In
terna
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pow
e
r El
ectro
n
ics
a
nd Dri
v
e
Sy
s
t
em
(
IJ
PE
D
S
)
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
20,
pp.
487~
495
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.
11
591
/i
j
p
ed
s.
v1
1
.
i1.
pp4
87-
495
4
87
Jou
rn
al h
o
me
pa
g
e
:
htt
p
:
/
/ij
p
e
ds.
i
ae
sco
r
e.
com
Comparative study of metaheu
rist
ics methods appl
ied to sm
a
rt
grid network in Morocco
Ra
ch
i
d
Ha
b
a
c
hi, Ach
ra
f
T
o
u
i
l
,
A
b
d
el
la
h
Bo
ulal,
Ab
d
e
lk
a
b
i
r
Ch
a
rk
a
o
u
i
,
A
b
de
l
w
a
h
e
d
E
ch
ch
a
t
bi
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y o
f
E
n
g
ine
e
r
in
g, Ind
u
s
tr
ia
l Ma
na
g
e
me
nt a
nd
Inn
ov
a
t
io
n
,
Th
e F
aculty
o
f
Sc
i
e
nces
and
Tech
no
log
y
, Has
san
1st U
n
i
v
ersi
ty,
M
o
rocco
Ar
ticle
Info
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
t
i
c
l
e hi
sto
r
y:
Rec
e
i
ve
d
Ma
r
9,
201
9
R
e
v
i
sed
J
u
l
8
, 2
019
Acc
e
p
t
e
d
No
v
2
1
,
2
019
The
eco
nom
i
c
d
is
pat
c
h
pro
b
l
e
m
of
power
p
l
a
ys
a
v
ery
im
p
o
rt
ant
r
ole
in
t
he
e
x
p
l
o
ita
tio
n
of
e
le
c
t
ro
-e
ne
rg
y
syste
m
s
to
j
ud
ic
io
us
ly
d
istr
ib
ut
e
p
o
w
e
r
generat
e
d b
y
al
l
plan
ts.
T
h
e u
n
it co
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
p
ro
b
l
em
(U
C
P)
c
ons
ists
m
ainly
in
f
in
di
ng
th
e
mini
mum
co
st
s
c
h
edu
l
e
f
o
r
a
set
of
g
e
n
erato
r
s
by
s
w
i
t
c
hin
g
on
or
o
f
f
each
o
n
e
o
ver
a
gi
ven
tim
e
ho
rizo
n
to
m
eet
t
he
d
em
an
d
an
d
sat
i
sf
y
diff
eren
t
o
p
erat
ion
a
l
cons
trai
n
t
s,
T
his
research
a
rticl
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
r
o
w
search
a
l
gori
t
hm
(
CSA
)
a
s
a
l
o
cal
o
pt
imizer
o
f
Eagl
e
st
ra
tegy
(
ES)
to
s
olve
uni
t
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
p
robl
e
m
i
n
smart
gri
d
s
y
s
te
m
a
nd
eco
no
mi
c
d
i
s
p
atch
o
f
two
e
l
e
c
t
r
icity
n
et
works
:
a
t
esting
system
7
units
a
nd the
Moro
cc
an
n
etwo
rk..
The
resu
lt
s
o
b
t
a
in
ed
b
y
ES
-
CS
A
are
com
p
ared
w
it
h
vario
u
s
res
u
l
ts
o
btai
ned
in
t
he
literature.
Si
mu
lation
resul
t
s
show
t
hat
using
ES-CSA
c
a
n
le
a
d
t
o
fi
nd
in
g
st
ab
l
e
a
n
d
a
deq
u
ate
po
we
r
gen
e
rated
t
h
at
can
f
ulf
i
ll
th
e
n
e
ed
o
f
bo
th
the
civ
i
l
and in
d
u
s
t
ri
al areas
.
Key
w
o
rds:
Case
st
udy
Crow
s
ear
ch a
lg
or
i
t
hm
(CS
A)
Ec
o
nomic
d
isp
a
t
c
h
pr
ob
lem
,
Ega
l
e
str
a
te
gy
Sm
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
te
m,
U
n
i
t
c
omm
itme
n
t
pr
ob
lem
,
T
h
is
is an
op
en
a
ccess
ar
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
C
o
rres
pon
d
i
n
g
A
u
th
or:
Rac
hid
H
a
ba
ch
i,
La
b
o
r
a
tor
y
o
f
En
gi
nee
r
i
ng,
I
nd
ustr
ia
l
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
U
ni
ve
r
s
ity
H
assan
1
st
,
F
acult
y
o
f
S
c
ience
s
a
n
d
T
ec
hno
l
o
g
i
es,
P
O
Box
5
7
7
,
S
e
ttat,
M
or
occ
o
Em
ail
:
haba
c
h
i
r
ac
hid@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
INTRODUCTI
O
N
Mor
o
cc
o
is
a
c
ou
ntr
y
w
he
r
e
t
he
e
ner
g
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
take
s
a
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
i
m
por
t
a
n
ce
in
t
he
s
am
e
w
a
y
as
t
he
e
m
e
r
gin
g
o
nes.
T
he
e
vo
lu
t
i
o
n
of e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y d
e
m
a
nd i
s
d
ue to se
ver
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s.
T
he
e
vo
lu
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
p
op
u
l
ati
o
n,
incr
ease
s
t
he
dome
s
t
i
c
c
ons
um
pt
ion,
t
he
m
oder
n
iza
t
i
o
n
of
life
s
t
yl
es
a
nd
the
r
u
r
a
l
elec
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
s
o
a
cce
nt
u
a
te
t
he
d
e
p
e
n
dence
of
t
he
c
itize
n
s
in
t
he
ir
d
a
ily
l
i
f
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
al
n
e
t
w
o
rk.
M
o
re
o
v
er,
t
h
e
co
un
try
a
g
r
e
e
s
a
nd
k
n
o
w
s
t
he
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
ge
s
tr
o
n
g
d
em
and
a
t
t
he
i
n
d
u
str
i
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
.
D
ev
e
l
op
ment
p
l
a
n
s
a
nd
s
up
po
rt
i
ndu
st
ri
es
h
ave
b
een
l
au
n
c
he
d
and
h
a
v
e
g
en
e
r
at
e
d
f
o
r
eig
n
a
n
d
l
o
ca
l
i
nve
stm
e
n
t
i
n
m
a
ny
hea
v
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
in
te
ns
ive i
n
dus
tries.
The
awareness
of
t
hese
i
ssue
s
h
as
l
ed
t
o
str
a
t
e
g
i
c
in
ves
t
me
nt
a
nd
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
l
a
ws
t
hat
a
llo
w
a
n
d
su
ppo
r
t
th
e div
e
rsit
y of th
e
e
lectr
i
c
ity
sy
s
t
e
m in
Mo
r
o
c
co
. Pro
j
ects
la
unc
he
d a
t
t
he
n
at
i
ona
l
le
ve
l f
o
r
seve
r
a
l
ye
ar
s
an
d
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
r
en
ew
a
b
le
e
ner
g
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
an
e
n
e
r
gy
t
r
a
n
sit
i
on.
.
T
he
y
he
l
p
r
e
duce
the
de
pe
nde
nce
of
t
he
f
oss
il
f
u
e
l
s
ec
tor
on
hu
ge
f
luc
t
ua
ti
o
n
s
[
1
]
.
The
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
p
r
o
duce
d
i
n
Mor
o
cco
i
s
ma
in
ly
p
rod
u
ce
d
b
y
t
he
N
at
ion
a
l
Offi
ce
of
E
le
ct
ri
ci
t
y
a
nd
D
r
i
n
k
i
ng
Wa
t
e
r
and
t
h
r
e
e
o
t
her
i
nde
pe
n
d
e
n
t
elec
t
r
i
c
ity
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
r
s
[
2
]
:
t
he
w
in
d
p
o
w
e
r
pla
n
t
A
b
del
k
hale
k
Tor
r
es
(
TH
E
O
LI
A
50
M
W
)
,
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
Jor
f
La
sf
ar
(
JLE
C
2
0
2
0
M
W)
a
nd
b
a
s
i
c
e
l
ect
ri
ca
l
en
ergy
(
EET
380
M
W
)
.
M
or
occ
o
a
do
pte
d
its
w
it
h
c
o
r
r
espo
n
d
in
g
tar
g
e
t
s
fo
r
20
2
0
i
n
200
9
a
n
d
ren
e
wed
it
i
n
Pari
s
a
t
t
he
e
nd
o
f
20
1
5
w
i
t
h
t
a
r
g
e
ts
u
nt
il
20
3
0
.
The
na
ti
o
n
al
e
ne
r
g
y
s
t
r
a
te
gy
f
oc
u
se
s
o
n
f
o
u
r
m
ain
ob
jec
t
i
v
es
:
sec
u
r
i
ng
e
ner
g
y
sup
p
l
y,
c
on
t
r
o
l
l
i
ng
dem
a
n
d
e
ner
g
y,
g
ene
r
alize
ac
c
e
ss
t
o
e
ne
r
gy
for
all
segm
en
ts
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
io
n
a
t
af
fo
rd
a
b
l
e
and
c
o
m
p
e
titi
v
e
p
ric
e
s an
d
p
r
es
erv
e
t
h
e
envi
ron
m
e
n
t
[
3]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o.
1, Mar
202
0 :
487 –
49
5
48
8
S
m
art
gr
ids
a
r
e
a
se
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es,
co
nc
ep
ts
a
n
d
a
p
p
roac
hes,
a
l
l
o
w
in
g
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
gene
ra
ti
o
n
,
t
r
ansmiss
i
on,
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
ion
a
nd
u
s
e
i
n
t
o
one
i
nt
er
ne
t
b
y
f
ul
l
u
s
e
of
c
om
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
ons
t
ec
hn
ol
o
g
y
,
adva
nc
e
d
s
e
n
so
r
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
tec
h
no
log
y
,
com
p
ute
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
y,
i
n
for
m
a
tio
n
te
ch
n
o
l
ogy,
c
ontr
o
l
tech
n
o
l
o
gy,
n
e
w
e
nergy
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
i
e
s
[
4].
