Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1628
~
1639
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
1628
-
1639
1628
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Op
tim
al extr
action
of phot
ovoltaic
ene
rgy usi
ng fuzz
y logic
contr
ol for ma
xim
um powe
r poin
t tracki
ng tech
nique
Ka
d
him H
am
zah Ch
alok
1
, Mo
hamm
ad F
aridun
Naim
Tajuddin
2
, T
h
an
ik
an
ti
Su
d
h
akar B
ab
u
3
,
Shahri
n
Md Ayob
4
,
Tole
S
ut
ikn
o
5
1,2
School
of El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Sys
te
ms
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Un
ive
rsiti Mal
aysia Perl
is,
Perl
is,
M
al
aysi
a
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
U
nive
rsiti T
ena
g
a Nasional
,
Kaj
an
g,
Mal
aysia
4
School
of El
ec
t
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
Facu
lt
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Univers
it
i Te
knolo
g
i M
al
aysia,
Johor
Bahru,
Ma
la
ysi
a
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahma
d
D
ahl
a
n,
Yogyak
art
a
,
I
ndonesia
5
Em
bedd
ed
Sys
t
em
and
Pow
er E
le
c
troni
cs
R
ese
a
rch
Group,
Yogyaka
rt
a, I
ndonesi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n 2
9,
2020
Re
vised A
pr 26, 2
020
Accepte
d Ma
y 3, 2
020
In
photovol
t
aic
(PV
)
sys
te
ms,
ma
xi
mum
po
wer
point
track
ing
(MP
PT)
te
chn
ique
s
are
u
sed
to
track
the
ma
xim
u
m
powe
r
from
the
PV
a
rra
y
und
er
the
cha
ng
e
in
irr
adi
an
ce
and
tem
per
at
ur
e
condi
t
io
ns.
The
pe
rturb
a
nd
observe
(P&O)
is
one
of
the
most
wid
el
y
used
MP
PT
te
c
hnique
s
in
re
ce
n
t
ti
m
es
due
to
i
ts
si
mpl
e
i
m
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
an
d
im
p
rove
d
per
f
orma
nc
e.
How
e
ver
,
th
e
P&O
has
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
such
as
osci
ll
a
tion
aro
und
the
MP
P
during
which
t
ime
th
e
P&
O
al
gori
thm
will
b
ec
om
e
co
nfused
due
to
ra
pidl
y
cha
nging
at
mospher
ic
condi
ti
ons
.
To
o
ver
come
the
abo
ve
l
im
i
ta
t
ion,
this
pape
r
uses
th
e
fuz
zy
logic
cont
roller
(FLC)
to
track
the
m
axi
mum
power
from
th
e
PV
sy
stem
und
er
diffe
ren
t
irra
d
iance
,
int
egr
ates
i
t
with
a
DC
-
DC
boost
conv
erter
as
a
tracke
r
.
The
r
esult
of
th
e
FLC
per
formance
is
com
p
ared
with
th
e
tr
aditiona
l
P&O
me
thod
and
show
s
the
MP
PT
al
gorit
hm
base
d
on
FLC
ensure
s
cont
inuou
s
tra
ck
ing
of
the
ma
xim
u
m
powe
r
with
in
a
short
per
iod
com
p
ar
ed
wi
th
the
tra
ditio
na
l
P&O
me
thod
.
B
eside
s
tha
t
,
the
pro
posed
me
thod
(
FLC)
has
a
faste
r
dyna
mi
c
r
esponse
and
lo
w
oscillations
at
th
e
oper
a
ti
ng
p
oint
aro
und
the
MP
P unde
r
stea
dy
-
st
at
e
cond
i
ti
ons a
nd
dynamic cha
ng
e
in
irr
a
dia
nc
e.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DC
-
DC bo
os
t
conve
rter
Fu
zz
y
lo
gic c
o
ntr
oller
M
a
ximum
pow
er
po
i
nt trac
king
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oha
mma
d
Fa
rid
un N
ai
m
Ta
juddin,
School
of
Ele
c
tric
al
Sy
ste
ms
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
M
al
aysia Pe
rlis (
U
niMAP
),
Sg
.
Ch
uc
huh,
Ar
a
u, Jal
an W
ang U
l
u,
0100
0 Kanga
r,
Perlis,
M
al
aysia
Emai
l:
f
arid
un
@unima
p.
e
du.
my
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Currentl
y,
t
here
is
a
high
de
man
d
f
or
dev
e
lop
in
g
a
no
n
-
poll
uting,
al
te
rnat
ive
a
nd
ren
e
wab
le
s
ourc
e
of
ene
rgy
i
n
t
he
un
i
ver
se
.
T
he
po
te
ntial
it
y
of
util
isi
ng
r
enew
a
ble
e
nergy
s
ources
(s
ol
ar
or
wind
e
ne
rgy)
promises
a
valuab
le
s
ource
of
re
new
a
ble
en
ergy.
Gen
e
rati
ng
el
ect
ric
power
from
the
s
olar
ph
otov
oltai
c
(P
V
)
pan
el
s
de
pends
on
dif
fer
e
nt
fa
ct
or
s
s
uch
a
s
the
pa
nel
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
ope
rati
ng
c
onditi
ons,
pr
ese
nce
of
s
ha
dow,
and
s
olar
ir
ra
di
ance,
a
mon
g
oth
e
rs.
