In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
504~
5
1
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
5
04-
51
3
504
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
En
ergy conservation project fun
ding in commercia
l
building:
an expenditure or investm
e
nt?
S
h
ai
k
h
S
amsh
er
A
li,
R
u
c
h
i
Tyagi,
Ragi
n
i
Ch
a
u
h
an
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f Hu
ma
n Re
sou
r
c
e
&
Org
a
n
iz
a
t
io
na
l Be
ha
v
i
or,
Sc
ho
ol
of
B
usin
e
s
s,
Uni
v
ersit
y
of
P
e
tro
l
eu
m
&
En
e
r
g
y
St
u
d
i
es, India
Ar
ticle
In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
t
i
cl
e hi
sto
r
y:
Rec
e
i
ve
d Ju
n 2
3
,
201
8
Re
vise
d A
u
g
3
0
,
2018
Accep
t
e
d
Oct
3
,
2
0
18
E
n
ergy
c
on
servat
io
n
i
s
a
n
u
n
n
e
c
e
ssary
e
xpen
d
i
t
ure
an
d
co
nsi
d
ere
d
as
a
l
es
s
i
m
port
a
nt
o
p
e
rati
onal
acti
v
ity
i
n
m
a
ny
third
w
o
rl
d
co
un
tries
,
p
articularl
y
i
n
Indi
a.
T
he
r
evi
e
w
o
f
literature
o
n
the
energy
c
on
servati
on
proj
ec
t
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
i
d
en
tifi
es
t
h
a
t
u
n
cl
ear
m
anag
emen
t
v
i
sio
n
a
nd
po
li
cy
f
o
r
e
n
e
rgy
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
o
ne of th
e reaso
n
f
o
r
it
s
b
ack
s
eat.
En
ergy
Co
n
s
ervat
i
on
i
s
s
u
p
p
os
ed
t
o
be
a
t
o
p-down
approac
h
,
i
n
r
eality,
a
procurement
man
a
ger
is
obli
g
ed
t
o
buy
b
as
ed
o
n
L
1
p
o
l
i
c
y
(
L
o
w
e
s
t
q
u
o
t
e
d
p
r
i
c
e
)
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
ti
on
M
eas
ures
(
ECM)
a
re
n
ot
a
vai
l
ab
le
a
t
lowest
q
uoted
p
rice.
T
h
e
re
f
ore
,
E
n
e
rgy
Co
ns
e
r
v
a
ti
on
M
eas
ures
(
E
C
M)
t
urn
o
u
t
to
b
e
a
d
o
cu
m
e
nt
f
o
r
m
a
lity
r
at
her
th
an
p
r
actice.
T
he
p
aper
h
i
g
h
l
i
ghts
t
h
e
need
f
or
a
p
aradi
g
m
shif
t
o
n
E
n
e
rgy
co
ns
erv
a
ti
on
p
roj
ect
f
ro
m
an
e
xp
endi
tu
re
t
o
an
i
n
v
estm
ent.
T
h
e
En
e
r
gy
Co
ns
e
r
v
a
ti
on
P
roject
i
s
an
i
nv
es
t
m
en
t
th
at
w
ill
co
nti
n
u
e
t
o
gi
v
e
a
ret
u
rn
a
s
l
o
ng
a
s
t
h
e
equi
p
m
ent
is
i
n
operation
or
t
he
f
acilit
y
is
f
uncti
onal.
T
h
is
calls
f
or
am
en
dm
ent
s
i
n
E
n
erg
y
P
olici
e
s
a
n
d
Project
Gu
i
delin
es
f
o
r
swift
t
h
at t
here
a
re
n
o
c
o
n
flicts
b
etween
t
h
e
d
e
p
artm
en
ts
f
or
i
m
p
l
e
menti
ng
th
e
energ
y
co
ns
erv
a
ti
on
projects
.
Key
w
ords:
C
o
mm
er
cial bui
l
d
in
gs
Ene
r
g
y
con
se
rvat
i
on m
easure
s
P
r
oject
f
u
n
d
in
g
Co
pyr
i
g
h
t
©
2019
Instit
u
t
e of Advan
ced E
n
g
i
neer
in
g a
nd Sci
e
nce.
All rights
reserv
e
d
.
C
o
rre
s
po
n
d
in
g Au
t
h
or:
Sh
a
i
kh
Samsh
er
A
l
i
,
D
e
partm
e
nt o
f
H
u
m
a
n Reso
ur
c
e
&
O
rganiza
tio
na
l
Be
hav
i
or,
S
c
hoo
l o
f
B
u
s
i
n
ess,
U
nivers
ity
o
f
P
e
trole
u
m
&
Energy
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
I
ndi
a
.
Em
ail
:
s
am
s586@
y
a
ho
o.co.
i
n
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
pre
s
en
t
da
y
w
o
rk
c
ult
u
re
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
me
ch
anize
d
.
F
o
r
performi
ng
any
w
o
r
k
, en
e
r
g
y
i
s
re
q
ui
r
e
d
. A
s
per
the
bas
i
c
Law
of
E
ner
gy,
n
o
t
a
l
l
t
he
e
ner
gy
use
d
g
o
e
s
i
n
t
o
do
ing
t
h
e
jo
b
bu
t
so
me
o
f
i
t
c
o
nv
e
r
t
s
i
nto
h
e
a
t
and
is
w
a
s
t
e
d.
E
nerg
y
is
one
o
f
t
h
e
pre
r
equ
i
si
t
e
s
for
any
acti
v
ity.
T
h
a
t
i
s
w
hy
e
c
o
nom
i
s
t
s
p
l
a
ce
it
a
t
p
a
r
w
it
h
ot
her basic require
me
nts l
i
ke
l
an
d,
l
ab
our,
capi
t
a
l
a
nd
en
te
r
p
r
ise. Ener
gy
is
a
limite
d resourc
e
and tha
t
is
w
hy
it
i
s
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
o
pt
im
i
z
e
i
t
s
usa
g
e.
O
pt
im
i
z
in
g
t
h
e
u
til
iza
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
ergy
in
t
he
s
c
i
e
n
tifi
c
a
nd
non-sc
ie
nt
i
f
ic
ma
nner
i
s
c
onse
r
vat
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
a
s
im
ple
lan
g
u
age
[1].
E
ner
g
y
i
s
so
urc
e
d
from
M
o
ther
N
ature
.
T
he
r
ese
r
v
e
is
limi
t
e
d
a
nd
w
i
l
l
s
ur
ely
r
u
n
out
o
f
it
s
r
e
servo
i
r
some
ti
m
e
s
i
n
fut
u
re
.
Electric
a
l
pow
e
r
i
s
gener
a
ted
us
ing
t
h
i
s
rese
rve
ene
r
gy.
E
ver
y
c
o
untry
w
hethe
r
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
or
u
n
d
e
r-de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
sho
u
l
d
b
e
c
once
r
n
e
d
ab
ou
t
t
h
is
l
i
m
ited
rese
rve
a
nd
the
r
efore
the
r
e
is
a
n
e
e
d
for
opt
im
izat
io
n
of
i
t
s
u
ti
liz
at
i
on.
I
ndi
a
can
p
lay
a
lea
d
i
n
g
role
a
t
the
w
o
rld
st
a
g
e
for
e
n
erg
y
c
onser
va
ti
on
si
nce
India
ha
s
bot
h
ma
np
ow
er
a
nd
b
r
a
in
p
o
w
er
,
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
pr
ere
quis
ite
f
o
r
s
uch
ac
t
i
v
i
ty
[
2]
.
Savi
n
g
e
ner
gy
w
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
the
dua
l
im
pac
t
,
i.e
.
M
o
n
it
ory
g
a
in
a
nd
e
xc
e
s
s
c
a
pac
ity
t
o
m
eet
n
ew
dem
a
nd
s.
E
nergy
conser
vat
i
on
i
s
e
ve
ry
o
n
e
’
s
busi
n
ess
a
s
it
is
a
p
p
lica
b
l
e
t
o
in
d
u
str
i
a
l
a
nd
n
on-i
n
du
s
t
ria
l
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns [3
]
. The
foc
us o
f
t
h
e
pre
s
e
n
t s
t
u
dy is E
ner
gy
C
o
n
s
e
r
vat
i
on P
r
ojec
t F
u
n
d
in
g
in
I
ndi
a.
The
p
u
r
pose
of
t
his
stud
y
is
t
o
ide
n
ti
fy
t
he
c
o
n
s
i
de
rat
i
ons
o
f
e
n
erg
y
conse
rv
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
oj
e
c
t
fu
ndi
ng
f
o
r
i
ts
s
u
cce
ssf
ul
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
.
Exe
c
u
t
i
ng
pr
oj
ect
t
o
implem
e
n
t E
n
e
r
g
y
C
on
serva
tio
n Me
a
s
ures
m
a
y
not b
e
as sim
ple a
s
it ap
pe
ars t
o
be
o
n
its
f
ace
v
al
ue.
Ther
e
a
r
e
b
o
t
t
l
enec
k
s
i
n
pro
j
ect
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
tat
i
on
l
i
k
e
an
y
o
t
he
r
projec
ts
b
ut
w
it
h
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy conser
vation
proj
ect fundi
ng
in comm
ercial building:
an expe
nditure... (
S
h
a
ik
h Samsher Ali)
50
5
di
ffe
re
nce
.
T
he
se
a
re
c
l
e
arly
h
igh
l
i
g
hte
d
i
n
“
B
ar
riers
to
E
ne
rg
y
Effic
i
e
n
cy
–
r
eview
an
d
p
o
l
i
c
y
g
ui
da
nc
e
”
b
y
U
N
E
P
(U
n
ite
d
N
a
tio
ns
E
nv
ir
onme
n
t
P
r
ogram
m
e
)
in
2
0
0
6
.
India,
b
ei
n
g
e
nerg
y-
st
a
r
ve
d
deve
l
o
p
i
ng
co
un
try
w
ith
h
i
gh
de
p
e
nde
nce
on
im
porte
d
crude
o
il,
h
as
f
aile
d
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
nt
a
n
y
s
ig
nif
i
c
a
nt
i
ni
tia
ti
ve
t
ow
ards
con
s
er
vat
i
on
of
e
ne
rg
y.
E
asy
ava
ila
bil
ity,
fa
ult
y
s
u
b
s
i
di
z
e
p
r
i
c
i
n
g
p
oli
c
y,
limi
t
e
d
c
o
m
peti
t
i
ve
nes
s
on
th
e
in
dus
try
are
som
e
of the
possi
ble
r
easo
n
s be
hin
d
s
uc
h lac
k
lus
t
e
r
atti
tu
de
o
f
th
e
m
a
jor
st
a
k
eh
o
l
ders
[
2].
The
st
u
d
y
s
ho
w
s
e
ne
rgy
conse
r
vat
i
o
n
i
s
no
t
“O
ne
p
ill
for
all”
a
pproac
h
.
It
s
hou
ld
b
e
a
t
a
ilor
-
ma
de
appr
oa
ch
b
ase
d
on
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
e
valua
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
e
xist
i
ng
sys
t
em
and
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
prac
ti
ce
s.
If
it
i
s
do
ne
o
n
“P
erforma
n
ce
C
on
trac
tin
g”
m
odel,
w
hic
h
i
s
pop
u
l
a
r
l
y
,
know
n
as
t
h
e
E
S
C
O
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
e
n
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ec
onom
ica
lly
v
ia
b
l
e
but
a
lso
te
ch
nica
l
l
y
fe
asi
b
l
e
[
4].
Ener
gy
c
o
n
serva
tion
pr
oj
e
c
t
e
xe
cute
d
o
n
p
e
rfo
rm
anc
e
con
t
ra
ct
ing
bas
i
s
la
y
min
i
mu
m
fina
nc
i
a
l
bu
r
d
e
n
o
n
an
y
or
gan
i
za
t
io
n.
T
h
u
s,
t
her
e
i
s
a
n
eed
t
o
u
n
d
erst
and
the
bas
i
c
elem
ent
s
of
ene
r
g
y
co
n
s
e
rvat
io
n an
d
p
e
rfor
ma
nce
contra
c
t
i
ng
.
2.
E
N
E
R
GY
C
O
N
S
E
R
VAT
ION
The
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
ener
gy
de
rives
fr
om
its
i
npu
t
t
o
p
rod
u
ct
i
on
a
nd
c
on
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
ac
tiv
i
t
i
e
s
in
a
n
ec
onom
y,
a
cti
v
i
t
i
es
t
ha
t
in
t
u
r
n
d
e
rive
f
r
o
m
soc
i
et
y
'
s
c
h
o
i
c
e
s
for
goo
ds
a
nd
service
s
.
To
p
r
o
v
i
de
t
he
se
g
o
o
ds
and
se
rvice
s
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
used
i
n
com
b
ina
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
er
r
esourc
e
s
[5]-[9].
R
es
earch
has
s
how
n
t
h
a
t
r
eduction
in
the
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
erg
y
u
se
p
er
unit
o
f
eco
no
m
i
c
a
c
tivi
t
y
is
n
o
t
o
nl
y
te
c
h
no
log
i
ca
lly
p
o
ssi
bl
e
bu
t
is
d
e
s
i
r
ab
le
ac
cord
in
g
to
econ
o
m
i
c
a
n
d
other
cr
i
t
e
r
ia.
These
re
duct
i
o
n
s
i
n
e
ne
rgy
in
t
e
ns
ity
b
el
o
ng
t
o
a
s
et
o
f
a
c
tivit
ies
kn
ow
n a
s
e
ne
rgy c
onse
r
va
t
i
o
n
[1
0
].
2.1.
W
h
y e
n
ergy c
o
n
s
er
vati
o
n
?
I
t
is evi
d
en
t from
the abo
ve di
s
c
u
ssi
o
n
t
ha
t ene
r
gy c
onse
r
vat
i
o
n i
s
no
t
o
nl
y su
pp
ort
i
v
e t
o
o
pera
ti
ona
l
exc
e
l
l
e
n
ce
and
relief
t
o
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
al
b
ud
ge
t
at
t
he
opera
ting
en
d
bu
t
als
o
h
el
ps
u
s
in
p
re
se
rvi
n
g
the
natural
resour
ces
a
n
d
r
educ
in
g
G
H
G
e
missio
n
[
3].