H
o
w
e
ver,
S
mart
G
r
i
d
u
s
e
s
d
ig
it
a
l
t
e
c
hno
logy
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
g
r
i
d
a
nd
cho
o
s
i
ng
t
h
e b
e
st
m
o
d
e of
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
tri
b
u
t
i
o
n to
r
e
duce
ene
r
gy
c
on
sum
p
t
i
on,
r
ed
uce
c
o
st
s,
i
ncre
ase
re
li
abi
l
ity
and a
l
s
o
i
ncre
ase trans
p
ar
enc
y
i
n
t
h
e ne
tw
or
k. Ther
e
for
e
, the s
ys
tem
i
n
te
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
w
i
l
l
ha
v
e
a
sig
n
ifi
c
an
t im
pact
in
t
he
f
ie
ld
s
of
f
ina
n
ce
a
n
d
e
c
onom
ics
o
f
t
h
e
pow
e
r
i
n
dust
r
y
[5
]
.
A
lth
ou
gh,
t
he
t
rad
i
tio
n
a
l
ne
t
w
ork
is
a
one-
w
a
y
ne
tw
or
k
i
n
w
h
i
ch
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
ene
r
g
y
prod
uce
d
i
n
pow
er
p
l
a
n
ts
i
s
c
h
an
ne
le
d
t
o
c
ons
um
ers
w
ith
out
in
form
ation
t
o
cr
eate
an
a
ut
o
m
a
t
ed a
nd d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
ne
tw
ork of a
dva
nced
pow
er
s
up
p
l
ie
s
.
The
un
i
t
c
omm
itme
n
t
pr
ob
l
e
m
pl
a
y
s
a
s
i
g
n
if
i
c
an
t
ro
le
i
n
op
t
i
m
i
z
in
g
t
h
e
cos
t
o
f
ge
ner
a
tin
g
e
l
ec
tr
ical
pow
er
b
y
p
l
a
n
nin
g
p
rod
u
c
t
i
o
n
u
n
i
ts
b
a
s
ed
on
the
a
l
loc
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
c
ost
o
f
e
a
c
h
un
it
an
d
t
h
e
act
ual
ou
tpu
t
pow
er
[
6].
They
i
nv
o
l
ves
sc
he
d
u
l
i
ng
t
he
o
n
/
o
ff
s
t
a
t
es
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
n
g
u
n
i
t
s
to
m
in
i
m
iz
e
the
o
p
era
tin
g
c
o
s
t
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
t
i
m
e
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
d
u
n
i
t
s
m
u
s
t
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
sy
st
ems
f
o
re-ca
s
t
e
d
d
e
ma
nd
a
n
d
s
p
i
nn
i
ng
rese
rve
requir
e
me
nt
a
t
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
opera
t
i
n
g
c
os
t,
s
u
b
jec
t
t
o
a
la
r
ge
s
e
t
o
f
ope
rat
i
ng
con
s
tra
i
n
t
s.
T
h
e
U
C
pro
b
lem
,
one
o
f
t
h
e
mos
t
i
mpor
t
a
n
t
t
a
s
k
s
i
n
sh
ort-te
rm
opera
tio
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
ng
of
m
oder
n
pow
er
s
ys
tem
s
,
ha
s
a
sign
ifica
n
t
i
n
fl
uence
o
n
t
he
s
ecur
e
a
n
d
e
con
o
mic
oper
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
ow
e
r
s
ys
tem
s
[
7]
.
O
p
tim
al
c
om
m
i
t
m
en
t
sche
du
l
i
n
g
c
a
n
no
t
on
l
y
s
ave
m
illi
on
s
o
f
d
o
l
l
a
rs
f
or
p
ow
er
c
om
pa
n
i
es
;
it
a
lso
e
n
s
u
re
s
sys
t
em
r
eliab
i
l
i
ty
b
y
ma
int
a
in
in
g t
h
e
proper
spi
n
ning
reser
v
e.
The
pr
ob
l
e
m
o
f
e
co
nom
ic
d
i
s
pa
t
c
h
i
n
g
i
s
al
so
a
p
p
l
ie
d
in
t
h
e
i
nte
grate
d
p
l
a
nn
i
ng
sys
t
em
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ical
ene
r
g
y
pro
d
u
c
tio
n de
v
i
c
e
s. S
om
e me
thods ha
v
e bee
n
pu
b
l
i
s
he
d t
o
solv
e
the
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
of
eco
no
mi
c
d
i
sp
a
t
chi
ng
and
the
o
p
tim
a
l
p
ower
f
low.
R
ese
a
rc
hers
h
ave
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
ed
s
ome
m
e
t
ho
ds
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
ED
P
a
nd
O
P
F
problem
s.
The
d
i
rec
t
m
eth
o
d
i
s
prec
ise
a
nd
ve
ry
s
im
ple
b
u
t
l
imit
ed
b
y
t
h
e
q
ua
dr
at
ic
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
fu
nct
i
on
[
8]
.
The
ec
on
o
m
ic
d
is
pa
tch
prob
lem
(ED
P
)
i
s
one
o
f
the
pow
e
r
m
a
n
agem
en
t
t
o
o
l
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
r
e
a
l
pow
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
of
t
her
m
a
l
g
e
n
era
t
i
ng
un
i
t
s
t
o
m
ee
t
r
e
quired
loa
d
d
e
mand
.
Th
e
e
c
ono
mi
c
d
i
sp
at
ch
p
roble
m
o
f
pow
er
p
la
ys
a
v
ery
im
p
o
rta
n
t
role
i
n
the
exp
l
oi
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
ele
c
t
r
o-e
n
erg
y
s
ys
tem
s
t
o
j
udic
i
o
u
s
l
y
d
i
st
rib
u
t
e
pow
er
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
b
y
a
l
l
p
l
an
t
s
[
9].
The
ED
P
r
e
sult
s
in
m
i
n
i
m
um
f
ue
l
ge
n
e
rati
on
c
o
st,
m
i
nim
u
m
tra
n
smi
ssio
n
pow
er
loss
w
h
i
l
e
sat
i
sfy
i
n
g
al
l
uni
ts,
a
s
w
ell a
s
system
cons
tr
a
i
nts,[
10-
11].
The
grow
i
n
g
d
e
vel
o
pme
n
t
of
i
nf
orm
a
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
put
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s,
pow
er
g
r
i
ds
s
ho
u
l
d
a
l
s
o
evo
l
ve
i
n
de
p
t
h.
T
oda
y,
a
s
u
b
sta
n
tial
m
o
ve
m
e
nt
h
as
b
e
g
un
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
industry
a
round
the
w
o
rld.
S
i
n
ce
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
re
at
ion
o
f
i
nt
e
lli
ge
nt
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,
i
t
is
p
oss
i
ble
to
acc
ess
the
in
t
e
rna
l
n
e
t
w
o
rk
f
r
o
m
exter
n
al
s
pac
e
s
,
i
t
i
s
also
n
ece
ssary
t
o
pro
t
e
c
t
the
da
ta
a
ga
in
st
una
ut
h
o
rize
d
ac
cess
a
nd
in
form
ati
o
n.
Th
e
r
efo
r
e, a
fi
r
e
w
al
l
mu
st
b
e u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
nf
o
r
mat
i
on
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
.
The
f
i
r
e
w
a
ll,
b
ase
d
o
n
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
s
ecur
i
t
y
r
eg
u
l
at
i
ons,
G
i
ve
n
the
d
is
c
u
ssions
o
n
p
ass
i
ve
d
efense
t
opics
and
t
h
e
im
por
ta
nce
o
f
inf
orm
a
tio
n
secur
i
ty
i
n smart
grids
sys
t
e
m
s
. A
l
tho
u
gh the
fire
w
a
l
l
pla
ys a
m
ajor role i
n
esta
bl
ishi
n
g
se
c
uri
t
y, a
nd
i
ts
pro
pe
r ins
t
al
la
t
i
on,
w
e
m
u
s
t
a
l
s
o ta
ke
a
dva
n
t
age of o
the
r
s
e
c
uri
t
y
m
e
c
h
an
i
s
m
s
t
o
impro
v
e
t
h
e
se
curi
ty
o
f
t
h
e
S
m
art
G
r
id
s
ys
te
m
[12].
The
r
e
st
o
f
t
h
i
s
pap
e
r
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
iz
e
d
a
s
fol
l
o
w
s
.
S
e
ctio
n
2
prese
n
t
s
t
he
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
s
y
ste
m
I
n
m
o
roc
c
o,
S
ectio
n
3
c
o
nt
ain
s
t
he
p
ro
b
l
e
m
f
orm
u
l
a
ti
on
of
t
he
E
D
a
nd
U
C
P
.
S
e
ctio
n
4
br
iefly
pr
esen
ts
t
he
b
asics
o
f
E
S
a
nd
CS
A
.
S
ec
t
i
o
n
5
br
ief
l
y
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
he
cas
e
stu
d
y
.
S
e
cti
on
6
pro
v
i
d
es t
he
c
o
m
put
a
tio
na
l
resu
lts.
F
ina
l
ly,
Se
ctio
n
7 ou
t
l
i
n
e
s
the c
o
ncl
u
s
i
ons.
2.
S
M
AR
T
GR
ID
I
N
M
O
R
O
C
C
O
2.1.
R
e
g
u
l
ator
y
frame
w
or
ks
for
th
e
e
lec
t
ricity
s
ect
or
S
o
me
y
e
a
rs
a
fte
r
i
t
s
i
n
d
epe
n
d
e
nc
e,
M
or
oc
co
t
o
ok
t
h
e
dec
i
s
i
o
n
t
o
t
ak
e
on
i
t
s
o
w
n
a
c
c
oun
t
a
st
ra
t
e
gi
c
sect
or o
f t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
my suc
h a
s
s
ec
uri
t
y
.
