Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
47
4
~
4
88
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
4
7
4
-
4
88
474
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A revie
w of
building in
teg
rated p
hot
ovoltai
c:
case
study
of
tropical
clim
atic
regi
on
s
Mu’az
u
Moham
med
Ab
d
ull
ah
i
1
, Abd
ull
ahi
A
b
ub
akar
Mas’u
d
2,
, Ibr
ah
im
Ab
u
bak
ar Ma
s’ud
3
,
Jo
r
ge Alfre
do Ardil
a
-
Rey
4
, F
ir
da
us
Muh
am
mad
-
Su
kki
5
,
R
id
oan
K
ari
m
6
,
Ah
m
ad
Sh
ak
i
r M
oh
d
S
au
di
7
, N
ur
ul Aini
Bani
8
and
As
an Ver
nyuy
Wi
rba
9
1
Depa
rtment of
Civi
l Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
Facu
lt
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Univers
it
y
of
Ha
fr
-
Alb
at
in
,
Haf
ar
Al
B
at
in
,
Saudi
Arabi
a
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Jubai
l
Ind
ustria
l
Coll
ege,
J
ubai
l
,
Sau
di
Ara
bia
3
Depa
rtment of
Mec
hanica
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Shib
aur
a
Insti
tut
e
of Te
c
hnology
,
Tokyo, Japa
n
4
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersi
dad
T
éc
ni
ca Fed
eri
co
Santa María,
V
al
par
ai
so
,
C
hil
e
5
School
of Engi
nee
ring
&
the B
uil
t Envi
ron
me
nt
,
Ed
inburgh
Nap
ie
r
Univ
ersit
y
,
E
dinburgh
,
Uni
ted Kingdom
6
Depa
rtment of
Business L
aw
&
Ta
x
at
ion
,
Mona
sh Unive
rsity
M
al
aysi
a,
Subang
Jaya
,
M
al
aysi
a.
7
Cent
er
for Wate
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
T
e
chnol
ogy,
Mal
ay
sia
Franc
e
Inst
itute, Unive
rsi
ti
K
ual
a
Lum
pur
Ba
ndar
Baru
Bang
i
Sela
ngo
r
,
Mal
ay
sia
8
UTM Ra
za
k
Fa
cul
ty
of Tec
hno
l
ogy
and
In
formatic
s,
Univer
sit
i T
eknol
ogi
Mala
ys
ia
,
Mal
aysia
9
Depa
rtment of
Mana
gement Inf
orma
ti
on
T
ec
hn
ology,
Juba
il Ind
ustri
al Col
l
ege,
J
ubai
l
,
Saudi
Ara
bia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r
2
7
, 20
20
Re
vised
N
ov
2
5
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
Dec
1
3
, 20
20
The
bui
ldi
ng
in
te
gra
te
d
pho
tov
olt
aic
(BIPV
)
s
ystem
hav
e
r
ecent
ly
dr
awn
int
er
est
and
ha
ve
d
em
onstr
at
e
d
high
po
te
nt
ial
to
assist
bu
ilding
owners
supply
both
th
er
ma
l
and
e
lectr
i
c
al
lo
ads.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
the
BIPV
te
chno
logy
has
be
en
rev
iew
ed,
in
t
erm
s
of
i
ts
p
erf
orm
a
nce
,
eff
i
ci
en
cy
and
pow
er
gene
ra
ti
on
ca
p
a
ci
ty
.
Spe
ci
fi
call
y,
th
e
applicatio
ns
of
th
e
BIPV
in
tropica
l
cl
imat
e
reg
ions
hav
e
be
en
di
scuss
ed,
toge
th
er
wi
th
it
s
pr
ospec
ts
and
cha
l
le
nges.
For
th
ese
sch
emes
to
be
i
mplem
ent
ed
in
a
trop
ic
a
l
cl
i
ma
t
ic
reg
ion,
th
e
fo
ll
o
wing
issues
mus
t
be
consid
ere
d
:
1)
C
ert
a
in
stud
i
es
must
be
done
relat
ing
to
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
loa
d
d
em
an
d
,
pre
d
ic
t
e
d
PV
output
,
lo
c
at
ion
of
the
buil
dings
and
its
int
egr
a
ti
on
an
d
constra
in
ts
associate
d
with
r
oo
f
design;
2)
For
the
h
ighe
st
e
ner
gy
produc
ti
o
n
from
sol
ar
PV
,
the
solar
colle
ctors
nee
d
to
be
with
th
e
righ
t
tilt
dep
endi
ng
on
the
lo
cation;
3)
Design
cr
it
e
ria
such
a
s
safe
ty,
eff
icien
c
y,
dur
abi
l
it
y
,
f
lexibil
i
ty
and
con
struct
iv
e
issues
nee
d
to
be
conside
red
;
4
)
T
he
gov
ern
m
ent
of
such
coun
tri
e
s
must
train
elec
tri
cians
and
ca
rpe
n
te
rs
on
P
V
insta
l
la
t
ions;
5)
The
BIPV
r
oofing
must
per
form
sam
e
func
ti
on
as
no
r
ma
l
roof
ing
m
at
er
ia
ls,
such
a
s
noise
protect
ion,
wat
er
ti
ghtne
ss
,
insulation
and
cl
i
ma
t
e
prote
c
ti
on,
and
6)
As
pra
ct
iced
aro
und
the
world,
th
ese
cou
ntri
es
must
est
ab
li
sh de
sign
stand
ard
s for the
BIP
V.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Buil
ding inte
grat
ion
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
So
la
r
en
e
rgy
Tropical
cli
mate
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Abd
ullahi A
bu
bak
a
r Mas
’ud
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g
Ju
ba
il
I
nd
us
tri
al
Colle
ge
PO
B
ox 10
099, Jubai
l
31961,
Saudi A
ra
bia
Emai
l:
masud
_a
@ji
c.ed
u.
sa
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
the
co
ntem
porary
w
or
l
d,
the
global
c
ommu
nity
ap
pr
ehende
d
t
hat
t
he
non
-
s
us
ta
in
able
e
nerg
y
so
urces
(e.
g.
f
os
sil
f
uel)
wil
l
be
a
vaila
ble
only
f
or
a
li
mit
ed
per
io
d.
Con
se
quently
,
the
urge
nc
y
t
o
a
vail
su
f
fici
ent
re
ne
wab
le
e
nerg
y
s
ources
has
al
re
ady
bec
om
e
a
n
issue
of
disc
ussi
on.
O
ne
s
uc
h
sou
rce,
c
ommo
nly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A revie
w of
buil
din
g i
nteg
ra
te
d photov
oltaic:
Case s
t
udy
of
trop
ic
al
…
(
M
u’az
u
M
oham
med A
bdulla
hi
)
475
reg
a
rd
e
d
as
a
com
plete
cl
ean
energ
y
is
the
so
la
r
e
nerg
y
[1
]
–
[
3]
.
Re
cent
ly,
due
to
t
he
dev
el
opment
of
ne
w
regulat
ory
fr
a
mew
orks
c
oupl
ed
with
risin
g
den
si
ficat
ion
of
ci
ti
es,
t
he
re
is
a
nee
d
to
ac
kn
owle
dge
the
sign
ific
a
nce
of
ap
pl
ying
s
olar
te
ch
nolo
gy
for
buil
dings
[4
]
–
[
6]
.
I
n
mo
st
E
uro
pea
n
c
ountries,
buil
ding
s
account
f
or
40%
of
the
tot
al
ene
rgy
us
e
[
7]
,
but
sti
ll
the
si
tuati
on
ha
s
no
t
im
proved
des
pite
im
pro
ved
te
chnolo
gies
a
nd
buil
ding
c
od
e
s
that
ma
ke
su
ch
buil
dings
m
or
e
c
omf
or
ta
ble.
D
ue
t
o
the
global
world
popula
ti
on
gro
wth,
ene
rgy
de
man
d
in
buil
dings
has
raised
up
t
o
rise
up
to
50%
by
2020,
with
t
he
global
bu
il
di
ng r
e
g
io
n anti
ci
pated
to dou
ble by
2050
[8]
.
It
is
vital
to
unde
rstan
d
t
hat
so
la
r
e
nerg
y
can
pla
y
a
vital
ro
le
in
mod
ern
buil
dings
su
c
h
as
s
olar
heati
ng
a
nd
co
oling
a
nd
phot
ovoltai
c
(
PV)
powe
red
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
Alrea
dy,
a
rch
it
ect
ural
fir
ms
a
re
opti
ng
for
t
his
tren
d,
joini
ng
hands
with
en
ergy
ex
pe
rts
to
desi
gn
a
nd
const
ru
ct
total
ly
so
la
r
bu
il
din
gs
[
7]
.
T
he
main
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
s
olar
P
V
te
chnolo
gy
a
nd
buil
ding
integ
rati
on
te
c
hnolog
y
in
vo
l
ve
a
wi
de
ra
ng
e
of
discipli
nes. Syst
emiz
at
ion
a
nd d
el
ibe
rate
e
ffor
ts
f
rom
so
la
r
ma
nufactu
re
r
s
,
c
onstructi
on co
m
pan
ie
s
, d
es
ign
in
g
insti
tuti
on
s,
pr
op
e
rty
de
velo
pe
rs
a
nd
co
mpo
nen
t
c
onstr
uction
de
pa
rtment
are
necessa
ry
in
order
to
ac
hiev
e
the
util
iz
at
ion
of
s
olar
e
ne
rgy
an
d
bu
il
ding
integrati
on
te
chnolo
gy.
T
he
ro
le
of
regula
ti
on
s
dep
a
rtme
nt
an
d
nati
on
al
poli
ci
es
can
no
t
be
omi
tt
ed
ei
ther.
Fo
r
yea
rs,
ma
ny
pro
blems
ha
ve
arise
n
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
re
ne
wab
le
energ
y,
incl
ud
i
ng
t
he
iss
ues
of
ene
rgy
sec
uri
ty
an
d
the
t
hr
e
at
of
cl
imat
e
c
hange
wh
ic
h
e
ven
t
ually
al
so
serv
e
as
the
pr
ime
fa
ct
or
s
f
or
de
velopment
of
s
uc
h
e
ne
rgy
s
ourc
es.
