
x
tremel
y
diff
e
re
ntiat
e
sit
e
cl
os
e
t
o
the
so
la
r
r
egi
on
countries
al
lo
w
th
e
c
ountr
y
to
be
gi
ven
a
ta
ll
vo
l
um
e
of
s
olar
irrad
ia
ti
on
re
ac
h
to
(7k
Wh
/
m
2
)
with
suns
hine
ranges
of
2,8
00
t
o
3,300
h/
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
s
t
s
u
n
s
h
i
n
e
t
i
m
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
J
u
n
e
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
.
4
h
/
d
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
e
s
t
s
u
n
s
h
i
n
e
t
i
m
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
6
.
3
h/d
[
10
].
BTS
has
t
o
va
rio
us
i
ndoor
a
nd
o
ut
door
both
ty
pes
su
ppli
ed
by
-
48V
DC
vo
lt
a
ge
.
“
Ind
oor
mean
re
fuge
r
oom
wh
ic
h
con
ta
in
s
one
or
tw
o
ai
rc
onditi
on
un
it
a
nd
B
TS
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
t
o
o
l
s
w
h
i
c
h
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
”
w
h
i
l
e
“
O
u
t
d
o
o
r
m
e
a
n
t
h
e
B
T
S
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
t
o
o
l
s
w
h
i
c
h
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
a
r
e
i
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
or
e
cabinet”.
PV
so
la
r
s
ys
te
ms
Co
ns
ist
s
of
two
M
ai
n
unit
s
P
V
s
olar
m
odules
an
d
batte
ries
as
bac
k
up
at
ni
gh
t,
P
V
so
la
r
mod
ules
us
a
ble
f
or
20
-
25
year
s
[
11
]
.
Th
ough
P
V
sy
ste
m
ta
ll
li
fe
sp
a
n
c
on
st
ruct
s
the
ch
oice
of
PV
Stand
-
al
one
s
yst
em
pr
e
fer
a
bl
e;
the
small
use
able
of
sto
rage
batte
ry
gro
w
th
the
cost
.
Ec
onom
ic
al
ly
t
he
bette
r
op
ti
on
is
le
ad
-
aci
d
(tra
diti
ona
l)
beca
us
e
of
l
ow
cost
an
d
be
tt
er
exec
ution
at
it
s
li
fe
sp
a
n
[
12
]
.
T
her
e
are
man
y
researc
h
e
ffo
rts
ai
med
at
us
in
g
s
olar
ene
r
gy
to
e
qu
i
p
cel
lul
ar
sta
ti
ons
[
13
]
.
M
oham
med
H.
Als
har
if
a
nd
Je
ong
Kim
the
y
bo
t
h
study
the
fea
sibil
it
y
of
a
sol
ar
sy
ste
m
de
pe
nds
on
the
at
tribu
te
s
of
South
Korea
n
s
unli
gh
t
base
d
ra
diati
on
vital
it
y
requir
ed
f
or
a
rem
ote
cel
lular
base
s
ta
ti
on
,
H
om
e
r
so
ft
war
e
is
us
e
d
to
decide
the
ideal
siz
e
of
the
sy
st
em
pa
rts,
t
o
w
ork
powe
r
pro
du
ce
anal
ys
is
a
nd
to
break
do
wn
ta
sk
cost
subtl
et
ie
s
[
13
]
.
D
ike
U
.
Ik
e
,
A
nthony
U.
A
doghe,
A
dem
ola
A
bdul
kar
ee
m,
the
y
hav
e
a
nalyze
d
the
im
portanc
e
of
s
olar
ene
r
gy
as
a
su
sta
ina
ble
point
of
e
nerg
y
f
or
BTS
,
t
he
P
vs
yst
sim
ulati
on
pro
gr
a
m
is
use
d
to
cal
c
ul
at
e
the
c
os
t
of
s
olar
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on,
the
sim
ulati
on
of
s
olar
e
ne
rgy
s
ys
te
ms
ha
s
bee
n
ac
hiev
ed
bo
t
h
o
n
-
gr
i
d
a
nd
off
-
gr
i
d
us
in
g
the
ci
ty
of
Be
ni
n,
Nige
ria
[
11
].
Geet
ha
Pand
e,
P
r
ov
i
de
sim
ulati
on
s
util
iz
e
the
P
vsyst
s
of
t
war
e
f
or
on
-
gr
i
d
a
n
d
off
-
gr
i
d
sy
ste
ms
by
l
ooking
at
the
sta
tus
of
N
ew
Del
hi,
I
ndia
,
Sw
e
de
n
a
nd,
Stoc
kh
olm.
P
vsyst
si
mu
la
ti
on
ou
tc
om
es
ap
pe
ar
the
co
st
of
energ
y
gen
e
rat
ion
f
or
t
he
on
-
gr
i
d
P
V
s
ys
te
m
is
le
ss
c
omparati
ve
to
off
-
gri
d
i
n
Stockh
olm,
S
wed
e
n,
a
nd
I
ndia
,
Ne
w
Delh
i
[
12
].The
sun
-
powe
red
i
ns
ol
at
ion
local
ma
p
of
I
ra
q
gi
ves
an
ide
a
about
t
he
a
verage
pea
k
s
un
hours
of
Ba
gh
dad
ci
ty.
S
un
or
ie
nt
ed
i
nsola
ti
on
map
sho
w
s
the
a
mou
nt
of
sun
-
powe
red
e
nerg
y
of
ho
ur
s
(
pe
ak
ho
ur
s
of
sun)
,
be
giv
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
a
y
o
n
a
n
i
d
e
a
l
i
n
c
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
r
e
g
r
e
t
t
a
b
l
e
m
o
n
t
h
f
r
o
m
1
2
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
a
k
s
u
n
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
h
o
u
r
s
o
u
t
l
i
n
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
e
l
o
w
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
[
14
].