Th
us
he
ove
rsaw
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izat
i
o
n
of t
he t
r
a
nsmi
s
s
i
o
n
an
d d
i
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
of
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
.
I
t
h
as,
how
e
v
er,
prom
oted
a
r
eg
ul
ator
y
fr
a
m
ew
ork
w
itho
u
t
w
hic
h
t
he
m
anage
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
i
s
s
ec
t
o
r
w
oul
d
be
i
mp
oss
i
ble
.
T
hrou
g
h
a
l
e
g
a
l
a
rse
n
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
f
orm
of
l
a
w
s,
d
ah
irs
and
offic
i
a
l
d
ec
ree
s
,
st
a
k
eh
o
l
ders
i
n
the
sec
t
or
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
efi
n
ed
b
y
s
p
ec
ifyi
n
g
t
h
ei
r
res
p
o
n
s
i
bil
itie
s,
t
he
ir
f
i
e
ld
s
of
i
nt
er
ve
nt
ion
and
the
i
r
re
spons
ib
i
l
i
t
i
es [13-
14].
I
ndee
d
,
by
D
a
hi
r
1-
63-2
2
6
o
f
A
u
g
u
st
5
,
19
63,
t
he
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
of
E
l
ectr
i
c
i
t
y
(
ONE)
was
cre
a
ted
in
J
a
n
ua
ry
o
f
the
sa
me
y
e
a
r
u
nder
t
h
e
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
ra
t
i
ve
s
u
p
ervi
si
o
n
o
f
t
he
M
inis
ter
of
P
ubl
ic
W
or
k
s
.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
t
he
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
sec
t
or
o
ve
r
t
h
e
ye
ars
t
h
is
d
a
h
i
r
h
as
b
e
e
n
c
om
p
l
e
t
e
d
a
nd
m
od
i
f
ie
d
by
t
he
d
e
c
re
es
a
n
d
dah
i
rs
o
f
the
y
ear
s
199
4,
2
0
0
2
,
20
06,
2
00
8,
2
0
1
5
,
20
16.
E
xce
p
t
t
h
e
re
st
r
i
c
tio
ns
o
f
artic
l
e
3
o
f
the
sam
e
d
ah
ir
and rene
w
a
ble ener
g
i
e
s
, ma
naged by law
1
3
-09,
t
he O
N
E
i
s
respon
si
bl
e
for
t
h
e
pu
bl
i
c
s
e
r
v
i
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
on
of
t
he
t
ra
nsmis
s
ion
a
n
d
the
d
i
stri
bu
t
i
o
n
o
f
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
ne
rg
y
[
15].
Law
N
°
48-1
5
,
a
ppear
e
d
o
n
Ju
l
y
7
,
201
6,
g
a
v
e
b
i
r
th
t
o
a
n
a
t
i
on
a
l
a
uth
o
ri
t
y
o
f
re
gul
at
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
s
ect
or
o
f
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
b
ea
rin
g
t
h
e
n
ame
ANR
E.
T
h
i
s
l
a
w
als
o
p
re
scribe
s
the
m
i
ssi
o
n
s
o
f
the
m
a
n
a
ger
o
f
t
he
n
ati
o
nal
e
l
e
ctri
cit
y
t
ra
nsm
i
ssi
on
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
nd
t
he
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
ne
tw
ork
oper
a
to
rs.
In
a
dd
i
tio
n
to
t
he
t
as
ks
a
ssign
e
d
t
o
it
by
Law
N
o
.
13-0
9
,
t
h
e
N
a
tio
na
l
Tra
n
sm
issio
n
S
ystem
O
p
e
r
at
or
c
a
rries
o
u
t
i
t
s
d
u
ties
in
a
c
c
orda
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
the
pro
v
i
si
o
n
s
o
f
t
his
law
a
nd
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Com
p
a
r
a
t
ive
study
o
f
m
e
tahe
u
r
i
s
tic
s m
e
thods
app
lied
… (
R
ac
hid
H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
48
9
c
l
a
u
ses
o
f
i
t
s
s
pec
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
a
ppr
ove
d
by
r
egu
l
at
i
on.
T
he
N
at
i
o
na
l
Tr
ansmiss
i
o
n
S
ystem
O
p
er
a
t
or
i
s
r
e
spo
n
sib
l
e
f
o
r
the
o
p
er
ati
on,
m
ainte
n
a
n
ce
a
nd
de
vel
o
pme
n
t
of
t
he
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
t
r
ansm
issi
o
n
s
ystem
a
nd,
w
her
e
a
p
p
lica
b
le,
for
its
i
n
t
e
r
co
nne
c
tio
ns
w
it
h
th
e
transm
is
si
o
n
ne
tw
or
ks
o
f
for
e
ig
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y,
h
e
is
r
e
spo
n
sib
l
e
f
o
r
[
16]
:
Mana
ge
t
he
f
l
o
w
o
f
e
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l
e
n
er
g
y
on
t
he
n
a
tio
na
l
t
r
ansm
i
s
s
i
on
g
r
i
d
,
T
o
e
n
sur
e
a
r
e
a
l-
time
ba
lanc
e
b
e
t
w
een
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
pa
c
ity
a
nd
c
ons
um
p
tio
n
nee
d
s,
by
m
a
ki
n
g
u
se
o
f
ava
ila
b
l
e
pr
odu
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
pac
i
ties
a
n
d
ta
ki
n
g
i
nt
o
ac
cou
n
t
e
xcha
n
g
e
s
w
ith
o
t
h
er
i
nter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
ne
t
w
or
ks;E
nsu
r
e
the
sa
fe
t
y
o
f
the
na
ti
ona
l
t
r
an
s
m
issi
on s
y
st
e
m
,
its stab
ili
t
y
,
relia
b
i
lit
y
and e
f
ficie
n
cy
.
Law
N
o
.
13-
0
9
o
n
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
ene
r
g
i
es,
pr
om
ul
ga
ted
b
y
t
he
D
a
h
ir
N
o
.
1
-10
-
1
6
of
2
6
Sa
fa
r
1431
(
F
ebr
u
ar
y 1
1
,
20
10)
p
u
b
l
i
she
d
in
t
h
e O
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
B
ulle
ti
n
N
o
.
58
2
2
o
f
the
1s
t
Ra
b
i
i
I
I
1
4
3
1
(
M
a
r
c
h
18,
2
0
10)
p
ut
e
n
d
t
o
t
he
m
o
n
o
pol
y
o
f
e
lec
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
on
b
y
t
h
e
na
ti
ona
l
o
f
f
i
ce
o
f
e
l
ec
tr
ici
t
y
and
dr
in
k
i
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g
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ater
a
t
lea
s
t
f
o
r
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
i
es
.
Thus,
b
y
t
h
i
s
law
the
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
ect
ri
c
e
n
e
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gy
f
ro
m
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
en
e
r
gy
sour
c
e
s
is
p
r
o
v
i
de
d
b
y
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he
O
N
E
,
c
oncur
r
e
n
tly
w
it
h
le
gal
e
n
ti
tie
s
o
f
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ub
l
i
c
or
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r
i
va
te
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a
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a
l
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n
a
c
c
o
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d
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e
w
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t
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h
e
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
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o
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t
h
i
s
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a
w
a
n
d
t
e
x
t
s
.
T
a
k
e
n
for
i
t
s
a
p
plic
a
t
i
o
n.
Tab
l
e
1
deta
i
l
s
t
h
e
l
a
w
s
a
nd
r
e
gu
lat
i
on
r
e
a
l
te
d
to
R
E
th
at
w
er
e
issued
s
i
n
ce
200
6
[
17]
.
T
a
b
l
e 1.
Moro
c
can
l
aws
An
ot
h
e
r
Mo
roc
c
a
n
i
n
iti
a
tiv
e
i
s
t
h
e
p
rog
r
am
o
f
ru
ral
electrifica
t
i
on
t
ha
t
sta
r
t
e
d
in
1
99
6.
A
t
tha
t
t
ime
,
the
rura
l
e
l
ec
tr
ifica
t
i
o
n
ra
te
w
as
11%
o
nly,
a
t
the
e
n
d
o
f
2
0
1
7
t
his
r
a
te
a
tta
i
n
e
d
99.
6
4
%
,
F
i
gur
e
1
pr
ese
n
ts
how
t
hi
s
r
a
te
k
ept
i
n
cr
eas
in
g
dur
in
g
the
s
e
la
st
y
e
a
r
s
[
1
8
]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
Ev
olu
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
r
u
r
al
e
lec
t
r
i
f
i
ca
tio
n
r
a
te
[
18]
2.
2.
M
oroc
can
elec
tric
i
t
y po
wer
i
n
du
stry
B
e
fo
re
t
he
1
99
0
’
s
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
f
a
c
e
d
s
ho
rt
ag
e
in
i
t
s
e
l
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
s
up
pl
y
a
nd
pa
r
t
o
f
the
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
ex
p
e
ri
e
n
ced
r
eg
ul
a
r
p
o
w
er
c
ut
s.
I
t
wa
s
th
e
n
i
mp
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
to
r
efo
r
m
the elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
sec
t
or
in
or
der
to
m
iti
ga
te
t
he
shor
tage
i
ss
ue.
I
nde
pen
d
e
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
Pr
oduc
er
s
(
I
P
P
s
)
w
e
r
e
a
ut
h
o
r
i
z
e
d
t
o
pr
i
v
a
t
e
l
y
ge
ne
r
a
te
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
w
hic
h
w
a
s
m
ono
p
o
li
z
e
d
by
O
N
E
E
be
f
o
r
e
.
Th
e
r
e
fo
rm
a
i
m
ed
a
t
redu
cing
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
ity
g
en
era
t
io
n
u
s
in
g
o
i
l
and
hy
dr
o
p
o
w
e
r
a
nd
sh
i
f
tin
g
som
e
o
f
i
t
t
o
coa
l
a
nd
nat
u
r
a
l
ga
s.