There
f
ore,
i
t
w
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
an
i
mpa
c
t
o
n
o
pera
ti
ons,
e
x
pen
d
itu
re
a
nd
perform
ance
.
Effic
i
en
t
u
t
i
l
i
z
ati
on
o
f
e
nerg
y
ma
kes
the
ma
chi
n
es
mo
r
e e
f
f
i
ci
en
t
an
d
an
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
ac
h
i
ne
g
iv
es
bet
t
er
p
e
r
for
m
a
n
ce.
M
ach
ine
s
ope
rat
i
ng
eff
i
c
i
e
n
tly
u
n
d
er
l
ess
d
uress
w
ill
h
a
v
e
few
e
r
brea
k
dow
ns,
w
h
ic
h
trans
l
ate
int
o
m
ore
out
p
u
t
w
i
t
h
b
e
tter
ener
gy
i
n
t
e
nsi
t
y
[1
1
]
.
O
vera
l
l
,
an
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
oper
a
tio
n
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
cre
a
te
a
safe
w
ork
enviro
nm
en
t
but
w
il
l
a
l
so
h
el
p
in
g
r
o
omin
g
a
m
o
t
i
va
ted
wor
k
force
s
t
riving
for
ec
onom
ica
l
o
p
e
ra
t
i
ons.
En
ergy
C
on
serv
at
i
o
n
wi
ll
h
av
e
t
h
e
d
i
rect
a
n
d
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
mp
a
c
t
on
O
pera
t
i
ona
l
Ex
pe
nd
iture
.
The
reduc
e
d
e
ne
rg
y
bil
l
w
ill
m
ean
a
d
ire
c
t
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
t
he
d
i
ffe
r
e
n
ce
b
etwee
n
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
p
r
esent
ener
g
y
b
i
l
l
t
o
the
c
o
m
p
a
ny’s
b
o
t
t
om
l
ine.
T
he
m
oti
v
a
t
e
d
w
orkforce
w
il
l
he
lp
i
n
a
ch
ie
vi
n
g
b
i
gger
o
p
e
rati
ona
l
/
pr
odu
c
tio
n
targe
t
s
ther
eb
y,
m
a
k
i
n
g
the
ope
rati
on
m
o
re
c
ompe
t
i
t
i
ve.
F
e
w
e
r
b
r
eakdow
ns
w
ill
n
o
t
on
ly
e
nha
nce
prod
uct
i
vit
y
bu
t
w
ill
a
l
s
o
r
educe
m
a
in
t
e
na
nce
cost.
I
n
c
a
s
e
of
budge
t
a
ry
c
on
stra
in
ts,
t
h
e
projec
t
im
ple
m
entat
i
on
cost
m
a
ybe
sup
por
t
e
d
b
y
m
oney
sa
ved
f
r
om
e
ne
rgy
c
o
nse
r
va
ti
o
n
p
ro
j
e
c
t
s,
T
he
A
irp
o
rt
e
nerg
y
co
n
s
erva
tio
n
st
u
d
i
e
s
a
re
class
i
c
exa
m
p
l
e
to
it
[1
2].
Opera
t
i
o
na
l
exc
e
lle
nce
co
u
p
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
uc
e
d
opera
tio
na
l
cos
t
w
i
ll
enha
nce
the
perform
ance
o
f
any
orga
niz
a
tio
n
st
r
i
v
i
n
g
for
grow
t
h
[
13]
.
P
a
st
s
t
udi
e
s
o
n
i
m
pl
eme
n
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
en
e
r
gy
con
s
er
vat
i
on
h
i
gh
l
i
g
h
t
s
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
im
p
ac
t
on e
m
plo
y
ee
perf
orma
nce
[14],
[1
5].
2.2.
A
pp
l
i
c
a
bilit
y
of
e
ne
rgy c
o
nse
r
v
a
tion
A
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
e
duc
t
i
ons
i
n
t
h
e
a
m
ou
n
t
o
f
ene
r
g
y
u
se
p
er
un
it
o
f
ec
o
n
o
mic
ac
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
i
ll
enc
o
mpa
ss
e
v
e
r
y
faci
li
ty
u
s
i
n
g
e
ne
rg
y.
T
hi
s
usa
g
e
of
e
ne
rg
y
ca
n
b
e
in
a
n
y
form
,
i.e.
E
le
ctrici
ty,
F
u
el,
Th
e
r
ma
l,
Wa
t
e
r
etc.
a
n
d
w
il
l
c
over
e
v
ery
fac
i
lit
y
enga
ge
d
i
n
M
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
Ed
ucat
i
on,
G
o
v
er
nme
n
t
A
c
tivi
t
i
es,
Wa
reh
ous
i
ng, C
om
me
rcial
Acti
vit
i
es e
tc.
[1
6]-
[
1
8
].
2.3.
Pract
i
c
a
l
d
i
ff
i
c
u
l
ties
t
o e
n
er
gy c
o
n
s
er
vat
ion
Ene
r
g
y
C
onse
r
vat
i
on
in
a
ny
or
gan
i
za
ti
on
sh
o
u
ld
b
e
ever
yon
e
’
s
re
spon
si
b
ili
ty
a
s
eve
r
yo
ne
u
ses
e
n
erg
y
d
i
re
c
t
ly
(Op
e
r
at
i
n
g
ma
ch
in
e
)
o
r i
n
d
i
re
c
t
ly
(Oc
c
u
py
ing
th
e
f
a
cil
it
y
spac
e)
t
o
do
h
i
s
or
h
e
r
w
o
r
k.
M
a
ny
a
ti
m
e
i
t
is
m
isu
nde
rs
t
o
od
t
o
b
e
the
re
sp
on
s
i
bi
lit
y
of
o
n
l
y
o
p
era
t
i
on
an
d
m
ai
n
t
en
an
c
e
p
eop
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
il
i
t
y
[
1
9
]
.
It
bec
o
me
s
mor
e
c
omplica
t
e
d
i
n
sma
l
le
r
fa
cil
i
t
y
w
he
re
t
he
re
i
s
no
dedica
te
d
opera
t
i
on
a
nd
m
a
in
tena
nc
e
staff.
Idea
l
l
y
spe
a
k
i
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
c
onse
r
vat
i
o
n
i
n
a
ny
fac
i
l
ity
s
h
oul
d
be
a
To
p-Down
a
p
p
roac
h
wit
h
m
a
n
ag
em
ent
in
itia
t
i
v
es
[
2
0
]
.
U
n
for
t
u
n
a
t
e
l
y,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
ap
pe
n
parti
c
ular
l
y
in
s
m
a
ller
orga
niza
tio
ns
o
per
a
t
i
ng
w
i
t
h
bu
d
g
etar
y
cons
trai
nt.
A
u
t
hor
it
ies
ar
e
stil
l
w
o
rk
in
g
t
o
i
mpr
ove
t
he
fram
e
w
o
r
k
a
nd
me
t
h
odology
for
P
A
T
(P
e
rform,
Achieve
and
Tra
d
e)
i
n
t
rod
u
ce
d
in
I
n
d
i
a.
I
nade
q
u
a
t
e
gu
ide
l
ine
s
o
r
sugge
s
t
e
d
me
asures
b
y
BE
E
(Burea
u
of
E
nerg
y
Effic
i
e
n
c
y
)
for
ene
r
g
y
c
ost
re
d
u
ct
ion
n
e
e
d
s
i
m
pr
ovem
e
n
t
.
Me
as
ur
em
ent
a
nd
veri
fica
ti
on
proc
ess
i
n
I
ndi
a
is
y
et
to be
at pa
r
w
i
t
h in
ter
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
Meas
ure
m
e
n
t
and
V
e
rific
a
t
i
o
n
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
as
i
t
i
s
a ke
y va
lida
t
i
ng t
o
ol
[
2
1
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
50
4 –
51
3
50
6
2.4.
T
h
e
b
i
gg
er
picture
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
a
c
a
s
c
a
d
i
n
g
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
’
s
oper
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
the
r
efore
o
n
O
p
er
atio
na
l
B
u
d
g
e
t
a
t
the
mi
c
r
o
l
e
ve
l.
I
t
h
e
lp
s
us
i
n
op
t
i
m
izin
g
the
use
of
e
nergy
and
conser
vin
g
n
atur
a
l
resour
ces as
e
n
ergy com
e
s fro
m
M
ot
her N
a
t
u
re
. It
h
a
s
also a
de
f
in
ite
i
m
p
a
c
t on t
h
e ma
cro le
ve
l
w
h
en
w
e
ta
lk
abo
u
t
Ind
ustr
y,
Co
u
n
t
ry
a
n
d
G
l
o
ba
liz
a
t
i
o
n.
A
t
t
h
e
l
ow
e
r
e
nd
of
t
he
s
tra
t
a
tha
t
i
s,
S
e
c
t
o
r
a
l
leve
l
li
k
e
r
es
iden
t
i
a
l
,
ind
u
str
y
,
com
m
ercia
l
a
nd
trans
por
tat
i
on
e
t
c
.
b
ene
f
its
w
il
l
be
o
f
red
u
c
e
d
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
e
n
erg
y
c
o
st
b
e
s
i
d
es
m
a
n
y
ind
i
rec
t
b
en
ef
it
s.
A
t
t
h
e
N
a
ti
ona
l
le
ve
l,
t
he
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
l
i
ke
a
p
o
s
iti
ve
i
mpa
c
t
o
n
GDP,
Jo
b
creat
i
on
a
nd
GHG
(
G
reen
H
o
u
s
e
Gas)
em
issi
on
r
e
d
u
c
ti
o
n
.
Ta
lki
n
g
a
bou
t
Interna
t
i
o
nal
le
ve
l
th
e
bene
f
i
t
s
w
i
l
l
be
o
n
e
x
p
o
r
t
m
a
r
ket
a
nd
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
e
n
ergy
p
ri
ce
s [2
2
]
.
3.
OPTIONS
A
VAIL
A
BLE
F
O
R
ENE
RGY
CO
NSERVA
TIO
N
The
r
e
a
r
e
var
i
ous
o
p
t
i
ons
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
for
im
plem
en
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
ene
r
g
y
co
nse
r
va
tio
n
pro
j
ec
t
fr
om
f
un
d
requ
ire
m
e
n
t
poi
n
t
o
f
vie
w
.
These
can
b
e
H
i
gh-
Cos
t
,
M
i
d-C
o
s
t
a
nd
L
ow
-Cost
O
p
t
i
on
s
[23]-[25]
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
up
o
n
w
hat
ki
nd
o
f
ac
tiv
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
in
vo
l
v
ed
t
o
e
n
h
a
nce
t
h
e
e
f
fi
ci
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
w
h
a
t
k
i
n
d
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
t
i
s
,
i
.
e
.
E
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
Oper
atio
n,
New O
pe
ratio
n e
t
c
.
3.1.
T
e
chn
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
exce
ll
e
n
c
e
Tech
no
l
o
g
i
ca
l
Exce
lle
nc
e
i
s
t
o
im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
th
e
l
a
test
t
ec
hn
ol
og
y
hav
i
ng
be
t
t
er
p
e
r
form
anc
e
.
The
s
e
c
a
n
be
bet
t
er
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy,
e
ffic
ien
t
m
a
c
hi
ne,
op
tim
iz
ati
o
n
of
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
s.
I
f
it
is
a
n
ew
ope
rat
i
o
n
t
hen
t
h
e
la
te
st
a
n
d
adva
nc
e
d
versi
on
o
f
t
he syste
m can be opte
d
. If
it
is
a
n
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
oper
a
t
i
on,
t
he
n t
h
e best
s
ys
t
e
m com
p
ati
b
le to
w
o
rk
w
it
h
the
exis
tin
g
s
y
st
e
m
f
or
b
et
ter
perfor
ma
nce
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
o
p
t
e
d
.
The
ab
ove
a
r
e
H
i
gh-
Co
st
E
nerg
y
Conse
r
vat
i
on
Meas
ure
s
.
The
targe
t
s
e
t
by
Gov
t
.
of
I
ndia
un
der
P
A
T
(
P
e
rfor
m,
A
c
h
ie
ve
a
n
d
T
rade
)
S
c
hem
e
f
or
the ye
ar
2
01
4-15 a
r
e
as follo
w
s
[26]:
a.
A
n
n
u
al f
ue
l savi
n
g
s i
n
e
xcess
of 23
mil
lio
n t
o
e
(Tons o
f O
i
l
Eq
u
i
va
le
nt),
b.
C
u
mu
l
a
ti
v
e
avo
i
d
e
d
e
l
ect
ri
c
ity
c
ap
a
c
i
ty
add
it
ion
o
f
19
,
00
0
MW
,
c.
CO
2em
i
s
s
i
o
n m
i
ti
ga
t
i
o
n
of
9
8
m
i
l
l
i
on
to
ns
p
er
yea
r.
3.2.
O
p
erat
i
o
n
al fin
e
t
u
n
i
n
g
O
p
e
r
ati
o
nal
F
i
ne
T
u
n
i
n
g
is
m
ost
l
y
for
ex
is
tin
g
ope
ra
ti
o
n
s
w
h
er
e
a
c
t
iv
i
t
i
e
s
lik
e
A
d
d
iti
on
a
nd
A
ltera
ti
ons,
F
i
ne
T
un
in
g,
C
ha
nge
i
n
Work
P
r
o
cess
etc.
m
ake
the
exi
s
t
i
ng
oper
a
t
i
o
n
s
mor
e
e
ffi
c
ie
nt
b
y
enha
nc
ing
t
h
e
t
h
ro
ug
h
p
u
t
[
27]
.
A
s
t
he
y
i
n
vo
l
v
e
ce
rtai
n
cos
t
,
th
e
y
a
r
e
M
i
d
-Cos
t
Ener
gy
C
o
n
s
erva
tio
n
Mea
s
ur
es.
3.3.
