Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol.
4, No. 4, Decem
ber
2014, pp. 451~
460
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
4
51
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Fuzzy B
a
ng-B
an
g Cont
rol Scheme of
USSC f
o
r Voltage S
a
g
Mitigation due to Short Circuits
and Induction Motor Starting
in Distribution System
M.
Mo
ha
mma
di
,
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
adi
Roz
b
ah
ani
,
S.
Ab
asi
G
a
ravand
,
M.
Mont
az
eri, H.
Mem
a
rinez
h
ad
Department o
f
Electrical Engin
e
ering, Co
lleg
e
of
Engine
ering,
Bo
rujerd Br
anch
, Is
lam
i
c Az
ad Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
,
Boruj
e
rd
, Ir
an
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
May 12, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 1
,
2
014
Accepte
d
J
u
l 25, 2014
Unified series shunt com
p
ensat
o
r (USSC)
has
been widel
y
used to m
itigat
e
various
power
quality
disturb
a
nces
in
distribu
tion n
e
twork. The USSC is
alm
o
s
t
s
i
m
ilar t
o
the UP
F
C
, b
u
t the
onl
y d
i
ff
erenc
e
s
ar
e th
at
the UP
F
C
inverters are in
shunt series connect
ion and used in transmission sy
stems
whereas
th
e U
S
S
C
inverters
a
r
e in
s
e
ries
-s
hu
nt conn
ect
ion a
nd us
ed in
distribution s
y
stems. USSC, it is possi
ble to co
m
p
ens
a
te a d
i
ff
erent powe
r
qualit
y probl
em
as
com
p
ared to DS
TATCOM and DVR. It i
s
noted that,
m
itigated
load
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
th
e D
V
R is lower tha
n
m
itigat
ed va
lu
e obta
i
ned
b
y
USSC. In other
words the USSC
can miti
gate voltage sag
better
in compared
to DVR and D-STATCOM.
Also in
cas
e of
voltage flicker
,
unb
alan
ce
and
harmonics elimination it is mu
ch e
ffe
ctiv
e. Si
m
ilarl
y, D-STATCOM is
unable
to con
t
rol
power flow.
It i
s
seen that the pr
oposed USSC can m
itigat
e
varie
t
y
of powe
r
qualit
y (PQ) p
r
oblem
s. Hence
due to m
u
lti c
a
pabi
lit
y of
USSC in power quality
improvement, th
is paper
presents th
e scheme based
on fuzzy
bang-
bang con
t
rol for
USSC.
Using Fuzzy
Log
i
c Co
ntrol (FLC
)
based on b
a
ng-b
a
ng con
t
rol;
the
USSC will contr
i
bute
to im
prove
voltag
e
sag
without d
e
ter
i
or
ating
the eff
e
ct o
f
the oth
e
r
compensating
devices
.
Keyword:
Fuzzy
ban
g
-
ba
ng
co
nt
r
o
l
Power qu
ality
Sh
unt
-com
pen
s
at
or
Uni
f
ied se
ries
Vo
ltag
e
sag
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ashka
n
M
oha
mmadi Rozbahani
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neeri
n
g
,
C
o
l
l
e
ge
of
En
gi
nee
r
i
ng,
B
o
ru
je
rd
B
r
anc
h
,
Islamic
Azad Uni
v
ersity,
Bo
ru
j
e
rd
,
I
r
a
n
,
Em
a
il: m
r
.ash
kan
@
iau
b
.ac.ir
1.
INTRODUCTION
Vol
t
a
ge
sag ca
n cau
se l
o
ss
of
pr
od
uct
i
o
n i
n
aut
o
m
a
t
e
d pr
o
cess si
nce
vol
t
a
ge sa
g can t
r
i
p
a m
o
t
o
r o
r
cause i
t
s
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r t
o
m
a
l
f
un
ct
i
on.
Vari
ous
m
e
t
hods
hav
e
been a
p
pl
i
e
d t
o
re
du
ce o
r
m
i
t
i
g
at
e vol
t
a
ge
sags.
The c
o
nve
n
tional m
e
thods a
r
e by
using
ca
pacitor banks,
introduction of
ne
w
parallel fee
d
ers
and
by ins
t
alling
u
n
i
n
t
errup
tib
le p
o
wer su
pp
lies (UPS) [1
]. Co
il h
o
l
d-in
dev
i
ces are on
e o
f
trad
ition
a
l
m
i
tig
atio
n
meth
od.
These
de
vices
are connected
betwee
n the
AC supply and
t
h
e c
ontactor a
n
d can
ge
neral
l
y allow a cont
actor t
o
rem
a
i
n
energi
z
e
d [
2
]
.
A
fer
r
o
reso
na
nt
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r, al
so
kn
ow
n as a c
o
nst
a
nt
v
o
l
t
a
ge t
r
a
n
sf
orm
e
r (C
V
T
), i
s
a
tran
sform
e
r th
at o
p
e
rates in
th
e saturatio
n
reg
i
on
of
the transform
e
r B-H curve.
Vol
t
a
g
e
sags d
o
w
n t
o
30
%
retain
ed vo
ltage can b
e
m
i
tig
ated
throug
h th
e u
s
e of
fe
rr
or
eso
n
a
n
t
tr
an
sf
ormer
s
[3
].
Flywheel system
s use the
en
erg
y
stored
i
n
th
e in
ertia of
a ro
tatin
g
flywh
eel to
m
itig
at
e vo
ltag
e
sag
s
.