The
s
un
is
the
gr
eat
est
s
ubsta
ntial
s
us
ta
i
nab
le
powe
r
s
ource
[
11]
.
The
co
nce
ntrati
on
of
gre
enho
us
e
gas
due
to
the
a
buse
of
f
os
sil
f
uel
us
a
ge
ha
s
re
sul
te
d
in
global
te
mp
e
ra
tures
a
nd
e
nv
i
ronme
ntal
de
gradati
on.
The
decli
ning
oil
and
gas
sup
plies,
co
uple
d
with
the
increasin
g
co
nc
ern
s
f
or
t
he
gl
ob
al
e
ff
ect
of
CO
2
,
gav
e
ris
e
to
gree
n
buil
dings
(i.e.
bu
il
dings
desi
gn
e
d
an
d
const
ru
ct
e
d
s
o as t
o red
uce t
he
ir envir
onme
nt
al
impact)
[12
]
.
A
treme
ndous
effor
t
has
t
o
be
ma
de
t
o
r
edu
ce
ene
r
gy
dema
nd
of
ci
vil
struct
ur
es
by
ap
ply
i
ng
eff
ect
ive
meas
ur
es
that
ma
ximize
ene
r
gy
usa
ge
pro
duced
by
PV
[13]
.
Fr
om
ti
me
to
ti
me,
the
te
ch
nical
dev
el
opments
of
op
ti
cal
,
el
ec
tro
nic,
ther
mal,
an
d
arc
hitec
tural
an
d
fluid
mecha
nics
al
so
serv
e
d
the
pur
po
s
e
to
make
the
so
la
r
ene
rgy
an
d
int
egr
at
io
n
te
ch
nolo
gy
m
ore
luc
rati
ve.
O
ver
th
e
yea
rs,
s
olar
pa
nels
ha
ve
pro
du
ce
d
gr
ee
n
e
nerg
y
on
t
he
r
ooft
ops
of
buil
dings
i.e.
by
inte
grat
ing
the
PV
el
ements
int
o
the
buil
ding
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
there
by
t
ransf
ormin
g
it
into
a
ge
ner
at
in
g
set
[14
]
.
B
y
2020,
t
he
in
du
st
ry
of
bu
il
ding
inte
gr
at
e
d
P
V
is
pr
e
dicte
d
to
re
ach
11.
1GW
[
15]
.
I
n
pa
rtic
ul
ar,
Eu
r
op
e
will
ha
ve
the
high
est
util
iz
at
ion
of
this
te
ch
nology.
In
ano
t
he
r
per
s
pe
ct
ive,
Ja
mes
et
.al
[
16]
rec
om
men
d
seve
ral
way
s
t
o
help
i
ncr
ease
t
he
rel
evan
ce
a
nd
gr
ow
t
h
of
so
la
r
PV
i
n
buil
din
gs.
T
hese
include
the
reducti
on
in
t
he
P
V
pr
ic
es
a
nd
the
inc
rease
d
in
te
rest
in
po
li
ci
es
o
n
so
la
r
e
nerg
y.
Ther
e
is
al
so
l
it
tl
e
commer
ci
al
iz
at
ion
with
fu
ll
f
unct
ion
al
i
ty
of
buil
di
ng
mate
rial
s.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
fun
dame
nt
al
reason
f
or
t
he
li
mit
ed
BIPV
dep
l
oyment
is
that
the
ave
ra
ge
ma
rk
et
pr
ic
e
of
in
sta
ll
ed
sy
ste
ms
is pr
e
sently
h
i
gher
tha
n
f
or r
ac
k
-
mou
nted PV
.
Nonetheless
,
it
can
not
be
deni
ed
that
an
a
dvance
d
c
on
st
ru
c
ti
on
process
of
integ
rati
on
te
c
hnolog
y
i
s
require
d
to
de
velo
p
the
s
olar
ene
rgy.
T
he
com
plex
c
onstructio
n
of
the
water
way
a
nd
ci
rcu
it
s
are
a
nothe
r
method,
oth
e
r
t
han
the
c
onve
nt
ion
al
on
e
,
i
n
orde
r
t
o
in
sta
ll
and
debu
g
ta
s
ks
of
s
olar
eq
ui
pme
nt.
Ne
v
ert
he
le
ss,
so
la
r
ene
r
gy
r
emai
ns
the
sin
gle
e
xtensi
ve
al
te
rn
at
ive
e
ne
rgy
res
ource
a
s
it
offer
s
m
or
e
eco
nomic
be
nef
it
s
,
safety
an
d
sec
ur
e
process
of
ene
r
gy
produ
ct
ion
a
nd
en
vi
ronme
nt
fr
ie
ndli
ness.
The
refo
re,
the
acce
pta
nce
of
so
la
r
e
nergy
is
more ap
par
e
nt
th
an
a
ny
oth
e
r a
lt
ern
at
ive en
e
rgy
res
ources
[
9]
. Over
th
e y
e
ars
resea
rchers
h
ave
inv
est
igate
d
th
e
ap
plica
ti
on
of
B
IPV
in
tr
op
ic
al
area
s
[17
]
–
[
19]
.
Re
ce
nt
stu
dy
[
20]
sh
ows
t
hat
f
or
tro
pical
cl
imat
e,
the
BIPV
can
inc
rease
the
qua
ntit
y
of
heat
trans
fer
t
hro
ugh
the
buil
di
ng
str
uctu
re,
there
by
influ
e
ncin
g
t
he
inn
e
r
te
m
per
a
ture
a
nd
disc
omf
or
ti
ng
the
r
esi
den
ts.
A
nother
stu
dy
[
21]
inv
est
igate
d
th
e
hea
t
com
fort
a
nd
a
dap
ti
ve
act
io
ns
f
or
occupa
nts
in
natu
rall
y
ve
ntil
at
ed
area
s
a
nd
propose
d
c
ertai
n
a
dju
st
m
ents
t
o
the
acce
pta
nce
of
the
heat
bur
de
n
on
the
oc
cup
a
nts;
one
is
the
impro
ve
ment
of
the
ve
locit
y
of
the
ai
r
an
d
adoptin
g
cr
os
s
-
ve
ntil
at
ion
,
a
nd
the
ot
her
is
r
edu
ci
ng
t
he
ins
ulati
on
s
relat
ed
to
the
bu
il
di
ng.
Aa
ditya
a
nd
M
a
ni
[22]
pro
pose
d
t
he devel
opmen
t of
a
cli
mati
c r
esp
on
si
ve
BI
P
V
sc
heme. F
or
tro
pical
cli
mate
s,
the
desi
gn
of
t
he
bu
il
di
ng
s
houl
d
be
done
in
s
uc
h
wa
y
to
re
du
ce
heat
gai
n
w
hile
en
ha
ncin
g
heat
los
s
within
buil
dings.
Th
e
best
op
ti
on
is
to
de
sign
a
BI
PV
w
it
h
co
ntr
olled
ven
ti
la
t
ion,
higher
heat
mass
and
s
had
i
ng.
I
n
a
no
t
her
stu
dy,
G
ut
and
Ac
kerk
nec
ht
[23
]
disc
us
s
ed
the
op
ti
m
um b
uildin
g
sce
nar
i
os
in
tr
op
ic
al
an
d
s
ub
t
ropi
cal
r
egio
ns
. T
he
w
in
d
or
ie
ntati
on
pla
ys
a
bi
g
ro
le
i
n
the
bu
il
di
ng’s
the
rmal
i
nsula
ti
on
.
It
was
sug
gested
t
ha
t
pro
per
coati
ng
s
in
roof
i
ngs
a
nd
r
eflect
ion
s
in
c
ei
li
ng
s
c
ould
r
edu
ce
ov
e
r
heati
ng
.
Gh
azal
i
a
nd
Ab
dul
Ra
hma
n
[
24]
in
ve
sti
gated
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
so
la
r
t
rack
i
ng
in
tr
opic
al
cl
imat
es.
F
or
BIPV,
t
he
so
la
r
trac
ki
ng
no
t
on
l
y
e
nha
nces
the
P
V
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
bu
t
it
al
s
o
he
lps
to
re
duce
di
rect
sun
r
adia
ti
on
on
buil
di
ng
en
velo
pes
.
Re
cent
ly,
La
w
al
[25]
inv
est
igate
d
th
e
energ
y
c
onse
rv
at
io
n
in
buil
dings
locat
e
d
at
the
southe
r
n
par
t
of
Ni
ger
i
a
an
d
co
ncl
uded
that
for
tr
opic
al
cl
imat
es,
s
pecial
consi
der
at
io
n
s
hould
be
made
in
su
c
h
a
way
that
buil
ding
are
c
onstruc
te
d
wit
h
mate
rial
s
poss
essing
high
he
at
ing
st
or
a
ge
capaci
ty
a
n
d
av
oid
i
ng
s
us
ta
ined
la
ggin
g.
The
la
g
can
creat
e
unwa
nted
re
-
ra
diati
on
of
heat
that
may
caus
e
disco
mf
or
t
t
o
the
resi
den
ts
.
Desp
it
e
al
l
the
de
velo
pm
e
nts,
li
tt
l
e
work
has bee
n made
on
t
he
i
mp
le
me
ntati
on o
f
B
IP
V
for
tr
op
ic
al
area
s du
e to sev
e
ral fac
tors
s
uc
h
as h
i
gh
c
os
t
of instal
la
ti
on
and lac
k o
f
a
w
aren
es
s in
the
bu
il
di
ng in
dustry
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
47
4
–
4
88
476
On
e
e
xam
ple
of
a
t
ropical
c
li
mati
c
reg
io
n
is
Nige
ria.
It
i
s
a
c
ount
ry
th
at
has
ab
unda
nt
unutil
iz
ed
so
la
r
ra
diati
on.
The
ave
rage
daily
so
la
r
ra
di
at
ion
in
the
nort
hern
re
gion
is
7
k
Wh
/m
2
wh
il
e
in
the
s
ou
t
hern
par
t
of
the
c
ountr
y
is
about
4
kWh/m
2
[
26
]
,
[
27]
.
Th
ough,
Niger
ia
has
imp
rove
d
local
man
uf
act
ur
i
ng
of
P
V
[28]
,
a
lot
nee
d
t
o
be
done
t
o
s
uppo
rt
this
mar
ket.