Figure
1
.
I
raq
peak s
un
ho
ur’
s
s
ola
r
p
ower
.
2.
STAND
-
ALO
NE S
YS
TE
M
FOR
BT
S
This
sy
ste
m
c
onta
ins
f
rom
P
V
mod
ules,
D
C
-
DC
co
nvert
er,
batte
ries,
c
harge
co
ntr
oller
a
nd
dc
loa
d
(BTS)
a
nd
it
dep
e
nds
on
c
onve
rtin
g
the
s
olar
ir
rad
ia
ti
on
into
el
ect
ric
al
sign
al
s
via
PV
cl
us
te
r
m
odules
.
Durin
g
the
da
y
the
P
V
mod
ul
es
s
upply
the
l
oad
th
r
ough
D
C
-
DC
co
nvert
er
a
nd
c
ha
rg
e
t
he
batte
ries
thr
ough
the
c
harge
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
I
n
the
night
a
nd
ov
e
r
cast
da
ys
,
the
batte
ries
s
uppl
y
t
he
l
oad
with
t
he
re
qu
ire
d
powe
r.
The
batte
ries'
string
siz
e
is
va
st
to
co
ver
th
r
ough
ou
t
the
night
an
d
s
om
e
s
ha
dy
da
ys
.
Fi
gu
re
2
s
ho
ws
t
he
blo
c
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
sta
nd
-
alone
photov
oltaic syst
e
m supplyi
ng B
TS
in I
r
aq
(
SajaM
az
in
Sam
i
)
465
diag
ram
of
the
sta
nd
al
one
s
yst
em
is
a
mix
of
s
olar
P
V
ex
hib
it
mod
ules
wh
ic
h
create
s
direct
cu
rr
e
nt
(D
C)
,
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
M
PP
T
w
hich
c
on
t
ro
l
ch
ar
ging
an
d
releasi
ng
the
batte
ries
strin
g
an
d
BTS
l
oad
w
hich
incl
ud
i
ng
al
l
dc
loa
ds
.
T
he
first
sta
ge
i
n
the
de
sig
n
s
hould
be
to
de
te
rmin
e
t
he
ful
l
geogr
a
phic
al
co
ordinates
of
the
Jadr
i
yah
area
,
Ba
ghda
d.
The
ave
rag
e
m
onthly
so
la
r
ir
radi
at
ion
values
in
Ja
dr
i
yah,
Ba
ghda
d
a
re
s
ho
wn
i
n
Table
1
a
nd
they
we
re
ta
ke
n
f
rom
weat
he
r
sta
ti
on
s
bel
ong
to
t
he
M
inist
ry
of
Scie
nces
a
nd
Te
ch
no
l
ogy
locat
ed
in
the
same
re
gion
f
or
t
he
yea
r
2017
[
15]
.
F
rom
t
hese
val
ues,
it
is
cl
ear
that
th
e
s
olar
irra
diati
on
s
a
re
very
high,
esp
e
ci
al
ly in
the
summer
.
Figure
2
.
Stan
d
-
al
o
ne
s
ys
te
m
f
or BTS
blo
c
k d
ia
gr
am
Table
1.
M
et
e
orol
og
ic
al
data
of Jadri
ya
h reg
ion
Mon
th
GHI
(kW
h
/m
2
)
W
in
d
sp
eed (m
/s)
Av
erage air
te
m
p
.
o
C
Jan
u
ary
78
2
.45
1
0
.4
Feb
ruary
1
0
7
.6
2
.55
1
1
.4
Mar
ch
1
3
6
.9
2
.63
18
Ap
ril
1
6
2
.4
2
.94
2
3
.6
May
2
0
0
.6
2
.97
3
1
.2
Ju
n
e
2
2
9
.7
3
.58
3
5
.5
Ju
ly
2
2
2
.8
3
.63
3
9
.8
Au
g
u
st
1
9
9
.1
3
.46
3
9
.5
Sep
tem
b
er
1
4
1
.8
2
.74
3
5
.8
Octo
b
er
1
0
3
.6
2
.38
2
7
.3
No
v
em
b
er
7
3
.09
2
.33
1
9
.7
Dece
m
b
er
7
6
.9
2
.53
1
4
.6
GHI
/
Glo
b
al ho
rizo
n
tal ir
radian
ce
3.
EL
ECTRICA
L DEM
A
ND
The
off
-
gri
d
P
V
s
ys
te
m
is
pl
ann
e
d
to
sup
pl
y
el
ect
rical
e
ne
rgy
t
o
t
he
BT
S
(
DC
loa
d)
in
the
Ja
diriah
,
Ir
a
q.
BTS
re
quires
4.177
kW
e
nerg
y
t
o
w
ork
it
s
loa
ds
.
Ta
ble
2
sho
ws
t
he
re
qu
ire
d
po
wer
a
nd
the
ti
me
of
op
e
rati
on fo
r
B
TS in
the Ja
dri
yah re
gion
bel
ong
t
o
Zai
n
Te
le
communicat
i
on Co
mp
a
ny.
Table
2
.
Ele
ct
r
ic
al
load
for
Ja
dr
i
yah
te
le
com
tow
e
r
sit
e
Ap
p
lian
ce
Po
wer
(W
)
Qty
.
W
o
rkin
g
tim
e (
h
)
Energy
con
su
m
p
tio
n
(
W
h
/d
ay
)
Micr
o
wav
e
500
1
24
1
2
0
0
0
RF radio
315
3
24
2
2
6
6
8
0
RF radio
444
3
24
3
1
9
6
8
Bas
e ban
d
200
1
24
4800
Fan
un
it
180
1
24
4320
RF radio
340
3
24
2
4
4
8
0
Total d
aily
deman
d
=
1
0
0
2
4
8
k
W
/d
a
y
Figure
3
s
ho
ws
the
ge
ogra
ph
ic
al
locat
io
n
of
the
Ja
dr
i
ya
h
area
in
Ir
a
q
us
i
ng
the
G
oogle
Eart
h
pro
gr
am
.