In
t
h
e m
o
st b
a
sic syste
m
, a flywh
eel is cou
p
led
in
series
wi
th
a m
o
to
r and a g
e
n
e
rato
r wh
ich
i
n
turn
is connected i
n
series with t
h
e lo
ad.
The
flywheel is accel
erated to a
ve
ry
high spee
d
a
nd when voltage
sa
g
occurs, the
rotational e
n
ergy
of the
d
ecelera
ting
flywheel i
s
utilized t
o
suppl
y the loa
d
[4]. To c
o
m
p
ensate the
vol
t
a
ge sa
g i
n
a powe
r
di
st
r
i
but
i
o
n sy
st
em
, app
r
op
ri
at
e devi
ces nee
d
t
o
be i
n
st
al
l
e
d at
sui
t
a
bl
e l
o
cat
i
ons
.
These
de
vices
are typically pl
aced at t
h
e
point of c
o
mm
on
coupling
[PCC
] whic
h is
de
fined as t
h
e
point of
the net
w
ork c
h
ange
s.
A SVC
is a shunt connected power
el
ect
ro
ni
cs
ba
se
d devi
ce w
h
i
c
h wo
rk
s by
i
n
j
ect
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
014
:
45
1 – 460
45
2
reactiv
e cu
rrent in
to
t
h
e l
o
ad, th
ereb
y sup
portin
g th
e vo
ltag
e
and
m
i
t
i
g
a
tin
g th
e vo
ltag
e
sag
[5
]. Th
e
DVR is
o
n
e
of th
e cu
st
o
m
p
o
w
er d
e
vices wh
ich
can i
m
p
r
ov
e power qu
ality, especially, v
o
ltage sag
s
[6
]. The DVR
in
j
ects t
h
ree sin
g
l
e-ph
ase
vo
ltag
e
s i
n
series
with
in
co
m
i
n
g
su
pp
ly
v
o
ltag
e
s.
The m
a
gnitude
and phase a
n
gle of
injected volta
ge are
variables
wh
ich resu
lt in
v
a
riab
le real and
reactiv
e power ex
ch
ang
e
b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e DVR an
d
th
e sens
itiv
e lo
ad
or
th
e d
i
stribu
tion
system Oth
e
rs h
a
v
e
investigate
d
ne
w m
e
thods
to im
prove
powe
r
quality [7].
Us
ually the c
ont
rol voltage
of t
h
e DVR in m
i
tigating
vol
t
a
ge sa
g i
s
deri
ved
by
com
p
ari
ng t
h
e su
ppl
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge agai
nst
a refe
r
e
nce wa
vef
o
r
m
[8]
.
There a
r
e
m
a
ny
so
lu
tion
s
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
po
wer
q
u
a
lity prob
lem
s
at a
d
i
strib
u
tion
syste
m
su
ch
as
u
s
in
g
su
rg
e arresters,
activ
e power filters, iso
l
ation tran
sfo
r
m
e
r,
u
n
i
n
t
errup
tib
le po
wer
supp
ly and
static
VAR co
m
p
en
sato
r are
som
e
of ne
w
m
e
t
hods
. I
n
[
9
]
aut
h
or
s p
r
o
pos
ed a
new
D-S
T
ATC
O
M
cont
rol
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
whi
c
h e
n
abl
e
s
sep
a
rate con
t
ro
l of
po
sitiv
e
an
d neg
a
tiv
e seq
u
e
n
c
e curre
n
t
s an
d d
e
coup
led con
t
ro
l
o
f
d- an
d
q
-
ax
es curren
t
com
pone
nt
s. I
n
[1
0]
t
h
e
m
i
tigat
i
on
of v
o
l
t
a
ge fl
i
c
ke
r a
nd
red
u
ct
i
o
n i
n
THD by
u
s
i
n
g STATC
O
M
ha
s bee
n
in
v
e
stig
ated
.
Referen
ce
[11] u
s
e
real time d
i
g
ital sim
u
latio
n
of
power electronic
s
y
ste
m
which i
s
a
heavily
com
put
er i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e o
p
erat
i
o
n,
and
based
o
n
VSC
D
-
ST
AT
C
O
M
po
we
r s
y
st
em
. From
the st
u
d
i
e
s, i
t
i
s
sho
w
n
th
at all th
ese eq
u
i
p
m
en
ts are
cap
ab
le i
n
so
lvin
g
po
wer
qu
ality p
r
ob
lem
s
.
Th
e
b
e
st eq
u
i
p
m
en
t to
so
lve th
is prob
lem at d
i
stribu
tion
system
s at
min
i
m
u
m
co
st is b
y
using
C
u
st
om
Power
fam
i
l
y
of D-
STATC
O
M
.
B
y
usi
ng a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d ap
pr
oac
h
of se
ri
es-s
h
unt
com
p
ensat
o
r
s
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
sib
l
e to
com
p
en
sate fo
r
a v
a
riety o
f
po
wer-qu
ality
p
r
ob
lem
s
in
a
d
i
stribu
tio
n
syste
m
in
clu
d
i
ng
sag
com
p
ensat
i
o
n
,
fl
i
c
ker
re
duct
i
o
n,
u
nbal
a
nce
v
o
l
t
a
ge m
i
ti
gat
i
o
n
,
a
nd
p
o
we
r-
fl
o
w
co
nt
r
o
l
[
1
2]
. Si
nce
t
h
i
s
d
e
vi
ce
is ab
le to m
i
ti
g
a
te sev
e
ral
of
p
o
wer qu
ality d
i
stu
r
b
a
n
ces, th
erefo
r
e th
is p
a
p
e
r fo
cuses on
th
is d
e
v
i
ce and
prese
n
t
s
a
ne
w
cont
rol
st
rat
e
g
y
base
d f
u
zzy
l
ogi
c
ba
ng
-
b
an
g c
ont
rol
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
at
e vol
t
a
ge s
a
g.