Sunli
ght
is
the
le
adi
ng
en
vir
onme
nt
al
so
urce
of
s
upply
i
n
g
s
olar
ene
rgy
du
e
to
ma
ny
nucl
ear
reacti
on
s
that
ta
ke
pla
ce
on
the
sun
’
s
s
urface.
This
ty
pe
of
e
nerg
y
is
pe
r
hap
s
th
e
m
os
t
well
-
kn
own
re
new
a
ble
res
ou
rce
t
hat
is
m
ost
ex
plo
it
ed
.
Ma
ny
c
urre
nt
te
chnolo
gies
ext
ract
el
ect
rical
energ
y
from solar
irr
a
diati
on
s
. T
h
e
de
vices that ca
n conve
rt sunli
ght t
o
el
ect
ric
powe
r
a
re call
ed
PV
[
1]
.
These
PV
cel
ls
gen
e
rate
en
er
gy
from
sunli
ght.
W
he
n
the
phot
ons
co
ntact
with
the
PV
c
el
ls,
the
PV
cel
ls
release
el
ect
rons,
a
nd
w
hen
t
he
cel
l
wa
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
to the
ci
rcu
it
,
el
e
ct
ric
energ
y
wi
ll
be
ge
ner
at
e
d.
So
la
r
te
chnolo
gy
us
e
s
passive
a
nd
a
ct
ive
te
ch
nique
s
to
c
onve
rt
s
unli
gh
t
int
o
us
e
f
ul
e
nerg
y
[
2].
The
P
V
cel
ls
e
xh
i
bit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al extr
ac
ti
on
of
ph
oto
v
ol
taic ener
gy us
ing
f
uz
zy l
og
ic
con
tr
ol for
…
(K
adhim H
amz
ah Ch
alo
k
)
1629
non
-
li
near
I
-
V
c
har
act
e
risti
cs.
The
ma
xim
um
po
wer
co
uld
be
track
ed
f
rom
P
V
pa
nels
i
f
it
is
op
e
rated
at
the
maxim
um
power
po
i
nt
(MP
P)
.
Var
io
us
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
a
re
ut
il
ise
d
to
trac
k
the
ma
xim
um
po
wer
by
ope
rati
ng
these
pan
el
s at
the
M
PP
. Suc
h t
echn
i
qu
e
s are
d
esc
ribe
d
as
M
PP
trac
king
(
M
PP
T) met
ho
ds
.
M
PP
T
te
ch
niques
wer
e
us
e
d
to
r
un
t
he
P
V
modu
le
s
on
th
e
maxim
um
po
wer,
w
hich
we
re
cl
assifi
ed
as
(1)
c
onve
ntion
al
met
hods
(
2)
s
of
t
c
omp
uting
met
hods.
T
he
co
nventi
on
a
l
M
PPT
meth
ods
incl
ud
e
t
he
P&O
[3
-
6],
i
ncr
e
me
ntal
co
nductan
ce
[7
-
10],
fr
act
ion
al
s
hort
ci
rc
uit
curre
nt
[
11,
12]
a
nd
the
frac
ti
on
al
ope
n
c
ircuit
vo
lt
age
[
13,14
].
T
hese
c
onve
ntion
al
M
P
P
T
process
es
wer
e
ve
ry
e
ffec
ti
ve
unde
r
un
i
form
a
nd
ste
ady
env
i
ronme
ntal
conditi
ons.
In
the
case
of
the
PV
s
ys
te
ms
t
hat
operate
un
der
unifo
rm
c
ondi
ti
ons,
it
e
xh
i
bits
on
e
M
PP,
a
nd
it
may
get
the
change
t
o
i
dent
ify
m
ulti
ple
pe
aks
due
to
ch
ang
e
s
in
irra
di
at
ion
a
nd
te
m
pe
ratur
e
conditi
ons.
The
MPP
ca
n
be
dete
rmin
e
d
us
in
g
co
nve
ntion
al
pr
oces
ses.
T
hese
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
s
how
co
ntin
uous
os
ci
ll
at
ion
ar
ound
the
MPP,
wh
ic
h
le
ads
t
o
powe
r
loss
.
T
he
tra
diti
on
al
M
PP
T
can
not
track
the
globa
l
M
PP
unde
r
non
-
un
i
f
orm
co
ndit
ion
s
and
ca
nnot
ha
nd
le
the
pa
rtia
l
sh
adi
ng
c
ondit
ion
s
[15].
T
he
major
dr
a
w
bac
ks
of
conve
ntion
al
M
PP
T
met
hods
can b
e res
olve
d
us
in
g
s
of
t
c
ompu
ti
ng pro
c
esses
.
S
om
e
of
the p
rima
ry
pr
inciple
s
of
the
se
soft
com
pu
ti
ng
me
thods
inclu
de
un
ce
rtai
nty,
r
obus
t
ness,
a
nd
par
ti
al
tr
uth.
The
s
of
t
co
m
pu
ti
ng
methods
ca
n
ha
nd
le
the
no
n
-
l
inear
issues
,
a
nd
offe
r
bette
r
s
olu
ti
ons
f
or
th
e
MPPT
[
16]
.
The
wi
dely
use
d
s
oft
com
pu
ti
ng
p
r
oc
esses
are
pa
rtic
le
swar
m
op
ti
miza
ti
on
[
17
-
20]
,
arti
fici
al
neu
ral
net
wor
k
[
21,
22]a
nd
the
fu
zz
y
log
ic
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
[23
-
25
].