It
is
a
neig
hborh
oo
d
in
Ba
ghda
d
,
I
r
aq
al
ong
t
he
Tig
ris
Ri
ver
.
It
li
es
at
the
south
ti
p
of
t
he
pe
ni
ns
ula
wh
e
re
Ti
gr
is
Ri
ver
ma
kes
it
s
majo
r
tu
rn
a
nd
hea
ds
t
o
th
e
north
-
east
.
B
ecause
of
the
f
act
that
Ir
a
q
is
in
the
northe
rn
hemis
ph
e
re,
the
best
m
ode
for
di
re
ct
ing
so
la
r
cel
l
pa
nels
is
t
o
th
e
s
ou
t
h
beca
use
the
s
olar
cel
ls
will
be
facin
g
t
he
pa
th o
f
t
he
s
un
a
nd
th
us
it
w
il
l
be
possible
t
o
ob
ta
in
the
hi
ghest
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
in
orde
r
t
o
ob
ta
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
46
3
–
47
3
466
the
best
po
wer
pro
du
ct
io
n
of
t
he
pa
nel
[
1
6
].
Table
3
s
hows
the
yea
rly
s
olar
ra
diati
on
with
dif
fe
ren
t
ti
lt
ang
le
s
for
Ba
ghda
d
ci
ty [1
6
].
Figure
3. The
geog
raphical
locati
on of t
he
J
adr
i
yah area
in
I
ra
q
Table
3
.
Year
l
y
s
olar ra
diati
on
with
diff
e
re
nt
ti
lt
an
gles
.
Tilt
an
g
le
Year
ly
m
ean
radiat
io
n
(
k
W
/m
2
/d
ay
)
0
o
5
.3
10
o
5
.7
20
o
6
30
o
6
.08
35
o
6
.04
40
o
5
.9
50
o
5
.6
60
o
5
.1
90
o
2
.8
4.
PV
S
YS
TE
M DESIG
N
The
off
-
gri
d
PV
sy
ste
m
ge
ner
al
ly
co
ns
ist
s
of
t
he
PV
arr
a
y
with
t
he
in
-
dema
nd
mecha
nisti
c
const
ru
ct
io
n,
s
tora
ge
batte
ries,
cha
r
ge
c
on
tr
oller,
ca
bles
a
nd
s
witc
hing
de
vices.
T
he
ne
xt
su
bse
ct
ions
e
xp
la
in
the d
e
sig
n of
al
l
const
it
uen
t i
n t
he
s
uggeste
d system.
4.1.
PV
siz
in
g
The
s
olar
pa
ne
l
includes
a
gro
up
of
P
V
cel
ls
li
nk
ed
i
n
series
a
nd
pa
rall
el
,
the
el
ect
rical
power
gen
e
rated
by
t
his
pa
nel
is
i
na
dequate
to
de
al
with
a
ver
a
ge
an
d
big
l
oads
of
e
nergy.
In
orde
r
to
obta
in
the
require
d
loa
d
vo
lt
age
,
a
gro
up
of
P
V
pa
ne
ls
mu
st
be
co
nnect
ed
i
n
serie
s
w
hilst
to
obta
in
the
re
quire
d
loa
d
current
P
V
pa
nels
a
re
li
nke
d
i
n
par
al
le
l.
Howe
ver,
pr
i
or
beg
i
nn
i
ng
to
acco
unt
the
num
ber
of
seri
es
an
d
par
al
le
l sola
r
c
el
l pan
el
s t
he n
ext in
formati
on m
us
t
be k
nown
:
(Vdc)
The dc s
ys
te
m
vo
lt
age
.
(Ts
h)
The me
an
sun h/d.
(Ed)
The me
an
d
ai
l
y dema
nd for e
nerg
y
in
wh.
In
t
he
fir
st
ste
p
in
a
n
acc
ou
nt,
the
num
be
r
of
s
olar
panel
s
sta
rts
by
knowin
g
t
he
av
erag
e
dail
y
dema
nd
of
en
ergy
(
Er
d)
t
ha
t
is
fo
un
d
by
d
ividi
ng
t
he
mean
daily
de
man
d
ove
r
th
e
pro
du
ct
of
sy
ste
m
com
pone
nt effi
ci
encies as s
ho
wn in (
1)
[
5
].
E
rd
=
Ed
b
c
on
(1)
w
he
re
:
b
=
Ef
fici
ency o
f
b
at
te
r
y
con
=
Ef
fici
ency o
f
conv
e
rter
=
Ef
fici
ency o
f
ch
a
rg
e
contr
ol
le
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
sta
nd
-
alone
photov
oltaic syst
e
m supplyi
ng B
TS
in I
r
aq
(
SajaM
az
in
Sam
i
)
467
The
se
co
nd
ste
p
is
t
o
cal
c
ulate
the
a
ve
rag
e
peak
po
wer
(
P
ave,
peak)
by
di
vid
in
g
t
he
a
ve
rag
e
ene
r
gy
dema
nd r
e
quir
ed by t
he mea
n su
n hou
rs for t
he
sit
e
durin
g
t
he day
as
(2)
:
P
a
v
e
pe
a
k
=
Erd
Ts
h
(2)
Sy
ste
m
dc
c
urren
t
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
de
pe
nd
s
on
t
he
val
ue
s
of
t
he
ave
ra
ge
pea
k
powe
r
and
t
he
dc
sy
ste
m
volt
age
as
(3)
:
I
dc
=
P
ave
,
peak
V
dc
(3)
Nex
t,
the
num
ber
of
m
odel
s
in
series
(N
sm
)
is
cal
culat
ed
by
di
vid
in
g
t
he
sy
ste
m
dc
volt
age
by
the
rated
volt
age
pe
r
m
odel
(V
rm
)
as sho
wn in
(
4)
:
N
sm
=
V
dc
V
rm
(4)
The
pa
rall
el
numb
e
r
of
m
odul
e
string
s
(N
pm
)
can
be
cal
c
ulate
d
by
di
vid
in
g
the
dc
s
ys
te
m
current
by
the r
at
e
d
c
urre
nt of eac
h mo
dule
(I
rm
)
as
s
hown b
el
ow
:
N
pm
=
I
dc
I
rm
(5)
Finall
y,
the
tot
al
num
ber
of
modu
le
s
(N
tm
)
can
be
cal
culat
ed
by
mu
lt
iply
ing
the
num
be
r
of
mod
ules
in ser
ie
s
by t
he
num
ber o
f par
al
le
l modules:
N
tm
=
N
sm
×
N
pm
(6)
Table
4
s
hows
the P
V
a
rr
a
y
si
zi
ng
ste
p o
utli
ne fo
r
the
case
study i
n
this
pa
per.