2.
VOLTAGE SAG
CONCEPTS
Vol
t
a
ge
sa
g i
s
re
duct
i
o
n i
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge
m
a
gni
t
ude
f
o
l
l
o
we
d
by
vol
t
a
ge
reco
very
a
f
t
e
r a s
h
o
r
t
peri
od
of tim
e.
In the
IEEE
Standa
rd
1159-1995, the term
“sag
” is defined as a
decrease in rm
s voltage to
val
u
es
bet
w
ee
n
0.
1 t
o
0.
9
p.
u,
f
o
r
d
u
rat
i
on
s o
f
0.
5 cy
cl
es
t
o
1 m
i
n [
8
-
1
0]
. T
h
e t
w
o
m
a
i
n
ca
uses
o
f
vol
t
a
g
e
sags are
net
w
o
r
k fa
ul
t
s
an
d t
h
e st
art
i
ng
of
equi
pm
ent
whi
c
h d
r
aw l
a
r
g
e cur
r
ent
s
, part
i
c
ul
arl
y
di
rect
-
o
n-l
i
n
e
m
o
t
o
rs. Vol
t
a
g
e
sag i
s
charac
t
e
ri
zed i
n
t
e
rm
s of t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng pa
ram
e
t
e
rs,
m
a
gni
t
ude
of
sag and
du
rat
i
on
of
sag an
d p
h
ase-
angl
e j
u
m
p
. D
e
pen
d
i
n
g o
n
t
h
e t
y
pe of faul
t
,
sag can be bal
a
nced
or u
n
b
al
anced
. Nat
u
ral
l
y
for
the Three phas
e to ground
(ABC-G)
fault the sag is symmetrical (bal
an
ced
)
in
all three p
h
a
ses as shown
i
n
Fi
gu
re 1.
Whe
r
eas
for unbala
nced fa
ul
ts like
A-
G,
B-C,
BC-
G th
e sag
is
un
symme
trical in all three phases, as
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
2.
Fi
gu
re
1.
B
a
l
a
nced
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
a
g i
n
t
h
ree
pha
ses
Fi
gu
re
2.
B
a
l
a
nced
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
a
g i
n
t
h
ree
pha
ses
Vo
ltag
e
sags
are m
easu
r
ed u
s
ing
sp
ecial
ized
power
qu
ality
m
o
n
ito
rin
g
i
n
stru
m
e
n
t
atio
n
.
Th
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
atio
n
m
u
st b
e
co
nfigu
r
ed
with
a
sag
thresho
l
d
v
o
ltag
e
. Th
at is, a vo
ltag
e
lev
e
l th
at will trig
g
e
r a
sag capt
u
re w
h
en t
h
e
rm
s v
o
l
t
a
ge fal
l
s
bel
o
w i
t
.
Fi
g
u
re
3
sho
w
s a gra
p
hi
cal
repre
s
ent
a
t
i
on o
f
a vol
t
a
ge sag
i
n
cl
udi
ng
t
h
e
s
a
g t
h
res
hol
d a
n
d t
h
e
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs (
d
urat
i
o
n,
re
t
a
i
n
ed
vol
t
a
ge)
use
d
t
o
re
p
o
rt
t
h
e sa
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Ba
n
g
-B
a
n
g
C
o
nt
rol
Sc
h
e
me
of
U
S
SC
f
o
r V
o
l
t
a
ge
Sa
g
Mi
t
i
gat
i
o
n
du
e t
o
Sh
ort
…
(
M
.Mo
h
a
m
m
adi
)
45
3
Fi
gu
re
3.
G
r
ap
hi
cal
re
prese
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sag
3.
USS
C
MO
DE
LING
The Unified
Series Shunt Com
p
ensa
to
r is a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
of series an
d
shun
t v
o
ltag
e
so
urce in
v
e
rters
as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
4. T
h
e
basi
c c
o
m
ponent
s
o
f
t
h
e
USSC
a
r
e t
w
o
12
-p
ul
se
vo
l
t
a
ge so
urce
i
nve
rt
e
r
s
com
posed
of f
o
rce
d
com
m
utat
ed po
we
r sem
i
cond
uct
o
r
switch
e
s, typ
i
cally Gate Tu
rn
Off th
yristor valv
es.
One
voltage
source
inverter is
connecte
d
i
n
s
e
ries with
th
e lin
e throug
h a set o
f
se
ries i
n
jectio
n
tran
sformers,
wh
ile th
e o
t
h
e
r is conn
ected
i
n
sh
un
t
with
t
h
e lin
e throug
h
a set of shu
n
t
t
r
an
sfo
r
m
e
rs.
The
dc t
e
rm
i
n
al
s of t
h
e t
w
o
i
nve
rt
ers a
r
e
co
nnect
e
d
t
o
get
h
e
r
an
d t
h
e
i
r com
m
on dc
vol
t
a
ge i
s
sup
p
o
rt
e
d
by
a
capaci
t
o
r
ban
k
[
13]
.
Th
e USSC is al
m
o
st si
m
i
lar to
th
e UPFC,
but the only differe
n
ces are
that the UPFC
inverte
r
s are in shun
t series co
nn
ection
and
u
s
ed
in
tr
a
n
s
m
ission system
s
whereas the USSC
i
nve
rt
ers a
r
e i
n
seri
es-
s
h
u
n
t
c
o
n
n
ect
i
o
n a
n
d
use
d
i
n
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
sy
st
em
s [14]
.