The
per
t
urb
a
nd
obse
rv
e
(
P
&O
)
al
gorith
m
is
use
d
ext
ensivel
y
ow
i
ng
to
it
s
lo
w
c
ompu
ta
ti
onal
dema
nd,
sim
pl
e
impleme
ntati
on
a
nd
le
ss
c
o
st.
F
urt
her,
unde
r
varyin
g
at
mo
s
ph
e
ric
c
onditi
ons,
t
he
P&O
al
gorithm
pro
duces
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
a
rou
nd
t
he
M
PP
.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
du
rin
g
ra
pid
cha
ng
e
in
t
he
irr
a
diance,
the
al
go
rithm
s
hifted
a
way
from
the
M
PP
a
nd
pro
du
ces
huge
powe
r
dro
p
of
t
he
a
vaila
ble
e
nerg
y.
I
n
su
c
h
a
case,
the
al
gor
it
hm
co
uld
no
t
diff
e
re
ntiat
e
betwee
n
the
nume
rous
var
ia
ti
on
s
see
n
i
n
the
ou
t
pu
t
pow
er
a
s
cause
d
by
it
s
vo
lt
age
pe
rtu
r
bation
or
ra
pid
irrad
ia
ti
on
c
ha
ng
e
s.
T
hus,
s
om
e
c
ha
ng
es
had
t
o
be
ma
de
in
the
al
gorithm t
o o
ver
c
om
e
these
pro
bl
ems
[26].
In
rece
nt y
ear
s
,
f
uzz
y
l
og
ic
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
(
FL
C)
w
ere
us
e
d
to
c
ontrol
the
s
mall
an
d
s
moo
th
fl
uctuati
ons
in
the
sig
nals
wh
ic
h
le
d
to
st
eady
-
sta
te
c
onditi
on
s
[
27].
T
hese
re
qu
ire
d
f
ew
c
omp
utati
on
ste
ps
,
w
hich
raises
the
ef
fici
enc
y
and
spe
ed
of
t
he
te
c
hniq
ue
.
The
FLCs
ca
n
mainta
in
t
he
M
PP
un
der
dif
fer
e
nt
irra
diati
on
val
ues
[28].
In
this
pa
per,
t
he
a
uthor
s
pro
po
s
ed
an
in
no
vative
us
i
ng
F
LC
by
de
velo
pi
ng
an
M
PPT
al
gorithm
f
or
the
P
V
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
evaluate
d
unde
r
the
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
an
d
dy
nam
ic
sh
a
de
c
ondi
ti
on
s.
Fu
rt
her,
trac
ki
ng
s
peed
afte
r
that
the
FLC
al
gorithm
performa
nce
is
c
ompare
d
with
the
t
rad
it
io
na
l
P&
O
al
gorithm t
o
s
how
the
superi
ori
ty
of
t
he met
hod.
2.
MA
T
HEM
AT
ICA
L
M
ODE
L OF
A
P
V C
EL
L
M
a
ny
m
od
el
s
hav
e
been
des
cribe
d
t
o
ac
hieve
t
he
pro
pert
ie
s
of
the
P
V
cel
l,
i.e.
the
s
ing
le
diode
model
[29
],
double
di
od
e
m
od
el
[
30]
a
nd
three
di
od
e
m
od
el
s
[31].
Th
ese
models
ar
e
dev
el
op
e
d
ba
sed
on
mathemat
ic
al
e
qu
at
io
ns
[
32]
t
hat
use
simi
la
r
ci
rcu
it
e
qu
at
io
ns
as
th
os
e
us
e
d
by
the
PV
ce
ll
s.
These
eq
ua
ti
on
s
trade
a
ccu
racy
f
or
co
mp
le
xity.
A
sin
gle
diode
model
is
on
e
of
t
he
sim
ple
st
models;
it
is
base
d
on
the
s
ing
le
current
s
ource
an
d
the
diode
.
This
model
i
s
exten
de
d
to
dev
el
op
a
double
ex
pone
ntial
model
ha
ving
s
hunt
resist
ances a
nd
equivale
nt
seri
es. In
t
his work, we
us
e a
stand
a
r
d
sin
gle e
xpone
ntial
mod
el
that inclu
des
shun
t
resist
ance as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1
[
33]
.
Figure
1. Eq
ui
valent s
olar
PV
ci
rc
uit m
od
e
l wit
h
a
series,
sh
unt
resist
or a
nd sin
gle
diode
The
cu
rr
e
nt,
I
ph
,
is
t
he
ph
otoc
urren
t
in
the
cel
l;
I
o
is
the
PV
sat
urat
ion
current;
w
hile
R
s
an
d
R
sh
represe
nt
the
s
eries
resist
a
nc
es
an
d
i
ntrin
si
c
shu
nt,
re
sp
ec
ti
vely.
T
he
R
s
is
ge
ner
al
ly
ne
glect
ed
for
sim
plici
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
28
–
16
39
1630
in
an
al
ys
is
as
the
R
sh
value
is
la
rg
e
r
t
han
R
s
value.
T
o
i
ncr
ease
the
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
volt
age,
t
he
PV
cel
ls
ar
e
connecte
d
in
s
eries
a
nd
pa
ral
le
l
t
o
f
orm
t
he
m
odule.
W
he
n
t
he
m
odules
are
co
nnect
ed
in
a
par
al
le
l
-
s
eries
config
ur
at
io
n,
it
ca
n
be
tr
eat
ed
as
t
he
PV
ar
ra
y.
I
n
(
1
-
4)
desc
rib
e
the
mat
hem
at
ic
al
modu
le
of
the
PV
pa
nel
[
34].