T
he
r
e
f
or
m
set
b
y
M
or
occ
o
d
id
n
o
t
c
o
v
e
r
onl
y
ge
ner
a
t
i
o
n
b
ut
i
t
w
a
s e
x
te
nde
d
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n.
The
pr
i
vat
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
str
i
bu
t
i
on
sec
t
or
h
el
ped
es
ta
bl
i
s
h
an
d
La
w
Nam
e
I
ssue
Da
te
M
a
i
n a
s
p
e
c
t
s
La
w
54-05
F
e
b
rua
r
y
2
006
All
o
ws
t
he
gov
e
r
nment
a
nd
the
l
o
ca
l
a
u
thoritie
s
to
d
e
l
e
g
a
t
e
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
of
e
l
e
ctric
i
t
y
s
upply
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
t
o
p
r
i
v
at
e
en
ti
t
e
s
La
w
13-
09
June
2010
T
hi
s
la
w
c
onc
e
r
n
e
d
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
n
e
r
gie
s
.
It
a
llowe
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
by
t
h
e
p
r
i
va
t
e
s
e
c
t
or
i
n
m
e
di
um
a
nd
high
volta
ge
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
on
ofe
l
e
c
t
r
ic
it
y
nee
d
e
d
t
o
fulfill
s
om
e
c
h
ar
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
p
aci
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
ge
n
e
ra
tion
of
t
he
f
a
r
m
;
a
d
ec
l
a
ra
t
i
on
is
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
f
the
fa
r
m
ca
p
a
c
ity
is
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
20kW
a
nd
2MW
a
nd
a
n
a
u
thoriza
tion
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
ca
p
a
c
i
t
y
i
s
e
qua
l
or
h
ighe
r
th
an
2
M
W
La
w
16-09
J
une
2010
t
his
la
w
is
publ
ishe
d
for
the
c
r
e
a
tion
of
t
he
N
a
t
ion
a
l
Ag
e
n
c
y
f
or
t
he
D
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
E
n
e
r
gy
a
nd
E
n
e
r
gy
E
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
(AD
E
R
E
E
)
.
T
his
insti
t
uti
on
wa
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
in
or
de
r
to
l
a
unc
h
sec
t
or
ia
l
pr
o
g
ram
s
a
l
l
ove
r
the
c
ountry
i
n
or
de
r
to
s
e
a
k
t
h
e
pote
n
tia
l
of
e
a
c
h
r
e
g
i
on
in
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
re
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gi
es
a
nd
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
s
o
th
a
t
n
e
w
s
ol
a
r
a
nd
wi
nd pr
oje
c
ts c
a
n
b
e
ins
t
a
l
l
e
d
in
or
de
r
t
oproduc
e
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
La
w
57-09
J
une
2010
C
once
r
n
e
d
the
c
r
ea
t
i
on
of
t
he
M
oroc
ca
n
A
g
e
n
c
y
f
or
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
rgy
(MASE
N
)
wit
h
t
he
s
pe
ci
fic
t
a
rge
t
t
o
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
nd
r
e
ac
h
th
e
sola
r
pl
a
n
La
w
47-
09
Ma
y
2012
D
e
s
c
r
ib
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
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cy
a
s
a
four
th
e
ne
r
g
y
a
f
t
e
r
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
els
,
r
en
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
n
u
cl
ear
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
The
l
a
w
a
l
so
e
m
pha
si
z
e
d
on
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i
m
port
a
nc
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of
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m
p
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e
a
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La
w
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A
m
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T
his
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a
llow
s
t
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e
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tion
of
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le
ctric
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t
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th
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low
volta
ge
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I
t
a
lso
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
t
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possi
bili
ty
o
f
s
e
lli
ng
e
x
ce
ss
of
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le
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
but the
p
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du
ce
r
c
a
n
not se
ll
m
o
r
e
tha
n
20%
of
t
he
ir
t
ota
l
a
nnu
al
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
V
ol
.
11,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
2020
:
487
–
49
5
49
0
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
distr
i
b
u
t
i
on
i
n
fr
a
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
.
A
t
t
he
t
r
a
nsm
i
ss
io
n
le
ve
l,
ONEE
still
ha
s
m
ono
p
o
l
y
.
As
f
or
g
e
n
e
ra
t
i
on
ONEE
c
o
nt
ribu
t
e
d
b
y
29
%
of
t
he
e
l
e
ct
ri
cit
y
g
en
e
r
a
t
ed
i
n
20
1
8
,
ma
i
n
l
y
f
r
o
m
hy
d
r
o,
t
her
m
a
l
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
I
P
P
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
T
A
Q
A
(
a
l
s
o
c
a
l
l
e
d
J
L
E
C
(
J
o
rf
Lasfar
E
ne
r
g
y
Compa
n
y)),
EET
(
T
ahad
da
r
t
E
le
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
)
,
C
E
D
(
w
in
d
Com
p
an
y
of
t
he
S
tr
a
i
ts)
,
TA
REC
(
T
a
r
fa
ya
E
ner
g
y
Com
p
a
n
y)
a
nd
MA
S
E
N
cont
r
i
b
u
te
d
b
y
a
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
6
0
%
.
The
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
7
%
o
f
e
ner
gy
w
e
r
e
i
mpor
t
e
d
fr
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ect
i
o
ns
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
S
p
a
in
a
nd
A
l
ge
r
i
a.
A
t
t
h
e
di
str
i
bu
t
i
on
l
e
v
e
l
,
O
N
EE
cover
s
4
5%
,
ano
t
her
42.
5%
i
s
c
over
e
d
b
y
d
i
f
fer
e
nt
pub
l
i
c
a
nd
pr
i
v
a
t
e
u
t
ili
tie
s.
T
he
r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g
1
2
.
5
8%
a
r
e
d
i
r
ect
c
us
to
me
r
s
.
F
i
gur
e
2
de
t
a
ils
the
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
M
or
o
c
ca
n
ele
c
tr
ical
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
i
n
201
8
[1
8
]
.
F
i
gur
e
2
.
S
upp
l
y
a
nd
dem
a
n
d
o
f
elec
tr
ic
ity
i
n
M
o
r
o
cc
o
i
n
2
0
1
8
3.
PROB
LEM
F
OR
MULAT
I
ON
The
pr
o
b
lem
of
u
ni
t
c
o
mm
it
m
e
nt
s
o
l
ve
d
ide
a
l
l
y
by
a
c
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
rehe
nsi
v
e
te
st
o
f
a
ll
t
h
e
so
lu
tio
ns
a
n
d
t
he
b
est
s
o
l
u
t
i
on
i
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
a
m
ong
t
hem
.
A
ll
p
o
ss
i
bl
e
un
i
t
s
p
rovi
ding
lo
a
d
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
r
e
qu
irem
ents
w
ou
ld
b
e
te
ste
d
a
n
d
w
ou
l
d
c
ho
ose
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
so
lu
t
i
o
n
tha
t
h
as
t
h
e
m
i
n
imum
ope
r
a
t
i
ng
c
o
st
[
1
9
]
,
T
he
o
u
t
pu
t
pow
er
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
duc
tio
n
u
n
its
w
ith
s
ys
tem
con
s
t
r
a
i
n
ts
o
ve
r
a
per
i
o
d
T
a
n
d
t
he
o
n
/
of
f
tim
es
a
t
e
a
c
h
s
t
e
p
r
e
qu
i
r
ed
f
or
t
he
u
n
i
t
e
n
gagem
e
nt
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.
Th
e
si
g
n
i
f
ican
t t
e
rm
o
f
the
o
p
er
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
o
f
a therm
a
l
un
i
t
i
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
pow
er
o
f
th
e
enga
ge
d
un
i
t
s
[
20]
,
the
cos
t
o
f
t
he
f
ue
l,
F
C
i
i
s
r
e
pr
e
s
en
t
e
d
i
n
a
qua
dr
at
ic
f
or
m
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
e
r
i
n
a
gi
ve
n
tim
e
inter
v
a
l
i
n
(
1
)
F
∑
F
P
∑
a
b
P
c
P
(
1
)
Whe
r
e
a,
b
,
c
ar
e
uni
t
c
o
st
c
oef
f
ic
ie
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
is
t
he
u
n
i
t
gene
rat
i
ng
powe
r
.
Th
e
ca
l
c
ul
a
tio
n
of
t
h
e
star
t
-
u
p
c
os
t
(
S
C)
d
e
p
en
ds
o
n
t
h
e
trea
t
m
e
n
t
s
t
rate
g
y
f
or
a
t
her
m
a
l
un
i
t
d
u
r
i
ng
dow
n
time
per
i
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
n
e
x
p
one
n
tia
l
c
o
st
c
ur
ve
s
how
n
in
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
2
)
is
its
r
e
p
r
e
se
nta
t
i
o
n
.
w
h
e
r
e
σ
,
δ
,
τ
i
s
t
h
e
h
o
t
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
c
o
s
t
,
t
h
e
c
o
ld
s
tar
t
upc
os
t
a
n
d
the
c
o
ol
i
n
g
t
i
me
u
n
i
t
c
ons
tan
t
a
nd
T
,
i
s
th
e
t
i
me
a
t
w
h
ic
h th
e
u
n
i
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
t
u
rne
d
o
ff
s
o
The
t
o
ta
l
pr
oduc
t
i
on
c
o
st,
F
is
t
he
s
um
o
f
the
oper
a
t
i
ng,
s
tar
t
u
p
a
n
d
shut
d
ow
n
c
o
sts
for
al
l
t
h
e
un
i
t
s
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
in
E
qua
tio
n
(
3
)
SCi =
σ
i
δ
i∗
1
e
x
p
(
2
)
F
∑∑
F
C
i,
t
S
C
i,
t
S
D
i
,
t
(
3
)
Whe
r
e
N
is
t
h
e
num
ber
of
g
ene
r
at
in
g
u
n
i
t
s
a
nd
t
h
e
num
b
e
r
of
r
e
q
ues
t
s
of
d
if
fer
e
n
t
l
oa
d
is
T
a
t
t
h
e
e
s
tim
ated
c
om
m
i
tm
en
t,
S
D
is
t
he
s
top
c
o
s
t;
som
e
c
on
stra
in
ts
m
us
t
be
t
ake
n
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
atio
n
t
o
m
i
n
im
ize
F
as:
a.