Fi
gu
re
4.
Ge
ne
ral
C
o
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
Uni
f
i
e
d
Seri
es S
h
unt
C
o
m
p
ensat
o
r
-
U
SSC
4.
C
A
P
A
B
ILITIES
OF U
S
SC V
E
R
S
U
S
D-
STA
T
C
O
M
AN
D
DVR
Si
nce t
h
e i
n
t
r
o
duct
i
o
n
of F
A
C
T
S an
d cust
o
m
powe
r
co
nc
ept
[
15]
,
devi
c
e
s suc
h
as u
n
i
f
i
e
d
po
wer
-
fl
o
w
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r (
U
P
F
C
)
,
sy
n
c
hr
o
n
o
u
s st
at
i
c
com
p
ensat
o
r
(ST
A
TC
OM
),
dy
nam
i
c vol
t
a
ge r
e
st
o
r
er
(
DVR
),
so
lid
-state tran
sfer switch
,
and
so
lid-state fau
lt cu
rren
t
li
m
i
ter are d
e
v
e
l
o
ped
for im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
o
wer
q
u
a
li
ty an
d
reliab
ility o
f
a
syste
m
[1
6
]
,
[1
7
]
. Ad
van
c
ed con
t
ro
l
and
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
sem
i
co
ndu
ctor switch
i
ng
o
f
th
ese
d
e
v
i
ces
h
a
v
e
ach
i
ev
ed a n
e
w
ar
ea fo
r
pow
er-
q
u
a
lity
mit
i
g
a
tio
n
.
I
n
v
e
stig
ation
s
h
a
v
e
b
een
carried
o
u
t
to
study th
e
effectiv
en
ess of th
ese d
e
v
i
ces in
p
o
w
er-qu
a
lity
mi
tig
ati
o
n
su
ch
as sag
com
p
en
satio
n
,
h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs eli
m
in
atio
n,
unbalance
c
o
m
p
ensation,
re
active powe
r
com
p
ensation,
po
w
e
r
-
f
l
ow
co
n
t
r
o
l, pow
er
f
acto
r
cor
r
e
ctio
n and
flick
e
r redu
ctio
n
[18-19
].
Th
ese
d
e
v
i
ces h
a
v
e
b
e
en
d
e
v
e
lop
e
d
fo
r
mit
i
g
a
tin
g
sp
ecified
power-q
u
a
lity
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
. B
y
usi
n
g a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
ap
pr
oac
h
o
f
se
ri
es-s
hu
nt
c
o
m
p
en
sat
o
r
s
i
t
i
s
pos
si
bl
e t
o
co
m
p
ensat
e
fo
r a
vari
et
y
o
f
pow
er-
q
u
a
lity p
r
o
b
l
em
s in
a d
i
str
i
b
u
tion
syste
m
in
clu
d
i
n
g
sag
co
m
p
ensatio
n
,
f
lick
e
r
r
e
du
ction
,
unbalan
ce
v
o
ltag
e
m
itig
atio
n
,
an
d
power-fl
o
w
con
t
ro
l [11
]
. Usually in
d
i
v
i
du
al cu
sto
m
p
o
wer
d
e
v
i
ces su
ch
as
DSTATCOM
an
d
DVR fo
cus o
n
so
lv
ing
specific p
o
wer
qu
ality p
r
ob
lems in
a d
i
strib
u
t
i
o
n
system
. Ho
wev
e
r,
b
y
using
USSC, it is
p
o
ssib
l
e to co
m
p
en
sate
a
d
i
fferen
t
power
q
u
a
lity
p
r
o
b
l
em
as co
m
p
ared
to
DST
A
TCOM
and DVR as
indicated i
n
Ta
ble 1
[20].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
014
:
45
1 – 460
45
4
T
a
b
l
e 1. Power qu
ality
m
i
t
i
g
a
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g USSC v
e
rsu
s
o
t
h
e
rs cu
st
o
m
p
o
w
er
d
e
v
i
ces
Power Qualit
y
Mit
i
gation
DVR
D-ST
ATCO
M
USSC
Voltage Flicker
YES
Li
m
ited
YES
Voltage Sag Co
m
p
ensation
NO
YES
YES
Unbalance
NO
YES
YES
UPS Mode
YES
YES
YES
Power Flow Contr
o
l
NO
NO
YES
Har
m
onic Eli
m
ina
tion
NO
YES
YES
It is n
o
t
ed
th
at,
m
i
tig
ated
lo
ad v
o
ltag
e
b
y
th
e DVR is a stea
d
y
state v
a
lu
e b
u
t
th
is v
a
lu
e i
s
lo
wer th
an
m
i
ti
gat
e
d val
u
e obt
ai
ne
d by
USSC
.
In
ot
he
r wo
r
d
s t
h
e U
SSC
can m
i
t
i
g
at
e vol
t
a
ge sag
bet
t
e
r i
n
com
p
are
d
t
o
DVR
an
d D
-
S
T
ATC
O
M
.
Al
so i
n
case of
vol
t
a
ge
fl
i
c
ker
,
un
bal
a
nce a
n
d harm
oni
cs el
im
i
n
at
i
on i
t
i
s
m
u
ch
effectiv
e. Sim
i
larly, D-STATCOM is
u
n
a
b
l
e to
con
t
ro
l
pow
er f
l
ow
. I
t
is seen th
at
the propose
d
USSC
can
m
i
ti
gat
e
vari
et
y
of
PQ
p
r
obl
e
m
s [21]
.