The PV
ph
oto
c
urren
t,
I
ph
,
is de
te
rmin
e
d
as:
ph
=
[
SCr
+
Ki
(
−
)
]
∗
1000
(1)
The reve
rse sa
turati
on,
Irs
, is
cal
culat
ed
as:
rs
=
SCr
[
(
)
−
1
]
(2)
The PV
satu
rati
on
c
urre
nt,
Is
, i
s d
et
ermi
ne
d
a
s:
=
rs
[
]
3
exp
[
q
E
g
Ak
(
1
−
1
)
]
(3)
The PV
outp
ut
current,
I
pv
,
is e
sti
mate
d
as:
pv
=
Np*
I
ph
−
Np*
I
ph
[
exp
{
q*
V
pv
+
pv
Rs
N
s
k
A
T
}
−
1
]
(4)
The
nonline
ar
equ
at
io
n
of
P
V
c
har
act
e
risti
c
de
pe
nd
s
on
the
te
m
perat
ur
e
an
d
i
rr
a
diance
of
t
he
s
ola
r
cel
l
.
Under
sta
nd
a
r
d
te
st
co
ndit
ion
s
wh
e
re
the
c
el
l
te
mp
e
r
at
ur
e
is
25°C
a
nd
the
ir
ra
dian
ce
is
1000
W/m
2
,
t
he
PV
m
odule
m
anu
factu
rer
s
usually
receive
spe
ci
fied
data
as
ref
e
ren
ce
s.
T
he
char
act
e
risti
c
curves
a
re
s
how
n
in
Figure
2
(a),
Figure
2
(b)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
3(
a
)
,
Fig
ur
e
3(b).
Figure
2
il
lust
rates
the
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
c
har
ac
te
ristic
curves
unde
r
diff
e
rin
g
i
rr
a
diance
c
onditi
on
s
an
d
Fig
ur
e
3
il
lustrate
s
the
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
c
curve
s
unde
r diffe
rin
g t
empe
ratu
res.
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. The
c
har
act
erist
ic
c
urves
for di
ff
e
re
nt irr
a
dian
ces;
(a)
I
-
V
c
har
act
erist
ic
(
b)
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
c
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. The
c
har
act
erist
ic
s c
urves f
or
dif
fere
nt temp
eratu
r
es;
(
a)
I
-
V
c
harac
te
risti
c (b)
P
-
V
c
har
act
e
risti
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al extr
ac
ti
on
of
ph
oto
v
ol
taic ener
gy us
ing
f
uz
zy l
og
ic
con
tr
ol for
…
(K
adhim H
amz
ah Ch
alo
k
)
1631
The
aut
hors
us
ed
t
he
JW
P
25
0W
DES
ER
T
(HIP
S
olar
G
mbH,
Ge
rma
ny)
s
olar
P
V
m
odule
in
this
work
to
ca
rry
-
ou
t
the
ex
per
i
mentat
io
ns
.
F
our
s
olar
pa
nel
s
are
co
nnect
ed
in
the
4
×
1
(S
×
P)
c
onfig
ur
a
ti
on
t
o
form
a
P
V
a
rr
a
y
with
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
1K
W.
Ta
ble
1
sho
ws
th
e
pa
ramete
rs
of
s
pecifica
ti
ons
of
the
P
V
ar
ra
y
a
nd
modu
le
.
Fi
gur
e
4
prese
nts
the
bl
oc
k
diagr
a
m
of
a
c
omplet
e
P
V
s
yst
em
co
nfi
gur
at
ion
i
nclu
ding
the
M
PP
T c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
Table
1.
T
he
paramet
ers
of s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s
of
the J
WP 2
50W
D
ES
ERT m
od
ule and a
rr
a
y
Para
m
eters
Mod
u
le
PV ar
ray (4*
1
)
Maximu
m
po
wer
p
o
in
t
(P
mp
p
)
"
2
5
0
W
1
0
0
0
W
Maximu
m
curr
en
t
(I
mp
p
)
8
.30
A
8
.30
A
Vo
ltag
e m
ax
i
m
u
m
(V
mp
p
)
"
3
0
.12
V
1
2
0
.5 A
Sh
o
rt
-
circuit cur
re
n
t
(I
sc
)
"
9
.20
A
9
.20
A
Op
en
-
circuit v
o
lta
g
e
(V
oc
)
"
3
7
.10
V
1
4
8
.4 V
Tem
p
e
rature
co
efficien
t of
V
oc
"
-
0
.11
8
V/C
-
0
.11
8
V/C
Tem
p
e
rature
co
efficien
t of
I
sc
"
0
.06
5
A/C
0
.06
5
A/C
"
Nu
m
b
er
of cells
"
60
240
Figure
4. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram desc
ribing t
he
P
V
s
ys
te
m
3.
DC
-
D
C
B
OO
ST CON
VER
TE
R
A
DC
-
DC
boost
co
nv
e
rter
is
util
ise
d
i
n
t
he
PV
s
ys
te
m
as
it
is
an
a
dap
t
able
a
nd
ef
fici
ent
M
PP
T
con
t
ro
ll
er.
Thi
s
conve
rter
ha
s
helpe
d
to
c
on
t
ro
l
a
volt
a
ge
outp
ut
that
is
hig
he
r
tha
n
the
vo
lt
age
input.
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
tra
ns
ist
or
in
the
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
c
onve
rt
er,
w
hich
regul
at
es
the
e
nh
a
nc
ed
proce
ssin
g
by
the
con
t
ro
ll
er.