Table
4
.
PV ar
ray siz
ing
.
So
lar
m
o
d
u
le:
CS
UN
So
lar,
CSUN
3
1
0
-
7
2
P,
3
1
0
W
,
Vrm
=
V
m
p
=
3
1
V,
I
rm
=
I
m
p
=
8
.
4
A,
I
sc
m
=
8
.94
A.
Vo
l
tag
e
o
f
d
c
sy
st
em
(
Vd
c)
=
4
8
V.
Mean
su
n
-
h
o
u
rs
for
Bag
h
d
ad
(T
sh
)
=
6
,
Ef
fi
cien
cy
o
f
b
attery
(ηb
)
=
0
.97
.
Ef
ficiency
o
f
co
n
v
erter
(ηco
n
)
=
0
.96
.
Ch
arge
Co
n
troller
Ef
fici
en
cy
(ηc)
=
0
.95
,
Daily
av
erag
e
d
em
an
d
(
Ed)
=
1
0
0
2
4
8
W
h
.
Variable bein
g
sp
e
cified
Calcu
lated
valu
e
E
rd
1
1
3
3
2
0
.67
P
av
ep
ea
k
1
8
8
8
6
.8
I
dc
3
9
3
.5
N
sm
2
N
pm
47
N
tm
94
4.2.
Battery
b
an
k
siz
ing
To
determi
ne
t
he
siz
e
of
t
he
desire
d
batte
ries,
it
is
necess
ary
t
o
know
th
e
est
imat
ed
sto
rag
e
ca
pacit
y
require
d
(E
est
)
,
w
hich
re
prese
nts
th
e
a
ver
a
ge
daily
e
nerg
y
de
man
d
ti
mes
t
he
num
ber
of
auto
nomy
days
(D
aut
)
as sho
wn in
(
7)
[
5
].
E
e
st
=
E
rd
×
D
a
ut
(7)
The
sa
fe
st
or
a
ge
of
e
ne
rgy
i
s
therea
fter
found
via
div
idi
ng
the
(E
safe
)
by
the
de
pth
of
disc
harg
e
(D
disch
)
as
(
8)
:
E
safe
=
E
es
t
D
disc
h
(8)
The
t
otal
capa
ci
ty
of
the
bat
te
ry
ba
nk
(C
tb
)
is
f
ound
by
di
vid
in
g
(E
safe
)
ov
e
r
th
e
sin
gle
batte
r
y
dc
vo
lt
age
(V
b
)
as
s
how
n
i
n (9).
C
tb
=
E
s
af
e
V
b
(9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
46
3
–
47
3
468
(N
tb
)
the
t
otal
numb
e
r
of
batt
eries
can
be
f
ound
by
di
vid
i
ng
the
(C
tb
)
over
the
ca
pacit
y
of
one
batte
r
y
(C
b
)
as
(
10)
:
N
tb
=
C
tb
C
b
(10)
The
num
be
r
of
batte
ries
in
se
ries
(N
sb
)
ca
n
be
sp
eci
fied
by
div
i
ding
the
sy
ste
m
dc
volt
age
(V
dc
)
by
the d
c
volt
age
of one
batte
ry
as
(
11)
:
N
sb
=
V
dc
v
b
(11)
The
num
ber
of
par
al
le
l
batt
ery
strin
gs
(N
pb
)
can
be
s
pe
ci
fied
by
di
vid
in
g
the
total
num
ber
of
batte
ries ove
r
t
he numbe
r of s
eries batt
eries
as
(
12)
:
N
pb
=
N
tb
N
sb
(12)
Table
5
s
hows
the b
at
te
r
y ba
nk sizi
ng ste
p o
utli
ne
f
or the
c
ase stu
dy in
t
his p
a
per.
Table
5
.
Ba
tt
er
y bank
siz
ing
Battery
m
o
d
u
le: N
arada,
Acm
eG 12
V 20
0
,
Cb
=
2
0
0
Ah, Vb = 12
V,
Ddis
ch
=
8
0
%
Ef
fic
ien
cy
of batte
ry (ηb
)
= 0.9
7
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Days
of
A
u
to
n
o
m
y
(
Dau
t)
=
2
.5 Day
s
Variable bein
g
sp
e
cified
Calcu
lated
valu
e
E
est
2
5
0
6
2
0
E
s
af
e
3
1
3
2
7
5
C
tb
2
6
1
0
6
.25
N
sb
4
N
tb
132
N
pb
33
4.3.
Charge
co
nt
r
oller
sizi
ng
The
majo
r
ta
s
k
of
the
s
olar
charge
co
ntr
oller
un
it
is
to
domina
nce
the
current
am
ount
of
th
e
s
olar
cel
ls mor
e
over
the total c
urre
nt am
ount
of
t
he
load with
ma
ke
s
ur
e
that the
volt
ages
of the
so
la
r
cell
s and
load
vo
lt
age
are
t
he
same.