P
o
w
e
r
bala
nc
e
equa
t
i
o
n
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
4
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
o
m
p
a
r
at
ive
st
udy
o
f
m
e
ta
he
u
r
istic
s m
e
th
ods app
lie
d …
(R
a
c
hi
d
H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
49
1
∑
Pi
U
i
P
P
(
4
)
Where
P
D
is the
l
o
a
d
de
m
a
n
d
and
P
L
is
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
loss of
t
h
e
sys
tem
.
b.
The
h
ourly
s
p
i
nn
i
ng r
e
serve
(R)
is
g
i
v
e
n
by
equa
t
i
o
n
(5):
∑
Pi
,
m
a
x
U
i
P
P
R
(
5
)
c.
U
n
i
t
r
ate
d
m
i
n
i
m
um
a
nd m
a
xim
u
m
ca
pacit
i
e
s
a
s
in equa
tio
n
(6):
P
.
P
P
.
(
6
)
The
i
n
i
tial
co
n
d
i
tio
ns o
f
ea
ch un
i
t a
nd t
h
e m
i
nimum
a
c
t
i
va
ti
on
/
deac
t
i
va
ti
on t
i
m
e
s (MU
T
/
MD
T
)
of
the u
n
i
t
s
ar
e
give
n
b
y e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s (
7
) a
nd (8)
re
spec
ti
ve
ly.
T
,
M
U
T
i
∗
U
,
U
,
0
(
7
)
T
,
M
U
T
i
∗
U
,
U
,
0
(
8
)
Where
t
h
e
uni
t
off/o
n
t
i
m
e
is Toff/To
n
the
and
t
h
e u
n
i
t
o
ff /o
n
[0,
1]
status
i
s Ut,i.
the enhancement
of
ELD
prob
l
e
m
is repre
s
ente
d by
eq
ua
ti
o
n
(9)
:
F
∑
F
P
∑
a
b
P
c
P
(
9
)
S
ubjec
t
t
o
t
he
e
qua
l
ity
a
n
d
i
n
e
qua
lit
y c
o
n
t
r
a
in
t
s
a
re
give
n
b
y
equa
tio
ns (1
0
)
and
(11)
r
espec
t
ive
l
y.
∑
Pi
P
P
(
1
0
)
P
.
P
P
.
(
1
1
)
4.
OVE
RVIEW
O
F EAGL
E S
T
R
A
TEGY AND CROW
SE
ARC
H
AL
GORIT
HM
4
.
1
.
Ega
l
e
strate
g
y
Ea
g
l
e
stra
t
e
g
y
is
a
t
w
o
-
s
ta
ge
o
p
t
imiz
at
ion
st
r
a
te
gy
w
a
s
p
r
esent
e
d
b
y
[2
1].
This
a
l
g
ori
t
hm
m
imics
beha
v
i
or
o
f
ea
gle
s
i
n
na
ture.
In
f
ac
t
,
e
a
g
l
e
s
use
tw
o
di
ffer
ent
c
ompo
ne
n
t
s
to
s
ea
rch
for
the
i
r
prey.
Th
e
fi
r
s
t
one
i
s
a
r
a
nd
o
m
s
ear
ch
p
e
rfo
rm
ed
b
y
fl
yi
n
g
fr
eel
y
a
n
d
the
se
co
n
d
one
i
s
an
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ve
s
ear
ch
t
o
c
a
t
c
h
p
rey
w
h
en
t
he
y
se
e
them
.
In
t
h
i
s
t
w
o-
sta
g
e
s
t
rate
gy,
t
he
f
irst
s
t
a
ge
e
xp
l
o
re
s
th
e
sea
r
c
h
s
p
ace
gl
ob
a
l
l
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
Lev
y
f
li
gh
t
:
i
f
i
t
f
i
nds
a
p
r
o
mis
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
ion,
t
he
n
a
n
i
n
t
ens
i
v
e
l
o
cal
s
ea
rch
i
s
e
mp
loy
e
d
usin
g
mo
re
e
ff
ic
i
e
nt
loca
l
op
t
i
m
i
ze
r,
s
uch
a
s
h
il
l
-
clim
b
i
n
g
a
nd
the
dow
n-h
ill
s
imple
x
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
The
n
,
th
e
tw
o-sta
g
e
p
r
ocess
com
m
e
n
ce
s
an
ot
her
t
i
me
w
it
h
ne
w
gl
o
b
al
e
xp
lor
a
t
i
on,
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
l
o
c
a
l
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
a
n
e
w
a
r
e
a
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
rem
a
rkabl
e
a
d
v
an
ta
ge
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
comb
ina
t
i
on
is
t
o
use
a
pa
ral
l
e
l
b
a
l
a
n
ce
b
e
t
w
ee
n
gl
ob
al
s
e
a
rc
h
(whi
c
h
i
s
gene
ra
ll
y
sl
ow
)
and
a
ra
pi
d
l
o
ca
l
sea
r
ch.
Th
e
r
e
is
a
no
th
e
r
a
dva
nt
ag
e
t
h
a
t
i
s
ca
ll
ed
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
og
y
o
r
s
trat
egy
,
no
t
an
a
l
g
ori
t
h
m
.
In
f
a
c
t,
t
her
e
a
r
e
d
iffe
ren
t
a
lg
ori
t
hms
t
h
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
se
d
at
d
i
f
f
e
rent
t
i
m
e
s
a
nd
s
t
a
g
e
s
du
ri
ng
it
e
r
a
t
i
o
ns. The
m
ain ste
p
s
of t
he
E
S
a
r
e
out
line
d
i
n A
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
1.
A
lgor
i
t
hm
1
E
a
g
l
e
s
tra
t
e
gy
1 :
Objec
tiv
e
f
unc
tion f(
x
)
2 :
Initia
li
z
a
tion a
nd r
a
ndo
m
initia
l
gue
s
s
x
t=
o
3
:
Whi
l
e
(stop
c
r
ite
rion
)
do
4
:
G
l
oba
l
e
xplora
t
i
o
n
by
r
a
ndom
iza
tion
(
e
;g
;
l
e
vy
f
l
ights
)
5
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
obje
c
tive
s
a
nd
f
i
nd
a
pr
o
m
i
s
ing
solution
6
:
Inte
nsi
v
e
lo
c
a
l
s
e
a
rc
h
vi
a a
n
e
ff
ic
i
e
n
t
l
oca
l
opti
m
ize
r
7
:
If
(
a
b
e
t
t
e
r
solut
i
on
is
f
ound
)
the
n
8
:
U
pda
t
e
t
h
e
c
urr
e
nt
b
e
s
t
9
:
E
nd
if
10
:
U
pda
t
e
t
=t+
1
11
:
E
nd
whi
l
e
4.2.
C
r
o
w sea
r
ch
a
lgor
ith
m
The
c
r
ow
s
ear
ch
a
l
g
ori
t
hm
(
CS
A
)
i
s
a
ne
w
po
pu
la
ti
o
n
-base
d
s
t
o
c
h
as
t
i
c
se
arc
h
a
l
g
or
i
t
hm
r
ece
nt
ly
pro
pose
d
b
y
[22].
The
CS
A
is
a
n
ew
l
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
o
p
t
i
m
iza
tio
n
te
c
h
n
i
que
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
c
o
mple
x
e
n
gi
n
eer
in
g
op
tim
iza
t
i
o
n
p
r
ob
lem
s
[
23-2
4
]
.
I
t
i
s
i
ns
p
i
red
by
t
h
e
i
n
tel
l
i
g
en
t
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
crow
s.
The
pri
n
c
i
p
l
es
o
f
C
S
A
a
r
e
liste
d
as fo
l
l
o
w
s
[22]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o.
1, Mar
202
0 :
487 –
49
5
49
2
a.
Crow
s l
i
ve i
n
the
for
m
o
f the
fl
oc
k.
b.
Cro
w
s me
mo
ri
z
e
t
h
e
p
ositi
on
o
f
th
ei
r h
i
di
ng
p
l
a
c
e
s.
c.
Crow
s fo
l
l
ow
e
ach
o
t
h
er
t
o
c
o
m
m
it th
ie
ver
y
.
d.
C
r
o
w
s p
r
ot
e
c
t
t
h
ei
r ca
ch
e
s
fro
m
bein
g p
i
lfe
r
ed thro
u
g
h
p
r
oba
b
i
l
it
y
.
F
o
llow
i
n
g
t
he
a
bo
ve
a
ss
um
p
tio
ns,
the
c
o
re
m
e
c
hani
sm
o
f
the
CS
A
co
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
thre
e
ba
sic
pha
se
s,
nam
e
ly
i
ni
t
i
al
iz
ati
o
n;
g
e
n
e
r
ate
a
ne
w
p
o
si
ti
o
n
,
and
up
d
a
tin
g
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
f
c
r
o
w
s
.
A
t
f
i
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
po
p
u
l
a
tio
n
o
f
c
row
s
r
e
p
resent
e
d
b
y
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
on
is
r
and
o
m
l
y
ge
n
e
ra
te
d.
A
t
iter
a
tio
n
t,
t
he
p
osit
i
o
n
of
c
r
o
w
i
s
spec
ifie
d
b
y
x
,
x
,
,x
,
,….
.,x
,
a
nd
i
t
i
s
assume
d
tha
t
t
his
cro
w
h
as
m
em
ori
z
e
d
i
t
s
b
es
t
ex
pe
rie
nce
t
h
us
fa
r
in
its
m
e
m
or
y
m
,
m
,
,m
,
,….