5.
USSC INST
ALLATION IN DIST
RIB
U
TION
SYSTEM
B
e
fo
re m
odel
i
ng t
h
e U
SSC
,
al
l
di
st
ri
but
i
on sy
st
em
com
ponent
s, i
.
e
.
, l
i
n
es an
d ca
bl
es, l
o
a
d
s,
transform
e
rs, l
a
rge m
o
tors and generat
o
rs have
to be converted into equi
valent reactance (
X
) and
resis
t
ance
(
R
)
o
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
bases.
T
h
e m
a
i
n
sy
st
em
com
ponent
m
ode
l
s
are
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
fo
rm
ul
at
i
on o
f
i
m
pedance
m
a
t
r
i
x
fo
r vol
t
a
ge
sa
g
cal
cul
a
t
i
o
n [
22]
. I
n
steady
state analysis, the se
ries a
n
d s
h
unt inve
rters
of t
h
e
USSC are
p
r
esen
ted b
y
t
w
o vo
ltag
e
sour
ces
V
d
q
and
V
sh
r
e
sp
ectiv
ely as show
n in
Figu
r
e
5.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
o
f
U
SSC
X
sc
and
X
sh
represents t
h
e rea
c
tance of th
e
transform
e
rs associated
with
t
h
e seri
es a
nd
sh
unt
v
o
l
t
a
ge
sou
r
ce i
nve
rt
er
s, res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
The
r
ef
ore
,
vol
t
a
ge eq
uat
i
o
n
of
seri
es a
n
d s
h
u
n
t
i
n
ve
rt
ers
can
be e
x
p
r
ess
e
d a
s
fo
llows:
0
)
(
V
jX
I
V
V
se
se
dq
s
(
1
)
)
(
)
(
sh
dq
sh
se
se
dq
s
X
I
V
jX
I
V
V
(
2
)
L
sh
sh
L
dq
se
s
I
X
V
V
I
I
I
I
0
(
3
)
Whe
r
e
I
sc
an
d
I
dq
are the se
ries
and s
h
unt i
nve
rter c
u
rrents
, re
spectively.
The
voltage ac
ross
the
di
stri
bution line
reactance,
X
L
is:
L
L
L
L
se
se
dq
s
X
I
X
V
V
V
jX
I
V
V
V
.
)
(
0
(
4
)
Whe
r
e,
I
L
is d
i
strib
u
tion
li
n
e
cu
rren
t.
The vol
t
a
ge, V
X
, acr
oss t
h
e
d
i
st
ri
but
i
o
n l
i
n
e
can
be c
h
an
ge
d
by
cha
ngi
n
g
t
h
e i
n
se
rt
ed
v
o
l
t
a
ge,
V
dq
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Ba
n
g
-B
a
n
g
C
o
nt
rol
Sc
h
e
me
of
U
S
SC
f
o
r V
o
l
t
a
ge
Sa
g
Mi
t
i
gat
i
o
n
du
e t
o
Sh
ort
…
(
M
.Mo
h
a
m
m
adi
)
45
5
wh
ich
is in
series with
th
e d
i
strib
u
tion
lin
e. If we co
nsid
er V
dq
=0, th
e d
i
strib
u
tion
lin
e
send
ing
end
vo
ltag
e
,
V
S
, l
ead
s t
h
e
l
o
ad
vol
t
a
ge
by
a
n
a
ngl
e
i.e
.
L
S
The
res
u
lting
real and reactive powe
r
flows
at the lo
a
d
si
de
are
P a
n
d
Q
,
whi
c
h a
r
e
gi
ve
n as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
sin
.
0
L
L
ussc
X
V
V
P
(
5
)
)
cos
1
(
.
0
L
L
X
V
V
Q
(
6
)
W
i
th
an
i
n
j
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
V
dq
, th
e
d
i
stribu
tio
n line vo
ltag
e
V
0
will lead
th
e lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
V
L
, a
n
d
.
0
L
,
th
u
s
th
e
resu
ltin
g
lin
e cu
rren
t an
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
flow
W
ill b
e
ch
ang
e
d
.
W
i
t
h
a larg
er am
o
u
n
t
o
f
V
dq
in
j
ection
,
V
0
no
w l
a
gs t
h
e l
o
ad
vol
t
a
ge
V
L
, and
.
0
L
Co
n
s
equ
e
n
tly,
th
e lin
e cu
rren
t and
p
o
wer fl
ow
will b
e
rev
e
rsed
.
6.
CO
NTR
O
L S
T
RATEG
Y
O
F
V
O
LTA
G
E
S
A
G
M
I
TIGA
TI
ON
Seri
es co
nve
rt
er pr
o
v
i
d
es t
h
e
m
a
i
n
funct
i
o
n
t
h
e USSC
by
i
n
ject
i
n
g a vol
t
a
ge V
dq wi
t
h
cont
rol
l
a
bl
e
m
a
gni
t
ude V
d
q
an
d phase
a
n
gl
e
se
in
series
with
th
e lin
e v
i
a
an
in
sertio
n
t
r
an
sfo
r
m
e
r. Th
is in
j
ected
vo
ltag
e
acts essentially as a sync
hronous ac
voltage source
.
T
h
e feede
r
c
u
rrent flows
th
r
oug
h
th
is vo
ltag
e
sou
r
ce
resulting in rea
c
tive and real
powe
r exc
h
a
n
ge betwee
n
it and its ac system. The
reactive
powe
r exc
h
a
n
ged a
t
the ac terminal (ie. at the terminal
o
f
series in
j
ection
transform
e
r) is g
e
n
e
rated
in
tern
ally b
y
th
e co
nv
erter.