S
olar
energ
y
is
freq
uen
tl
y
util
iz
ed
in
Nige
ria
for
street
li
gh
ti
ng
a
nd
domesti
c
ene
rgy
con
s
umpti
on,
howe
ver
no
vi
sible
so
la
r
te
c
hnol
ogy
inte
gr
at
ion
within
bu
il
dings
can
be
rema
r
ke
d
f
or
both
s
ol
ar
heati
ng
a
nd
so
la
r
powe
r.
T
her
e
fore,
t
his
pa
per
at
te
m
pts
to
re
view
a
nd
di
scuss
BIPV
i
ntegrat
ion
s
a
dvanc
em
ents
in
ma
ny
c
ountries,
us
i
ng
Niger
ia
as
a
c
ase
study,
i
n
orde
r
to
s
uggest
and
recomme
nd
th
e
f
ur
the
r
de
velopment
of
s
uc
h
te
ch
nolo
gy
i
n
tr
opic
al
cl
imat
es.
I
n
s
uc
h
proces
s
of
re
viewin
g,
this
pap
e
r
al
so
eval
uates
t
he
chall
enges
a
ss
ociat
ed
to
BIP
V
te
c
hnol
ogy,
an
d
a
nalyses
fu
t
ur
e
im
prov
e
ment
op
ti
ons
to
acc
ommo
date it
in
the
national
en
e
rgy mi
x.
2.
BUILDI
NG I
NTEGR
ATE
D
P
V
Ther
e
are
tw
o
main
ty
pes
of
so
la
r
P
V
i
ntegrat
ion
in
buil
din
gs.
T
hese
a
re
the
buil
ding
in
te
gr
at
ed
P
V
sy
ste
m
(B
IP
V
)
an
d
the
buil
di
ng
at
ta
che
d
P
Vs
(BA
PV)
[
29]
.
Howe
ver,
t
her
e
is
mispe
rc
eption
c
on
c
er
ni
ng
the
act
ual
def
i
niti
on
of
BIP
V
within
the
buil
ding
in
du
st
ry
a
nd
su
c
h
co
nfusi
on
exten
ds
to
th
e
PV
in
dustr
y.
BIPV
are
delineat
ed
as
P
V
mod
ules
feasi
ble
to
ass
imi
la
te
within
the
bu
il
di
ng
e
nvel
ope
by
rein
sta
ti
ng
t
he
nor
mall
y
us
e
d
mate
rial
s
of
the
buil
ding
,
[
30]
w
hile
B
PAV
a
re
P
Vs
at
ta
ched
t
o
the
buil
ding
with
no
di
rect
in
flu
ence
on
any
st
ru
ct
ur
al
functi
on
[
31]
.
As
sta
te
d
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e
[32
]
,
the
re
are
cer
ta
inly
man
y
pa
rameters
t
hat
ne
ed
to
be
ca
refull
y
in
sp
ect
ed
in
s
olar
P
V
buil
di
ng
i
nteg
rati
on
s
uc
h
as:
(
1)
bui
lda
bili
ty;
(
2)
de
sign
;
(
3)
dura
bili
ty;
(
4)
env
i
ronme
ntal
factors;
(5) ma
intenanc
e;
(6)
performa
nce sa
fety, an
d (7) st
and
a
r
d
re
gula
ti
on
s
.
The
cl
assi
ficat
ion
of
BI
PV
is
done
ba
sed
on
t
he
ty
pe
so
la
r
cel
l,
thei
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
and
ma
rk
et
avail
abili
ty
[
29]
.
BI
PV
pr
oduct
s
a
re
cat
e
gorize
d
int
o
four
;
i.e
.
s
olar
c
el
l
glazi
ng,
ti
le
s,
f
oils,
an
d
modu
le
s
[33]
. A c
omplet
e schemati
c
diagr
a
m is il
lustr
at
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
Figure
1. BIP
V
classi
ficat
ion
.
Ad
a
pted
from
[33]
.
BIPV
re
fer
s
to
P
V
c
omp
on
e
nts
substi
tuti
ng
the
no
r
mal
buil
ding
co
mpo
nen
ts
thr
ough
it
s
inco
rpor
at
io
n
t
o
the
usual
bu
il
din
g
e
nvel
op
e
[34
]
,
th
us
de
creasin
g
heat
s
pr
ea
d
ov
e
r
th
e
buil
ding
[
35]
.
It
is
qu
it
e
est
ablish
ed
that
the
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
of
P
V
m
odules
dec
li
nes
with
the
r
ise
in
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
an
d
ma
ny
stud
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
co
nducte
d
to
s
olve
this
pro
blem
.
O
ne
so
l
ution,
as
sugg
e
ste
d
in
li
te
ratur
e
[
29]
,
is
that
th
e
PV
modu
le
s
ef
fici
ency
mig
ht
be
impro
ved
thr
ough
heat
a
bsor
ption
at
the
re
ar
of
t
he
P
V
modu
le
,
usi
ng
fluid
or
ai
r
to
gen
e
rate
a
co
nv
e
ntio
n
mecha
nism,
th
ereby
op
e
ning
ne
w
in
pu
ts
f
or
hot
or
c
old
a
rea
ar
ound
t
he
PV
.
Anothe
r
met
hod
to
e
nhance
t
he
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
of
t
he
P
V
m
odules
is
th
rou
gh
sh
a
dowi
ng
eff
ect
or
c
hang
ing
the
directi
on
or
slo
pe of
the
PV.
Chow
et
al
.
[
36]
m
od
el
e
d
a
260
m
2
B
IPV
sy
ste
m
that
wa
s
anal
yzed
us
i
ng
m
ulti
-
platf
orm
buil
ding
performa
nce
s
of
t
war
e
(E
SP
-
r)
.
T
he
simula
ti
on
was
do
ne
by
creati
ng
a
n
ai
r
gap
of
250
m
m
betwe
en
t
he
bu
il
di
ng
a
nd
the
P
V.
T
he
ai
r
-
ga
p
permi
ts
the
ai
r
to
be
he
at
ed
s
o
that
it
can
be
util
iz
ed
f
or
water
pr
e
-
heati
ng
.
Thr
ee
sce
nar
i
os
we
re
implem
ented;
i.
e.
B
IPV
with
co
olin
g
of
cel
ls,
BI
PV
with
ai
r
heati
ng,
an
d
BIP
V
without
any
inte
gr
at
io
n.
T
he
yea
r
-
l
ong
e
nerg
y
outp
ut
s
from
th
os
e
t
hr
ee
sit
uatio
ns
wer
e
re
porte
d
bein
g
83,
680,
83,58
4
and 83,
205
M
J
, corr
e
spo
nd
i
ngly
.
Jiménez
et
al
.
[
37]
dev
el
oped
a
B
IPV
c
ompone
nt
for
he
at
tra
nsf
er
via
sto
chasti
c
di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
equ
at
io
n.
A
se
qu
e
nce
of
e
xpe
riments
ma
de
up o
f
12
1
poly
cry
sta
ll
ine PV modu
le
s
c
ov
e
r
ing
1.4
4
m
2
a
re
as
wa
s
impleme
nted
i
n
the
m
od
el
.
The
a
uthor
s
f
ound
that
t
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
ben
e
fici
al
in
modeli
ng
no
nlinear
stochastic
heat
occurre
nce i
n B
IP
V
.
Pantic
et
al.
[
38]
exa
mine
d
3
co
nf
i
gurati
ons
of
the
BI
P
V/ther
mal
(BI
PV
T
)
sy
ste
m.
Config
ur
at
io
n
on
e
was
the
ba
se
case
of
ungl
azed
BIP
V
wit
h
ai
r
co
ns
ist
en
tl
y
run
un
dern
eat
h
it
.
Config
ur
at
io
n
tw
o
in
vo
l
ves
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A revie
w of
buil
din
g i
nteg
ra
te
d photov
oltaic:
Case s
t
udy
of
trop
ic
al
…
(
M
u’az
u
M
oham
med A
bdulla
hi
)
477
1.5
m
ver
ti
cal
glaze
d
s
olar
c
ollec
te
d
a
nd
i
ncor
porated
in
to
the
s
ys
te
m.
A
nd,
t
he
t
hir
d
c
onfig
urat
io
n
is
the
add
it
io
n
of
a
c
omplet
e
glazi
ng
on
to
p
of
t
he
PV.
It
was
obser
ve
d,
f
rom
these
c
onfig
urat
ion
s,
that
he
a
ti
ng,
ven
ti
la
ti
on,
ai
r
co
nd
it
io
ning
(
HVAC)
,
a
nd
water
pr
e
-
heati
ng
ca
n
be
ac
hi
eved
us
i
ng
th
e
first
c
onfig
urat
ion.
Heat ene
rgy
ef
fici
ency
ca
n
be
achieve
d
thr
ough the sec
ond and
t
hird
c
onf
igurat
ion. I
n
th
e third
c
onfig
urat
ion,
el
ect
ric p
owe
r c
reati
on w
as
c
on
s
i
der
a
bly re
du
ce
d d
ue
to
th
e over
heati
ng
of PVs.
Corbin
a
nd
Z
ha
i
[39]
e
xami
ne
d
a
novel
BI
P
VT
c
on
sist
in
g
of
a
bsor
be
rs,
he
at
stora
ge
an
d
pum
p.
T
he
auth
or
s
de
velo
ped
tw
o
co
mputat
ion
al
fl
uid
dyna
mics
(C
FD
)
m
od
el
s
.
The
first
m
odel
is
a
sta
nd
a
r
d
m
odel
adjace
nt
t
o
the
top
surfac
e,
w
hile
the
sec
on
d
c
omprises
li
qu
i
d
-
c
oole
d
-
t
ube
a
bs
or
ber
f
or
rec
over
y
e
ff
e
ct
s.
At
the
en
d
of
t
he
researc
h,
it
wa
s
show
n
t
hat
the
la
te
r
BI
PVT
has
up
to
5.3%
bette
r
el
ec
tric
al
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
he
whole
pro
du
ct
i
vity
of the s
ys
t
em w
a
s fo
und
t
o be
within
19
-
34.9% re
sp
ect
i
vely.