T
he
ma
ximum
sig
nific
ant
point
in
de
finiti
on
t
he
ca
pa
ci
ty
of
the
s
ol
ar
cha
r
ge
co
ntr
oller
un
it
is
it
s
ca
pa
ci
ty
to
bear
i
ng
the
total
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
c
urren
t
of
the
ar
ray
(
I
sc
A
=
I
sc
m
×
N
pm
)
an
d
a
certai
n
safe
factor
(F
safe
)
.
T
he
(F
safe
)
i
s
nee
dful
for
pe
rmitt
ing
for
a
se
ns
i
ble
s
ys
te
m
gro
wth.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
re
quire
d
c
harg
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
cu
rrent
(I
cc
)
is
sho
wn in
(
13)
:
I
CC
=
I
sc
m
×
N
pm
×
F
safe
(13)
I
sc
m
=
The
sho
rt circ
uit cu
rr
e
nt of t
he
c
hosen
m
odule
Table
6
s
hows
the
cha
r
ge
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
siz
ing
f
or the
case st
udy
in
this
pa
per
.
Table
6
.
C
harg
e co
ntr
oller
siz
ing
Ch
arge con
troller:
VarioTr
ack VT80
-
4
8
V,
Stu
d
er
with
M
PP
T
co
n
v
erter,
4
8
V
I
sc
m
= 8.9
4
A
,
Ch
a
rge
Co
n
troller E
f
ficien
cy
(
η
c)
=
0.9
5
.Saf
e
ty
f
acto
r
(Fsafe
)
=
1
.25
[17
]
Variable bein
g
sp
e
cif
ied
Calcu
lated
valu
e
I
ccr
5
2
5
.225 A
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
trollers
5
5.
SIMULATI
O
N USI
NG PV
SY
ST
6.80 (P
HOTO
VOLT
AIC S
YS
TE
M
S
OFTW
A
RE)
By
us
i
ng
sim
ul
at
ion
too
ls
,
at
var
ia
nce
to
siz
ing
a
pp
a
ratus
,
the
us
e
r
sho
uld
sta
te
the
kind
an
d
siz
e
of
al
l
com
pone
nt
s.
T
he
to
ols
t
he
reafter
s
upply
a
c
omp
reh
e
nsi
ve
a
nalysis
of
the
co
nduct
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
.
I
n
t
hat
act
ion
for
the
modeli
ng,
a
nal
ys
is,
an
d
sim
ulati
on
,
P
vsyst6.
8
s
oft
ware
is
a
pp
li
ed
. Th
e
P
v
sy
sts6
.8
s
of
t
wa
re p
ic
k
load
re
quire
d
and
s
olar
po
w
er
data
a
nd;
models
PV,
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r
a
nd
M
PP
T
c
onve
rt
er
a
nd
batte
rie
s
wit
h
var
i
ou
s
siz
es
t
o
co
rr
es
pond
t
he
re
qu
e
st.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
de
sig
ned
i
n
this
stu
dy
f
or
the
BT
S
of
the
Ja
dri
ya
h
area
of
Ir
a
q
c
on
sist
s
of
a
P
V
s
ys
te
m
as
a
n
e
nergy
sou
rce.
Pvsyst
c
oord
i
nat
es
pre
-
pr
act
ic
a
li
ty,
meas
ur
in
g
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
sta
nd
-
alone
photov
oltaic syst
e
m supplyi
ng B
TS
in I
r
aq
(
SajaM
az
in
Sam
i
)
469
re
enactme
nt
s
upport
for
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
.
I
n
the
wa
ke
of
ha
ving
cha
ra
ct
erized
the
a
r
ea
an
d
loa
d,
t
he
us
er
chooses
the
va
rio
us
c
on
sti
tue
nt
f
rom
a
n
it
em
data
base
a
nd
the
softwa
re
conseq
ue
ntly
c
ompu
te
s
the
m
easur
e
of
e
very
c
onsti
tuent.T
he
geog
raphical
posit
ion
of
the
P
V
f
rame
work
util
iz
ing
Goo
gle
earth
f
or
the
Ja
dr
i
yah
area
,
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q
sho
wn
in
Table
7
.
M
et
e
orolo
gical
data
we
re
ob
ta
ine
d
from
sta
ti
on
s
of
the
Ir
a
qi
M
i
nistry
of
Scie
nce
a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy.
I
n
the
Al
bedo
-
S
et
t
ing
s
ta
b,
the
Al
bedo
e
ste
ems
a
re
set
to
0.2
for
t
he
s
olid
su
r
face.
Th
e
p
a
rtic
ular para
me
te
rs
of t
he
ti
lt
an
d az
imut
h
e
dges
of th
e
fr
a
m
ewor
k
are
g
i
ve
n
in
Ta
ble 8
.
By
us
in
g
si
mul
at
ion
to
ols,
at
va
riance
to
siz
ing
ap
par
at
us
,
the
us
e
r
s
houl
d
sta
t
t
he
kind
an
d
siz
e
o
f
al
l
com
pone
nt
s.
T
he
to
ols
t
he
reafter
s
u
pply
a
c
omp
reh
e
nsi
ve
a
nalysis
of
the
co
nduct
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
.
I
n
t
hat
act
ion
f
or
t
he
modeli
ng,
a
nalysis
an
d
sim
ul
at
ion
,
P
vsyst6
.
8.
S
of
t
war
e
is
app
li
ed
.