A
M
O
SFET
tra
nsi
stor
was
uti
li
zed
in
t
his
conve
rter.
I
n
(5)
def
i
nes
t
he
ci
rcu
it
’s
vo
lt
age
gain
[3
5]
.
=
1
(
1
+
)
(5)
Figure
5. Ci
rcui
t diagr
a
m
of the
DC
-
DC
boost
conv
e
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
28
–
16
39
1632
Wh
e
re:
V
o
:
c
onve
rter
outp
ut
volt
age,
Vi:
conve
rter
i
nput
volt
age,
D:
du
t
y
c
ycle.
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
conve
rter
t
hat
is
co
ntr
olled
by
t
he
gate
dri
ve
r
ci
rc
uit.
The
work
i
ng
pr
i
nciple
of
the
DC
-
DC
boos
t
co
nverter
can
be
di
vid
e
d
into
tw
o
par
ts
.
The
first
par
t
is
wh
e
n
M
O
S
FET
wa
s
swit
ched
O
N;
the
inducto
r
(L
)
c
urren
t
directi
on
flo
we
d
in
re
ve
rse
w
hile
the
i
nduct
or
sto
red
the
e
nerg
y
a
nd
ge
ne
rated
a
ma
gnet
ic
fiel
d,
wh
e
r
eas
the
ou
t
pu
t
ca
pacit
or
(C
2
)
t
ran
s
fe
rr
e
d
the
ene
r
gy
to
an
in
ver
te
r.
In
the
se
co
nd
par
t,
the
tra
ns
ist
or
wa
s
s
w
it
ched
OF
F
,
w
herei
n
the
main
s
ourc
e
and
ene
rgy
would
be
c
onne
ct
ed
in
se
ries
[36].
T
he
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
desig
n
e
mp
l
oyed
in
this st
udy i
s sp
eci
fied
i
n Table
. 2
Table
2.
T
he
paramet
ers
of t
he
D
C
-
DC
boost
co
nve
rter
Elemen
ts
Valu
es
Ind
u
cto
r
3
3
2
.625 µH
MOSF
ET
1
RF P4
6
0
Po
wer
Dio
d
e
IN
5
4
0
8
Cap
acito
r,
C
2
9
.12
5
µf
Res
istiv
e L
o
ad
2
0
0
Ω
Frequ
en
cy
2
0
kHz
Inp
u
t capacitan
ce, C
1
5
m
F
4.
MPPT F
UZZ
Y
LO
GIC C
O
NTRO
LL
E
R
The
pro
posed
FLC
te
ch
nique
is
us
e
d
to
ove
rcome
c
om
m
on
dr
a
w
back
s
of
the
co
nventi
on
al
MPPT
te
chn
iq
ue
li
ke
the
loss
of
trac
king
durin
g
dy
namic
c
ha
ng
es
in
ir
rad
ia
nce
and
osc
il
la
ti
on
duri
ng
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
conditi
ons.
FL
C
is
on
e
of
th
e
m
os
t
e
ff
ect
iv
e
co
ntr
ol
te
c
hn
iqu
es
a
nd
ha
s
at
tract
ed
a
lot
of
intere
st
in
a
wi
de
range
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
The
F
LC
is
util
ise
d
to
imp
r
ov
e
the
performa
nc
e
of
the
M
P
P
T
in
P
V
s
ys
te
ms
by
enh
a
ncin
g
it
s
trackin
g
capa
bi
li
ty
to
deal
with
t
he
non
-
l
inearit
y
cha
rac
te
risti
cs
of
t
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y.
F
or
t
hi
s
pur
po
se
,
the
duty
-
cycle
of
t
he
boos
t
c
onvert
er
is
con
t
ro
ll
e
d
by
the
FLC
r
ules,
if
the
pe
r
tur
bation
i
n
th
e
du
t
y
cycle
inc
rease
d
t
he
powe
r,
the
ne
xt
directi
on
of
pe
rtu
r
ba
ti
on
must
be
moved
in
the
same
directi
on
.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
if
the
powe
r
is
decr
ease
d
,
t
he
directi
on
of
the
duty
c
yc
le
per
tu
rb
at
i
on
sho
uld
be
in
the
opposit
e d
ire
ct
ion
.
Figure
6
prese
nts
the
flo
wchart
f
or
the
FL
C
al
gorithm
.
This
al
gorithm
was
based
on
three
maj
or
ste
ps
,
i.e.
,
(
1)
f
uzzifica
ti
on,
(
2)
infe
ren
ce
a
nd
,
(3)
de
f
uzzific
at
ion
.
I
n
the
ca
se
of
fu
zzi
ficat
ion
,
t
his
al
gori
thm
su
bst
it
uted
t
he
nume
rical
in
pu
t
val
ue
i
nto
the
li
nguisti
c
va
riables
that
are
prese
nted
as
t
he
mem
be
rsh
i
p
functi
ons.
T
he
r
eafter,
t
he
in
fe
ren
ce
ste
p
relat
es
the
ou
t
pu
t
a
nd
in
pu
t
in
f
ormat
ion
,
w
here
as
the
defuzzif
ic
at
ion
ste
p
tra
ns
f
orm
ed
the
outp
ut i
nformat
ion i
nt
o
a
nume
rical
v
al
ue [
37].