The real
p
o
w
e
r
exc
h
an
ge
d at
t
h
e ac t
e
r
m
i
n
al
i
s
conve
rt
ed
i
n
t
o
dc p
o
w
er
, whi
c
h ap
pear
s at
t
h
e dc l
i
nk as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
or n
e
gativ
e
real p
o
wer d
e
m
a
n
d
.
Accord
ing
to
th
e th
eoretical co
n
c
ep
ts, th
e
rota
t
i
on of se
ri
es
vol
t
a
ge p
h
as
o
r
Vd
q wi
t
h
an
gl
e
se
cause
v
a
riation
o
f
b
o
th
th
e tran
sm
it
ted
real p
o
wer ‘P’ and
th
e reactiv
e p
o
wer ‘Q’ with
se
i
n
a si
nus
oi
dal
m
a
nn
er.
For
val
i
d
at
i
n
g t
h
e pr
o
pose
d
c
i
rcui
t
m
odel
of
USSC
, t
h
e m
a
gni
t
u
de o
f
seri
es i
n
ject
ed
vol
t
a
ge i
s
kept
co
n
s
t
a
nt
at
2KV a
nd i
t
s
angl
e i
s
vari
e
d
fr
om
0o t
o
36
0
o
. Th
e vari
at
i
o
n i
n
real
an
d re
act
i
v
e po
wer i
s
i
nvest
i
g
at
ed a
nd i
t
i
s
obse
r
ve
d t
h
a
t
t
h
e vari
at
i
on
of r
eal
and
rea
c
t
i
v
e po
wer
i
s
si
nus
oi
dal
wi
t
h
vari
at
i
on i
n
an
gl
e, t
h
us coi
n
c
i
di
ng
with
th
eo
retical co
n
c
ep
ts. It can
b
e
seen
th
at
th
e tr
an
sm
itte
d
real power is
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
at a
n
g
l
e
9
0
o
,
m
i
n
i
mu
m
at angle
270o
and m
e
dium
at angle 0o. He
nce, these
val
u
e
s
are
selected i
n
the
s
w
itching
function.
The target
o
f
d
a
m
p
ing
con
t
ro
l is to
co
nd
u
c
t pro
p
e
r switch
i
n
g
of C0
,
C1
o
r
C2
at strateg
i
c ti
m
e
s a
s
to
q
u
i
ck
ly mitig
ate
vol
t
a
ge
sa
g.
The
output of s
e
ries converte
r can
be
ba
ng
-
b
ang
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
t
o
t
h
ree
di
ffe
re
nt
val
u
es:
closed.
is
C2
switch
When
closed.
is
C1
switch
When
closed.
is
C0
switch
When
270
V
90
V
0
V
Vdq
(
7
)
Wh
ere
Vdq
is
th
e vo
ltag
e
i
n
jected
b
y
t
h
e USSC; is th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m
mag
n
itu
d
e
of
v
o
ltag
e
th
at can
be
injecte
d
by
the USSC.
Fu
zzy log
i
c con
t
ro
ller is an
in
tellig
en
t techn
i
qu
e wh
ich
has b
een
im
p
l
an
ted
in
th
e con
t
ro
l o
f
facts
devi
ces
o
n
po
wer sy
st
em
. M
r
i
d
ul
Jha
.
an
d
S.P.
D
ubey
i
n
[2
3]
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed t
h
e
Ne
ur
o-
F
u
zzy
base
d c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
for
a
th
ree p
h
a
se
fo
ur wire
shu
n
t
activ
e p
o
wer
filter
. Also so
m
e
au
th
ors h
a
v
e
u
tilized
th
e fu
zzy app
r
oach
i
n
t
h
e cont
rol
o
f
r
e
newa
bl
e ene
r
gi
es. B
y
[24]
t
h
e im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on o
f
fuzzy
l
ogi
c co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r i
n
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
po
wer
g
e
n
e
ration
u
s
i
n
g boo
st con
v
e
rter and
b
o
o
s
t i
n
v
e
rter h
a
s
b
e
en
an
alyzed
. The u
ltim
a
t
e o
b
j
e
ctiv
e of t
h
is
wo
rk
is
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t fu
zzy log
i
c con
t
ro
ller at th
e lin
e in
which USSC is c
o
nnected.
The i
n
put
s t
o
f
u
zzy
l
ogi
c
cont
roller a
r
e
V and
δ
m
easured
at
USSC term
in
als. Fo
r the o
u
t
p
u
t
, t
h
e fuzzy lo
g
i
c con
t
ro
ller will cho
o
se o
n
e
of the t
h
ree s
w
itch states from C0,
C
1
an
d C
2
t
h
r
o
ug
h co
m
p
eti
t
i
on. A si
m
p
l
e
fuzzy
l
ogi
c schem
e
co
m
p
ri
se
s
t
h
ree
fu
nct
i
o
ni
ng
bl
ocks
,
nam
e
l
y
fuzzi
fi
cat
i
o
n, i
m
pl
i
cat
i
on and
i
n
fere
nce,
and
sel
ect
i
o
n
o
f
co
nt
r
o
l
.
In
p
u
t
dat
a
are
pr
ocesse
d t
h
r
o
ug
h t
h
ese t
h
ree
bl
ocks
se
que
nt
i
a
l
l
y
.