U
ser
i
m
pac
t
I
t
is a fa
ct tha
t equ
i
pm
ent
/
m
achi
n
e ac
tua
l
l
y
cons
ume
s
the pow
er in
ord
e
r
to g
ive
t
h
e des
i
r
e
d out
p
u
t
,
bu
t
t
h
e
sa
me
e
q
u
ipm
e
n
t
/
m
a
c
h
i
ne
d
o
i
ng
sim
i
l
a
r
activ
i
t
i
e
s
c
a
n
c
on
su
me
a
d
if
f
e
re
nt
a
mo
unt
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
a
t
diff
ere
n
t
loca
t
i
o
n
s.
I
t
i
s
b
ec
ause
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
i
n
t
e
rve
n
ti
o
n
.
H
u
m
a
n
infl
uence
s
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
c
o
n
sump
t
i
on
o
f
eq
ui
p
m
ent
/
ma
chine
s
i
t
ha
ppe
ns
m
a
i
nl
y
due t
o
i
g
nora
n
ce
a
nd
c
a
re
less
a
t
t
it
u
de
[
2
8
].
W
e
d
o
m
a
ny
t
h
i
n
gs
i
n
our
d
a
i
l
y
l
i
v
es
in
a
r
out
ine
ma
nner
or
a
s
a
ma
tt
e
r
o
f
hab
i
t
th
i
n
ki
n
g
t
ha
t
i
s
t
h
e
righ
t
w
a
y
t
o
do
t
h
e
jo
b
[29].
It
m
a
y
not
b
e
so
un
less some
on
e poi
n
t
s o
u
t t
h
e
fl
aws. If someone
t
e
lls the right
way to do the job
or
hel
p
i
n ide
n
ti
fyi
n
g w
h
at
i
s
bei
n
g ig
nore
d
t
hin
k
i
n
g
a
s
l
es
s
im
porta
n
t
, tha
t
c
an ma
k
e a
n
i
m
p
a
ct o
n
en
e
r
gy
c
o
nsump
t
ion [30].
S
i
milarly,
t
h
e
ma
nage
me
nt
o
f
a
ny
organ
i
za
tio
n
ca
n
also
c
o
m
e
up
w
i
t
h
c
ert
a
i
n
a
d
mi
ni
stra
t
i
ve
g
u
i
de
l
i
nes
a
bou
t
D
o
s
and
D
on’
t
s
w
h
en
i
t
com
e
s
to
e
ne
rg
y
usa
g
e
a
nd
tha
t
c
a
n
h
elp
in
r
educ
in
g
the
e
nergy
c
o
nsum
p
tio
n
[3
1
]
.
The
abo
v
e
m
e
a
s
ures
in
vol
ve
c
ha
nge
s in e
nerg
y
u
s
e
r’s be
h
a
v
i
o
ur. The
y
are
Low
-
C
o
st E
ner
gy
C
o
ns
e
r
vat
i
on
M
easur
es.
4.
E
C
O
N
OMIC
C
ONSIDERA
TI
ONS
FOR I
M
PLEMEN
TING ENERGY
CON
S
ERV
A
TIO
N
OPTIONS
Ec
o
nomic
c
on
side
ra
ti
o
n
w
i
l
l
d
e
fi
n
ite
l
y
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
ir
resp
ec
t
i
v
e
of
t
he
e
n
e
r
gy
co
nserva
ti
on
op
t
i
ons
one
m
ay
c
ho
os
e
to
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
.
If
one
s
e
e
s
it
a
s
e
xpen
d
i
ture,
t
h
e
n
the
co
nsi
d
era
tio
n
is
t
o
u
nder
t
a
k
e
w
h
a
t
e
v
er
minim
u
m
is
n
e
e
ded
t
o
r
educe
the
c
onsum
p
tion.
O
n
the
c
o
n
t
ra
ry,
i
f
it
is
s
e
e
n
as
a
n
inves
t
me
nt
t
he
n
t
h
e
retur
n
on t
h
a
t
in
v
es
t
m
ent c
a
n c
r
ea
t
e
a
par
adigm
shif
t
[3
2].
A
n
overv
iew
of
e
nergy
sa
v
i
n
g
s
ach
ieve
d
b
y
ind
u
stria
l
u
n
i
t
s
p
a
r
t
ic
ip
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
,
G
o
v
t
.
of
I
ndia
,
a
w
a
rd
s
che
m
e
from
1999
to
2
0
0
5
(
seve
n
y
ear
s)
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
rt
o
f
e
c
o
nom
ic
c
on
side
rat
i
o
n
.
Ther
e
w
e
r
e
120
to
3
1
1
u
n
i
ts
w
hic
h
s
how
e
d
a
t
ota
l
i
nv
e
s
t
m
en
t
of
₹
66.7
1
m
i
ll
i
on
and
a
tota
l
savi
n
g
s
of
₹
40.
43
mil
l
i
o
n
is
m
ade
in
i
n
7
Y
ears.
T
hus,
t
h
e
to
tal
e
l
ec
tri
c
a
l
e
nergy
sav
e
d
in
7
y
e
a
rs
i
s
4.
527
m
il
l
i
on
un
i
t
s
a
nd
E
qui
val
e
nt
avo
i
ded
cap
a
c
i
t
y
i
s
8
6
5
M
W
[33].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy
con
s
er
v
a
ti
on p
r
o
j
ec
t
f
und
in
g i
n
com
m
e
rc
ial
b
u
il
di
n
g
:
an
expe
n
d
i
t
u
re.
.
.
(
Shaik
h
S
a
m
s
her A
li)
50
7
P
o
in
t
is
t
o
be
n
ote
d
t
ha
t
it
i
s
j
u
s
t
n
o
t
₹
4
0.
43
m
ill
ion
sav
i
ng
s
a
g
ai
nst
the
pr
ojec
t
i
m
p
l
em
enta
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
of
₹
6
6.
71
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
w
it
h
19
mon
t
h
s
p
ay
ba
c
k
p
er
i
od
b
u
t
a
l
so
s
avin
g
of
4
,
5
2
7
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
un
its
o
f
elec
t
r
i
c
ity
t
hat
is
e
q
u
i
va
l
e
n
t
t
o
a
v
o
i
din
g
s
et
t
i
n
g
up
o
f
8
65
M
W
c
a
p
ac
it
y
p
o
w
e
r
plan
ts
b
es
ide
s
o
t
h
er
s
a
v
i
ngs.
Wi
thi
n
t
he
W
or
ld
Ba
nk,
len
di
n
g
f
or
e
ner
gy
eff
i
c
i
enc
y
h
as be
c
o
m
e
a
m
a
i
nstr
e
a
m
e
d b
usi
n
ess
l
i
ne,
w
ith m
or
e
than
U
S
$5.
2 bil
lio
n
len
t
o
ve
r
the
fi
ve
f
isc
a
l
y
ea
r
s
e
ndi
n
g
J
une
3
0,
201
5
[3
4]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
i
m
p
l
e
me
nta
t
ion
o
f
e
ner
g
y
conser
va
ti
on
pr
oje
c
ts
w
i
l
l
h
ave
bo
t
h
d
ir
ec
t
and
i
n
d
i
r
e
ct
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s.
4
.
1
.
Direct benefit
Som
e
o
f
the
dir
ect
b
enef
its
a
re
l
ike
sav
i
n
g
s
i
n
m
ont
h
l
y
ene
r
gy
b
i
l
l
w
hic
h
c
an
e
asil
y
be
q
u
a
nti
f
i
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
tur
n
o
n
in
ve
stm
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
w
o
r
k
ed
out.
Var
i
ous
case
st
u
d
ie
s
su
gg
est
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
et
u
r
n
on
i
nv
e
s
t
m
en
t
i
s
v
e
r
y
at
t
r
act
iv
e
.
S
t
u
di
e
s
s
ho
w
th
e
pay
b
a
ck
f
o
r
L
ow-
C
o
s
t
En
e
r
g
y
C
on
se
r
vati
on
m
easures
is
l
ess
than
1
y
ear
,
Mid-
C
o
s
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
i
s
1
-
2
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
H
i
g
h
-
C
o
s
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
2
-
5
y
ea
r
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
depe
ndi
ng
upo
n
the
app
l
ic
ati
o
n,
ho
ur
s
of
oper
a
tio
ns
a
nd
sys
t
e
m
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
ns
e
tc.
S
t
ud
ies
in
t
he
U
SA
i
nd
ica
t
e
t
h
at
t
he
d
epe
n
de
nce
on
D
e
m
a
nd
S
i
d
e
M
ana
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
D
SM)
ince
nti
v
es
i
s
grad
u
a
ll
y
dec
r
ea
si
n
g
since
19
9
5
.
I
t
i
s
estima
t
e
d
t
ha
t
ind
u
s
t
ry
i
n
v
e
s
tm
ent
fo
r
en
ergy
-ef
f
icien
c
y
related
se
r
v
i
c
e
s
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
U
S
$
2
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
i
n
2
000
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
a
d
e
cad
e
of
s
t
r
ong
g
ro
wth
[35
]
.
U
.
S
.
E
SCOs g
en
erat
ed
∼
$
23
b
i
ll
ion
in
d
i
r
ect
b
e
n
ef
its
a
t
pr
ojec
t
s
i
nst
a
lle
d
fr
om
1
9
9
0
–
20
08
[3
6
]
.
4
.
2
.
I
n
di
r
e
c
t
be
ne
f
i
t
It
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
t
o
cor
r
ec
t
l
y
q
u
an
t
i
f
y
t
he
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
savi
n
g
s
i
n
i
ndir
ect
b
e
n
ef
its
a
s
t
h
e
im
pacts
a
r
e
m
o
re
f
e
l
t
th
an
s
e
e
n.
I
t
is
m
or
e
qua
li
tat
i
v
e
tha
n
qua
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
ve
i
n
nat
u
r
e
a
nd
inf
l
uenc
es
t
h
e
m
or
a
l
o
f
the
pe
o
p
l
e
.
Th
e
US
-ES
C
O
(En
e
r
g
y
S
e
rv
ici
n
g
Co
mp
a
n
y
)
i
ndu
s
t
ry
i
s
co
ns
id
ered
a
s
the
m
o
st
s
ucc
e
ssf
u
l
mode
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
pr
i
v
ate
se
ct
or
de
l
i
v
e
r
y
of
ene
r
gy e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
ser
v
ic
es.
A
ctua
l
per
f
or
ma
nc
e
of
t
he
ES
C
O
indu
st
r
y
i
s docum
en
te
d
in or
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
v
i
de
p
o
lic
yma
k
er
s
an
d
i
n
ve
st
or
s
with
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
u
stom
er
s
w
ith
a
r
esour
c
e
f
or
be
nc
hm
ar
ki
n
g
f
ut
ur
e
pr
oje
c
t
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
ve
t
o
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[
16]
.
5.
BARRIERS
T
O
IMPL
E
MENT
E
NE
RGY
CO
NSERVA
TIO
N
O
PTIONS
5.
1.
Bud
g
et
ar
y
con
s
t
r
ain
t
O
p
ex
i
s
a
constr
ai
nt
i
n
any
or
ga
n
i
z
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
it
becom
e
s
mor
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
w
hen
i
t
i
s
c
ons
ide
r
ed
t
o
be
a
n
e
xpe
n
d
i
t
ur
e.
U
nde
r
suc
h
c
ir
c
u
msta
nc
es,
e
n
er
gy
co
nse
r
va
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
t
a
ke
t
he
b
ac
k
se
at
a
n
d
c
on
ve
nie
n
tl
y
fo
rgot
t
e
n
by
t
h
e
p
e
opl
e
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
ed
t
o
g
r
an
t
th
e
fu
nd
.
En
e
r
gy
-ef
f
i
c
i
e
nt
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
es
a
re
m
o
r
e
ex
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
to
pr
o
c
ur
e com
p
ar
ed t
o al
ter
n
a
t
i
v
e tec
h
n
o
l
o
gie
s
[37]
.
O
b
tai
n
i
ng
a
d
d
i
t
i
ona
l
f
u
n
d
for
i
nves
t
ing i
n
e
ne
r
g
y-
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
gy
is
u
su
al
l
y
p
rob
l
e
m
a
t
i
c
.
Low
li
q
u
i
d
ity
a
n
d
l
imi
t
ed
a
c
cess
to
c
api
t
a
l
c
an
a
r
i
se
due
t
o
r
e
str
i
c
t
i
ons
o
n
len
d
i
n
g
m
oney
[38]
.
S
o
me
ti
m
e
s
suc
h
r
estr
ict
i
o
n
s
ar
e
due
t
o
the
inter
n
al
p
ol
i
c
y
of
t
he
o
r
g
a
n
iza
t
io
n.
T
he
E
S
C
O
s
(
E
ner
gy
S
e
r
v
i
c
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
a
n
y)
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
a
r
e
small
a
nd
ha
ve
l
im
ited
fi
na
nc
ia
l
r
e
sour
ces.
V
e
ry
f
e
w
E
S
C
O
pr
ojec
ts
c
a
n
be
f
i
n
ance
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
E
S
C
O
’
s
ow
n
r
e
sour
ces.
I
t
i
s
al
m
o
st
i
m
p
ossi
b
l
e
t
o
r
aise
f
un
d
ba
se
d
o
n
t
he
ir
actu
a
l
ba
l
a
nce
shee
t
.
T
he
F
inanc
i
a
l
i
nsti
t
u
t
e
s
a
n
d
b
a
nk
s
inte
r
e
st
i
n
E
S
C
O
pr
oject
s
r
e
m
a
in
l
o
w
due
t
o
va
r
i
ou
s
f
actor
s
li
ke
f
ina
n
c
i
al
c
on
d
iti
on
s
of
E
S
C
O
s
/
e
nd
user
s,
l
ack
o
f
t
e
ch
n
i
c
al
e
x
p
e
rt
i
s
e
to
e
v
a
lu
at
e
En
ergy
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
ncy
pr
oje
c
t’
s
p
o
te
n
tia
l
b
y
b
an
ks
s
ec
ur
i
t
y
co
nc
er
ns
e
tc.
[33]
.
5.
2.