Figure
6. Steps
involve
d
i
n
t
he
Fu
zz
y
l
og
ic
a
lgorit
hm
In
this
work,
t
he
Slo
pe
of
P
-
V
(the
e
rror)
a
nd
the
Var
ia
ti
on
of
Slo
pe
(c
ha
ng
e
of
e
rror)
are
util
ise
d
a
s
input
values
(S(k
)
a
nd
Δ
S(K)
)
f
or
th
e
FLC
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
er
r
or
(
S(k)
)
an
d
the
c
ha
nge
of
e
rror
(Δ
S(k)
)
i
n
the
P
V
modu
le
s
are us
ed
as
fuzzy
in
put va
riables.
T
hese
var
ia
bles
are e
xpresse
d
a
s foll
ow
s:
(
)
=
Δ
Δ
=
(
)
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
−
1
)
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(6)
Δ
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(7)
Figure
7
pr
ese
nts the dat
aba
s
e whic
h
is
us
e
d for the
fuzz
y
r
ules that a
re b
a
sed on i
nput
va
riables f
or
fu
zz
y.
A
5
-
te
r
m
fu
zz
y
set
of v
aria
bles,
i.e., N
egati
ve
Bi
g
(
NB),
N
e
gative Small
(N
S
),
Ze
ro
(
ZE)
,
P
os
it
ive
Bi
g
(P
B)
a
nd
P
os
it
ive
Small
(PS)
are
em
ployed
to
desc
rib
e
e
ve
ry
li
ng
uisti
c
va
riable.
T
he
ou
t
pu
ts
from
t
he
f
uzzy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al extr
ac
ti
on
of
ph
oto
v
ol
taic ener
gy us
ing
f
uz
zy l
og
ic
con
tr
ol for
…
(K
adhim H
amz
ah Ch
alo
k
)
1633
con
t
ro
ll
er
(i.e
.,
duty
c
ycle
rati
o
c
omma
nd
of
a
bo
os
t
c
onve
rt
er)
ch
an
ge
d
t
he
out
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
volt
age
va
lues
of
a
PV
mod
ul
e.
Af
te
r
t
hese
values
a
re
ch
ang
e
d,
t
hey
w
il
l
aff
ect
the
f
uzzy
i
nput
va
r
ia
ble
s
values
of
t
he
seco
nd
set
.
T
he
reafter
,
t
he
outp
ut
c
omman
ds
will
be
re
-
a
dju
ste
d
by
t
he
co
ntr
oller.
T
he
f
uzz
y
l
og
ic
s
ys
te
m
al
so
sta
te
d
tha
t
the
sel
ect
io
n
of
the
domain
incl
udin
g
th
e
input
a
nd
outp
ut
va
lues
(i
.e.,
t
he
unive
r
se
of
disco
urse)
would
si
gn
ific
a
nt
ly
af
fect
the
res
ults,
he
nce,
a
ppr
opriat
e
desi
gns
ha
ve
t
o
be
i
mp
le
me
nted
.
A
fe
w
gu
i
delines
wh
i
ch
he
lp
in
de
fining
the
mem
be
rsh
i
p
f
unct
ions
su
c
h
as:
(
1)
Def
i
ning
the
li
mit
at
ion
s
bet
w
een
the
NB
an
d
PB
r
egio
ns
base
d
on
the
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
of
al
l
input
va
riabl
es
;
(2)
ZE
ra
ng
e
was
base
d
on
th
e
sp
eci
fied
MPP
T
obje
ct
ive
(effic
ie
ncy
c
rite
ria);
an
d
(
3)
Li
mit
at
ion
s
of
th
e
PM
a
nd
N
M
wer
e
determi
ne
d
after
sel
ect
ing
the
PB,
NB
a
nd
Z
E
bounda
ries.
A
fe
w
desi
gn
it
erati
on
s
we
r
e
nece
ssar
y
f
or
ac
qu
iri
ng
sat
isfact
ory
re
su
lt
s.
Figure
8(a),
Fig
ur
e
8(b)
an
d
Fig
ur
e
8(c)
de
scribe
the
input
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
f
uzz
y
lo
gic
membe
rs
hip
f
unct
ions.
Figure
7. F
uzz
y ru
le
s
us
e
d for the
er
ror
a
nd
changes
of e
rror use
d
a
s in
pu
ts
(a)
(b)
(c)
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
28
–
16
39
1634
Figure
8. The
membe
rs
hip
f
unct
ions
us
ed
fo
r
(a
)
E
rro
r
S
(k)
(
b)
C
ha
ng
e
of
error
ΔS(
k)
(c
)
Duty c
ycle
ΔD
Figure.
9
prese
nts
the
MATL
AB/Si
mu
li
nk®
model
of
the
M
PP
T
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
T
he
blo
c
k
diag
ram
fo
r
an
M
P
PT
is
ba
sed
on
t
he
method
pro
pose
d
i
n
t
his
st
udy.
T
his
m
odel
i
nclud
e
s
th
e
init
ia
l
duty
c
ycle,
w
he
re
t
he
PV
ar
ra
y
volt
age
an
d
c
urren
t
are
meas
ur
e
d
a
nd
powe
r
is
est
imat
ed.
Fig
ure
10
de
picts
the
model
that
has
been
impleme
nted u
sing M
ATL
AB
/Si
mu
li
nk®
Figure
9. Sim
ul
ink
m
odel
of
t
he
F
LC
M
PPT
al
gorithm
Figure
10. M
odel
li
ng
sy
ste
m
s thro
ugh si
mul
ink
e
nv
i
ronme
nt
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
trac
king
a
bili
ti
es
of
the
pro
posed
FLC
-
M
PP
T
al
gorith
m
is
exa
mine
d
unde
r
tw
o
c
onditi
on
s
,
i.e.,
(1)
ste
a
dy
-
sta
te
co
nd
it
io
ns
;
a
nd
(
2)
dy
nami
c
cha
ng
e
s
in
the
ir
rad
ia
nce.