Fuzzification
:
Crisp
inpu
t d
a
t
a
n
e
ed
to b
e
co
nv
erted
i
n
to
me
m
b
ersh
ip
grad
es
to
wh
ich th
ey
b
e
long
to each of the associated li
nguistic levels. These levels are
repre
s
en
te
d by fuzzy sets. Fuzzification se
rves a
s
d
a
ta prepro
cesso
r fo
r im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
li
n
g
u
i
stic ru
les in
a
later stag
e. There are 10
d
i
stin
ct lin
gu
istic lev
e
ls,
nam
e
ly
A1
-1
0,
f
o
r
i
n
put
V
an
d
5
di
st
i
n
ct
l
i
n
gui
st
i
c
l
e
vel
s
,
nam
e
ly
B
1
-
5
,
f
o
r
δ
. Mem
b
ersh
ip fu
n
c
tion
s
fo
r the
corres
ponding fuzzy sets are distinct
an
d
tri
a
n
g
u
l
ar. A h
e
uristic trial-an
d
-
er
ro
r
pro
cedure is n
eeded to find the
ap
pro
p
riate fu
zzy p
a
rtitio
n
i
n
g
b
y
co
m
p
aring
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
t an
d
d
e
sired
response fo
r fu
zzy log
i
c con
t
ro
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
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I
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PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
014
:
45
1 – 460
45
6
Imp
lica
tion a
n
d
inferencing
: Vari
ous
fuzzifi
ed inputs are
fed int
o
a fuzzy
rule base for
i
m
plication
and i
n
fer
e
nci
n
g. Li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
cont
rol
r
u
l
e
s ar
e const
r
uc
t
e
d base
d o
n
o
b
se
rvat
i
o
ns o
f
dy
nam
i
c behavi
o
r
s an
d
switch
i
ng
cu
rves.
W
i
t
h
the use
of two state inputs (V and
δ
)
,
w
e
ob
tain
a tw
o
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l ru
le b
a
se w
ith
10x5
l
i
ngui
st
i
c
l
e
vel
s
as i
n
Ta
bl
e 2
.
T
a
bl
e 2
.
T
w
o
-
d
i
m
e
nsi
onal
fuz
z
y
cont
rol
rul
e
s
δ
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
8
A
9
A
10
B
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
B
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
B
3
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
B
4
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
0
C
0
C
1
C
1
B
5
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
0
C
0
C
1
C
1
The
rule
base i
s
a collection of fuzzy c
o
nditional stat
em
en
ts in
th
e fo
rm
of ‘if-th
en
’ ru
les. Each
ru
le
carries a weight
i
(cal
l
e
d fi
ri
n
g
st
re
ngt
h)
, w
h
i
c
h i
s
a
m
easur
e of t
h
e c
o
nt
ri
but
i
o
n
of i
t
h
r
u
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
ove
r
a
ll
fuzzy
c
o
ntrol
a
c
tion.
The
firi
n
g
stre
n
g
th
i
i
s
d
e
fi
ne
d as:
)
y
(
)
x
(
0
V
0
A
i
(
8
)
Whe
r
e
B
,
V
A
A;
µ denot
es
gra
d
e o
f
m
e
m
b
ershi
p
de
fi
ne
d f
o
r i
n
p
u
t
st
at
e (V an
d
δ
)
,
xo a
n
d
yo
ar
e th
e i
n
put v
a
r
i
ab
les used
at a
pa
rticular tim
e instant; and
Λ
is t
h
e
fu
zzy
‘A
ND
’
o
p
e
rator
.
The m
e
m
b
ersh
i
p
val
u
e
of
eac
h
pos
si
bl
e s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
st
at
e C
0
,
C
1
a
n
d C
2
f
o
r
t
h
e F
L
C
i
s
obt
ai
ned a
s
:
51
,
50
,
41
,
40
i
4
)
C
(
i
0
i
(
9
)
,...
3
,
2
,
1
i
32
)
C
(
i
1
i
(
1
0
)
,.
.
.
26
,
25
,
24
,
15
i
14
)
2
C
(
i
i
(
1
1
)
The m
a
i
n
pur
p
o
se o
f
sel
ect
i
o
n o
f
co
nt
r
o
l
i
s
t
o
ch
oose a
no
n-
fuzzy
di
scret
e
cont
r
o
l
t
h
at
b
e
st
resp
on
ds
to
cu
rren
t syste
m
o
s
cillatio
n
s
. Th
e fi
n
a
l d
i
screte FLC
ou
tp
u
t
ind
i
cates th
e fin
a
l switchin
g
state cho
s
en
fro
m
C0, C
1
a
n
d C
2
.
The
choice i
s
com
p
e
titive and only one
s
w
itchi
ng state
with
highest m
e
m
b
ershi
p
µi a
m
ong
C0, C
1
a
n
d C2 is chose
n
.
7.
SIMULATION AND RESULT
Th
e si
n
g
l
e li
n
e
d
i
agram
o
f
t
h
e n
e
twork to
st
ud
y th
e
vo
ltag
e
sag
m
itig
atio
n
is sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re 6.
Fig
u
re
6
.
Sing
l
e
lin
e d
i
ag
ram
o
f
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
to
stud
y th
e voltag
e
sag m
i
tig
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Ba
n
g
-B
a
n
g
C
o
nt
rol
Sc
h
e
me
of
U
S
SC
f
o
r V
o
l
t
a
ge
Sa
g
Mi
t
i
gat
i
o
n
du
e t
o
Sh
ort
…
(
M
.Mo
h
a
m
m
adi
)
45
7
Vol
t
a
ge
sa
g at
PC
C
wi
t
h
out
USSC
d
u
e t
o
s
h
ort circu
it fault is sh
own
in
Fig
u
re
7
.