Peng
e
t
al.
[
40]
stu
died
t
he
arch
it
ect
ural
desig
n
featu
re
s
of
BIP
V
s
yst
ems
as
f
ollo
ws:
(i)
de
sig
n
proce
dure, (ii
)
li
fe
-
sp
a
n of
the
sy
ste
m a
nd
(iii
)
su
it
abili
ty of
t
he
BIP
V.
T
he
y
al
so
desig
ne
d
a n
e
w
a
rr
a
ngemen
t
to
s
olv
e
matt
e
rs
relat
ed
t
o
t
he
pro
pe
r
ca
re
of
the
P
V
c
omp
on
e
nts.
T
he
aut
hors
co
ncl
ud
e
d
that
te
c
hnol
ogy,
aest
hetic
s,
fun
ct
ion
an
d
co
st
are
ke
y
featu
re
s.
Urba
netz
et
al
.
[
41]
,
e
xami
ned
t
he
a
nnual
el
ect
rici
ty
ge
ne
rat
ion
of
tw
o
s
ys
te
ms
.
O
ne
is
the
10
kW
p
BI
PV
s
yst
em
an
d
the
ot
her
is
a
c
urve
d
12
kWp
PV
sy
ste
m.
T
he
fir
st
is
a
thin
film
a
-
Si
te
chnolo
gy
ma
de
up
of
24
el
ast
ic
modu
le
s,
w
hile
the
sec
ond
c
onsist
ed
of
88
flexible
pan
el
s
made
of
t
hin
-
f
il
m
a
-
Si
la
yer
s
.
Sp
eci
fic
f
in
din
gs
i
nd
ic
at
e
d
that
the
10
kWp
BIP
V
s
ys
te
m
holds
m
ore
year
l
y
energ
y
re
ve
nu
e
than the
seco
nd
on
e
.
Zo
gou
a
nd
Stapou
ntzis
[
42]
c
onduct
ed
the
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
in
vestigat
io
n
of
t
he
tra
ns
i
e
nt
he
at
analysis
for
t
he
B
IPV
s
ys
te
m,
us
in
g
t
he
P
V
mod
ule
a
nd
the
Ple
xig
la
s
m
odule.
T
he
auth
or
s
ca
rr
ie
d
out
t
he
e
xperi
men
t
in
3
main
sta
ge
s.
N
o
natu
ral
convecti
on
(i.e
.
fan)
i
n
the
fir
st
sta
ge,
wh
il
e
fan
s
wer
e
op
e
r
at
ed
at
11
0
m
3
/h,
an
d
190
m
3
/h
fl
ow
for
t
he
seco
nd
and
thi
rd
a
ppr
oa
ches
res
pecti
ve
ly.
Fin
dings
s
how
that
t
he
te
mp
e
ratur
e
var
i
at
ion
of
ai
r
f
or
var
i
ous
a
ppro
ac
hes
was
betwee
n
4.5°C
a
nd
8.9
°
C
with
the
power
range
d
bet
ween
74.
7
W
–
85.5
W.
Ob
se
r
vation
on
t
he
le
ast
pa
ne
l
te
mp
e
ratu
re
in
m
ode
3
s
uggested
that
tota
l
co
olin
g
a
nd
tr
ansf
e
r
of
heat
r
ise
s
a
s
more ai
r flo
ws.
Yoo
n
et
al
.
[
43]
de
velo
pe
d
t
he
pioneer
BI
PV
a
ppli
cat
ion,
wit
h
thi
n
-
film
a
-
Si
cel
ls
m
ounted
on
the
windows.
The
auth
or
s
obser
ve
d
the
s
ys
te
m
f
or
a
bout
2
yea
r
s
an
d
note
d
t
he
monthly
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on
s
um
to
be
48.
4kW
h/kWp
.
A
dd
it
io
na
ll
y,
the
a
nnual
ge
ne
rati
on
a
moun
t
is
580.
5kW
h/kWp
.
T
he
si
mu
la
ti
on
e
ff
ect
s
confirm
t
hat
pa
rtic
ular
el
ect
r
ic
al
ener
gy
ge
ner
at
io
n
for
th
e
sy
ste
m
ca
n
r
each
up
t
o
47
%
if
the
azi
m
uth
a
nd
sh
a
ding effect
s
are
a
dju
ste
d.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
BIPV
/B
APV
sy
ste
ms
e
xami
ned
by
Sa
nto
s
an
d
Rüt
her
[
10]
on
t
he
possibil
it
y
of
impleme
ntati
on
of
both
syst
ems
for
a
c
urr
ent
domesti
c
buil
ding.
O
ne
is
the
2.2
5
kW
p
c
-
Si
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
the
oth
e
r
is
the
10
kW
p
a
-
Si
s
y
st
em.
T
he
fi
nd
i
ngs
re
vealed
tha
t
87%
of
the
P
V
set
s
ca
n
c
re
at
e
95%
of
t
he
pea
k
hypotheti
cal
pote
ntial
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
only
3%
of
the
sy
ste
ms
we
re
a
ble
t
o
cre
at
e
85%
of
t
he
peak
th
eor
et
ic
al
ou
t
pu
t
value
.
Their
res
ults
sh
ow
t
hat
the
P
V
kits
a
re
a
ble
to
pr
oduce
se
par
at
e
year
l
y
e
nerg
y
de
man
d
for
th
e
whole
bu
il
di
ngs.
Ba
n
-
Weiss
et
al
.
[44
]
,
e
xa
mined
the
c
oo
li
ng
s
ys
te
m
an
d
e
le
ct
rici
ty
pro
duct
ion
sa
ving
eff
ect
s
of
P
V
modu
le
s
,
ma
de
up
of
t
hin
-
film
a
-
Si
tripl
e
jun
ct
io
n
s
olar
cel
ls.
A
fter
instal
la
ti
on
of
BIP
V,
the
so
la
r
abs
orptance
of
roo
f
re
duces
f
rom
0.7
5
t
o
0.38.
T
he
ou
tc
ome
s
s
how
t
hat
the
daily
ene
r
gy
ou
t
pu
t
ra
ng
e
of
the
sy
ste
m
a
ppears
to
be
0.4
kWh/
m
2
in
the
s
um
mer
a
nd
0.1
5k
Wh
/m
2
i
n
the
winter
.
T
hey
f
ur
t
her
c
oncl
ud
ed
that
the
BIP
V
s
ys
t
em
m
ounted
i
n
a
n
office
buil
din
g
in
P
hoen
ix,
Ar
iz
ona,
U
SA
would
cau
se
9.6
kWh/m
2
year
l
y
coo
li
ng a
nd
2.9 MJ/m
2
heati
ng
powe
r
sa
ving
s.
Han
et
al
.
[45]
co
mp
a
red
the
performa
nce
of
2
diff
e
re
n
t
ty
pes
of
P
Vs,
i.e
.
co
nve
ntion
al
cl
ear
faça
de
and
ven
ti
la
te
d
double
-
side
d.
The
c
onve
ntio
nal
cl
ear
faça
de
is
a
PV
la
ye
r
ma
de
up
of
a
-
Si
PV
cel
l,
w
hi
le
the
seco
nd
on
e
is
a
trans
par
e
nt
gl
ass
and
sc
reen
on
the
faça
de.
The
aut
hors
s
how
that
the
in
te
rior
ai
r
te
m
pe
ratur
e
for
t
he
ve
ntil
at
ed
double
-
si
de
d
PV
sc
heme
wa
s
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
t
he
co
nvent
ion
al
cl
ear
faç
ade.
M
oreo
ve
r
,
thei
r
resu
lt
s show
th
at
the
m
odule
te
mp
e
rature on the
ef
fici
enc
y
of
P
V
was
sma
ll
for
al
l
the
se modu
le
s
. A
pa
r
t
from
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on,
the
ve
ntil
at
ed
double
-
side
d
P
V
ca
n
c
ontr
ibu
te
to
po
wer
savin
gs
via
de
creasin
g
the
lo
ad
on
the air
-
c
onditi
onin
g.
Dr
if
et
al
.
[
46]
sho
ws
a
te
ch
ni
qu
e
f
or
power
eval
uation
lo
s
ses
as
a
res
ult
of
the
pa
rtia
l
c
ov
e
rin
g
of
BIPV
s
ys
te
ms
.
In
this
sce
na
rio,
9
s
ub
-
ar
ra
ys
of
P
V
m
odules
we
re
sp
li
t
to
2.5
kW
p
each.
F
or
a
1
su
b
-
gen
e
rato
r,
mea
su
re
ments
were
10.
6
2
kWh/
day,
a
gain
st
th
eor
et
ic
al
mea
s
ur
e
ments
of
12
.41
kWh
.
The
auth
or
s
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
daily
pow
er
los
ses
ca
us
e
d
by
co
ve
rin
g
wer
e
1.7
9
kW
h.
That
is
eq
ui
valent
t
o
14.4%
of
the
ov
e
rall
BIP
V
s
ys
te
m
powe
r g
ener
at
io
n.
The
22
P
V
ar
r
ays
pe
rforman
ce
un
der
dif
fere
nt
ti
lt
an
d
or
i
entat
ion
s
we
re
inv
est
igate
d
by
Witt
kopf
e
t
al
.
[
47]
.
These
sy
ste
ms
co
m
pri
se
an
on
-
gri
d
BIP
V
s
ys
te
m
of
142.5
kW
p.
The
m
on
t
hly
aver
a
ge
perf
ormanc
e
rati
o
was
r
eco
rd
e
d
t
o
be
0.8
1
a
nd
the
mon
thly
mea
n
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
w
as
12.
1
MWh
.
T
he
a
uthors
al
so
stud
ie
d
the
i
nfl
uen
ce
of
dif
f
eren
t
c
rite
rio
n
on
the
BI
PV
performa
nce
su
c
h
as
ir
rad
i
ance
c
hanges,
par
ti
al
cov
e
rin
g, P
V
t
empe
rature c
ha
ng
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
47
4
–
4
88
478
Def
ai
x
at
al
.
[
48]
e
valuated
the
BIP
V’
s
te
chn
ic
al
pote
ntial
within
the
EU
-
27
us
i
ng
the
avail
a
bl
e
sta
ti
sti
cal
fing
erprints.