T
he
P
v
syst
6.8
s
of
t
w
are
pic
k
load
re
quire
d
and
s
olar
po
w
er
data
a
nd;
models
PV,
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
M
PP
T
c
onve
rt
er
a
nd
batte
rie
s
wit
h
var
i
ou
s
siz
es
t
o
co
rr
es
pond
t
he
re
qu
e
st.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
de
sig
ned
i
n
this
stu
dy
f
or
the
BT
S
of
the
Ja
dri
ya
h
area
of
Ir
a
q
c
on
sist
s
of
a
P
V
s
ys
te
m
as
a
n
e
nergy
sou
rce.
P
vsyst
c
oord
i
nat
es
pre
-
pr
act
ic
a
li
ty,
meas
ur
in
g
a
nd
reen
act
me
nt
s
upport
fo
r
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
.
I
n
the
wa
ke
of
ha
ving
cha
ra
ct
erized
the
a
r
ea
an
d
loa
d,
t
he
us
er
chooses
the
va
rio
us
c
on
sti
tue
nt
f
rom
a
n
it
em
data
base
a
nd
the
softwa
re
conseq
ue
ntly
c
ompu
te
s
the
m
easur
e
of
e
very
c
onsti
tuent.
M
et
eo
r
ologica
l
data
wer
e
obta
ined
from
t
he
M
i
nis
try
of
Scie
nce
an
d
Tec
hnol
ogy
databases
co
nt
ai
nin
g
mete
or
ol
og
ic
al
sta
ti
on
s
in
the
Ja
d
riya
h,
Ba
ghda
d.
A
t
t
h
e
A
l
b
e
d
o
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
t
a
g
t
h
e
A
l
b
e
d
o
e
s
t
e
e
m
s
a
r
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
0
.
2
f
o
r
s
o
l
i
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
o
a
z
i
m
u
t
h
a
n
d
t
i
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
ure 4.
South
is
0
o
as
i
nd
ic
at
ed
by
Fi
gure
4.
T
he
P
V
m
odules
c
ho
s
se
f
or
t
his
inve
sti
gation
is
a
CSUN
S
olar
.
(CSUN
310
-
72P,
310W
p,
31V
Si
-
po
l
y
[
18]
,
w
hile
the
ba
tt
ery
set
ch
o
s
se
is
Na
rad
a
,
Acme
G
12V
200,
12V,
200Ah
[
19]
.
T
he
s
un
li
ght
ba
sed
way
s
kyli
ne
at
Ba
ghda
d
ci
ty
is
appear
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
s
5,
6
a
nd
7
s
how
t
he
simulat
ed dail
y i
nput /o
utput
di
agr
am
& (pe
r
i
ns
ta
ll
ed kW
p).
Table
7
.
T
he
geogra
ph
ic
al
posit
ion
of
t
he
PV
s
ys
te
m
Latitud
e
3
3
.2
Altitu
d
e
34
Lon
g
itu
d
e
4
4
.3
Tim
e
zon
e
3
Table
8
.
Or
ie
nt
at
ion
par
a
mete
rs
sel
ect
ed
in P
vs
yst
Tilt
an
g
le
33
o
Azim
u
th
ang
le
0
o
Field
typ
e
Fix
ed
Fig
ure
4
.
Til
t and azi
mu
t
h
a
ngle
selec
ti
on in
P
v
s
ys
t
6
Figure
5
.
The
s
un
li
ght
base
d way sk
yline
at
Ba
ghda
d
ci
ty
Figure
6
.
The
daily
gen
e
rated
pow
e
r
Figure
7
.
The
normali
zed
pr
oductio
n
e
ne
rgy
in
the
sit
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
46
3
–
47
3
470
A
simi
la
r
w
or
k
is
done
by
Dr
.
Ka
reem
,
et
al
.,
[
20
]
wher
e
the
y
desig
ne
d
Hyb
rid
PV
/
Diesel
P
ow
e
r
Sy
ste
m
f
or
Al
gazali
a
te
le
co
m
to
we
r
sit
e
w
it
h
32.
25
kWh
/day
ene
r
gy
c
onsum
ption
;
the
fi
nal
desig
n
c
on
ta
in
s
63
PV
pa
nels
(
3×21
)
(
Kyoce
r
a
-
13
5W)
with
63
m
2
area
in
add
it
io
n
to
tw
o
5.5
kW
diesel
gen
e
rato
rs
eac
h
on
e
work
for
12
hours
pe
r
da
y.
The
num
be
r
of
batte
ries
in
t
he
ir
desig
n
was
24
batte
ries
i
n
series
,
(eac
h
batte
ry
rated at
2V/2
500 A
h).
Howe
ver,
fig
ur
e
8
dem
onstr
at
es
the
simul
at
ion
res
ults
f
r
om
the
la
st
re
port
gi
ven
by
the
P
v
s
ys
t
6.8
simulat
ion p
r
ogra
m.
Figure
8.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
f
or the
pro
pose
d
P
V
s
ys
te
m
6.
FIN
ANCI
AL
ANALY
SIS
The
m
os
t
sig
ni
ficant
meas
ur
a
ble
assessme
nt
dev
ic
e
for
the
moneta
r
y
co
n
duct
of
vital
it
y
f
rame
works
is
the
c
os
t
of
cycle
li
fe
(LC
C
)
in
vestigat
io
n.
The
under
l
yi
ng
capit
al
e
xpense
of
at
al
l
s
ys
te
m
is
the
de
man
d
cost
f
or
buying
al
l
sy
ste
m
pa
rts;
this
inco
r
porates
P
V
cl
us
te
rs
,
stoc
kp
i
li
ng
syst
em,
c
harge
of
c
on
tr
oller
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd simu
l
ation of
sta
nd
-
alone
photov
oltaic syst
e
m supplyi
ng B
TS
in I
r
aq
(
SajaM
az
in
Sam
i
)
471
est
ablishme
nt
(cou
nting
wiri
ng
an
d
diff
e
re
nt
hel
per
s
).