Man
age
me
n
t
a
p
a
t
h
y
S
t
ud
ies
su
gge
s
t
t
ha
t
any
e
n
er
gy
co
nser
va
t
i
o
n
p
r
ogr
am
can
r
e
a
c
h
its
m
a
x
im
um
p
o
t
e
n
tial
leve
l
if
i
t
is
dr
ive
n
by
the
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
[
4],
[33],
[39
]
,
[40]
.
Beca
u
s
e
it
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
gi
ves
the
visi
on
bu
t
a
l
so
g
ives
t
he
m
or
al
a
u
th
or
ity
a
n
d
b
u
d
g
etar
y
sup
por
t
for
the
s
u
cce
ssfu
l
i
m
p
le
me
nta
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
pr
ogr
a
m
.
B
e
low
is
o
n
e
s
uch
sug
g
es
te
d
mod
e
l
[4
1]
.
Or
gani
zati
o
na
l
str
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
nd
ene
r
gy
m
a
na
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
1
.
Fi
g
u
r
e 1
.
Org
a
n
i
zati
o
n
a
l
st
ru
ct
u
r
e a
n
d
e
n
ergy
ma
n
a
g
ement
p
r
og
ra
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
50
4 –
51
3
50
8
O
r
ganiza
t
i
o
n
s
conce
n
tra
t
e
so
l
e
ly
o
n
it
s
co
r
e
busine
s
s
a
s
a
g
e
n
e
ral
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e.
L
a
c
k
o
f
d
ed
i
cated
perso
nne
l
w
ith
a
f
oc
u
s
on
e
n
erg
y
i
ssue
s,
s
c
a
rc
ity
o
f
ener
gy
exp
e
r
t
i
se
,
bud
getary
c
o
n
s
t
rain
t
a
nd
l
i
m
ited
in
ves
t
m
e
n
t
r
esourc
e
s a
r
e
some
of
th
e
r
easo
n
s
to a
v
oid
an
y
ener
g
y
conser
va
tio
n
pro
j
ect
[
4
2
].
5
.
3
.
L
a
ck
o
f
unders
ta
n
d
ing
I
t
i
s
l
i
ke
a
d
o
uble
-
ed
ge
d
sw
ord.
P
e
o
p
l
e
a
u
thor
i
z
e
d
t
o
t
a
k
e
t
he
dec
i
s
i
on
a
re
e
it
he
r
no
t
ha
vin
g
t
he
nec
e
ssary
i
n
f
or
ma
t
i
o
n
o
r
hav
i
n
g
d
is
tor
t
e
d
i
nform
a
ti
on
/
m
i
si
nfo
rm
ati
o
n
t
h
at
l
ea
ds
t
o
con
f
us
i
o
n
s
r
a
t
he
r
th
a
n
hav
i
ng c
l
a
r
i
t
y
to
t
a
k
e
the
c
a
ll. P
eople
w
o
rki
n
g o
n
t
he
e
qu
i
p
me
n
t
/ m
ach
i
n
es
a
re
m
ostl
y j
u
n
i
or leve
l
em
p
l
o
yees
no
t
em
pow
er
ed
t
o
take
a
ny
po
lic
y
/
fu
nd
in
g
decis
i
o
n
b
u
t
h
a
v
ing
com
p
l
e
te
i
n
f
orma
tio
n.
T
he
re
i
s
a
di
sti
n
ct
com
m
unic
a
t
i
o
n
g
ap
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
s
e
n
ior
m
a
na
gem
e
nt
a
n
d
t
he
j
u
n
i
o
r
ma
nagem
e
nt
w
hen
i
t
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
t
a
king
t
h
e
ac
t
i
o
n
ab
le
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n
o
n
e
ner
gy
conserva
t
i
o
n
p
ro
je
cts
[43].
V
e
r
y
often,
i
t
ha
p
p
e
n
s
tha
t
a
fte
r
s
pen
d
i
n
g
a
l
ot
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
e
ffort
by
ES
CO
it
is
r
e
a
lize
d
t
ha
t
al
t
hou
gh
the
cus
t
om
e
r
i
s
w
ill
ing
t
o
i
m
p
lem
e
nt
t
he
p
ro
ject,
no
one
i
s
w
illi
n
g
t
o
fina
nc
e
the
cus
t
o
m
er
f
or
i
m
p
lem
e
nti
ng
a
pote
n
t
i
a
l
p
r
o
j
ec
t
.
T
hi
s
pu
ts
a
h
e
a
vy
fina
nc
i
a
l
burde
n
o
n
smal
l
ESCOs [33
]
.
5.4.
U
n
c
l
e
ar p
oli
c
y
A
c
l
ear
pol
ic
y
w
i
t
h
a
v
i
s
i
o
n
c
a
n
he
l
p
i
n
imp
l
em
ent
i
n
g
an
y
ener
g
y
con
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
p
rog
r
am.
Th
e
st
ud
y
show
s
e
i
t
h
er
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
unclea
r
p
o
lic
y
or
l
ac
k
of
v
is
i
o
n
for
ene
r
g
y
c
onser
va
t
i
o
n
p
ro
gram
[
26].
P
e
rha
p
s
i
t
i
s
lac
k
of
a
pa
th
y or
lost
prior
ity
f
or
t
he m
ana
g
em
en
t in m
ost of
t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
io
n. T
oda
y w
h
e
n
t
h
e
top
ma
nagem
e
nt
i
n
any orga
n
i
za
ti
on b
u
r
n
i
n
g t
h
e
m
i
dn
igh
t
o
il, doin
g
all p
o
ss
ibl
e
j
ug
gl
e
r
y t
o
reduc
e the
oper
a
t
i
ng cos
t
c
ompl
ete
l
y
ig
nor
es
h
u
g
e
p
o
te
n
tia
l
a
v
a
i
l
a
ble
a
t
t
he
ir dis
pos
al
in
t
he
f
or
m of ener
g
y co
nser
va
ti
on.
T
he
f
act i
s m
o
st o
f
the
m
do
no
t
know
t
he
e
ner
g
y
cos
t
o
f
t
h
eir
per
u
n
it
t
h
ro
ug
h
p
u
t
[
4
4
],
[45].
Co
u
n
tr
ies
l
i
ke
U
S
A
,
U
K
,
Chi
n
a
,
J
apa
n
,
N
e
ther
l
a
n
d
,
D
e
nm
ark,
C
anada
and
Ind
i
a
ha
ve
E
ne
r
gy
P
o
lic
y
ap
pl
i
c
a
b
le
f
or
r
espec
t
ive
co
u
n
tri
e
s.
E
ner
g
y
efficie
n
c
y
pol
i
c
ies
l
i
k
e
P
r
icin
g
P
o
licy,
I
nst
i
tut
i
ona
l
D
e
ve
l
o
pm
ent
P
o
l
i
c
y
a
nd
E
n
er
g
y
E
ffic
ie
ncy
Tec
h
n
o
lo
gy
P
o
lic
y
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
deve
lope
d
a
nd
i
m
plem
e
n
te
d
i
n
I
nd
i
a
[
1].
I
t
i
s
a
fa
ct
t
ha
t
e
n
er
gy
e
f
ficie
n
t
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
expe
ns
i
v
e
a
nd
at
t
he
s
am
e
ti
m
e
p
r
i
c
i
n
g
p
o
l
ic
y
adv
o
c
a
t
e
s
for
L1
(
L
ow
est
qu
ot
e
d
p
rice)
c
on
ce
pt
f
or
p
rocur
e
m
e
nt.
It
i
s a co
n
f
l
i
c
t
in
i
t
s
el
f, wh
i
ch
n
ee
ds i
mmed
i
a
t
e
co
rre
ct
i
o
n
.
6.
WH
A
T
I
S
PR
OVEN PR
A
C
T
ICE FOR
ECONOMIC W
A
Y
OF EN
ERG
Y
CONS
E
RVATIO
N
?
6.1.
ES
C
O
m
od
el
Broa
d
l
y
s
p
eak
i
ng
this
e
ne
rg
y
c
o
n
s
e
r
vat
i
on
a
ppr
oac
h
h
a
s
f
o
u
r
ma
i
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
t
hat
are
t
h
e
ke
y
fa
ct
ors
for
succ
ess
f
ul
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
a
t
i
o
n.
T
he
se
a
re
E
ne
rg
y
A
udit,
I
de
n
tifi
c
a
tio
n
o
f
a
ppr
opr
ia
t
e
E
ne
rg
y
Con
s
erva
t
i
on
Meas
ure
s
(
ECM)
a
nd
F
u
n
d
ing,
I
m
p
lem
e
nt
ati
on
o
f
t
he
E
C
M
s
and
Mea
s
ure
m
ent
an
d
Ve
rifica
t
i
o
n
(
M&V)
pro
t
oc
o
l
t
o
m
o
nit
o
r
the
e
x
pec
t
ed
s
a
v
ings
a
n
d
i
ts
m
ain
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
[
2
1].
ES
CO
m
odel
o
p
era
t
es
on
t
h
e
prin
cip
l
e
of
“P
erforma
n
ce
C
on
tra
c
t
i
ng”
.
I
t
i
s
le
g
a
l
l
y
a
c
c
oun
ta
ble
perfor
m
a
n
c
e
con
t
rac
t
b
ased
on
a
det
a
ile
d
e
n
ergy
a
u
dit,
i
ts
ana
l
ys
is,
fi
ndi
n
g
s a
n
d re
com
m
e
nda
t
i
o
n
s
for
energ
y
c
onser
v
a
tio
ns
i
n
any fac
i
l
i
t
y
[3
5].
Mo
d
u
s-O
p
e
r
an
di
o
f
ES
CO
i
s
“P
a
y
a
s
you
sa
ve”.
W
h
i
ch
m
e
a
ns
t
he
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
is
f
u
n
d
e
d
a
nd
im
plem
en
ted
by
the
sa
vi
ngs
from
the
im
ple
m
e
n
tat
i
o
n
o
f
the
pr
oj
e
c
t
.
S
a
vin
g
i
s
ca
l
c
ul
a
t
ed
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
c
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
the
base
line
en
er
g
y
c
os
t
and
after
im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n
of
e
ne
rg
y
cos
t.
S
avi
ngs
c
an
a
lso
be
o
n
shar
ing
ba
s
i
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
the
c
l
i
e
n
t
a
nd
ES
CO
d
epe
ndi
ng
up
o
n
t
he
c
on
tra
c
t
pe
ri
od
a
n
d
pro
p
o
r
tion
o
f
s
ha
ri
ng
.
It
i
s
mo
stl
y
T
ri
-P
a
r
t
y
agre
em
ent
[3
5].
Clie
n
t
i
s
t
h
e
orga
niza
tio
n
where
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
c
o
n
serv
ati
o
n
p
r
o
j
ect
i
s
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
l
ement
e
d
a
n
d
i
s
the
fi
r
s
t
part
y.
E
S
C
O
is
t
he
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
den
t
e
nti
t
y
en
ga
ge
d
in
E
ne
r
g
y
A
ud
i
t
a
n
d
P
rojec
t
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
nta
t
i
on
t
o
r
ea
li
z
e
the
en
e
r
gy
sa
vi
ngs
a
nd
i
s
t
he
s
econ
d
p
a
r
t
y
.
OEM
(O
rigina
l
Eq
ui
p
me
nt
M
an
uf
act
u
r
e
r
)
o
r
a
n
y
o
th
er
o
rg
an
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
tha
t
w
il
l ei
t
h
er sup
pl
y
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy c
o
nserva
t
i
o
n
m
ea
su
r
e
s or
f
un
d
for
procuri
ng t
h
e
sam
e
a
nd is t
he
th
i
r
d
p
ar
t
y
.
6.2.
Proce
d
u
r
e
of imp
leme
ntat
i
o
n
I
t
i
s
scie
nt
i
f
ic
a
nd
sys
t
em
atic
p
roc
e
d
u
re
w
here
e
ner
gy
co
nse
r
va
tio
n
m
easur
es
a
re
i
mplem
e
nte
d
i
n
suc
h
a
w
a
y
that
t
he
i
mpa
c
t
s
a
re
m
ut
ua
lly
a
ddi
t
i
v
e
.
S
o
t
ha
t
i
t
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
a
posit
ive
fina
nc
ia
l
i
m
pac
t
i
n
procur
ing
t
h
e
sub
s
e
q
ue
nt
e
ne
r
gy
co
nserva
tion
m
e
a
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
su
gges
t
e
d
p
roce
d
u
r
e
is
h
i
g
hli
g
h
t
e
d
b
e
l
l
o
w
[41]
.
Typica
l
e
n
ergy
aud
i
t and
im
pl
em
enta
ti
o
n
pro
gra
m
a
s
show
n
in F
igure
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy
con
s
er
v
a
ti
on p
r
o
j
ec
t
f
und
in
g i
n
com
m
e
rc
ial
b
u
il
di
n
g
:
an
expe
n
d
i
t
u
re.
.
.
(
Shaik
h
S
a
m
s
her A
li)
50
9
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
yp
ic
al
e
ner
g
y
aud
i
t
and
imp
l
em
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
gr
a
m
The
w
h
ole pr
o
cedur
e
is
c
a
r
r
i
ed
o
ut
b
y
q
u
al
if
i
e
d,
e
x
p
er
i
e
nce
d
a
n
d
c
o
mp
et
en
t
p
r
o
f
es
sion
als
i
n
s
t
e
p
by
ste
p
ma
nner
.
T
h
e
f
ir
st
ste
p
is t
o co
l
l
ec
t
t
h
e
his
t
or
ic o
per
a
tio
nal da
ta and dr
aw
the baseli
n
e. The sec
ond ste
p
i
s
to
m
ea
sur
e
v
a
r
i
o
us
o
pe
rati
o
n
a
l
p
ar
am
eters,
r
e
c
ord
a
n
d
ana
l
y
z
e
t
h
e
d
a
t
a.
I
n
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
s
t
ep
,
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
f
fi
c
i
en
cy
is
e
val
u
a
t
ed
a
n
d
a
ll
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
ons
er
vat
i
on
M
easur
es
(
EC
M)
a
r
e
i
d
e
nt
if
i
e
d.