Ther
ea
fter
,
the
pe
rformance
of
the
pro
po
se
d
al
gor
it
hm
is e
xamine
d wit
h
the
tra
diti
on
al
P
&O a
lgorit
hm
.
5.1. Perf
orm
ance
under
s
te
ad
y
-
s
tate c
ondi
tion
s
At
ir
rad
ia
nce
of
90
0
W/m
2
as
sho
wn
in
F
igure
11(a),
Figure
11(
b)
a
nd
Fi
gure
11(c
)
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
f
rom
th
e
PV
a
rr
a
y
is
90
2.76
W
.
I
n
this
case,
the
pro
posed
FLC
-
M
PP
T
al
gorith
m
su
ccee
de
d
to
ma
ke
the ope
rati
ng point
of the s
ys
t
em
at
the
ma
ximu
m
point
wit
hin
0.0
82
sec
.
The
trac
king
performa
nce
of
the
tra
diti
onal
P&O
met
hod
at
the
ir
ra
diance
value
of
900
W/m
2
achieve
d
t
he
M
PP
within
0.
151s
ec
.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
s
how
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
FLC
-
M
PPT
te
chn
i
qu
e
inc
urr
ed
fe
wer
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s,
a
sta
ble
op
e
rati
ng
point
a
nd
the
propose
d
FLC
-
MPPT
al
go
rithm
po
s
sesse
d
higher
acc
ur
ac
y
tha
n
the P&
O met
hod w
he
n
it
is
operate
d
at
the
M
PP
v
al
ue.
At
irra
diance
of
600W/
m
2
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
12
(a)
,
Figure
12
(b)
an
d
Figure
12(c
),
the
pro
posed
FLC
s
uccessfu
ll
y
tracke
d
t
he
M
P
P
within
0.137
sec.
T
he
powe
r
e
xtra
ct
ed
f
rom
t
he
PV
a
rr
a
y
unde
r
this
irrad
ia
nce is
604.9
37
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al extr
ac
ti
on
of
ph
oto
v
ol
taic ener
gy us
ing
f
uz
zy l
og
ic
con
tr
ol for
…
(K
adhim H
amz
ah Ch
alo
k
)
1635
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
11. T
ra
ckin
g per
forma
nce
of the
FLC
-
MPPT a
nd P
&O
te
c
hn
i
que
at
an
ir
rad
ia
nc
e of
900 W/m
2
(a)
C
urre
nt (A) (
b)
V
oltage
(V) (
c
) Po
wer (
W
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
12. T
ra
ckin
g per
forma
nce
of the
FLC
-
MPPT a
nd P
&O
te
c
hn
i
que
at
an
ir
rad
ia
nc
e of
600 W/m
2
(a)
C
urre
nt (A) (
b)
V
oltage
(V) (
c
) Po
wer (
W
)
The
co
nventio
nal
P
&O
al
gor
it
hm
s
uccess
f
ul
ly
trac
ked
t
he
M
PP
within
0.2
44
sec
for
t
he
irra
dia
nce
of
600
W/m
2
.
The
e
xtracted
powe
r
f
rom
th
e
PV
a
rray
un
der
t
his
ir
rad
ia
nc
e
is
604.9
37
W.
I
n
this
te
st
,
P&
O
needs
m
ore
ti
me
tha
n
t
he
previ
ou
s
c
onditi
on
becau
se
th
e
ste
p
-
siz
e
value
is
small
er.
Table
3
pr
e
se
nts
the
com
par
is
on
of
the
trac
king
r
esults
de
rive
d
after
a
co
mp
a
r
at
ive
eval
uatio
n
of
the
pro
po
sed
FLC
-
M
P
P
T
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
28
–
16
39
1636
tradit
ion
al
P&
O
te
ch
ni
qu
es
.
This
performa
nce
is
c
ompa
r
ed
with
reg
a
r
ds
to
t
he
harves
ti
ng
powe
r,
t
he
ti
me
require
d for
re
achin
g
the
ma
xi
mu
m
powe
r u
nd
e
r
t
he
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
cond
it
io
ns
.
Table
3.
C
omp
ariso
n of t
he
tr
ackin
g resu
lt
s
f
or the
pro
pose
d
F
LC
-
M
PPT
and the c
onve
nt
ion
al
P&
O me
thods
Ir
radian
ce
MPPT
Algo
rithm
Th
eo
re
ti
ca
l
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
Extracted Po
we
r
Tim
e
of
tra
ck
in
g
9
0
0
W/m
2
Prop
o
sed
FL
C m
et
h
o
d
9
0
3
W
9
0
2
.764 W
0
.08
2
s
P&
O m
eth
o
d
9
0
3
W
9
0
2
.764 W
0
.15
1
s
6
0
0
W/m
2
Prop
o
sed
FL
C m
et
h
o
d
6
0
5
W
6
0
4
.937 W
0
.13
7
s
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
6
0
5
W
6
0
4
.937 W
0
.24
4
s
5.2. Perf
orm
ance
analy
sis d
ynamic
ch
ang
e in irr
ad
i
an
c
e condi
tio
n
In
the
first
cas
e,
as
ca
n
be
se
en
in
Fig
ure
13
(a)
,
Fig
ur
e
13(
b)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
13(c
),
the
ir
rad
i
ance
sta
rts
at
600
W/m
2
unti
l
0.5
seco
nds.