.,m
,
To
g
e
n
era
t
e
a
new
posit
i
o
n,
c
row
i
se
l
e
ct
r
a
n
d
o
ml
y
a
cr
ow
j
,
for e
x
a
m
ple,
f
r
o
m t
h
e pop
ula
t
io
n
a
n
d
a
ttem
p
ts to
fol
l
ow
i
t t
o
f
in
d
th
e
po
s
iti
on
o
f
i
t
s
hi
d
ing
p
l
a
ce
(mj
).
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
se
,
acc
ordin
g
to a
par
a
m
e
ter
nam
e
d
aw
are
n
e
s
s
pro
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
AP
)
, tw
o
s
t
a
tes m
a
y
hap
p
e
n
:
S
t
a
t
e
1
:
C
r
o
w
j
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
t
h
a
t
c
r
o
w
i
i
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
i
t
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
c
r
o
w
i
w
i
l
l
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
hi
din
g
p
la
ce
of c
row
j
.
S
t
ate
2
:
C
row
j
k
now
s
tha
t
c
r
o
w
j
is
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
it.
A
s
a
re
sul
t
,
t
o
pr
otec
t
its
c
a
c
h
e
from
b
e
i
n
g
pi
lfere
d
, the
cr
o
w
j w
ill fo
ol
c
row
i
by go
i
ng
to a
n
o
the
r
p
osi
t
i
o
n
whiti
n t
h
e
sear
ch spa
ce.
A
cc
ordin
g
t
o S
t
a
t
e
s
1 a
n
d
2,
the
pos
i
tio
n
of the
cr
o
w
s
is u
p
d
a
te
d
as fo
l
l
o
w
s
:
x
,
x
,
r
f
l
,
m
,
x
,
,I
F
r
A
P
,
A random pos
itonof
s
e
arc
h
s
pace
,
o
the
r
w
i
s
e
(
1
2
)
Where
r
j
i
s
a
un
i
f
orm
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
bute
d
f
uzz
y
num
ber
fr
o
m
[
0;
1
]
an
d
AP
,
d
e
n
o
t
e
s
t
h
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
pro
b
ab
i
lit
y
of
c
row
j
at itera
ti
on
iter
.
F
inall
y
, the
c
r
o
w
s
upd
ate
t
h
e
i
r m
e
m
o
ry
a
s fo
llows
:
m
,
x
,
,
i
f fx
,
i
s be
tt
e
r
th
a
n f
m
,
m
,
,o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
(
1
3
)
Where
f(
-)
deno
tes
the
ob
je
cti
v
e
fu
nc
t
i
o
n
v
a
l
ue
.
It
i
s
se
e
n
t
ha
t
i
f
t
he
f
i
t
ne
ss
fu
nc
ti
on
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
h
e
new
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
a
crow
i
s
be
t
t
er
t
ha
n
the
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
func
tio
n
val
u
e
o
f
t
he
m
e
m
or
i
z
ed
p
osit
io
n,
t
he
c
r
o
w
up
da
te
s
its me
m
or
y
by t
h
e
ne
w
pos
i
tio
n. The ab
ove
p
roc
e
ss
is
r
epea
te
d
u
nt
i
l
a gi
v
e
n
t
er
mina
t
i
o
n
c
riteri
on
(
iter
m
a
x
) i
s
me
t.
F
inal
l
y
,
t
h
e
bes
t
s
o
l
ut
io
n
of
t
he
m
em
ories
i
s
r
eturne
d
as
th
e
op
t
i
ma
l
so
l
u
t
i
on
f
o
u
nd
by
the
CS
A
.
T
he
ma
in ste
ps of t
h
e CS
A
ar
e
o
u
t
l
i
n
e
d
in
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
2:
A
lgorithm
2 C
r
ow
S
e
a
r
c
h
A
lgorith
m
1 :
Ra
ndo
m
l
y
initia
li
z
e
t
h
e
positi
o
n
of a
floc
k of
(N
P
)
c
r
o
w
s
in
th
e s
ear
ch
s
p
a
c
e
.
2
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
positi
on
of
t
he
C
ro
w
s
3 :
Initia
li
z
e
th
e
me
mory
of
e
a
c
h
C
row
4
:
Whi
l
e (
it
e
r
ite
r
ma
x
)
do
5
:
fo
r
i
=
1:
t
o
N
P
do
6
:
Ra
ndo
m
l
y
c
hoose
one
o
f
the
c
r
ow
s
to
f
ollow
(
f
or e
xam
p
l
e
,
j
)
7 :
De
fin
e
a
n awa
r
e
n
ess pro
b
a
b
ili
ty
8
:
if
(r
j
AP
j,
i
t
e
r
)
th
e
n
9
:
x
i,
i
t
e
r
+
1
=x
i,
i
t
e
r
+r
i
∗
fl
i,i
t
e
r
∗
(m
j,
i
t
e
r
−
x
i,i
t
e
r
)
10
:
e
l
s
e
11
:
x
i,
i
t
e
r
+
1
=a
r
a
ndo
m
p
o
sition
o
f
s
ea
r
c
h
spac
e.
12
:
e
nd
if
13
:
e
nd
for
14
:
C
h
e
c
k
t
h
e
f
e
a
s
i
b
ili
ty
o
f
new
positions
15
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
n
e
w
p
osit
ion
o
f
t
he
C
rows
16
:
U
pda
t
e
t
h
e
m
e
m
ory
o
f
c
r
o
w
s
17
:
e
nd
w
h
il
e
5.
CASE STUD
Y
I
n
t
his
sect
i
on,
w
e
w
i
ll
use
o
u
r
t
h
ree
me
t
h
o
d
s
to
s
olve
t
he
p
r
o
bl
e
m
o
f
Ec
on
omic
D
ispa
t
c
h
a
n
d
U
n
it
Com
m
i
tm
ent
P
r
obl
e
m
i
n
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
id
S
yste
m
of
t
he
M
oro
c
c
a
n
N
e
tw
or
k
.
Thi
s
n
et
wo
rk
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
112
kn
ot
s
w
ith
7
un
i
ts
o
f
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
,
12
0
li
nes
an
d 1
5
t
r
a
nsform
ers
[1
8].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
o
m
p
a
r
at
ive
st
udy
o
f
m
e
ta
he
u
r
istic
s m
e
th
ods app
lie
d …
(R
a
c
hi
d
H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
49
3
F
i
gure
3.
T
he
t
op
o
l
o
g
i
es of t
h
e Moroc
c
a
n
n
e
t
w
o
rk
6.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
I
n
t
h
i
s
se
c
t
io
n,
w
e
pre
s
en
t
th
e
resul
t
s
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
base
d
on
E
S
-
CS
A
for
so
l
v
in
g
the
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
patc
h
pro
b
lem
an
d
uni
t
c
o
mm
it
m
e
nt
p
r
o
ble
m
a
n
d
c
om
par
e
t
his
re
sul
t
w
i
t
h
th
e
CS
A
[2
5]
a
n
d
E
S
[26].
A
7
un
it’
s
pow
er
u
n
it
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
e
x
pl
ore
o
u
r
i
d
ea
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
ES
-
C
S
A
t
o
fi
n
d
t
he
opt
i
m
al
s
et
o
f
p
o
w
er
g
ener
at
ion
of
t
he
syste
m
.
ES-CSA
w
ill
be
u
se
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
p
e
r
t
o
s
ol
ve
t
he
p
ro
blem
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ispa
tc
h
a
nd
u
n
it
c
o
m
m
itm
ent.
The
pro
g
ram
s
a
re
d
evel
ope
d
i
n
MA
TLA
B 7.
9
env
i
ro
nm
en
t.
Th
is ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
up
p
l
i
e
s a
tota
l
l
o
ad
o
f
4902 MW
M
W
. The loss
r
a
ti
os are
c
a
l
cula
te
d
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
usi
n
g
the
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
o
n
resu
l
t
of
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
t
uning
p
ara
m
e
t
ers
fo
r
ES
C
S
A
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
;
t
h
e
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
the
par
a
m
e
ters
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
st
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
7
ge
n
e
ra
t
o
r
,
u
nder
s
t
ud
y,
w
h
i
le
t
he
m
atri
x
is
t
he
l
oss
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t
mat
r
i
x
o
f
th
e
7
un
it
s
po
we
r
syst
e
m
.
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
ra
t
i
ng
u
nit
d
a
t
a
o
f
t
he tes
t
s
y
ste
m
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
Ta
ble
4
,
F
r
om
t
he
resul
t
s
of
T
ab
l
e
5
,
w
e
notice
t
h
a
t
E
S
-
CS
A
give
u
s
t
h
e
sam
e
p
rod
uc
ti
o
n
c
os
t,
a
nd
CS
A
gi
ves
a
s
l
i
ght
l
y
l
ow
er
cos
t
o
f
$
0.7
/
h,
E
S
-
CS
A
giv
e
s
us
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
oduc
ti
on
c
o
s
t
a
nd
g
o
o
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
I
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
t
i
m
e
,
w
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
the
varia
t
io
n
in
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
f
ue
l
cos
t
o
f
te
st
s
ys
t
e
m
w
ith
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
nar
y
g
e
n
era
t
i
on
num
be
rs.
F
o
r
di
f
f
er
ent
te
st
syste
m
s,
t
he
c
on
ver
g
e
n
ce
p
roce
sse
s
o
f
t
h
e
bes
t
s
o
l
ut
i
on
in
t
he
30
t
r
i
a
ls
a
re
lis
ted
i
n
F
i
g
.
4.
F
r
o
m
F
i
g
4,
it
i
s
ea
sy
t
o see
the
ES-CSA has
s
atisfac
t
or
y
C
on-ve
r
g
ence
a
nd
t
he
a
l
g
ori
t
h
m
e
s
cape
d
f
r
o
m
the
loc
a
l
o
p
tim
a
a
t
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
r
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
the
stoc
hastic
s
e
a
rc
hing
m
ech
a
n
ism
of
E
S
-
C
S
A
,
w
hich
i
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
by
gr
a
v
ita
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
orce
s
a
m
o
n
g
a
g
e
n
t
s
,
i
s
efficie
n
t.