O
per
at
in
g
a
nd
mainte
na
nce
c
os
ts
(OM
C
)
i
nc
orp
or
at
e
year
l
y
intermit
te
nt
costs
f
or
the
sy
ste
m
t
he
bo
a
rd,
ordi
na
ry
s
upport
a
nd
sit
e
adminis
trat
ion
.
F
or
no
ns
to
p
act
ivit
y
an
d
t
o
gu
a
ra
ntee
pro
fici
ent
s
ys
te
m
exec
utio
n,
a
few
pieces
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
mu
st
be
sup
planted
occasio
nally.
I
n
t
he
li
fe
cycl
e
e
xam
inati
on,
the
e
xami
nation
mu
st
be
c
omplet
ed
by
t
he
lo
ngest
par
t
of
the
li
feti
me
of
al
l
par
ts
of
the
syst
em.
The
i
dea
l
li
fe
cycle
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
modu
le
s
us
e
d
is
ab
ou
t
25
year
s
,
wh
il
e
the
c
ycl
e
of
batte
r
y
li
f
e
can
la
st
up
t
o
12
years.
Due
to
the
maxi
mu
m
li
fe
cycl
e
of
25
year
s
,
batte
ries
mu
st
be
re
plac
ed
eve
r
y
12
ye
ars.
F
or
f
uture
est
imat
ion
s,
t
w
o
sig
nifica
nt
pa
rameters
mus
t
be
co
ns
ide
re
d;
the
inflat
ion
rate
a
nd
t
he
re
bate
r
at
e.
The
in
flat
ion
rate
sp
ea
ks
to
the
acce
le
ra
ti
on
patte
r
n
in
the
ex
penses
overal
l
sy
ste
m
li
fe,
w
hile
the
mar
kd
own
rate
sp
ea
ks
to
t
he
re
duct
ion
in
t
he
se
gm
e
nts
cost
w
it
h
fu
t
ur
e
la
r
ge
scal
e
man
uf
act
ur
i
ng.
The
cost
of
th
e
sel
ect
ed
P
V
modu
le
(PV
C
)
is
$62,
w
hile
t
he
c
os
t
of
t
he
batte
ry
(B
C
)
is
$200.
Char
ge
c
ontrol
le
r
(C
C
)
co
sts
$633.
F
or
the
P
V
cl
us
te
rs
li
fe
cycle
of
25
ye
ars
a
nd
the
12
year
s
batte
ry
li
fe,
t
he
est
ablishme
nt
cost
(I
C
)
is
10
%
of
the
P
V
cost
w
hile
the
yea
rly
(OM
C
)
co
st
is
2%
of
t
he
PV
beg
i
nn
i
ng
exp
e
ns
e
[
21]
. S
pecifie
d
an
in
flat
ion
r
at
e
(i)
of
4
%
a
nd
re
ba
te
rate
(d)
of
8%,
the
s
ys
te
m
l
ife
cycle
c
os
t
a
nd
t
he
un
it
el
ect
rical
exp
e
ns
e
ca
n
be
evaluate
d.
T
he
yea
rly
(OM
C
)
e
xpense
s
can
be
deter
m
ined
to
rely
upon
the
sy
ste
m ca
pital
cost thi
nk
i
ng a
bout the
in
flat
ion an
d mar
kdown
r
at
es a
s
(1
4
)
[
21
].
OM
c
=
2%
PV
C
×
(
1
+
1
+
)
[
(
1
−
1
+
1
+
)
25
1
−
(
1
+
1
+
)
]
(1
4
)
Be
cause
t
he
ba
tt
ery
li
fe
is
12
year
s
,
it
is
re
pl
aced
t
wice
in
t
he
li
feti
me
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
.
The
first
ti
me
batte
ry
re
place
ment
c
os
ts
a
re
cal
culat
ed
a
fter
12
yea
rs
an
d
after
24
year
s
are
r
eplace
d
a
gain
as
s
how
n
in
the
(1
5
)
and
(
1
6
)
[
22
];
B
c
1
=
B
c
[
1
+
1
+
]
12
(1
5
)
B
c
2
=
B
c
[
1
+
1
+
]
24
(1
6
)
The
c
os
t
of
t
he
sy
ste
m's
cyc
le
of
li
fe
can
be
determi
ned
by
incl
ud
i
ng
the
P
V
m
odul
e,
batte
ries,
batte
ry substi
tu
ti
on
s,
contr
oller
of
c
ha
rg
e
, est
ablishme
nt,
act
ivit
y
an
d su
pp
or
t c
os
ts
[23
]
.
LC
c
=
PV
c
+
B
c
+
B
c
1
+
B
c
2
+
C
c
+
I
c
+
OM
c
(1
7
)
The yearl
y
c
ost
o
f
the life
cy
c
le
(A
LC
C
)
ca
n be e
valuate
d
as
(1
8
)
;
ALC
c
=
LC
c
[
1
−
(
1
+
1
+
)
1
−
(
1
+
1
+
)
25
]
(1
8
)
The
un
it
el
ect
rical
exp
e
ns
e
(U
C
)
in
$/
kWh
ca
n
be
e
valuate
d
from
the y
ea
rly
cost o
f
li
fe
c
ycle
an
d
th
e
year
l
y power
prod
uced b
y
t
he
PV syst
em
(1
9
)
[
24]
.
U
c
=
ALC
c
365
×
EL
(1
9
)
EL
is
the
dail
y
dema
nd
el
ect
rical
power
for
the
fa
mil
y,
kW
h/d
a
y.
A
s
ind
ic
at
e
d
by
the
a
bove
appr
oach,
Ta
bl
e
9
co
ndense
s
the
co
st
exa
minati
on
of
th
e
PV
s
ys
te
m
,
the
ex
pe
ns
es
of
Ca
bles,
D
esi
gn,
M
et
erin
g, an
d C
on
tr
ol
d
evice
s ar
e li
ghte
d t
oget
he
r
as
10%
of to
ols cost
.