T
he
BI
PV
is
ass
um
e
d
to
be
a
mi
xtur
e
of
c
ry
sta
ll
ine
waf
e
r.
T
he
pe
rformance
rati
o
f
or
the
thi
n
film
of
P
V
pa
nels
w
as
0.8
,
wh
il
e
t
he
mean
of
e
ffi
ci
ency
was
17
.9
%
.
T
he
obta
ined
f
or
the
BI
PV
’
s
po
te
ntial
withi
n
the
E
U
was
951
G
W
p
an
d
the
a
nnual
pot
entia
l
po
wer
producti
on
was
840
T
W
h.
T
his
powe
r
can m
eet
appr
oximat
el
y 2
2% of t
he
e
xpect
ed
elec
tric
it
y
nee
ded by t
he
E
urop
ea
n
c
onti
ne
nt
.
The
co
st
-
ef
fec
ti
ven
ess
of
BI
PV
wa
s
i
nv
e
sti
gated
by
Wei
et
al
.
[
49]
a
nd
it
was
c
ompa
red
with
domesti
c
so
la
r
water
heater
(
DSWH
).
The
l
ifespa
n
of
t
he
BIPV
sy
ste
m
i
s
ap
pro
ximate
ly
25
yea
rs
with
power
gen
e
rati
on
cap
aci
ty
of
140k
Wh
/m
2
.
The
a
ut
hors
we
re
a
ble
to
show
t
hat
the
BI
P
V
syst
em
was
more
fa
vora
ble
with
6
m
2
roo
f
area
a
nd
the
domesti
c
s
olar
water
heater
(
DSWH
)
of
t
he
BIP
V
is
m
or
e
be
nef
ic
ia
l
as
i
t
can
be
bette
r
instal
le
d i
f
the
co
st
of t
he
BI
PV i
s R
M
B
0.9/k
Wh.
Ló
pez,
a
nd
S
ang
i
orgi
[
50]
examine
d
the
influ
e
nce
of
BI
PV
m
odule
s
on
huma
n
c
omfo
rt
usi
ng
identic
al
ly
tw
o
10
m
2
roo
ms.
T
heir
firs
t
tria
l
sh
ows
t
hat
the
t
hin
-
fi
lm
relat
ed
PV
mod
ules
have
bette
r
performa
nce
c
ompare
d
to
hygro
-
t
hermal
co
mf
or
t.
Amor
phou
s
sil
ic
on
(a
-
Si)
PV
mod
ules
hav
e
highe
r
energ
y
gen
e
rati
on
ca
pa
ci
ty.
I
n
te
r
m
s
of
heati
ng
a
nd
li
gh
t
ning,
CIS
P
V
mod
ul
es
ap
pear
t
o
hav
e
hi
gh
e
r
e
nerg
y
consu
mp
ti
on.
The
y
c
onduct
e
d
a
nothe
r
te
st
us
in
g
the
m
-
Si
P
V
mod
ules
a
nd
fou
nd
that
it
has
higher
li
ghtnin
g
dema
nd
tha
n
t
he
CI
S
m
odul
es.
T
he
m
-
Si
PV
mod
ules
ha
ve
higher
en
ergy
ge
ner
at
io
n
within
0.0
9
-
1.31
kWh/da
y
a
s c
ompa
red to t
he C
IS
P
V mo
dule
s.
In
an
oth
e
r
st
udy,
Yang
an
d
Athieniti
s
[51]
exami
ne
d
BI
PV
Ts
the
rmal
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
us
in
g
tw
o
i
nlets
.
Re
su
lt
s
s
how
two
inlet
pa
nels
ha
ving
5%
hi
gh
e
r
t
hermal
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
in
co
mp
a
rison
to
a
si
ng
le
in
pu
t
semi
-
trans
par
e
nt
pa
nel.
Ap
a
rt
f
rom
this,
t
hey
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
it
is
pr
e
fer
a
ble
to
de
sign
a
simple
an
d
che
ap
t
w
o
inlet
pan
el
.
The
aut
hors
al
s
o
car
ri
ed
ou
t
the
pe
r
forma
nce
asse
ssment
of
BIP
VT
hav
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
inlet
s.
The
y
dev
el
op
e
d
a
c
orrelat
ion
re
ga
rd
i
ng
some
i
nlet
so
la
r
sim
ulators
a
nd
B
IPV
T
prot
otype.
F
ind
in
gs
sho
w
t
hat
a
four inlet
ty
pe has
7% hig
he
r e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y whe
n
c
ompare
d
t
o on
e
inlet
ty
pe.
Bi
gaila
et
al
.
[
52]
i
nv
est
igate
d
a
B
IPVT
s
yst
em
ma
de
up
of
1030
x
548
mm
m
-
Si
pa
ne
l,
5
x
10
c
m
insu
la
ti
on,
an
d
7
c
m
ai
r
ga
p.
The
ex
pe
rimen
t
was
c
onduct
e
d
with
8
la
mp
s
;
each
has
a
m
aximum
po
wer
of
4.6
kW.
The
la
m
ps
can
be
at
tu
ne
d
withi
n
0°
-
90°.
Thei
r
res
ults
sh
ow
that
the
so
la
r
heat
colle
ct
or
s
po
s
sess
s
imi
la
r
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
t
o
th
e ung
la
ze
d
t
hermal
co
ll
ect
or (UTC)
, w
it
h up
to 15%
h
i
gh
e
r e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Eke
a
nd
Demir
can
[
53]
st
ud
ie
d
the
s
ha
dowing
ef
fect
of
BIP
V
on
a
str
uctu
r
e
com
pr
isi
ng
five
fl
oors,
and
eac
h
fl
oor
was
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
with
a
t
hr
ee
a
-
Si
(triple
ju
nction
am
orp
hous
PV
)
m
odules.
The
res
ults
sho
w
tha
t
the
year
l
y
e
ne
rgy
rati
ng
f
or
t
he
first
a
rr
a
y
is
1072
kW
h/kWp
wh
il
e
f
or
the
sec
ond
ar
r
ay
is
88
5kW
h/
kWp.
Lo
w
el
ect
rici
ty
outp
ut
was
measu
red
to
wa
rd
s
the
e
nd
of
the
year
due
to
the
lo
west
ra
di
at
ion
at
t
hat
ti
me.
I
t
was
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
s
had
i
ng
e
ff
e
ct
has
s
ub
sta
ntial
eff
e
ct
du
e
t
o
the
bu
il
ding
directi
on,
P
V
ti
lt
angl
e
and
the am
bient te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
Timc
he
nko
et
al
.
[54
]
ap
plied
certai
n
s
yst
em
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
(i.e.
1.5m
x
0.7m
x
0.
1m
siz
e)
to
evaluate
open
channel
PV.
T
hr
ee
di
ff
e
ren
t
two
-
wall
c
onfi
gurati
ons
we
re
us
e
d,
(i)
unif
orm,
(ii)
sta
gg
e
re
d,
an
d
(iii
)
non
-
un
if
or
m.
T
heir res
ults sh
ow that t
he
re must
be
al
te
rn
at
ive
in
pu
ts
betwee
n ho
t a
nd c
old
z
ones in
o
r
de
r
to imp
r
ov
e
the
heat tra
ns
fe
r.
Ri
tz
en
et
al
.
[55]
menti
on
e
d
f
our
vital
aspec
ts
of
PV
ma
rk
e
t
su
ch
as
BI
PV,
P
V
ef
fici
enc
y,
el
ect
rical
stora
ge
an
d
P
V
ma
rk
et
.
Some
te
sts
wer
e
carried
out
unde
r
dif
fer
e
nt
c
onditi
ons
of
c
ondensat
ion,
col
ori
ng
an
d
backst
rin
g
vent
il
at
ion
.
Test
1
showe
d
that
t
he
outp
ut
of
P
V
va
ries
betw
een
10
-
40%
on
aut
umn
a
nd
sp
ri
ng
per
i
od
res
pecti
vely.
D
ue
t
o
100%
relat
ive
humidit
y,
the
P
V
ou
t
pu
t
was
r
edu
ce
d
by
0.5
%.
Test
2
c
ompari
ng
betwee
n
blac
k
modu
le
an
d
co
lor
m
odule,
the
re
is
a
dif
fer
e
nc
e
of
10%
f
or
t
he
PV
ou
t
pu
t.
Ver
ti
cal
a
nd
zi
g
-
z
a
g
typ
e
li
ne
up
showe
d
a
dif
fer
e
nce
of
62%.
T
her
e
were
bett
er
ad
va
ntages
of
zi
gzag
t
ype
modu
le
li
ne
up
durin
g
the au
t
umn
-
s
pr
ing
pe
rio
d.
Chen
a
nd
Yin
[56]
,
de
sig
ned
a
BIPVT
s
ys
te
m
f
or
heati
ng
l
iqu
id
with
wat
er
th
rou
gh
c
oo
li
ng
the
PV.
The
P
V
m
odul
e w
as d
e
velo
pe
d
by alu
min
um hig
h
de
ns
it
y p
oly
et
hyle
ne
tha
t con
ta
ine
d
al
umi
num w
at
e
r
tub
e
s.
In
this
sit
uation,
t
her
e
is
r
edu
ct
io
n
of
te
mp
e
ratur
e
t
hroug
h
heat
tra
ns
fe
r
f
rom
P
V
t
o
t
he
wat
er
t
ub
es
.
Lab
or
at
or
y
res
ults
in
dicat
ed
enh
a
nce
d
ene
r
gy
c
onve
rsion
ef
fici
enc
y.
T
her
e
is
al
m
os
t
5%
re
du
ct
io
n
in
the
mod
ule
te
m
perat
ur
e.
T
he
re
is
al
so
a
flo
w
r
a
te
increase
by
500%
.
At
pa
rtic
ular
fl
ow
mea
su
re
of
150
ml
/mi
n,
the ele
ct
rici
ty
pro
du
ct
io
n was
of
32.94 W a
nd
44.91 W c
orr
esp
ondingly
fo
r 800
W/m
2
a
nd
1000
W/m
2.
Lu
et
al
.