A
nd
the
pro
pose
d
m
utat
i
on
stra
te
gie
s
i
mpro
ve
d
t
h
e
pe
rform
anc
e
of
E
S
-
CS
A
.
In
F
ig
ure
4,
w
e
show
the
c
o
n
v
erge
nc
e
of
t
he
m
e
t
a
h
euris
t
i
c
s
e
a
rc
h
proc
ess
ba
se
d
on
ES
-
C
S
A
i
n
bo
th
t
he
b
es
t
and
a
v
e
r
age
c
a
s
e
s.
T
o
see
the
d
i
ffere
n
ce
be
twee
n
o
u
r
new
approa
c
h
a
n
d
a
n
o
t
h
er
k
n
o
wn
m
eth
o
d
,
w
e
w
il
l
c
o
mpa
r
e
the
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
E
S
-
C
S
A
t
o
t
h
a
t
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
E
S
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
w
e
w
i
ll
tes
t
t
he
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
o
f
ES-CSA
.
For
th
is,
w
e
w
il
l
use
a
s
i
m
p
le
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
112
n
o
d
es
w
i
t
h
7
pr
oduc
t
i
o
n
u
ni
ts.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
de
ma
nd
of
t
he
n
etw
o
rk
i
s
eq
ual
to 4
9
02
MW
a
nd l
o
ss c
o
e
f
fic
i
e
n
ts
a
re
as
fol
l
o
w
s:
The
sim
u
la
tio
n
results ar
e
pr
e
sen
t
ed
i
n
Tab
l
e
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
V
ol
.
11,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
2020
:
487
–
49
5
49
4
Tabl
e 2
.
P
a
r
am
eters o
f
CSA
a
n
d
ES-CSA
[
2
7
]
.
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
s/pa
r
a
me
te
rs
A
P
fl
β
CS
A
0
.2
2
-
ES
-
C
S
A
0
.2
2
1
.
5
Ta
b
l
e
3.
T
he
p
ar
am
eter
s
of
t
h
e
c
ost
f
u
n
c
tio
n
and
ge
ner
a
tor
s
lim
it
s
o
f
t
h
e
7
-
u
n
i
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
Un
it
(
MW)
(
MW
)
c
b
a
.
1
2056
205
1000
40.
54
0
.
12951
8
8
4500
900
0
5
8
2
300
3
0
950
39.
58
0
.
10908
8
8
5000
10,
00
0
5
8
3
1386
138.
6
900
36.
51
0
.
1251
1
5
5
550
110
0
4
-
5
4
495
49.
5
800
39.
51
0
.
1211
1
5
5
560
112
0
4
-
5
5
515
51.
5
756
38.
53
0
.
1524
7
6
6
900
180
0
4
-
6
6
300
3
0
451
46.
15
0
.
1058
7
3
3
170
3
40
2
-
3
7
120
2
0
1243
38.
30
0
.
0354
6
3
3
260
5
20
2
-
3
Tab
l
e
4.
L
oa
d
data
f
or
7
u
n
i
ts
,
24
h
H
our
L
oa
d
(MW)
H
our
L
oa
d
(MW)
H
our
L
oa
d
(MW)
H
our
L
oa
d
(MW)
1
700
7
1150
1
3
1400
1
9
1200
2
750
8
1200
1
4
1300
2
0
1400
3
850
9
1300
1
5
1200
2
1
1300
4
950
1
0
1400
1
6
1050
2
2
1100
5
1000
1
1
1450
1
7
1000
2
3
900
6
1000
1
2
1500
1
8
1100
2
4
800
Ta
bl
e
5
.
R
es
ul
ts o
f
t
h
e
ec
onomi
c
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
hi
ng
o
f
7
-
uni
t
sy
st
em
C
SA
E
S
ES
-
C
SA
P
1
(MW
)
47.
874
9
47.
949
2
47.
939
2
P
2
(MW
)
62,
129
9
62,
146
0
61,
146
0
P
3
(MW
)
67.
869
6
67,
834
3
67,
834
3
P
4
(MW
)
58.
863
3
58.
863
9
58.
903
9
P
5
(MW
)
50
5
0
52
P
6
(MW
)
70
7
0
71
P
7
(MW
)
206.
80
56
206.
79
36
206.
79
36
PL
(
MW)
49.
116
5
49.
114
8
49.
114
8
Fue
l
c
ost
($/h
)
1313
05.
11
1322
45.
85
1311
89.
90
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
. C
on
ve
rg
en
c
e
c
h
a
ra
c
t
eri
s
t
i
c of
f
ue
l
c
o
st
u
si
ng
B
i
n
a
r
y
E
S
-
C
S
A
f
o
r
7
-u
n
i
t
s
ba
se
d
U
C
a
nd
ED
P
p
r
o
b
l
em
7.
CONCLUSION
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per,
w
e
pro
pos
ed
a
n
ea
g
l
e
s
t
r
a
te
g
y
b
ase
d
c
row
sear
ch
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(ES-CSA)
t
o
s
o
lve
un
it
co
mmi
t
men
t
p
ro
bl
e
m
a
nd
eco
no
mi
c
di
sp
a
t
c
h
p
ro
bl
e
m
i
n
sma
r
t
g
r
id
sy
stem
o
f
the
Mor
o
cc
an
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
ne
t
w
or
k,
a
n
d
f
or
t
hi
s
w
e
h
a
v
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
a
b
i
n
a
r
y
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
e
tahe
ur
i
s
t
i
c
b
ase
d
o
n
t
w
o
re
ce
n
t
n
atu
r
e
in
speri
e
d
m
e
tho
d
s
nam
e
ly
E
a
g
le
s
tr
a
t
e
gy
a
n
d
Cr
ow
S
e
r
ac
h
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
.
The
hy
br
i
d
a
p
p
r
a
oc
h
w
e
r
e
d
eve
l
ope
d
usi
n
g
M
A
TLAB
a
nd
t
e
st
ed
a
n
et
wo
rk
o
f
112
node
s.
Th
e
res
u
l
t
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
our
n
ew
m
e
t
h
o
d
c
omb
i
ne
s
t
h
e
a
dva
n
t
age
s
o
f
C
S
A
a
n
d
ES
t
o
gi
ve
u
s
a
be
t
t
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
i
t
h
o
p
t
ima
l
r
esul
ts
i
n
al
l
c
a
se
s,
a
nd
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
n
g
the
co
ns
trai
n
t
s impo
se
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
o
m
p
a
r
at
ive
st
udy
o
f
m
e
ta
he
u
r
istic
s m
e
th
ods app
lie
d …
(R
a
c
hi
d
H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
49
5
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
h
ors
are
very
m
uc
h
t
h
an
k
f
u
l
t
o
t
h
e
una
n
i
mo
us
r
e
v
iew
e
r
s
o
f
the
pape
r
a
n
d
ed
i
t
ors
of
t
he
jo
urna
l for t
h
ei
r
construc
t
i
ve
a
nd he
l
p
fu
l c
o
mm
ents tha
t
im
prov
e
d
the
qua
li
ty o
f t
h
e
pa
per.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Rachi
d
H
abach
i
et
a
l.,
"
M
an
agem
ent
and
co
nt
rol
o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
ri
d
sy
ste
m
s:
o
pp
o
r
tu
ni
tie
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
lle
ng
e
s
i
n
Morocc
o,"
In
te
rn
atio
na
l J
o
urna
l
of Ma
th
e
m
a
tic
s a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
a
tio
n
a
l Sc
ie
nc
e
,v
ol
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6-
1
4
,
20
17
.I
SSN:
23
81
-701
1
(P
ri
n
t
),
I
S
S
N:
2
3
8
1
-
7
0
2X.
[2]
M
i
nister
o
f
En
ergy
o
f
Mines
,
W
a
t
er
a
n
d
E
nviro
nm
ent
(M
EMEE),
Th
e str
a
tegy o
f
r
e
newa
ble
ener
gy f
o
r
self-
c
o
nsump
tion
in
t
h
e
in
du
stry
se
c
t
o
r
.
Ca
sa
blan
c
a
,
No
v
em
ber
201
4.
[3]
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Energ
y
Ag
ency, M
o
r
o
cco
201
4
:
En
ergy
p
o
l
i
c
ies
bey
o
nd
I
EA
c
ou
nt
ries
,
P
aris
,
2
014
.
[4]
C.
He-Ru
i
,
P.
X
u,
"
S
t
ud
y
on
s
m
a
rt
g
ri
d
sy
st
em
b
ased
o
n
sy
st
em
d
y
na
mic
s
,"
T
E
L
K
OM
NIK
A
In
do
n
e
sian
J
o
urna
l
of
El
ectr
i
cal En
gi
n
eer
ing
,v
ol.
12, no. 1
2, pp
.
7
979
-79
8
6
, Decem
b
e
r
20
14.
[5]
S
h
ah
inzad
eh
H
,
&Hasan
ali
z
ad
e
h
-K
hos
ros
h
ah
i
A
.
"
Im
p
l
em
enta
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
a
rt
m
et
erin
g
s
y
stem
s:
c
h
a
ll
enges
an
d
solution
s
,"
TELKO
M
NIKA In
donesi
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectr
i
ca
l
E
ngineer
in
g
, vo
l
.
12
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6]
Aj
enik
ok
o
G
.
A
,
&O
l
a
bo
de
O
.
E.
"
O
p
tim
a
l
p
o
wer
flo
w
w
it
h
react
iv
e
pow
er
c
om
p
e
nsat
io
n
f
o
r
cost
a
n
d
l
oss
m
i
nim
i
zatio
n
o
n
n
ig
erian
po
wer
gri
d
s
y
s
tem
,
"
In
don
esi
a
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
El
ectrical
E
ngin
eerin
g an
d
Inf
o
r
m
atics
,
v
o
l.
5
,
no
. 3
,
p
p
.
2
36
-24
7
, 2
01
7.
[7]
A.
J
.
W
o
o
d
&
B
.