Table
9
.
E
sti
mate
d
co
st o
f
t
he
PV syst
em
part
s.
Co
m
p
o
n
en
t
Qty
.
Un
it cos
t
Total co
st
PV m
o
d
u
le
94
$62
$
5
8
2
8
Battery
132
$200
$
2
6
4
0
0
Co
n
troller
5
$633
$
3
1
6
5
Cab
les
Lot.
$583
1
st
b
atteries
r
ep
lac
em
en
t
$
1
6
7
8
5
2
nd
b
atteries r
ep
lac
em
en
t
$
1
0
6
7
2
OM
C
$
1
8
5
1
.7
LC
C
$
6
5
2
8
4
.7
ALC
C
$
3
9
5
7
U
C
0
.10
8
1
5
$/k
W
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
46
3
–
47
3
472
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per
,
29.
14
kWp
off
-
gr
i
d
PV
s
ys
te
ms
we
re
pro
po
sed
to
ou
t
fit
BTS
in
the
Ja
dr
i
yah
a
rea,
Ir
a
q
to
outfit
the
load
s
th
rou
gh
the
work
ti
me.
The
desi
gn
of
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
was
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
t
he
Pv
s
yst
simulat
ion
pa
c
k
util
iz
ing
the
inf
ormat
io
n
g
ot
f
rom
t
he
Mi
nistry
of
Scie
nce
a
nd
Tec
hn
ology
database
s
f
or
Ba
ghda
d.
T
he
resu
lt
s
s
howe
d
that
a
n
in
de
pende
nt
ph
otoe
le
ct
ric
sy
ste
m
can
be
a
good
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
e
nerg
y
sy
ste
m
for
prov
i
ding
power
to
the
main
t
ran
s
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
recei
ving
st
at
ion
s
of
a
m
ob
il
e
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
sy
ste
m.
Crit
ic
al
analysis
s
hows
t
hat
the
en
ergy
us
e
d
c
os
t
s
0.1
0815
27
$/
kWh
a
nd
is
s
mall
com
pa
red
to
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
ource
s
uch
as
diesel
generato
rs,
as
the
e
nerg
y
us
e
d
by
a
dies
el
gen
e
rato
r
for
the
same
l
oa
d
c
os
ts
0.364
1
$/kWh
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
t
he
sit
e
ht
tps:/
/po
we
r
-
ca
lc
ulati
on
.c
om
.
P
vsyst
sim
ulati
on
s
how
s
tha
t
th
e
pro
po
se
d p
ho
t
oelect
ric s
ys
te
m h
a
s sa
ved 99
0,534 t
ons
of
c
arbo
n dio
xid
e
emissi
ons fo
r 2
5 years
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A
.
Abdulmu
la
,
Kama
ruz
zama
n
Sopian,
Lim
Ch
in
Haw,
Ahmad
Fazliz
an,
“Per
f
orma
nc
e
evalua
t
ion
of
stand
al
on
e
double
axi
s
sola
r
tr
ac
king
sys
tem
with
ma
xi
mu
m
l
ight
de
tecti
o
n
MLD
for
te
l
ecommuni
c
at
i
on
t
owers
in
Mal
aysia
,”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
e
m (I
J
PE
DS)
,
vo
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r
et
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mut
ha
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H
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Cale
b
Andrew,
A.
Debie
Shaj
ie
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Prave
en
Imma
nuel
Paulraj,
“
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wabl
e
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int
erf
ac
e
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ase
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rura
l
t
el
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,”
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nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
tronic
s
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iv
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S
yste
m
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il,
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ez,
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"O
pti
m
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V
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te
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TS
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em
ot
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im
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n,
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Mohame
d
Omer
Abdulmu
la,
"A
Prima
ry
Study
o
f
Tra
ck
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Photo
volt
aic
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te
m
for
Mobile
St
at
i
on
in
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aysia
,"
Inte
rnational
J
ournal
of
Power
El
ectronics
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
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J
PE
DS
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A.
L.
Mahmoo
d,
“De
sign
and
Simul
a
ti
on
of
Stand
-
a
lone
P
V
Sys
te
m
for
El
e
ct
roni
c
an
d
Comm
unicati
on
s
Engi
ne
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ng
De
par
tment
La
bor
at
ori
es
in
Al
-
N
ahr
ai
n
Univer
si
t
y,
”
European
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Digit
a
l
Libr
ary
(EUDL
)
,
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19
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22
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2
019.
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F.
M.
Abed
,
Y.
Al
-
Douri,
and
G.
M.
Y
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Al
-
Shah
ery
,
“Re
vi
ew
o
n
the
ene
rgy
and
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
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us
in
Ira
q
:
The
ou
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”
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ene
wabl
e
and
Su
stainabl
e
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ar,
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ct
s
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f
solar
r
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a
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imatol
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raq
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ene
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e Ene
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l
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aq
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n
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e
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m
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dat
ions
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ren
e
wable
ene
rgy
po
li
cies
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ri
es,
”
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n
e
wable
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e
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ev
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,
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q
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ea
dy
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se
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erg
y
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ions:
A
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lee
l
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ahi
m
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,
”
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ernati
onal
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n
ee
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nt
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[11]
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,
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U.
Adoghe,
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.
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,
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Tel
ec
om
B
ase
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ons
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ere
d
by
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Ene
rgy
,
”
int
ernati
ona
l jou
rnal
of
sc
ie
nt
if
i
c
&
t
ec
hno
log
y
re
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,
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.
3
,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
369
-
37
4,
2014
.
[12]
Gee
tha
Pand
e,
"A
Case
Study
of
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er
ed
Ce
ll
ul
ar
Base
Stat
ions,"
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