[57]
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y
dev
el
op
e
d
a n
e
w
P
V
pa
raboli
c
ref
le
ct
or
with
a
con
ce
ntrati
on
rati
o
of
2,
su
it
able
for
bu
il
din
g
faça
de
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
I
n
t
his
pa
per
,
a
br
oad
e
nclose
d
te
st
was
c
ondu
ct
e
d
t
o
asse
ss
the
thermal
an
d
el
ect
rical
cat
egorizat
ion
of
t
he
dev
el
op
e
d
sc
he
me.
T
he
fact
ors
a
ff
ect
in
g
the
outp
ut
powe
r
of
the
sy
ste
m
we
re
a
lso
discu
ssed
.
In
c
omparis
on
to
the
non
-
co
ncen
t
rati
ng
P
V,
the
re
su
lt
s
ind
ic
at
e
t
hat
B
uildin
g
Façade
In
te
gr
a
te
d
As
ymmet
ri
c Com
pound P
araboli
c P
ho
t
o
vo
lt
ai
c co
nce
nt
rator (BF
I
-
AC
PPV) sc
heme has the
capaci
ty
to
rais
e
the
o
ut
pu
t
p
ower
p
er
u
nit
ar
ea of
the
s
olar
cell
by 2
.
T
he
r
esults furthe
r
ind
ic
at
e
that
the
BFI
-
ACPP
V
c
oupl
ed
with
ph
a
se
change
mate
ria
l
hav
e
hi
gh
e
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
in
co
mp
a
rison
with
a
non
-
ph
as
e
ch
ang
e
sy
ste
m.
The
re
su
lt
s
we
re
obta
ined
at
s
olar
ra
diati
on
inte
ns
it
y
of
280
W/m
2
and
69
W/m
2
.
At
280
W/m
2
,
the
measu
red p
ow
er
ou
t
pu
t i
s
3.5
1 W.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A revie
w of
buil
din
g i
nteg
ra
te
d photov
oltaic:
Case s
t
udy
of
trop
ic
al
…
(
M
u’az
u
M
oham
med A
bdulla
hi
)
479
Table 1
sho
ws a sum
mar
y of
l
it
eratur
e
rev
ie
w
re
ga
rd
i
ng
t
he
BIP
V
syst
em
s.
I
n
s
ummar
y, the BIP
V
is
exp
ect
e
d
t
o
be
highl
y
ben
e
f
ic
ia
l
in
the
fut
ur
e
desi
gn
of
buil
dings.
Ac
cordin
g
t
o
li
te
ratur
e
,
a
nd
in
man
y
countries,
B
IPV
is
capa
ble
of
sat
isfying
bu
il
ding
ene
r
gy
re
qu
i
reme
nts
of
70%
[
58]
.
In
mo
st
BI
PV
res
earches
and
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
m
onoc
ry
st
al
li
ne
so
la
r
P
V
has
bee
n
w
idely
us
e
d
du
e
to
it
s
hi
gh
e
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
heat
tolerance
.
Th
e
façade
a
ppli
cat
ion
is
m
os
tl
y
to
ta
ke
a
dva
ntage
of
s
ha
din
g
a
nd
heat
in
su
la
ti
on
on
wa
ll
s.
In
tro
pical
cl
imat
es,
t
he
t
hermal
s
hieldin
g
e
ff
e
ct
of
B
IPV
ca
n
re
duce
s
pace
coo
li
ng
by
ar
ound
30%
[
11]
.
Eit
he
r
as
a
roof
t
op
or
façade
a
ppli
cat
ion
,
the
B
IPV
can,
in
t
he
lo
ng
te
rm,
ha
ve
good
in
vestme
nt
retu
rns.
BI
P
V
can
al
so
gi
ve
bu
il
dings
bette
r
visu
al
ap
pea
ran
c
e
an
d
en
sure
r
edu
ce
d
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
ta
riff.
O
ne
major
issu
e
is
the
li
kelihood
of
the
BIP
V
ex
pe
riencin
g
high
er
te
mp
e
ratu
re
s,
beca
us
e
of
their
at
ta
chm
ent
to
the
bu
i
lding
structu
re,
the
re
by
r
ed
ucin
g
th
e
co
nversi
on
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
P
V
mod
ule.
So
me
highli
ghte
d
barriers
tha
t
may
hinder
the
devel
op
me
nt
of
B
IP
V
[59
]
,
incl
ud
e:
i)
la
ck
of
awa
re
ness
of
the
BI
PV
es
pe
ci
al
ly
in
de
vel
op
i
ng
countries
as
a
means
of
e
ne
r
gy
s
avi
ng
a
nd
reducti
on
of
gr
eenho
us
e
gas
emissi
on,
an
d
ii
)
la
ck
of
eco
nomic
and tec
hnic
al
s
olu
ti
ons a
bout
BIPV t
ech
no
l
ogy.
Gen
e
rall
y,
inc
orp
or
at
in
g
BI
P
V
to
t
he
bu
il
di
ng
str
uctur
e
gi
ve
rise
to
net
-
z
ero
e
ne
rgy
buil
din
gs.
T
his
dep
e
nds
on
m
any
facto
rs
s
uc
h
as
bu
il
ding
topolo
gy,
a
va
il
abili
ty
of
s
u
r
faces
f
or
pola
r
iz
at
ion
,
total
e
nerg
y
needs a
nd tech
no
-
ec
onom
ic
f
easi
bili
ty an
al
ysi
s.
Table
1.
Summ
ary o
f
the
BIP
V
s
ys
te
ms
Refere
n
ce
Energy
Generation
No
m
in
al
Po
wer
Electr
i
cal
co
n
v
ersio
n
Ef
fic
ien
cy
(
%)
PV typ
e
Ap
p
licatio
n
Ch
o
w
et al
.
[36
]
-
-
-
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Façade an
d
r
o
o
f
Jiménez
et
al
.
[37
]
-
-
-
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e/
p
o
ly
crys
tallin
e
Façade
Pan
tic
et al
.
[38
]
19
-
4
0
k
W
h
7000
1
0
.5
-
15
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Ro
o
f
Co
rbin
and
Z
h
ai
[39
]
-
-
1
4
.5
-
1
7
.2
-
Ro
o
f
Pen
g
at
al.
[40
]
-
-
-
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
-
Urban
etz
et al
.
[41
]
1265
-
1
1
1
0
k
W
h
/k
W
p
1
0
-
1
2
k
W
p
-
p
o
ly
crys
tallin
e
-
Zog
o
u
and
Stapo
u
n
tzis
[42
]
<9
-
-
Façade
Yo
o
n
et al
.
[43
]
1
2
7
7
k
W
h
/y
ear
7
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Façade
San
to
s an
d
Rü
th
er
[10
]
5
.8
-
1
2
.3GW
h
/y
ear
5
.11
MWp
-
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Ro
o
f
Ban
-
W
eiss
et al
.
[
4
4
]
0
.15
-
0
.40
k
W
h
/m
2
5
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Ro
o
f
Han
et al
.
[45
]
4
.43
-
4
.72
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
-
-
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Façade
Drif
et al
.
[46
]
1
0
.62
k
W
h
/d
ay
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Façade
W
ittk
o
p
f
et al.
[47
]
1
2
.1MW
h
1
4
2
5
0
0
1
3
.15
p
o
ly
crys
tallin
e
Façade
Defa
ix
et
al
.
[48
]
8
5
0
TWh
/y
ear
9
5
1
GW
p
1
7
.9
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e/
p
o
ly
crys
tallin
e
Ro
o
f
W
ei
et al
.
[49
]
1
4
0
k
W
h
/m
2
-
-
-
Ro
o
f
Lóp
ez a
n
d
Sang
io
rgi
[50
]
0
-
1
.3
2
k
W
h
/
d
ay
31
-
85Wp
6
-
17
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e/
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Façade
Yan
g
and
Athien
itis
[51
]
5
-
7
.6
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Façade
Big
aila
et al
.
[52
]
10
-
15
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Façade
Eke and
De
m
ircan
[53
]
46
-
1
2
5
k
W
h
/m
2
.
m
o
n
th
4
0
.3k
W
p
0
.92
Am
o
rph
o
u
s
Façade
Tim
ch
en
k
o
et
al
.
[
5
4
]
--
-
-
-
Façade
Ritzen
et al
.
[55
]
-
90
-
2
4
6
W
p
-
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Façade
Ch
en
and
Yin
[56
]
-
-
1
0
.48
-
1
5
.8
2
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Ro
o
f
Lu
et
al
.
[57
]
1
5
.8
Mon
o
crys
tallin
e
Facade
3.
PV
P
A
NELS
BUILDI
NG I
NTEGR
ATIO
N CO
NFIGU
RA
TI
ONS
In
this
sect
io
n,
it
is
e
xp
la
ined
the
res
ul
ts
of
resea
rch
an
d
at
the
same
ti
me
is
gi
ven
the
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
discussi
on.
Re
su
lt
s
can
be
presented
i
n
fi
gures,
gr
a
phs,
ta
bl
es
and
ot
her
s
t
hat
ma
ke
the
r
eader
unde
rstan
d
eas
il
y
[2
]
,
[
5]
. T
he
d
isc
us
sio
n
ca
n be ma
de
i
n
s
ever
al
s
ub
-
c
ha
pters.
3.1.
Slo
pe
glaz
ing
Slop
e
d
glazi
ng
inclu
des
at
riu
ms,
ti
tl
ed
wall
s,
s
unsp
ace
or
gr
ee
n
ho
us
e
on
to
p
over
hea
d
of
the
wall
s.
Su
c
h
glazi
ng
al
so
inc
orpora
te
s
fr
ame
d
al
umi
num,
c
oated
with
ti
nted
f
r
ames,
glass
es
with
la
minati
on,
or
plasti
c
glazi
ng
in
case
of
se
mi
-
tran
sp
a
ren
t
glazi
ng
syst
ems.
On
e
of
th
e
exam
ples
of
Atriu
m
with
i
nt
egr
at
ed
amo
rph
ou
s
sil
ic
on
P
V
pa
nels
has
been
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
gure
2,
w
hich
is
ta
ken
f
r
om
the
Doxfo
rd
I
nter
national
Par
k,
sit
uated
i
n
Sun
der
la
nd.