F
. W
o
l
l
e
nb
er
g,
Power
gen
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
op
eratio
n
,
and co
nt
rol
.
Jo
hn
Wi
l
ey
& S
on
s,
2
0
1
2
.
[8]
Herm
agas
ant
o
s
Z
,
Y
usra
S
,
A
li
M
.,"Im
p
l
em
enta
t
i
o
n
o
f
el
ectricity
c
om
pet
i
t
i
o
n
f
ram
e
work
w
ith
eco
nom
i
c
d
is
pa
t
c
h
di
rect m
et
hod
,"
Te
lk
omn
i
k
a
, v
ol
.
1
0
,
n
o
. 4
, p
p
. 66
7
-6
74
, 20
1
2
.
[9]
R
.
H
abachi
,
A.
E
c
hchat
b
i
,
A
.
Char
k
a
ou
i
,
A
.
B
oul
al
, A
.,
"T
o
u
i
l
:
e
c
ono
m
i
c an
d emi
ssio
n
dis
patch
usin
g c
u
cko
o
s
earch
algorithm,
"
In
ter
natio
nal Jou
r
nal
of
E
l
ect
ri
c
a
l an
d Comput
er En
g
i
ne
eri
n
g
(
I
JE
CE)
,
vo
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
Augut
2
0
19.
[10]
Wo
ll
e
n
berg
B
, &W
ood
A,
Po
we
r g
e
nera
ti
on
, opera
ti
on an
d co
n
t
ro
l
.
W
i
l
e
y,
N
ew
Y
ork
,
1
996.
[11]
Di
eu
V
N,
S
cheg
ner
P
,
O
n
g
sakul
W
.
,
"
P
s
eud
o
-gradi
e
n
t
bas
e
d
p
a
rtic
l
e
s
w
arm
o
p
timizatio
n
met
hod
fo
r
n
onco
n
v
e
x
econ
o
m
i
c
dis
p
atch," In
Po
wer, co
nt
rol a
nd op
ti
miz
a
t
i
o
n
.
Sp
r
i
n
g
er
, New York
,
p
p.
1
-27
,
2
01
3
.
[12]
Ay
la
H
asan
alizad
eh-K
hos
ros
h
ah
i
et
a
l.,
"
S
ecu
rity
t
echno
lo
gy
b
y
u
sing
f
irewall
for
smart
grid
,
"
Bull
et
in of
Electrical
En
gi
neeri
n
g
and
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
"
vo
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
66
-37
2
,
Se
pte
m
b
e
r
20
16
.
ISSN:
23
02
-92
8
5
,
DO
I:
1
0.
1
1
5
91/eei.
v5i
3
.
615
[13]
Rachi
d
H
abach
i
et
a
l
.,
Recomm
end
a
tio
ns
a
n
d
s
o
l
ut
io
n
s
t
o
rem
o
ve
som
e
b
arriers
t
o
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
ym
ent
o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
i
n
Mo
roc
c
o,"
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l Jou
r
n
a
l of Po
wer Electron
i
cs
an
d
D
r
i
ve
Sys
t
em
,
vol.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
7
4
4
-7
52
,
ju
ne
2
01
9.
[14]
R.Ha
ba
c
h
i,
A
.
Ec
h
c
ha
tbi,
A
.
C
ha
rka
o
ui,
A.B
o
ula
l
,
A.
,"
To
ui
l:
ba
rr
iers
t
o
t
h
e
adopt
i
on
o
f
smart
gr
ids
in
Morocc
o,"
Ad
van
ced
Intel
l
i
g
ent Sys
t
ems
for
Su
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e Devel
op
ment
App
l
i
e
d in
Ener
gy an
d E
l
ectr
i
ca
l
En
gi
neeri
ng Sp
ri
ng
er
B
ook:
Lectur
e Not
e
s i
n
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
gin
eering
C
hap
ter
5: (
I
D
=
23
)
,
vol.
7,
2
0
1
9.
[15]
Offi
cial
b
ulleti
n
n
u
m
b
er
2
65
0
o
f
0
9.
0
8
.
1
96
3
Dah
i
r
n
°
1-63
-22
6
(14
rebia
I
1383)
crea
t
i
ng
t
he
N
a
t
iona
l
Office
of
El
ectr
i
city.
[16]
Offi
cial
B
u
lleti
n
No.
46
-80
-
2 ch
aoual
1
437
(7-7
-
20
16
) Law
No
.
4
8-15
on
t
h
e reg
u
latio
n o
f
t
he el
e
c
t
ric
i
ty
s
ect
or an
d
th
e creati
on
o
f
t
h
e
N
ati
ona
l
E
l
ectri
cit
y
Reg
ula
t
ory
Au
th
ori
t
y
[17]
Ministry
o
f
Ene
r
gy,
Mi
n
i
ng,
Wat
e
r
and
Env
i
ro
nm
ent,
"
Regulatory
Text:
Electricit
y
a
n
d
R
enew
able
E
nergi
e
s
,
"
M
o
ro
cc
an
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
.
[18]
Nat
i
on
al
O
ffice of
Electri
cit
y
, A
nnual
Activity R
eports o
f
ON
E
E
v
ersi
on
; 2
0
1
8
Elect
ri
cit
y
Bran
c
h, 2
01
9.
[19]
Aruld
o
s
s
T
,
Victoire
A
.A,
Jeyak
u
m
a
r
E
.
,
"A
m
o
d
if
ied
hy
brid
E
P-S
QP
a
pp
ro
a
c
h
f
or
d
yn
a
m
ic
d
ispa
tc
h
with
v
a
l
v
e
-
po
in
t eff
ect,
"
In
ter
natio
na
l Jo
ur
nal of
Elect
rica
l Power
&
En
erg
y
Sys
t
em
s
.,
vol.
7
,
p
p
.
594
-60
1
,
2005.
[20]
Su
re
kh
a
P,
N
.
A
r
c
h
a
n
a
,
.
S.
S
uma
t
hi
.,"
So
lv
in
g
un
it
c
o
mm
i
t
me
n
t
a
n
d
econ
o
m
i
c
lo
ad
d
is
pat
c
h
p
r
ob
le
m
s
u
sin
g
g
a
an
d
ps
o
alg
o
rithms,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
onal
Jo
ur
nal of
Comp
u
t
er Sci
e
nce an
d Inf
o
rmatio
n
En
gi
n
eer
ing
,
vo
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
. 7-2
1,
J
u
n
e
2
012.
[21]
X.S.
Y
ang
&
S
.
D
eb
,
"Eag
le
s
t
r
ateg
y
us
in
g
lev
y
´
walk
a
nd
f
i
re
f
l
y
alg
o
ri
th
ms
f
or
s
t
o
chas
ti
c
o
p
t
i
mi
za
t
i
on,"
in
Na
t
u
r
e
In
s
p
ired
Coop
era
t
i
v
e
St
rate
g
i
e
s
fo
r O
p
timizat
ion
(N
IC
SO 20
10
)
,
Sp
ring
e
r
,
pp
.
1
01-1
1
1
, 2
01
0.
[22]
A.
A
sk
arzadeh.
,
"
A
no
vel
m
e
t
a
heu
r
i
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
o
lvin
g
co
nst
rained
e
ngineering
optimi
zati
on
pro
b
lems
:
cro
w
search
alg
orit
h
m
,"
Co
mpu
t
er
s
&
S
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es
,
vo
l.
1
6
9
,
p
p.
1-1
2
, 2
01
6.
[23]
A.
A
s
k
arzad
eh.,
"El
ectrical
p
ow
er
g
ener
ati
o
n
b
y
a
n
op
ti
mised
a
u
-to
n
o
m
ous
p
v/
wi
nd
/tidal/b
att
e
ry
s
ys
te
m
,
"
IET
R
e
newable Power
Gener-ati
o
n
,
20
16.
[24]
D. O
l
i
v
a
,
S.
H
in
o
j
osa,
E
. Cu
e
v
a
s,
G
.
Pajares,
O
.
Av
alos,
J.
G
al
v
ez.
,
"Cros
s
e
n
t
ro
p
y
bas
ed t
hres
holdi
ng
f
or
m
ag
netic
reso
nance
br
a
i
n
im
ag
es
u
si
ng
c
row
search
a
lg
ori
t
h
m
,
"
E
x
per
t
Systems w
i
th
App
l
icati
o
ns
,
vo
l.
79,
p
p
.
1
64
-180
,
2
01
7.
[25]
R .
Hab
achi
et
a
l
.,
"
R
es
ol
u
t
i
on
o
f
eco
no
m
i
c
d
i
spat
ch
p
ro
bl
e
m
o
f
t
he
m
oroccan
n
etw
o
rk
u
sing
crow
s
earc
h
algorithm,
"
In
do
nes
i
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectr
i
cal
E
ngineer
in
g a
n
d
Co
m
put
er S
c
ien
c
e
,v
ol.
1
3
, n
o.
1,
20
1
9
.
[26]
R .
Hab
achi
et
a
l
.
,"Eagl
e
s
t
rat
e
g
y
b
ased
c
row
se
arch
a
lg
orit
h
m
for
so
lv
in
g
unit
commitment
problem
in
s
mart
g
r
i
d
syst
e
m
,
"
In
do
nesi
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectrical
E
n
gi
neer
in
g a
nd Com
put
er S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
12,
no.
1
,
pp
.
1
7
-2
9
,
Oct
ober
201
8.
[27]
R.
H
abachi,
A
.
Echchat
b
i,
A
.
Char
kaoui,
A
.
Boulal
,
A
.,"Tou
il:s
o
lv
ing
eco
no
m
i
c
dis
p
at
ch
a
nd
un
it
c
o
m
m
i
tm
ent
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
e
a
g
l
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
b
a
s
e
d
c
r
o
w
s
e
arch
a
lg
ori
t
hm,"
In
do
nes
i
an
Jou
r
na
l o
f
Electrica
l
En
gi
neeri
ng an
d
Co
mp
u
t
er S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
14
, n
o.
3
, Jun
e 20
19
.
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