A
n
a
c
ti
on
p
l
an
i
s
dr
a
w
n
a
bou
t
ho
w
to
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
t
he
E
C
M
s,
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
c
os
t
-
b
e
nef
it
a
n
a
l
y
sis
.
I
n
the
fina
l
ste
p
,
the
E
C
M
s
a
r
e
im
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d
a
nd
t
h
e
per
f
or
m
a
nc
es
a
r
e
m
easur
ed
a
nd
v
e
r
i
fie
d
t
hr
o
u
gh
an
e
stabl
i
s
h
ed
M
e
a
surem
e
n
t
a
n
d
V
e
r
i
fica
tio
n
(
M
&V
)
pr
ot
oc
o
l
.
6.
3.
Fin
a
n
c
ing
ESCO
p
rojec
t
s
in
I
n
d
i
a
a
re
g
e
n
era
lly
i
mplem
e
nte
d
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
gua
r
an
tee
d
s
a
v
in
gs
s
chem
e
a
nd
s
h
a
r
ed
sa
vin
g
s
sche
me
.
The
I
ndia
n
R
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
E
ner
gy
D
e
vel
o
pm
ent
A
g
enc
y
Ltd.
(IREDA)
i
s
an
o
r
g
aniza
tio
n
in
I
ndia
f
o
r
fi
na
nc
i
n
g
Ene
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
p
r
o
je
cts.
T
he
W
or
l
d
B
a
nk
ha
s
ex
ten
d
e
d
a
Line
o
f
C
r
e
d
it
t
o
I
R
E
D
A
f
o
r
de
ve
l
o
p
i
ng a
n
d fi
na
nci
n
g
e
n
er
gy ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
and co
nser
va
tion pr
o
jec
t
s tha
t
inc
l
u
de pro
je
ct i
m
p
lem
e
nte
d
in
the
ES
C
O
m
odel.
T
he
l
oa
n co
ul
d
be
up
t
o
70 %
of
t
he
p
r
o
je
c
t
c
ost
w
i
t
h
an in
t
e
r
e
st ra
t
e
lowe
r than
t
ha
t o
f
fe
re
d by
a
ny
c
o
mm
er
cial
b
an
k
an
d
ha
s
a
ma
xi
m
u
m
mora
tori
u
m
o
f
2
year
s
for
r
epaym
e
nt
[
3
3
]
.
T
he
c
om
me
r
c
ial
bank
s
in
I
n
d
i
a
ar
e
ge
ner
a
lly
a
ppr
e
h
ens
i
ve
a
bo
u
t
f
un
d
i
n
g
E
ner
g
y
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
p
ro
ject
s.
Rece
n
tly
f
iv
e
prom
ine
n
t
ba
n
k
s
in
I
nd
ia,
S
t
a
t
e
B
a
nk
o
f
I
nd
ia
(
S
B
I
)
,
Canar
a
Bank,
U
nion
B
a
nk
o
f
I
nd
ia,
Bank
o
f
I
nd
ia
a
n
d
Ban
k
of
B
a
r
o
d
a
h
a
v
e
l
a
u
n
c
h
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
S
M
E
s
.
T
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
a
r
e
a
d
dr
esse
d
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
eir
e
x
i
s
t
i
ng
S
M
E
c
l
ie
n
t
s
a
nd
f
o
r
sma
l
l
p
r
ojec
ts
u
p
t
o
U
S
D
22,
000
[3
3
]
.
7.
ME
TH
ODOLO
G
Y FOR
F
UNDING
ESCO
PRO
J
EC
TS
The
F
i
r
s
t
ste
p
t
ow
a
r
ds
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
any
ES
C
O
p
r
o
jec
t
i
s
to
i
de
nt
if
y
the
Energ
y
C
o
n
serva
tio
n
Mea
s
ures
(
E
C
M
)
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
6
]
t
ha
t
i
s
a
pp
lic
a
b
le
k
ee
p
i
ng
t
h
e
lon
g
-
t
er
m
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
re
q
u
i
r
emen
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
fa
ci
l
ity
.
T
h
es
e
E
C
M
s
a
r
e
c
a
tegor
i
z
e
d
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
eir
ca
scad
in
g
im
p
acts
for
deci
di
n
g
t
h
e
s
eque
nce
of
E
C
M
i
m
p
le
m
e
ntat
i
on
for
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
e
r
vat
i
on
[
8
]
.
C
ost-
bene
f
i
t
a
n
al
ys
is
i
s
do
ne
t
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
cost
o
f
E
C
M
s
,
ene
r
gy
sa
ved
f
r
om
t
he
E
C
M
s,
m
e
tho
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
pte
d
f
or
s
ha
r
i
n
g
t
he
s
av
in
g
i
f
a
ny
a
nd
the
a
g
r
eed
pr
ojec
t
d
u
r
ation
[
1
]
.
T
he
c
omple
t
e
pr
oj
e
c
ted
ca
sh
f
l
o
w
i
s
p
l
o
t
t
e
d
in
e
x
cel
s
h
e
et
a
nd
c
as
h
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
rt
s
are
p
r
e
p
ar
e
d
f
or
e
a
s
e
of
u
n
d
er
sta
ndi
ng
b
y
t
he
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
pr
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
t
he
c
a
s
h
f
l
ow
s
it
ua
tion
a
l
o
n
g
w
ith
p
ro
ject
S
WOT
anal
ys
is
a
r
e
p
re
sen
t
ed
to
t
he
m
anage
m
e
n
t for
t
h
e
pr
ojec
t
ap
pr
o
v
al
a
nd f
u
nd au
t
h
o
r
iza
t
i
o
n
[
2]
,
[47]
.
O
nce
the pr
oj
e
c
t
is
ap
pr
o
v
e
d
an
d
the
f
u
nd
i
s
a
ll
otte
d
an
e
sc
r
o
w
a
ccoun
t
is
ope
ne
d
t
o
m
anage
a
nd
c
o
nt
r
o
l
t
h
e
com
p
l
e
t
e
c
a
s
h
f
l
ow
f
or
t
he
e
n
tire
p
ro
jec
t
d
urat
io
n.
8.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ONS
8.
1.
Benefits o
f
p
er
f
o
rman
ce
c
o
nt
r
a
ct
i
n
g
(
E
s
c
o
M
o
de
l
)
I
t
i
s
no
t
on
l
y
ease
of
i
m
p
lem
e
nta
t
io
n
b
u
t
w
i
l
l
a
lso
ha
ve
b
o
t
h
t
ec
h
n
i
c
al
a
nd
ec
o
no
mi
c b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
.
8.
1.1.
Tech
nical
Tec
h
ni
c
a
l
ly
s
p
e
aki
n
g
the
wh
ole
sys
t
em
w
ill
be
m
or
e
ene
r
gy
e
f
fic
ie
nt
a
ft
er
t
he
e
ner
gy
cons
er
va
ti
on
m
e
a
s
ures
a
re
i
mplem
e
nte
d
.
A
n
e
ffici
en
t
s
y
s
t
em
w
ill
per
f
orm
be
tt
er
.
Ther
e
b
y,
l
e
s
s
b
r
ea
kd
ow
n
an
d
mor
e
pr
oduc
tiv
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
in
g
t
o
a
pos
i
t
i
v
e
im
p
a
c
t
.
E
S
C
O
s
a
r
e
of
t
e
n
s
e
en
a
s
i
m
po
rt
ant
and
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
c
h
ang
e
a
gent
s
in
captu
r
i
ng
t
he
oppo
r
t
unity
t
o
cu
r
b
e
ne
r
gy
d
e
mand
a
nd
t
e
c
hnologi
c
a
l
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
nc
e
th
r
ough
in
c
r
e
a
sed
eff
i
ci
e
n
cy
[
2
0]
,
[4
8
]
,
[
4
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
50
4 –
51
3
51
0
8.1.
2. C
ommer
c
ia
l
A
n
e
nergy
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
sys
t
em
w
il
l
r
e
qu
ire
le
ss
O
pe
x
and
t
h
er
eb
y
a
n
inc
r
ease
in
t
he
o
rgan
iza
tio
n’s
bo
ttom
-
l
i
ne.
H
i
g
h
e
r
p
ro
duc
tiv
it
y
w
i
l
l
l
e
a
d
to
a
n
inc
r
ea
sed
t
o
p-
l
i
ne
.
O
v
era
l
l
the
profi
t
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
organ
i
za
tio
n
w
ill
inc
r
ea
se.
A
profita
ble
and
grow
i
n
g
or
gan
i
za
tio
n
w
ill
c
rea
t
e
a
mo
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
an
d
sa
t
i
s
f
i
ed
t
ea
m
st
ri
vi
ng
f
o
r
grea
ter
he
ig
hts
.
T
he
I
ndian
G
ov
e
r
nm
ent’s
B
u
rea
u
o
f
Ener
g
y
E
ffic
ie
nc
y
(BEE)
h
a
s
i
n
t
ro
duc
e
d
t
he
‘
P
e
rform
,
A
c
hie
v
e
a
n
d
Tra
d
e’ (PA
T) schem
e
in
2
0
1
1
t
o gi
ve
a
boost
t
o
E
S
C
O
pr
oj
e
c
ts.
M
o
st e
nerg
y
effic
i
e
n
cy
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
li
e
s
i
n
pr
iva
t
e
fac
t
orie
s
an
d
b
u
i
l
d
in
gs,
so
t
he
p
riva
te
s
ect
o
r
shou
ld
b
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
a
t
the
s
t
ar
t
of
a
n
y
i
n
i
t
i
at
ive
,
w
h
et
her
as
a
n
end
user,
a
pote
n
t
i
a
l
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
er,
or
a
possib
l
e
fina
nc
ier
[
34]
.
Ener
gy
effic
i
e
n
cy
c
ho
ice
pr
im
ar
i
l
y
in
vol
ves
in
ve
st
m
e
nt
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
that
w
il
l
have
a
t
r
a
deo
f
f
be
t
w
e
e
n
h
i
g
her
in
iti
al
c
ap
ita
l
cos
t
s
and
u
n
cer
t
a
in
l
ow
e
r
fu
t
u
re ene
rgy ope
rat
i
n
g
cost
s
, w
h
en w
e see
it
from an e
cono
m
i
c
pe
rspec
tiv
e. I
n
simple term
,
the i
ni
ti
al c
ost i
s
the
d
i
ffe
renc
e
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
e
pr
ocur
em
en
t
and
i
n
sta
l
la
ti
on
co
st
o
f
a
r
e
l
a
tive
l
y
ener
gy-effic
i
en
t
pro
d
u
ct
/s
y
s
te
m
and
the
c
o
st
o
f
an
o
t
h
erw
i
se
e
qu
i
v
ale
n
t
pro
duc
t
/
s
y
st
e
m
t
h
a
t
pro
v
i
des
t
h
e
sa
me
s
ervice
s
bu
t
use
mor
e
e
ne
rg
y.
The
decis
i
o
n
o
f
whether
to
m
ake
the
ene
r
gy
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
in
ve
stm
e
nt
r
e
q
uire
s
we
i
g
hin
g
th
i
s
i
ni
ti
al
c
a
p
it
a
l
c
o
s
t
aga
i
ns
t
the
e
x
pecte
d
f
u
t
ure
sa
v
i
n
g
s.
I
t
is
c
ompa
ris
o
n
of
i
ni
tia
l
c
o
s
t
-p
lus
li
fet
i
me
opera
ti
n
g
c
os
t
be
t
w
e
e
n
a
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l s
y
s
t
em
and
the
e
n
erg
y
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
yste
m
[1],
[50]
-[
52
].
8.2.
Payb
ac
k/
ret
u
r
n
on
in
v
e
s
tmen
t
of p
erform
a
n
c
e
con
t
r
a
c
t
in
g
(
Esc
o
M
od
el)
I
f
w
e
c
onsi
d
e
r
t
he
e
nergy c
o
n
s
erva
tio
n pro
j
e
c
t i
m
p
l
em
enta
t
i
o
n
c
os
t as
a
n
i
nve
stme
n
t
,
the
n
t
h
e
retur
n
from
t
hat
i
nve
stm
e
n
t
i
s
very
a
ttrac
t
i
ve
f
rom
the
econ
o
m
i
c
po
i
n
t
o
f
view.
Be
low
a
r
e
few
suc
h
p
rojec
t
s
wi
t
h
pay
b
ac
k
deta
i
l
s
t
o
jus
t
i
f
y
tha
t
it
i
s
not
a
n
e
xpe
n
d
i
t
u
re
b
u
t
a
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
i
s
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
i
n
a
shor
t
span
o
f
t
i
me
but
t
he
r
et
urn
from
t
hat
i
nve
stm
e
n
t
c
on
ti
n
u
e
t
o
get
re
alize
d
s
o
lo
n
g
t
he
e
q
u
ipm
e
n
t
i
s
in
opera
tio
n
/
fac
i
l
i
t
y
is func
tio
n
a
l.
a.
Energ
y
C
on
serva
t
i
on
Mea
s
ur
es
i
mplem
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
o
n
F
a
n
s,
P
um
ps,
Co
o
l
i
n
g
Tow
e
r
s
,
Ligh
ts
a
nd
Bu
il
din
g
A
u
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
tem
c
o
st
w
as
L
ow
t
o
M
i
d-
Cos
t
w
i
t
h
a
pa
y
b
ac
k
pe
ri
o
d
of
2
–
5
y
ea
rs
g
iv
in
g
5
–
1
5
%
o
f
ene
r
g
y
savi
n
gs
in A
i
rpor
ts
[
1
2
],
[53].
b.
Energ
y
C
onse
r
vat
i
on
Me
as
ure
imple
m
e
n
ta
t
i
on
on
l
i
g
h
t
s
h
a
d
M
id-
C
o
st
w
it
h
a
p
a
yb
a
c
k
o
f
3
y
e
a
r
s
gi
vi
ng
50
% e
n
ergy
sa
vi
ngs
i
n
lig
ht
i
n
g app
l
ica
t
i
o
n i
n
e
duca
t
io
na
l i
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
[
23].