In
the
0.5
sec
ond,
t
her
e
was
a
one
-
ste
p
cha
ng
e
f
r
om
600
W/m2
to
800
W/m2,
and
on
the
on
e
-
seco
nd,
a
no
t
he
r
ste
p
c
hange
from
800
W/m
2
to
1000
W/
m
2
.
The
pro
po
sed
FLC
met
hod
a
nd
P&O t
ech
niqu
e are test
e
d under
an i
rr
a
dian
ce p
rofil
e sho
wn in Fi
gure
14.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
13. T
ra
ckin
g
the
p
e
rfo
rma
nce
of
t
he FLC
-
M
PPT
a
nd P
&O t
ech
nique
unde
r dyna
mic cha
nges
occurri
ng in
t
he
irra
diance
at
the step
-
up c
ha
ng
e
s
of
200
W/
m
2
(a
)
Cu
rr
e
nt
(A) (b
) Vo
lt
ag
e (
V)
(c)
Powe
r
(
W
)
Figure
14. A
n
i
rr
a
diance
pro
fi
le
f
or
dynamic
te
st
Fo
r
t
he
pro
pos
ed
FLC
meth
od,
the
M
PP
tra
ckin
g
ti
me
is
only
0.1
37
sec
and
the
powe
r
extracte
d
is
604.9
37
W.
A
fter
ste
p
-
cha
ngin
g
to
the
800
W/m
2
,
t
he
M
PP
is
reach
ed
withi
n
0.0
09
sec
an
d
the
power
extracte
d
of
804.5
18W
.
F
or
1000
W/
m
2
,
the
powe
r
e
xtracted
is
999.708
within
0.009
sec
.
A
nd
for
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al extr
ac
ti
on
of
ph
oto
v
ol
taic ener
gy us
ing
f
uz
zy l
og
ic
con
tr
ol for
…
(K
adhim H
amz
ah Ch
alo
k
)
1637
conve
ntion
al
P
&O
met
hod,
t
he
trackin
g
ti
me
of
600
W/m
2
irra
diance
is
0.244
sec
for
the
800W/
m
2
irra
diance
is
0.025sec
an
d
0.085
for
th
e
1000
W/m
2
irr
adiance.
T
he
outp
ut
po
wer
from
t
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y
is
595W
f
or
t
he
600
W/m
2
i
rr
a
dian
ces,
796.1
2
W
f
or
t
he
800
W/m
2
i
rr
a
dian
ces
a
nd
995.7
6W
within
0.0
85
sec
for
1000
W/m
2
irra
dia
nce
c
on
diti
on
s
. A
s
obs
erv
e
d
fro
m
Fi
gure
14,
the
trac
king p
e
rforma
nce u
si
ng
the
pro
posed
FLC
method
is
faster
an
d
m
or
e
sta
ble
than
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
P&
O
meth
od.
Table
4
il
lustrate
s
a
co
m
par
is
on
of
t
he
tracki
ng
resu
lt
s
see
n
a
fter
ap
ply
i
ng
the
pro
posed
FLC
an
d
co
nventio
nal
P&
O
meth
ods
w
hen
t
he
irra
di
ance
i
s
su
bject
e
d
to
a
ste
p
-
up
of
20
0
W/m
2
.
T
he
se
cond
case
of
the
dy
namic
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
ir
rad
ia
nce
te
st
is
a
s
udde
n
ste
p
-
dow
n
in
ir
rad
ia
nce,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
15.
In
this
ca
se,
t
he
irra
diance
de
creases
by
a
st
ep
of
200W/
m
2
f
or
five
-
ti
me
sta
rting
f
rom
1000
W/m
2
un
ti
l
200
W/m
2
.
T
he
perform
ance
tr
acki
ng
of
the
pro
pose
d
FLC
met
hod
an
d
c
onve
ntio
nal
P
&O
met
hod
ca
n
be obse
r
ved f
r
om
t
he ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
sc
heme i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
Fi
gures 1
6(
a
),
Figures
16(
b) an
d
Fi
gures 1
6(
c
)
.
Table
4.
C
omp
ariso
n of t
he
tr
ackin
g resu
lt
s
seen a
fter a
pplyin
g
the
pr
opose
d
F
LC a
nd c
onve
ntion
al
P
&O
methods
whe
n t
he
irra
dia
nce i
s subject
ed
t
o
a
step
-
up
of 20
0 W/m
2
A step
-
ch
an
g
e in I
rr
ad
ian
ce
From
-
to
From
-
to
600
-
8
0
0
W/m
2
800
-
1
0
0
0
W/m
2
Theo
ry
8
0
0
W
1
0
0
0
W
Prop
o
sed
FL
C m
et
h
o
d
Extracted p
o
wer
8
0
4
.514 W
Extracted p
o
wer
9
9
9
.708 W
Tr
acki
n
g
time
0
.00
9
s
Tr
acki
n
g
time
0
.00
9
s
P&
O m
eth
o
d
Extracted p
o
wer
8
0
4
.518 W
Extracted p
o
wer
9
9
9
.760 W
Tr
acki
n
g
time
0
.02
5
s
Tr
acki
n
g
time
0
.08
5
s
Figure
15. St
ep
-
dow
n su
dden
changes
o
cc
urr
ing
i
n
the
ir
radi
ance
(a)
(b)
(c)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.