Fi
gu
re
7.
V
o
l
t
a
ge sa
g at
PC
C
due
t
o
sh
ort
ci
r
c
ui
t
fa
ul
t
The sim
u
lated
syste
m
with MATL
AB/SIMULINK s
o
ft
war
e
t
o
st
udy
t
h
e f
u
zzy
ban
g
-
ba
n
g
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
on
v
o
l
t
a
ge sag
m
i
ti
gat
i
on usi
n
g USSC
i
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
8
.
Fig
u
re
8
.
Sim
u
lated
system
in
MATLAB/SIMULINK
Th
e con
t
ro
l st
ru
cture
o
f
USSC u
s
ed
to
illu
strate
th
e p
r
o
posed
fu
zzy b
a
ng
-b
an
g
con
t
ro
ller
is
shown
in
Figur
e
9
.
Fi
gu
re
9.
Seri
e
s
an
d s
h
unt
c
o
nve
rt
ers
o
f
US
SC
i
n
M
A
TL
A
B
/
S
IM
UL
IN
K
Th
e con
t
ro
l st
ru
cture
o
f
USSC u
s
ed
to
illu
strate
th
e p
r
o
posed
fu
zzy b
a
ng
-b
an
g
con
t
ro
ller
is
shown
in
Figur
e
1
0
.
Te shun
t conver
t
er
can
b
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled fo
r
main
tain
in
g
con
s
tan
t
vo
ltag
e
in
d
c
bu
s and
so
it is
co
n
t
ro
lled on
ly to
m
a
in
tain
d
c
bu
s
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
de
si
red
l
e
vel
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
014
:
45
1 – 460
45
8
Fi
gu
re
1
0
.
Fuz
z
y
ban
g
-
ba
n
g
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
desi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
U
SSC
C
h
an
gi
n
g
st
at
e of s
w
i
t
c
hes C
0
, C
1
or C
2
as sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 11 ca
n re
gul
at
e t
h
e vol
t
a
ge
i
n
ject
ed
by
the series
controller.
Fi
gu
re
1
1
. C
h
a
ngi
ng
st
at
e o
f
s
w
i
t
c
hes C
0
, C
1
o
r
C
2
The
bl
oc
k
di
ag
ram
of t
h
e
sy
st
em
cont
r
o
l
f
o
r
refe
r
e
n
c
e vo
ltag
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
i
s
show
n in
Figu
r
e
12
.
Fi
gu
re 1
2
. Sy
st
em
cont
r
o
l
f
o
r refe
rence
v
o
l
t
a
ge gene
rat
i
o
n
The inhected
voltage by USSC thro
ug
h se
ri
es con
v
e
r
t
e
r a
nd i
t
s
ref
r
e
n
ce
i
s
present
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re
13
an
d Figu
r
e
14. Figu
r
e
15
ah
ow
s t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sag
co
m
p
en
sated
b
y
USSC u
s
i
n
g fuzzy b
a
ng
-b
an
g b
a
sed
cont
roller.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Ba
n
g
-B
a
n
g
C
o
nt
rol
Sc
h
e
me
of
U
S
SC
f
o
r V
o
l
t
a
ge
Sa
g
Mi
t
i
gat
i
o
n
du
e t
o
Sh
ort
…
(
M
.Mo
h
a
m
m
adi
)
45
9
Fi
gu
re
1
3
.
In
je
ct
ed v
o
l
a
t
g
e
by
seri
es c
o
nve
rt
er
of
USSC t
o
m
itig
ate v
o
l
at
g
e
sag
Fig
u
r
e
14
. Refer
e
n
c
e of
inj
e
cted
vo
latg
e b
y
ser
i
es
co
nv
erter
o
f
USSC to
m
itig
at
e vo
latg
e sag
Fi
gu
re 1
5
. V
o
l
t
a
ge
sa
g
c
o
m
p
ensat
e
d
by
US
S
C
usi
n
g f
u
zzy
ban
g
-
ba
n
g
bas
e
d
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
8.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
USSC
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r i
s
deri
ve
d b
y
usi
ng F
u
zzy
Lo
gi
c C
ont
r
o
l
(FLC
)
based
o
n
ba
ng
-ba
n
g
cont
rol
t
o
c
o
m
p
en
sat
e
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge sag
occ
u
rre
d
due
t
o
sho
r
t circu
it fau
l
t in
d
i
st
ri
bution system
. Of c
o
urse
anot
her m
a
i
n
reaso
n
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
ge sa
g i
s
m
o
t
o
r st
at
i
ng
whi
c
h
has n
o
t
bee
n
a
n
al
y
zed i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r. T
h
e m
odel
i
s
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d i
n
M
A
TLAB
/
S
I
M
U
LI
NK
pl
at
fo
rm
and USS
C
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r’s
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
s
eval
uat
e
d.
Nu
m
e
ri
cal
si
m
u
latio
n
prov
ed
t
h
e effectiv
en
ess of th
e
co
n
t
ro
ller i
n
co
m
p
en
satin
g
vo
ltag
e
sag
.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
s
h
a
ve b
e
en
carried
ou
t to
ev
alu
a
te th
e
p
e
rform
a
n
ce o
f
the USSC.
Sim
u
l
a
tio
n
resu
lts re
vealed that the
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o
l
tag
e
sag
.
Th
e resu
lts rev
ealed
th
at th
e USSC g
i
v
e
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e
tter p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce in
p
o
wer qu
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ti
gat
i
on es
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eci
al
l
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t
a
ge sa
g c
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m
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i
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n an
d
p
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we
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w
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t
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