8.3.
Inve
s
tme
n
t
opp
o
rtunities
i
n
ener
gy e
f
ficien
cy
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s in
india
Mr.
S
a
tish S
a
bharw
al, BEE,
G
O
I
, [54]
high
l
i
g
ht
e
d
t
he ene
r
gy sav
i
ngs po
t
ent
i
a
l
i
n I
ndia
i
n
o
ne
of
h
i
s
prese
n
t
a
ti
on
s
to
p
rom
o
te
e
ne
r
gy
co
nserva
tio
n.
P
oi
nt
i
s
t
o
b
e
no
te
d
tha
t
h
e
ter
m
e
d
t
he
i
mplem
e
n
t
a
t
ion
c
o
st
a
s
an
“
I
nvestme
nt
”
a
nd
not
“
Exp
e
nd
iture
”.
B
el
l
o
w
i
s
t
he
s
umm
a
r
y
o
f
I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
pro
j
ec
t
s
i
n
Ind
i
a.
T
able
1
sho
w
s
inves
t
m
e
n
t
op
p
o
rt
un
ity
i
n
ener
g
y
efficie
n
cy
p
ro
jec
t
s
in
I
nd
ia.
Tab
l
e
1.
I
nvest
m
e
nt op
p
o
rt
un
ity
i
n
ener
g
y
efficie
n
c
y
p
ro
jec
t
s
i
n
Ind
i
a
Ma
rke
t
Ty
p
e
Inv
e
st
me
nt (₹
B
illi
on)
A
voide
d MW
Ind
u
stria
l
121
7000
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
6
553
M
unic
i
p
a
l
13
1655
T
o
ta
l
140
9208
The
ES
CO
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
i
n
the
U
S
A
cont
inue
s
to
g
r
o
w
w
ith
e
sti
m
at
ed
r
eve
n
u
e
s
of
$4.
1
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
in
2
00
8
des
p
i
t
e
a
gene
ra
l
dow
n
t
urn
i
n
t
he
b
roade
r
econ
o
m
y
.
In
t
he
U
S
A
,
ener
gy
c
onse
r
va
t
i
o
n
is
c
o
n
s
i
de
re
d
as
a
n
Ind
u
str
y
tha
t h
a
s hu
ge
g
row
t
h
pote
n
tia
l [43]
, [55]
9.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
I
t
i
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
s
o
f
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
n
it
ia
ti
ves
tha
t
e
nerg
y
c
o
nse
r
vat
i
o
n
i
s
nee
d
o
f
t
h
e
ho
ur
i
n
order
t
o
r
em
ain
c
o
mpet
it
ive
in
t
he
I
nd
ian
m
a
r
ket.
H
ow
eve
r
,
due
t
o
prej
ud
ice
or
l
a
c
k
o
f
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
ma
nagem
e
nt
i
n
mos
t
o
f
t
h
e
India
n
o
rga
n
iz
a
t
i
o
ns
d
o
n
ot
g
i
v
e
d
u
e
i
m
porta
nce
to
e
nerg
y
con
s
er
vat
i
on p
r
ogra
m
s. S
tud
i
es show
tha
t i
t
is a
low
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
fr
ui
t t
h
at
goe
s unn
o
t
i
c
ed mo
s
t of t
he tim
e by th
e
ma
nage
me
nt
i
n
them
s
trive
t
o
f
i
nd
me
ans
a
nd
w
a
ys
t
o
re
duce
the
ope
ra
ti
ons
c
os
t
[1],
[
56]
,
[20].
Maybe
it
is
the
mi
nd
set
of
t
he
m
ana
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
s
e
e
i
t
as
a
n
u
nnece
ssa
r
y,
unca
ll
e
d
f
or
e
xpe
n
d
i
t
ur
e.
S
h
oul
d
t
h
ey
s
e
e
i
t
as
a
n
in
ves
t
m
e
n
t
t
he
n t
h
ey w
il
l no
t
on
l
y
re
a
p
t
h
e
b
e
ne
fi
ts
o
f
th
is l
o
w
ha
n
g
i
n
g
f
ru
it
to r
ed
uce
t
h
e
i
r ope
rat
i
on c
o
st b
ut
w
ill
a
l
so
a
dd
a
siza
b
l
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
profi
t
t
o
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
ne
ss.
I
t
is
t
i
m
e
to
h
a
v
e
the
pa
radi
gm
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
e
n
erg
y
con
s
er
vat
i
on
in
India.
V
isi
on,
p
o
l
icy a
nd gu
i
d
el
i
n
es sh
o
u
l
d
no
t
be
lim
ite
d on
l
y
o
n pa
per
.
Energ
y co
nserva
t
i
on
pro
g
ra
m
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
o
rga
n
iz
a
t
i
o
n
sho
u
l
d
b
e
a
top-
d
o
w
n
a
ppr
oach
w
i
t
h
cl
ear
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
es.
Pe
rh
ap
s
t
h
e
v
e
ry
f
i
r
s
t
gu
ide
l
ine
s
t
o
c
h
a
n
ge
w
il
l
be
t
he
p
roc
u
r
e
m
e
nt
p
o
lic
y.
L
1
co
nc
ep
t
(
Low
e
st
q
u
o
t
ed
p
r
i
ce
)
c
a
n
never
be
t
he
c
rit
e
ria
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy conser
vation
proj
ect fundi
ng
in comm
ercial building:
an expe
nditure... (
S
h
a
ik
h Samsher Ali)
51
1
for
suc
h
p
roje
cts
bec
a
use
te
chn
o
l
og
y
sho
u
l
d
ha
ve
t
he
p
riori
t
y
o
ver
pric
e
w
h
e
n
w
e
talk
a
bou
t
energ
y
con
s
er
vat
i
on.
P
er
haps,
it
w
i
ll
also
m
a
k
e
it
e
a
sy
f
or
f
un
d
i
n
g
o
r
ga
niza
ti
ons
t
o
len
d
m
one
y
for
such
e
nerg
y
con
s
er
vat
i
on
p
r
ojec
ts in
In
di
a
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Ken
n
eth
Gillin
g
h
am
,
Rich
ard
G.
N
ewell,
K
aren
P
alm
e
r,
“
E
n
ergy
E
f
fi
cien
cy
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
cs
a
nd
P
o
l
icy
”
,
Di
sc
us
s
i
o
n
Paper
,
Reso
urces,
20
09.
[2]
Di
pank
ar
D
ey
,
“E
nergy
Eff
i
c
i
en
cy
I
n
i
ti
ati
v
es
:
Indi
an
E
xperi
ence
,
E
n
erg
y
a
n
d
S
ust
a
inable
D
evel
op
men
t
i
n
In
d
i
a
,
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e En
ergy
W
at
c
h
2
005 Repo
rt”,
Heli
o
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
, Fra
n
ce, 20
0
5
.
[3]
Wil
l
ia
m
R.
M
orrow
III,
A
li
H
as
anbe
igi
,
J
ayant
Sat
h
aye,
T
engf
ang
X
u
,
“
A
s
s
e
ssmen
t
of
e
n
e
rgy
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
im
p
r
ove
m
e
n
t
a
nd
C
O2
e
mi
ssion
red
u
ct
ion
p
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l
s
i
n
India’s
ce
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
r
o
n
&
s
t
e
e
l
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
e
s
”
,
J
o
urna
l o
f
Clea
ner Pro
d
u
c
ti
on
65,
131e141,
ht
t
p://dx.do
i.org/10.101
6
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j
c
lepro.2013.07.022
,
2
014
[4]
UN
EP
, “
B
arri
ers t
o
E
nergy
Effi
c
i
en
cy –
revi
e
w an
d p
o
licy
guid
a
n
ce”,
w
ww.
e
nergy
e
f
f
icien
c
yas
i
a.
o
r
g,
200
6.
[5]
Ges
c
he
M
arg
a
ret
h
e
Hueb
ner,
J
u
s
t
i
ne
C
oo
per,
K
e
ith
J
o
n
es
,
“Do
m
e
s
t
ic
e
ne
rg
y
c
o
nsump
t
io
n—
Wh
a
t
r
ole
do
c
o
m
fo
rt,
hab
i
t
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
abo
u
t
th
e
h
eati
ng
s
y
stem
p
l
a
y?”,
E
n
erg
y
an
d Buil
d
i
ngs 66
,
62
6–
63
6
,
ht
tp:/
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d
o
i.
org/10
.
1
016
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.
e
nb
u
i
ld
.
2
0
1
3
.
07
.
0
4
3
,
2
0
13.
[6]
Ts
ai-Hsian
g
Ch
en,
Nien-Ch
e
Y
ang
1
,
“
S
imp
l
i
f
ie
d
a
n
nu
a
l
e
ne
rg
y
lo
s
s
ev
aluat
i
o
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
bran
ch
c
i
r
cu
it
s
of
a
h
om
e
or building”
,
E
n
er
gy a
n
d
Buil
d
i
ngs
42
,
2
28
1–
2288,
doi:
1
0
.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d.
2
0
1
0
.
0
7.0
0
8
,
2
010
.
[7]
S.
L.
W
o
n
g
,
K
ev
in
K
.
W
.
W
a
n
,
D
an
ny
H
.W
.
L
i
,
J
o
sep
h
C
.
Lam,
“
Imp
a
c
t
of
c
l
i
mate
c
hange
on
r
esi
d
ent
i
al
b
u
ilding
env
e
lo
pe
c
ool
in
g
lo
ads
in
s
u
b
t
r
o
p
i
cal
c
lim
ates”,
E
n
ergy and Buildings
42
,
20
98
–2
103
,
do
i:
10.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
6
.
0
2
1
,
2
01
0.
[8]
Nel
s
on
F
um
o,
P
edro
M
ago,
R
ogel
i
o
Lu
ck,
“M
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
estim
a
t
e
b
u
ild
ing
e
n
e
r
gy
c
on
su
mp
ti
on
u
sing
E
n
e
rgy
P
l
u
s
Ben
chm
a
rk M
o
d
el
s”
,
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
i
l
d
i
ng
s
42
,
2
3
3
1
–
233
7,
do
i
:
10.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
7
.
0
2
7
,
2
01
0.
[9]
Sh
u
Ha
iwe
n
a
,
D
u
a
nmu
L
i
n
a
,
Li
X
ia
ng
l
i
a
,
Z
hu
Y
i
n
g
x
in
b,
“
Qua
s
i-
d
y
n
am
ic
e
n
e
rgy-s
a
vi
ng
j
ud
g
m
en
t
of
e
l
ectri
c-d
r
iv
e
n
seaw
ater
s
ou
rce
heat
p
u
m
p
d
i
stri
ct
h
eati
ng
s
y
ste
m
o
ver
b
o
iler
h
o
u
se
d
istr
i
c
t
heating
system”,
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
d
B
u
il
d
i
ngs
42
,
24
24
–2
430
,
doi
:10.
1
016
/j.
e
nb
ui
ld.
2
0
1
0
.
08.
01
2
,
2
0
10.
[10]
Eu
la
l
i
a
Jadraq
ue
G
ag
o,
J
av
ier
Ord
ó
˜nez
Garcí
a
,
Ant
onio
Esp
í
n
Es
trella,
“
D
ev
elopm
ent
o
f
a
n
ene
r
gy
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
resi
dent
ia
l
sector:
Elect
ricity
c
on
sum
p
ti
on
i
n
An
da
lu
si
a,
S
pai
n
”,
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
i
l
d
i
ng
s 4
3
,
13
15
–1
32
1
,
do
i:
10.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
6
,
2
01
1.
[11]
11
M
onica D
u
t
t
a
,
S
aptars
hi
M
ukherj
ee,
“
An outloo
k
i
n
t
o
energy
c
on
su
m
p
tion i
n
l
arge s
cale i
n
d
u
stri
es
i
n
In
di
a
:
T
he
cases
of
s
t
eel, a
lum
i
nium
and
cem
ent”,
En
ergy Po
licy 3
8
,
7
2
8
6
–7298
,
d
o
i
:10.
1
016/j.
enp
o
l.
20
10
.
07.0
56,
2
0
1
0
.
[12]
12
C
rai
g
R
.
L
a
u,
J
o
e
l
T.
S
tro
m
gren,
D
a
niel
J
.
Green,
“
A
irpo
rt
E
nergy
Effi
c
i
en
cy
a
nd
Cos
t
R
edu
c
tio
n
,
A
S
ynth
e
sis
of
A
i
r
po
rt
P
ractice”,
T
rans
po
rtation
Res
earch
B
o
a
rd
o
f
t
h
e
Nati
onal
A
cadem
ies
.
F
ederal
A
vi
atio
n
A
d
ministrat
i
on,
Tran
spo
r
ta
t
i
o
n
Re
se
a
r
c
h
Bo
ard
Wash
i
ng
to
n
,
D
.
C
.,
h
tt
p
:
//
www.ai
r
p
or
t
-
energy
.o
rg/A
CRP
-
r
e
p
o
rt
s/ACRP
021-
irpo
rt_
E
ne
rg
y_
E
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
_
a
nd
_Co
s
t_
Re
du
c
tio
n.p
d
f
,
20
10
.
[13]
13
T
.
Ram
e
sha,
R
av
i
P
r
akash
a
,
K.K.
S
hu
k
l
a,
“
Lif
e
c
ycl
e
e
n
e
rgy
a
na
ly
sis
o
f
b
ui
ld
in
gs:
An
overv
iew
”
,
E
n
er
gy an
d
Bui
l
d
i
ngs 42,
1
5
9
2–
160
0,
doi:
1
0
.
10
16/
j.
enbu
il
d.
201
0.
0
5
.
0
07
,
2
010.
[14]
1
4
A
r
t
h
u
r
H
.
R
o
s
e
n
f
e
l
d
,
“
N
o
t
e
s
o
n
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
u
e
l
u
s
e
:
T
h
e
r
m
o
s
tat
an
d
w
i
nd
ow
m
anagem
en
t”,
Ener
gy an
d b
u
i
l
ding
,
Vo
lume
1
,
Is
su
e 1,
P
ages
9
9
-
101.
h
tt
ps:/
/doi.
o
rg
/
1
0
.