PV
pa
nels
maj
or
l
y
w
ork
f
or
t
he
t
ransmi
ssio
n
of
t
he
am
ple
am
ounts
of
d
i
ffuse
d
li
gh
t, the
re
fore
, d
a
y
li
ghti
ng i
s essen
ti
al
s
olut
ion
of buil
dings.
It
is
al
wa
ys
de
sirable
to
ha
ve
a
dif
fused
day
li
gh
ti
ng
c
onditi
on
in
of
fice
buil
dings
in
order
t
o
pro
du
ce
s
uffici
ent
ene
r
gy
,
howe
ve
r,
exces
sive
s
unli
gh
t
c
an
ca
us
e
gen
e
rates
ov
e
r
heati
ng
wh
ic
h
e
ve
ntu
al
l
y
ends u
p
exce
ss
ive
gla
re
[60]
. Regu
la
r
glas
s p
r
ovides more tran
s
par
e
nt b
as
is
than
the PV glazi
ng g
la
ss
(
5
-
10%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
47
4
–
4
88
480
trans
par
e
nc
y)
.
Re
gardi
ng
s
uch
tra
nspare
ncy,
e
xcessi
ve
da
ylig
ht
sub
sta
ntial
ly
imp
act
s
in
th
e
buil
ding.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
a
ba
la
nced
desi
gn
sh
oul
d
be
the
pr
ime
co
nce
rn
in
or
der
t
o
a
dv
ance
P
V
glazi
ng
a
nd
the
da
yligh
t
i
n
the buil
ding
.
Fo
r
B
IPV,
an
d
in
order
to
ac
hi
eve
t
he
maxi
mu
m
s
uppl
y
of
da
ylig
ht,
wi
ndow
is
al
wa
ys
a
dv
ise
d
to
be
2
0%
of
the
fac
ade
a
rea
on
th
e
south
or
ie
ntati
on
i
n
t
he
nort
hern
he
misp
he
re.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[
61]
,
t
hat
numb
e
r
var
ie
s
w
he
n
th
e
s
ys
te
ms
are
bu
il
t
with
cr
ys
t
al
li
ne
sil
ic
on
(i
ncr
ease
t
o
24
%)
a
nd
thin
-
f
il
m
P
V
pan
el
s
(i
ncr
ease
to 32%
).
Figure
2.
Atri
um wit
h i
nte
gr
at
ed
am
orp
hous
sil
ic
on
P
V pa
ne
ls i
n
the
so
la
r offi
ce o
f D
oxf
ord In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
Par
k,
i
n
S
unde
rlan
d,
U
K
[
62]
.
3.2.
Ver
tical
p
an
el
Ver
ti
cal
or
ie
nt
at
ion
of
the
P
V
pa
nel
re
duce
s
the
res
ults
of
PV
ou
t
pu
t,
bec
ause
the
y
po
s
s
ess
the
same
const
ru
ct
io
n
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
a
s
at
ria/
slop
e
d
-
glazi
ng.
Cu
rta
in
wall
s
a
re
a
ppr
opriat
e
f
or
a
wide
ra
nge
of
PV
pro
du
ct
s;
the
y
con
ta
in
opaq
ue
s
urfaces
(s
pa
ndrel
a
reas
)
i
n
m
ulti
-
story
buil
din
gs,
w
her
e
as,
mate
rial
s
of
non
-
trans
par
e
nt
pr
oducts
ca
n
al
s
o
be
use
d.
To
ad
op
t
s
uc
h
co
nf
i
gurati
on,
c
ompr
om
ise
s
s
houl
d
be
ma
de
bet
ween
ov
e
r
heati
ng,
de
ns
it
y,
a
nd
th
e
gla
re
of
P
V
pa
nels
t
hat
are
em
pl
oy
e
d
i
n
the
faça
de.
E
xam
ple
of
s
uc
h
config
ur
at
io
n a
t APS o
ff
ic
e
buil
ding situat
e
d
in
Cal
ifo
rn
ia
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
3.
Figure
3
.
APS
office faci
li
ty
i
n
Ca
li
for
nia
[
60]
Amor
phous
P
V
m
odules
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
3
at
t
he
AP
S
Faci
li
ty
in
Ca
li
fo
r
nia
with
integ
rated
PV
pan
el
s
,
a
re
ge
ner
al
ly
co
mb
i
ned
wit
h
the
pan
el
s
that
a
re
co
ns
tr
ucted
with
visio
n
gl
asses
a
nd
f
ra
med
with
sta
nd
a
rd
cu
rtai
n
wall
[
60]
.
J
ust
li
ke
the
spa
ndrel
pa
nels
in
a
mu
lt
i
-
sto
r
y
cur
ta
in
wall
,
P
V
m
odules
a
re
al
so
seal
ed
at
the
ba
ck
with
a
n
op
aqu
e
i
ns
ulati
ng
pa
nel.
If
the
P
V
glazi
ng
can
be
f
ormed
in
a
w
ay
wh
e
re
th
e
cl
ea
r
glass
ca
n
be
a
dju
ste
d
betwee
n
t
he
up
p
er
a
nd
lo
we
r
pa
rt
of
the
e
ntire
c
on
st
ru
ct
io
n,
t
he
n
t
he
glare
c
an
be
pr
e
ve
nted,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
4.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
su
c
h
str
uctu
re
pro
vid
es
th
e
nece
ssar
y
da
yligh
t
with
the
vie
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A revie
w of
buil
din
g i
nteg
ra
te
d photov
oltaic:
Case s
t
udy
of
trop
ic
al
…
(
M
u’az
u
M
oham
med A
bdulla
hi
)
481
sigh
t
as
the
cl
ear
glass
is
sit
uated
i
n
t
he
m
idd
le
par
t
of
it
.
A
s
see
n
i
n
F
igure
4,
PV
pa
nels
do
not
ta
ke
th
e
whole s
pace
of the
window a
nd
pro
vid
e e
nough r
oom
for
t
he
clea
r glass.
Figure
4.
A
PS Fac
il
it
y
in Cal
ifo
rn
ia
,
interi
or
sp
ace.
3.3
.
Incli
ned
wa
ll
s
with P
V
p
an
el
s
I
n
this
par
ti
cul
ar type of a
rr
a
ngeme
nt,
the e
ffi
ci
ency
of
PV
pan
el
s is e
nhan
ced as
t
hey
a
re
ti
lt
ed,
that
include
s
c
omp
le
xity
in
the
de
sign
of
the
buil
ding.
Fig
ure
5
prov
i
des
a
detai
le
d
pictur
e
of
t
he
i
nclin
ed
PV
pan
el
s
at
t
he
U
niv
e
rsity
of
N
ort
h
U
mbria
,
U
K
[
62]
.
T
he
m
os
t
a
mazi
ng
t
hi
ng
of
this
c
onfigurati
on
is
that
s
uch
desig
n
ca
n
be
util
iz
ed
wit
h
an
y
kind
of
comme
rcial
P
V
pan
el
s
,
wh
i
ch
mea
ns,
it
s
us
e
is
not
li
mit
ed
to
wind
ow
-
base
d t
echnolo
gy, be
cause s
uc
h des
ign
c
reates a
degree
of self
-
s
had
i
ng.
Figure
5
.
Incli
ned P
V pan
el
s
at
the Unive
rsi
ty of
N
or
th
umbria,
UK
[62
]
.
3.4
.
Fix
ed Sun
sha
de
Co
nf
ig
urat
ions
su
c
h
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
6
c
an
e
nhance
the
sh
a
ding
be
nef
i
ts
in
order
to
r
edu
ce
glare
.
Howe
ver,
s
uc
h
st
ru
ct
ur
es
c
an
a
void
the
pro
per
acce
ss
of
da
ylig
ht.
I
n
this
kind
of
config
ur
at
io
n,
mo
stl
y
sta
nd
a
rd
P
V
m
odules
a
re
at
ta
ched
us
i
ng
a
meta
l
fr
ame
to
the
en
vel
op
e
of
t
he
bu
il
di
ng.
The
co
ns
tr
uct
ion
of
su
c
h
c
onfig
ur
a
ti
on
is als
o
eas
y
as
it
takes t
he
same
proce
dure
as in
sta
ll
ing
regular
suns
ha
des o
n
the
bui
lding.
Nonetheless
,
t
he
main adva
ntage
of
this
co
nfi
gurati
on
is
th
at
it
can b
e
c
on
structed
e
ven w
it
h
s
ha
ding
from
a
djacent
bu
il
di
ngs
an
d,
in
s
uc
h
ca
se,
al
l
kinds
of
P
V
pan
el
s
are
f
un
ct
io
na
l.
The
natur
e
of
this
config
ur
at
io
n
i
s
more
c
onve
ni
ent
as
it
pro
vide
s
dif
fer
e
nt
al
te
rn
at
ive
ch
oice
s
to
the
desi
gners
a
nd
mainte
nan
ce
[62]
.
I
n
Fig
ure
7,
the
e
xam
pl
e
is
ta
ken
f
rom
a
comme
rcial
office
buil
ding
in
Sw
it
zerla
nd,
buil
t
in
1993
wh
ic
h
sh
ows
ho
w
a
fixed s
un
s
ha
de
c
an be
op
e
rated
in an ef
fici
ent
way.
The
ti
lt
ing
of
the
pa
nels
inc
re
ases
the
ef
fici
ency
of
t
he
P
V
pan
el
s
.
Mo
reover
,
in
s
uc
h
c
onfi
gurati
on,
PV
la
minate
s
are
acco
mm
odat
ed
in
a
wa
y
t
hat
can
prov
i
de
a
flat
su
r
face
for
sh
a
ding
el
ements
a
nd
al
s
o
rea
r
ven
ti
la
ti
on that
d
issi
pates
the
gen
e
rated
h
eat
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
47
4
–
4
88
482
Figure
6.
Sams
ung
c
ommerci
al
o
f
fice b
uildi
ng in Seo
ul, K
or
ea
, in
te
gr
at
e
d
in
f
i
xed suns
had
e
s a
nd the
r
oof of
the s
ys
te
m
[63
]
Figure
7.
Fixe
d su
nshades
in
the SU
VA buil
ding. A c
omm
ercial
o
f
fice
buil
din
g
i
n
S
witz
erlan
d,
buil
t i
n 199
3
[64]
3.5
.