10
16
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378
-7
7
8
8
(7
7
)
90
02
0-2
,
M
a
y
1
97
7.
[15]
15
S
am
H
.
S
c
hurr,
“
E
n
erg
y
E
ff
ici
e
ncy
an
d
P
r
od
u
c
ti
ve
E
ffici
ency
:
S
om
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
b
ased
o
n
Am
eri
c
a
n
e
x
p
eri
e
nc
e”
.
T
h
e E
n
er
gy Jo
ur
n
a
l
,
Vo
l
.
3
,
N
o
.
3
,
pp.
3-
14, ,
Ju
l
y
1982. htt
p
://ww
w
.js
t
or.org/sta
b
l
e/
413
22
14
3
[16]
16
C
h
a
rles
A
.
G
old
m
an
,
Os
bo
rn
,
Ju
li
e
G,
H
o
pper,
N
ico
l
e
C,
S
i
n
g
e
r
,
Terry
E
,
“Mark
e
t
tren
ds
i
n
the
US
E
SC
O
indu
stry:
Resu
lt
f
r
om
t
h
e
N
A
E
S
C
O
dat
a
bas
e
P
roj
ects”,
U
S
D
ep
artm
ent
o
f
E
n
e
rgy,
O
f
fice of Sci
e
ntifi
c
a
n
d
T
echn
i
ca
l
Inf
o
rma
tion
,
DOI:
1
0
.
2
1
7
2
/7
99
5
7
6,
2
01
2.
[17]
17
C
arlo
s
Alb
e
rto
Mari
ot
oni,
P
aulo
R
ob
erto
S
antos,
“
Ho
useh
ol
d-e
lectric eq
ui
pm
ent d
i
ff
usio
n an
d t
h
e i
m
pact
s i
n
t
he
d
e
ma
nd
o
f
re
side
ntia
l
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
e
ne
rg
y
in
B
ra
z
il”
,
En
ergy and Buil
d
i
n
g
s
3
7
,
85
3–
8
5
7,
do
i:
10.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
1
.
0
0
4
,
2
00
5.
[18]
18
S
zy
mo
n
Og
o
n
ow
ski,
“
M
odelin
g
o
f
th
e
h
eati
n
g
s
y
stem
i
n
sm
a
l
l
b
uil
d
i
ng
f
o
r
c
o
ntro
l”,
En
e
r
gy
an
d
Bu
ildin
g
s
4
2
,
15
10
–15
16
,
d
o
i
:10
.
1
016
/j
.
e
nb
u
i
ld
.
2
0
1
0
.
03
.
0
2
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[19]
19
Z
hen
Li,
X
ia
o
-
H
u
a
Li
ub,
Z
ha
n
g
L
u
n
b
,
Y
i
J
i
a
n
gb
,
“
A
na
l
y
sis
on
th
e
i
d
eal
e
n
e
rgy
eff
i
ci
ency
o
f
d
e
hu
m
i
dif
i
catio
n
pro
cess
f
r
o
m
b
u
i
l
d
i
ngs”,
Ener
gy
a
n
d
Buil
d
i
ngs 42
,
2
01
4–
20
20,
d
o
i
:
10.
10
16
/j.
enb
u
il
d
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
6
.
008,
2
01
0.
[20]
20
K
a
tie
L
i
ndg
ren
S
o
roy,
L
ars
J.
N
ilss
on,
“
Build
i
n
g
a
busine
s
s
t
o
c
lo
s
e
t
he
e
fficie
n
cy
g
ap:
T
h
e
S
w
e
d
ish
ESC
O
Exper
i
ence”
,
E
n
er
gy Ef
ficienc
y
,
V
o
l
um
e
3,
I
ssu
e
3,
p
p
23
7–256
,
S
e
ptember 2
0
1
0
.
[21]
21
En
e
rgetica Ind
i
a, “
Energ
y
Effi
ci
ency
i
n Ind
i
a
:
P
AT
S
chem
e –
Th
ey w
ay f
o
r
wa
rd”,
En
e
r
g
e
tic
a I
n
dia,
2
01
4.
[22]
22
I
nsti
tu
t
e
f
or
E
urop
ean
E
nviron
m
ent
a
l
P
o
licy
(IEEP
)
,
“Rev
iew
o
f
c
osts
a
nd
benef
i
ts
o
f
energ
y
s
av
i
ngs:
T
a
sk
1
Repo
rt
‘
E
n
ergy
S
avi
n
g
20
30
’”
,
h
t
t
p:/
/
w
w
w.
europ
eanen
viro
nm
en
talp
olicy.eu
, I
E
E
,
P
20
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3
.
[23]
23
B
is
was
B,
S
.
M
u
kh
erj
ee,
A
.
Gho
s
h
,
“
Co
nserv
a
ti
on
o
f
En
ergy:
a
C
ase
S
t
ud
y
on
En
ergy
Con
s
ervat
i
o
n
i
n
Cam
p
u
s
Li
ghtin
g
i
n
a
n
In
s
t
i
t
utio
n”,
In
ternat
io
nal Jou
r
nal
o
f
M
o
d
ern
Engineeri
ng R
e
sear
ch (
I
JMER)
,
Vol
.
3,
I
ssu
e
.4,
pp
-19
3
9
-
19
41
,
I
SS
N:
2
2
4
9
-
66
45.
h
t
t
p:/
/
ww
w.i
j
m
e
r.
co
m/papers/
V
o
l
3
_
Iss
u
e4
/
A
N
34
19
39
19
4
1
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pdf
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J
ul
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A
ug.
2
01
3
[24]
24
M
o
hd
H
a
fiz
a
l
Is
hak
,
I
b
r
ahim
S
i
p
an
,
Ma
i
m
un
ah
S
apri
,
A
b
d
u
l
H
a
m
id
M
ar
I
man,
D
avid
M
art
i
n,
“
Esti
mat
i
ng
po
ten
t
i
a
l
saving
w
ith
e
n
e
rgy
co
ns
um
ptio
n
beh
a
vi
o
r
m
od
el
i
n
h
i
gh
e
r
e
du
c
a
t
io
n
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
io
n
s
”
,
Su
st
a
i
na
b
l
e
E
n
viron
m
en
t
Research
,
1
-
6,
h
t
t
p:/
/
dx.
d
o
i.
org/1
0
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1
016
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20
1
6
.
0
4
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01
7,
2
0
1
6
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[25]
25
L
i
n
d
a
S
teg
,
C
harl
e
s
V
l
e
k,
“
Enco
urag
ing
pro
-
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
b
e
h
avi
o
u
r
:
A
n
i
n
t
egrati
ve
r
ev
iew
and
res
earch
agen
da
”,
Jo
ur
nal
of E
n
viron
m
en
ta
l P
s
ycho
l
o
g
y
29
,
30
9–3
17
,
d
o
i
:
10
.
1
016
/j
.jen
vp
.20
0
8
.
10
.
0
0
4
,
2009.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
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0
1
9
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50
4 –
51
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51
2
[26]
2
6
Bu
r
eau o
f E
n
ergy
Eff
iciency
,
“
P
e
rf
or
m, Ach
ieve & Trade (PA
T
)
”
,
h
tt
p
s
:/
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e
e
i
nd
ia
.
g
ov
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27
N
at
hali
e
Trudeau,
Cecili
a
Ta
m
Dag
m
ar
G
raczyk
,
P
eter
T
aylor,
“
E
ne
rg
y
Tra
n
si
tion
f
or
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y:
I
nd
ia
a
nd
t
h
e
Glo
b
a
l
c
on
te
xt”
,
Int
e
rnati
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n
a
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1
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[28]
28
M
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.
Bala
S
ubrah
m
a
ny
a,
“
Indu
stry
f
eat
ures
a
n
d
e
nergy
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
in
I
ndian
s
m
a
ll
e
n
t
erpri
s
es
-
A
case
st
ud
y
o
f
aut
o
a
n
c
il
laries
a
n
d
b
rick
m
akers”,
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
of
E
n
ergy S
ector
M
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e
nt
,
V
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l
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1
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
-
1
7
4
,
DO
I
10.
11
08
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7
5
0
6
2
2
0
7
1
076
15
73
,
2
0
0
7
.
[29]
29
L
u
k
as
W
eber,
“
S
o
m
e
r
eflections
on
barriers
to
th
e
e
ff
ic
i
e
n
t
use
of Ene
rg
y”
,
E
l
se
vie
r
,
E
n
er
gy P
o
li
cy,
V
o
l
. 2
5
,
N
o
.
10
,
p
p.
8
33
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5
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P
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1
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08
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1997
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30
C
li
ve
S
eligman
Jo
hn,
M
.
Darley
L
awrence
J
.
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“
B
eh
avio
ra
l
ap
pro
a
c
h
es
t
o
res
i
d
e
nti
a
l
en
ergy
c
ons
ervat
i
on
”,
En
ergy an
d
Bu
il
d
i
ng
,
V
o
l
u
me
1
,
Iss
u
e
3,
P
ages
3
2
5
-3
3
7
.
htt
p
s://doi.
o
rg/
1
0
.
10
16/0
3
7
8
-
77
88
(78)9
0
0
1
2
-
9,
Ap
ril
19
78.
[31]
31
J
oh
n
F.
B
u
s
c
h
,
“
A
t
ale
o
f
t
wo
p
o
pul
a
t
i
ons:
t
h
erm
a
l
co
m
f
ort
i
n
a
i
r-c
on
di
tio
ne
d
a
n
d
na
tura
lly
v
e
n
ti
la
te
d
o
f
fic
e
in
Th
ail
a
nd”,
E
n
e
r
gy an
d
B
u
il
d
i
ng
,
Vo
lum
e
1
8
,
I
ssue
s
3
–4
,
Pa
ge
s
2
3
5
-
24
9.
h
ttp
s
:
//do
i
.o
r
g
/10
.
10
16
/0
37
8-
77
88
(92)9
0
0
1
6
-
A,
1
99
2
.
[32]
3
2
S
a
n
ja
y
J
B
h
a
y
a
n
i,
“
D
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
o
f
P
r
o
f
i
t
a
bi
li
ty
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
n
c
e
men
t
I
n
dustry:
A
n
Eco
nomi
c
A
n
a
lysi
s”,
S
outh Asia
n
J
o
urna
l o
f
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
http
s://w
w
w
.
qu
estia.
c
o
m
/li
b
ra
ry
/j
ourn
a
l/
1
P
3-2
2
8
1
9
39121
/d
eterm
i
n
a
n
t-
o
f
-
p
r
o
fi
ta
b
i
l
i
ty
-
i
n
-
in
di
an-cem
ent
-
in
dus
try
,
2
009
.
[33]
33
W
o
r
ld
E
nergy
Co
uncil,
“
Cas
e
S
tu
di
e
s
on
En
ergy
E
ffici
ency
P
o
l
i
c
y
an
d
M
easu
r
e”,
En
erg
y
Efficiency P
o
li
c
i
es
and
Indicators –
A
N
N
E
X 1,
20
08
.
[34]
34
Jag
Sin
gh, “Wh
y Energ
y
Effici
en
cy
M
atters
and
Ho
w
t
o Scale i
t Up”,
Li
ve Wire
,
W
orl
d
B
an
k g
r
ou
p,
2
01
6.
[35]
35
C
h
a
rles
A
G
o
l
dm
an
,
Nicole
C
H
o
pper,
J
ulie
G
O
s
b
o
r
n,
“
Revi
e
w
of
U
S
E
S
CO
I
nd
ust
r
y
m
a
rket
t
rend
s:
a
n
emp
i
ri
cal
anal
ys
is
o
f
pro
j
ect
d
at
a”,
S
cience
Di
rec
t
,
Energy Pol
i
cy
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
33,
I
ssue
3,
P
ages
3
87
-40
5
,
ht
tps://d
o
i.
org/10.
1
0
1
6
/j.
en
pol.
200
3.
0
8
.
0
08
,
,
Fe
b
r
uary
2
0
0
5
.
[36]
36
P
eter
H
.
Larsen,
Charles
A
.
Go
ld
man
,
A
nd
rew
S
a
t
c
hw
e,
“
E
volut
i
o
n
o
f
the
US
e
nergy
s
e
rvice
c
o
m
p
an
y
in
dustry:
M
a
rket
s
ize
an
d
p
r
oject
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
f
r
om
1
9
90
–
2
0
0
8
”,
S
cien
ce
Di
rect,
E
n
erg
y
Po
li
cy
,
Vo
lume
50,
P
ag
es
8
02
-82
0
.
ht
tps://d
o
i.
org/10.
1
0
1
6
/j.
en
pol.
201
2.
0
8
.
0
35
,
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
01
2.
[37]
37
A
lm
eid
a
,
E.
L
.,
“En
e
rgy
e
f
f
i
ci
ency
a
nd
t
he
l
im
its
o
f
m
a
rket
fo
rce
s
:
Th
e
examp
l
e
o
f
t
he
e
lect
ric
m
o
to
r
m
a
rket
i
n
F
r
ance”,
En
e
r
g
y
Po
l
i
c
y
, 26
,
8
, 64
3
–
6
5
3
, IS
S
N
03
01
-42
1
5
, 19
9
8
.
[38]
38
H
i
r
st,
E
.
,
Bro
w
n
,
M
.
A
,
“
Cl
osing
t
h
e
effi
ciency
g
ap:
barrier
s
to
t
he
e
ffi
cient
u
s
e
of
e
nerg
y”,
Re
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
Con
s
erva
ti
on and R
ecyclin
g
3
,
4
, 2
67
-2
81
,
I
SS
N
0
9
21-3
4
4
9
,
199
0.
[39]
39
Leen
a S
r
iv
as
tav
a
, “
E
n
ergy
Co
n
serv
atio
n Po
li
c
y
i
n
Indi
a”,
TER
I
,
[40]
4
0
P
a
t
r
i
k
Th
o
l
la
n
d
e
r
,
Je
nn
y
Pa
l
m
,
Pa
trik
R
oh
d
i
n,
“
Ca
te
go
riz
i
ng
Barri
ers
t
o
E
nerg
y
Effici
ency:
An
I
n
t
erd
i
s
c
ip
l
i
n
a
ry
P
e
rsp
ectiv
e”,
E
n
erg
y
Effi
cien
cy
.
[41]
41
E
.A.
Abd
e
lazi
z,
R
. Sai
du
r,
S
.
M
e
khi
le
f
,
“
A
rev
i
ew
o
n
energ
y
savi
ng
s
trateg
ies
in
i
ndu
st
ria
l
s
ect
or”,
15 15
0–
16
8
,
do
i:
10.
10
16/j.
rse
r
.
2
010
.
0
9.
0
03,
2
0
1
1
.
[42]
42
J
en
ny
P
alm
,
“
Pl
acin
g
b
arrie
r
s
to
i
n
dustri
a
l
e
n
ergy
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
y
in
a
s
ocial
c
o
ntext:
a
discussi
on
o
f
l
i
festyle
categ
orizat
io
n”, S
p
rin
g
er,
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
fici
e
n
cy,
2
:
263-2
7
0
,
DOI
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
12
05
3-009-9
0
4
2
-1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[43]
43
An
d
rew S
a
tchw
ell, Ch
a
rl
es
G
ol
dm
an
, P
eter Larsen
, Do
n
al
d
Gil
l
i
g
an
, Terry
S
inger, “
A
S
u
rv
ey
o
f t
h
e U.S. ES
C
O
In
du
stry
: Ma
rk
e
t
Grow
t
h
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
from
2
00
8 to
2
01
1”
, h
tt
ps://
e
scho
lars
hip.
o
r
g/u
c
/item/
2114b
1b
x,
201
4.
[44]
44
M
arv
i
n
J.
H
orowitz,
“Electri
c
i
t
y
I
n
t
ensity
i
n
the
Com
m
e
rcial
S
ect
or:
M
a
rket
a
nd
P
u
bli
c
P
ro
gram
E
ff
ect
s”,
Th
e
En
ergy Jour
na
l
,
V
o
l
.
2
5
,
N
o.
2
,
p
p
.
1
15
-1
37
,
htt
p
://w
ww.
jsto
r.
org/s
t
ab
le
/4
13
2
3
034,
2
00
4.
[45]
4
5
R
o
n
a
l
d
J
.
S
u
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
,
"
N
o
C
o
s
t
E
f
fo
r
t
s
to
R
e
d
u
c
e
C
a
r
b
o
n
Em
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
.S
.
:
An
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
”
,
Th
e
En
ergy Jour
na
l,
Vol.
21
, No
. 3
,
p
p
. 89
-
1
1
2
, h
t
t
p
:
/
/
www.
jst
o
r
.
org
/
stab
le/
4
13
22
8
9
2
,
2
00
0.
[46]
46
D
avid
S
.
L
oughran
,
Jon
a
th
an
K
u
l
i
c
k
,
“
De
m
a
nd
-S
ide
M
a
nag
e
m
e
n
t
and
E
n
erg
y
E
ffici
ency
i
n
the
Un
it
ed
S
ta
t
e
s”,
T
h
e E
n
er
gy Jo
ur
n
a
l
, V
o
l
.
25, N
o.
1
, pp
.
1
9-43
,
h
t
tp://www.jst
o
r
.
or
g/
s
t
abl
e
/413230
1
9
, 2
00
4.
[47]
47
N
ien-
Che
Y
a
nga,
T
sai-
H
s
i
a
ng
C
he
nb,
“
Assessm
ent
of
l
oss
f
acto
r
app
r
oach
t
o
energy
l
os
s
evalu
a
ti
on
f
o
r
bran
ch
circuits
o
r
feeders
of
a
d
we
lling
uni
t
or
bui
l
d
ing”,
Ene
r
gy
a
n
d
Bu
ild
in
gs 48
,
9
1–
96
,
do
i:
10.
10
16/j.
enbu
il
d
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
1
.
0
1
5
,
2
01
2.
[48]
48
Y
uriy
S
em
enovi
ch
U
s
ynin,
D
mitry
A
l
ex
a
n
dro
v
i
c
h
Sy
chev
,
Nik
i
t
a
V
a
d
imov
ic
h
Sa
vo
ste
e
n
ko
,
“
E
ne
rg
y
Sa
v
i
n
g
i
n
Pi
l
g
er
M
ill
Electri
c
Drives.
C
o
mpl
e
te
S
olut
i
on”,
In
tern
a
tio
na
l
Jour
na
l o
f
Po
wer El
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
D
r
i
ve
Sys
t
e
m
s
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
Vol. 8, N
o
.
4
, p
p
.
16
7
3
-
168
1,
Decem
b
e
r 2
0
1
7
.
[49]
4
9
M
d.
M
e
j
b
a
ul
H
a
q
ue
,
M
d
.
Ka
ma
l
Hos
s
a
i
n
,
M
d.
M
or
tuz
a
A
li
,
Md
.
R
a
f
i
qul
I
slam
S
heik
h,
“
M
i
cro
c
on
troller
bas
e
d
si
ngle
ph
ase
digital
prep
aid
en
er
gy
m
eter
f
or
i
m
p
rov
e
d
m
e
teri
ng
a
n
d
b
i
l
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
”
,
In
ter
nati
onal Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Po
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems (
I
JPED
S
)
,
V
o
l
. 1, N
o
. 2, p
p
.
1
3
9
-1
4
7
,
Decem
ber 201
1.
[50]
50
Z
ulhelmi,
Z
u
l
f
i
k
a
r,
A
g
u
s
M
u
l
y
adi
,
“
An
a
lt
ernat
i
ve
p
o
w
er
s
upp
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
”
,
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Power
Elect
ro
n
i
cs
an
d D
r
ive Systems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
V
o
l
.
9
,
N
o
.
3
,
pp.
1
33
8-1
3
4
8
,
S
e
pt
emb
e
r
20
18
.
[51]
51
A
m
a
n
d
a
H
a
lim
,
A
h
m
a
d F
udhol
i,
S
tep
h
en P
h
i
lli
p
s
K
a
maru
zza
man
S
o
p
ian
,
“
Rev
i
ew on
Opti
mis
e
d
Co
nfig
uration
of
H
y
b
ri
d
S
o
lar-P
V
Dies
el
S
yste
m
fo
r
Off
-
Gri
d
R
ural
E
l
ectrif
i
ca
ti
on”,
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
we
r
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
ve Sys
t
e
m
s
(
I
JPE
D
S),
V
o
l. 9
,
No
. 3
, p
p.
1
3
7
4
-1
38
0, Sep
temb
er 20
1
8
.
[52]
52
S
y
a
fii,
R
e
f
d
i
nal
Nazi
r,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
man
ce
an
d
e
n
ergy
s
a
v
in
g
analy
sis
o
f
g
rid
co
nn
ected
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c
in
W
est
S
u
m
a
tera”,
Int
e
r
n
ati
o
n
a
l
Jou
r
n
a
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectron
i
cs
an
d Dri
ve
Sys
t
em
s (IJPEDS)
,
Vo
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
34
8-1
354,
Decem
ber
201
6.
[53]
53
G
ail
S
.
B
rager
and
Ri
chard
J
.
d
e
D
ear,
“T
herm
a
l
a
d
a
pt
ion
in
t
he
b
ui
ld
i
n
g
envi
ronm
ent:
a
l
it
eratu
r
e
rev
i
ew
”,
Ener
gy
an
d B
u
i
l
ding
,
V
ol
um
e
2
7
,
I
s
s
u
e
1,
P
a
ges
83
-9
6
.
ht
t
ps://d
oi.
o
rg/10.
1
0
1
6
/S
037
8-778
8(9
7
)00
0
5
3
-4
,
F
ebru
ary
1
998
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy conser
vation
proj
ect fundi
ng
in comm
ercial building:
an expe
nditure... (
S
h
a
ik
h Samsher Ali)
51
3
[54]
54
S
a
tis
h
S
a
b
h
arwal
,
“
Les
s
ons
l
earned
i
n
I
m
p
lem
e
ntat
io
n
of
E
ner
g
y
E
ff
i
c
iency
P
o
l
i
c
i
es
i
n
Indi
a”,
BEE,
GOI
.
h
t
tp
s:/
/
be
e
i
nd
ia
.
g
ov
.in
/
[55]
55
Y
ig
zaw
G
.Yohan
i
s
,
J
ayan
ta
D
.
M
o
n
d
o
l
,
A
lan
W
r
ight
a
nd
B
rian
N
o
rton
,
“
R
eal-Lif
e
en
ergy
us
e
i
n
UK:
H
ow
occu
pan
c
y
and
dwel
li
ng
c
h
a
racte
r
isti
cs
a
ff
ect
dom
estic
e
nerg
y
u
se”.
En
ergy a
nd
Bui
l
din
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o
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e
4
0
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s
s
u
e
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,
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s
10
53
-105
9.
V
olu
m
e
40,
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ss
ue
6
,
2
0
0
8
,
P
ag
es
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053-10
59
,
2
008
.
[56]
56
Eu
r
op
ea
n
Busin
e
ss and
Tech
no
log
y
C
en
ter, “Energ
y
Effici
ency
in Ind
ia”. w
w
w
.ebt
c.eu
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
Sh
aik
h
S
ham
s
er
A
l
i
is
a
n
Ex
-In
d
i
an
N
av
al
A
rt
ificer
h
av
in
g
3
5
y
ears
h
a
nds
-on
ex
perien
c
e
i
n
e
n
ergy
c
o
ns
ervat
i
on
,
p
r
oj
ec
t
m
a
nag
e
m
e
nt,
op
eratio
n
s
a
nd
m
a
i
n
t
en
a
n
ce,
s
ales
a
nd
mark
eting
, m
anu
f
acturing
and
profi
t
cent
r
e
ope
rat
i
o
n
s.
H
e
has
work
ed
i
n
India,
t
he
U
K
an
d
t
h
e
M
i
d
d
le
E
as
t
i
n
M
arin
e,
O
i
l
a
nd
G
as,
Uti
l
iti
es
a
n
d
H
eav
y
F
a
bri
cati
ons
s
e
c
t
o
₹
He
i
s
a
BEE
Certif
ied
E
nerg
y
Au
dito
r
and
Energ
y
M
anag
er
,
PM
I
US
A
Cert
ified
Proj
ect
M
an
a
g
er
a
nd
P
ro
f
e
ssio
n
al
E
n
g
in
eer
f
rom
UK
c
ha
pte
r
.
P
r
e
s
e
n
tly
h
e
i
s
pu
r
s
ui
ng
h
is
Ph
D
in
e
n
e
rgy
co
nserv
a
ti
on
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
etroleum
a
nd
E
ne
rgy
St
ud
ies
at
D
ehradu
n.
H
e
has
work
ed
w
it
h
3
En
ergy
S
e
rv
ici
n
g
Com
p
an
ies
f
o
r
over
10
y
ears
in
I
nd
ia
a
n
d
a
b
r
oad
and
p
r
esen
tl
y
w
o
rki
n
g
a
s
a
f
reelan
ce
energy
c
on
serv
atio
n
co
ns
ultant
w
ith
3
co
m
p
ani
e
s
en
gag
e
d
in
e
nerg
y
co
ns
e
r
v
a
ti
on
b
u
s
in
ess
in
I
nd
i
a
.
Dr
R
uch
i
T
y
a
gi
i
s
a
s
e
lf
-i
n
s
p
i
red,
v
a
l
ue
d
ri
ven
and
s
o
ci
o
offi
c
ially
e
xtremel
y
w
e
l
l
adju
sted
i
nd
ividual
wit
h
1
3
y
ears
of teach
in
g
an
d t
r
aini
ng
e
xp
erience
of
P
ost
and
u
nd
e
r
grad
uate
s
tu
dents
at
d
iff
e
ren
t
r
epu
t
ed
institutes.
P
rese
ntl
y
,
she
is
a
n
A
ssoci
ate
Pro
f
esso
r
and
HOD
,
H
R
a
n
d
O
B
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
Pet
r
ol
eu
m
&
Energy
S
t
ud
ies,
D
e
h
rad
u
n
,
I
nd
ia.
Her
acad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
s
:
M
B
A
(
H
R
)
,
M
J
M
C
D
e
g
r
e
e
,
a
n
d
PhD
(Mna
gement
).
S
he
h
as
b
een
a
s
peaker
a
t
Nizhny
I
nstitute
o
f
Bu
s
i
ness
&
M
anag
em
ent,
V
ladimi
r
Uni
v
ersity,
P
u
shki
n
Stat
e
Univ
ersity,
K
o
zmin
is
k
y
U
niv
e
rsi
t
y,
H
e
rzenberg
S
t
a
te
P
ed
ago
g
ical
U
ni
v
e
rsi
t
y
a
n
d
M
o
s
c
o
w
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
(
D
e
p
tt
o
f
E
thics).
She
has
aut
h
or
ed
t
w
o
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
m
a
n
y
res
earch p
ap
ers
in
repu
t
ed
j
ou
rna
l
s.
Dr.
Ragi
n
i
i
s
currentl
y
w
orking
a
s
Assi
s
t
a
nt
P
rof
e
ss
or
a
t
Univ
e
rsity
o
f
P
e
troleum
and
En
ergy
St
ud
ies,
Dehrad
un
.
S
h
e ho
lds
a
Bach
elo
r
d
eg
ree
in
S
cien
ce,
M
BA
i
n
Human
Res
o
u
r
ce
and
P
hD
i
n
M
a
nag
e
m
e
nt.
Her
A
r
eas
o
f
interest
i
nc
l
u
de
t
ra
ining
and
develo
pm
ent
,
e
mp
lo
ye
e
eng
a
gem
e
nt
a
n
d
E
mo
tio
na
l
In
telli
gence.
S
h
e
h
as
t
o
her
credi
t
m
any
research
p
apers
p
ublis
hed
in
j
ourn
a
ls
o
f
natio
n
al
a
n
d
i
ntern
a
tio
n
al
rep
u
t
e
.
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