M
ovea
ble
suns
hades
M
ovea
ble
suns
had
e
s
are
t
he
mo
st
ef
fici
ent
config
ur
at
io
n
i
n
re
gards
t
o
s
ol
ar
pa
nel,
as
it
can
ac
hieve
the
great
est
effi
ci
ency
with
al
l
the
ad
van
ta
ge
s
of
fixe
d
s
uns
had
e
s.
S
uc
h
co
nf
i
gurati
on
w
orks
with
t
he
ch
ang
e
of
ti
lt
ing
acc
ordin
g
to
s
olar
r
adiat
ion
le
ve
l.
Su
c
h
adj
us
tme
nts
can
be
ma
de
ei
ther
man
ua
ll
y
or
el
ect
ric
al
an
d
mecha
nical
me
ans.
Exam
ple o
f
m
ov
ea
ble
s
unsh
a
des
a
pp
li
e
d
in a
com
mercial
o
f
fice
buil
ding
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure 8
w
hic
h
is
sit
uated
in
Sw
it
zerlan
d
.
It
is
true
that
du
e
to
the
a
dded
featu
re
of
m
ovi
ng
s
un
s
ha
de
s,
su
c
h
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
may
be
a
li
tt
le
ex
pen
si
ve;
nev
e
rtheless
,
t
he
ef
fici
enc
y
of
pro
duci
ng
energ
y
is
gr
ea
te
r
tha
n
ot
her
so
la
r
config
ur
at
io
ns.
Figure
8.
Mo
ve
able s
un
s
ha
de
s in
a
comme
rc
ia
l of
fice
buil
di
ng
,
in Swit
zerl
and
[
62]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A revie
w of
buil
din
g i
nteg
ra
te
d photov
oltaic:
Case s
t
udy
of
trop
ic
al
…
(
M
u’az
u
M
oham
med A
bdulla
hi
)
483
4.
POSSIBILIT
Y
O
F BIP
V
I
N
TR
OPI
CAL
C
LIM
ATE
S:
CASE ST
U
DY OF
N
I
GE
RIA
Nige
ria
is
known
f
or
it
s
t
ropical
weat
her.
Ni
ger
ia
is
sit
uated
ap
pro
xi
mate
ly
betwee
n
la
ti
tud
e
4°
-
14°N
a
nd
lo
ngit
ud
e
2°
-
15°E
with
a
la
ndma
ss
of
9.2
4
x
105
km
2
a
nd
re
cei
ves
6.2
5
hour
s
of
a
ve
rag
e
dail
y
su
nshi
ne,
w
hich
ra
nges
betwe
en
3.5
ho
ur
s
at
the
c
oastal
are
as
an
d,
i
n
case
of
nort
h
er
n
bo
rd
e
r,
it
tu
rns
out
t
o
be
9.0
hours
[
65]
.
The
c
ountr
y
is
al
s
o
kn
own
f
or
it
s
huge
e
nerg
y
co
nsum
ption,
est
imat
ed
as
15
x
106k
Wh
p
er
year,
acc
ordin
g
to
20
01
in
de
x
[65]
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
only
3.
7%
of
Ni
ger
ia
's
la
nd
area
is
re
qu
ire
d
t
o
pro
duce
energ
y
t
hroug
h
s
olar
mea
ns
i
n
c
ompa
rison
with
c
onve
ntio
nal
e
nerg
y
res
erv
es
of
f
os
sil
fu
el
the
that
ha
s
been
in pr
ocess n
ow
[
66]
.
The
cl
imat
e
de
pends
on
the
tro
pical
to
s
ubtro
pical
re
gions
.
Ni
ger
ia
n
te
rr
i
tor
y
ha
s
tw
o
s
easo
ns
:
dry
seaso
n,
wh
ic
h
la
sts
fr
om
O
ct
ob
e
r
to
M
ar
ch,
a
nd
rain
y
seaso
n,
f
r
om
April
to
Octo
ber.
N
or
t
hern
reg
i
on
gen
e
rall
y
has
ho
t
a
nd
dry
cl
imat
e
wh
e
re
t
he
rai
ny
seaso
n
la
sts
f
rom
A
pr
il
to
Se
ptem
ber.
W
he
reas,
in
th
e
so
ut
hern
reg
i
on,
the
cl
imat
e
i
s
generall
y
ho
t
and
wet,
a
nd
t
he
rai
ny
sea
son
exte
nds
f
rom
M
arc
h
to
Dec
embe
r.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
in general, N
ig
eria
enjo
ys
a
l
ong
dry
seas
on
f
r
om
Dece
mb
e
r
t
o
M
arc
h
[67]
.
I
n
the
c
oastal
ar
ea,
the
te
mp
erat
ur
e
m
ay
rise
a
bove
32°C
in
this
ti
me.
M
ea
nw
hile,
the
north
enj
oys
dr
ie
r
te
mp
erat
ur
es
,
range
d
betwee
n 32°C
and 42°C
. Gen
erall
y,
t
he hum
idit
y
re
mains
a
ppr
ox
imat
el
y 9
5% d
ur
in
g
t
his
per
i
od of time
[66]
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
i
n
Nige
ria,
so
l
ar
P
V
instal
la
ti
on
s
ha
ve
ste
eply
decli
ne
d
over
the
yea
rs
a
nd
a
re
forecast
ed
t
o
c
on
ti
nue
decli
ni
ng
due
to
the
struggles
i
n
th
e
op
ti
mal
ha
r
ne
ssing
of
t
he
s
olar
el
ect
rici
ty
as
a
su
sta
ina
ble
re
so
urce.
T
he
chall
enge
rem
ai
ns
t
o
be
th
e
de
vel
opmen
t
of
s
olar
e
ne
rgy
w
hich
s
olv
es
te
chnolo
gical
instal
la
ti
on
prob
le
m
s,
uncl
e
ar
gove
rnment
al
poli
cy
an
d
poli
ti
cs,
ec
onom
ic
i
neffici
ency
in
purc
hasin
g
s
uc
h
power,
la
c
k
of
public
a
wareness
a
nd
c
ultu
ral
integ
rati
on.
It
is
al
rea
dy
a
fact
that
s
olar
energ
y
is
the
m
os
t
ab
unda
nt
re
ne
wabl
e
resour
ce
in
Nige
ria
beca
use
of
the
broa
d
day
li
ght
wh
ic
h
on
ave
ra
ge
pr
ov
i
des
su
nsh
i
ne of
6.5 h
our/da
y.
Accor
ding
to
the
li
te
ratu
re
[68]
,
th
e
be
st
P
V
ene
rgy
pro
duc
ti
on
resu
lt
s
i
n
Nige
ria
are
ac
hieve
d
when
us
in
g
a
6
0
ti
lt
ing
a
ng
le
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
it
was
s
uggeste
d
t
hat
betwee
n
Jan
ua
ry
a
nd
M
arc
h,
the
best
ti
lt
ing
an
gle
will
be
6
0
,
24
0
an
d
30
0
res
pe
ct
ively,
a
nd
0
0
bet
ween
April
an
d
Septem
be
r,
a
nd
18
0
,
30
0
a
nd
36
0
be
tween
Octo
ber
a
nd Dec
embe
r
res
pe
ct
ively.
A
n
en
e
rgy
am
ount
of
1
92.
70
W/m
2
c
an
be
p
r
oduce
d
wit
h
t
he
adj
ust
ment
of
t
he
ti
lt
ing
a
ng
le
t
o
it
s
opti
mu
m
a
ngle
,
a
ccordin
g
to
t
he
month
.
It
in
creases
sig
nifi
cantl
y
a
bout
3
%
in
com
par
is
on to a
pp
l
ying
fixe
d ang
le
,
which
prod
uces
186.8
6 W/m
2
.
To
ob
ta
in
ma
xi
mu
m
powe
r
outp
ut
f
rom
s
olar
P
V,
a
nd
sin
ce
Nige
ria
is
cl
os
e
to
the
e
qua
tor,
t
he
s
olar
colle
ct
or
s
m
us
t
be
with
a
sli
ght
ti
lt
of
6
0
nea
r
t
he
nort
h
or
s
ou
t
h,
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
9.
T
he
maxi
mum
a
mou
nt
of
ene
rgy
yea
r
-
rou
nd
can
be
a
bs
or
bed
by
i
nc
li
nin
g
t
he
s
olar
pa
nel
at
a
n
a
ngle
cl
os
e
r
t
o
th
e
la
ti
tud
e
of
th
e
area
as possible
. T
he
se r
e
qu
i
reme
nt
s ar
e
necessa
r
y for ma
xim
um p
ower
from
BIPV.
Figure
9. Mo
unti
ng angles
for
fi
xed s
olar
c
ol
le
ct
or
s in A
fr
i
ca
[
70]
Althou
gh
BIP
V
has
not
bee
n
yet
im
pleme
nted
in
Nige
ri
a,
it
is
po
s
sibl
e
to
i
ntr
oduce
it
in
Ni
ger
ia
n
bu
il
di
ngs,
if
some
iss
ues
are
addresse
d.
S
uc
h
c
o
ns
ide
rati
ons
inclu
de
ma
r
ket
fail
ur
e
a
nd
dist
or
ti
ons,
finan
ci
al
and
ec
onomi
c
const
raints,
la
c
k
of
go
vernme
nt
an
d
insti
tuti
on
al
p
olici
es
a
nd
i
ncen
ti
ve
s,
l
ack
of
awa
re
ne
ss
an
d
public
in
forma
ti
on
.
A
la
r
ge
numb
e
r
of
a
ba
ndoned
P
V
i
niti
at
ives
in
Nige
ria
are
s
houl
d
al
s
o
be
a
ddr
essed,
includi
ng
al
l
the
al
rea
dy
in
sta
ll
ed
ren
e
wa
ble
energy
i
nfras
tructu
res
that
a
re
inef
fici
ent
[
69]
.
F
or
BI
P
V
to
be
fu
ll
y
impleme
nted
i
n
a
t
ropic
al
reg
i
on,
li
ke
Nige
ria, b
uildi
ng
s
m
us
t be
c
onstr
ucted
with
materia
ls
ha
vi
ng
hi
gh
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