Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1368
~
1378
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1368
-
1378
1368
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn a
nd analy
sis of
a novel
quasi
Z
s
ource bas
ed
asymmet
ric
multile
vel i
nvert
er for P
V applic
ations
Deep
a
S
ankar
, C A B
abu
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Schoo
l
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Co
chi
n
Univ
ersit
y
of
Scie
n
ce a
nd
T
ec
hnology
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r
18
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
2
2
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
M
ar
24
, 20
20
A
novel
Quasi
Z
source
(QZS)
base
d
As
ymm
e
tri
c
Mul
ti
l
eve
l
I
nver
te
r
for
Photovolt
aic
ap
pli
c
at
ion
is
pr
oposed
in
th
is
pap
er.
I
t
con
sists
of
an
Impe
dan
ce
sourc
e
-
base
d
dc
-
dc
co
nver
te
r and
As
ymm
et
r
ic
Mul
ti
l
e
vel
Inve
r
te
r
(AM
LI)
.
QZS
net
work
ca
n
bu
ck/
boost
the
in
p
ut
DC
voltage
e
li
m
ina
t
ing
sepa
rate
DC
-
DC
boost
conve
r
te
r
.
MLI
topo
logy
with
red
uc
ed
sw
it
ch
es
and
DC
input
provid
e
h
igh
quality
o
utput
with
l
arg
e
le
ve
ls.
DC
inpu
t
m
agni
tud
e
of
the
inve
r
te
r
i
s
base
d
on
an
a
lgori
thm.
The
sys
te
m
ensure
s
h
igh
voltage
gai
n,
low
sw
it
ch
ing
stress,
l
esse
ned
gate
ci
rcu
it
r
y,
high
r
eliability
and
be
tter
har
monic
profi
l
e.
Low
THD
val
ues
ensur
es
re
duce
d
fi
lter
siz
e
and
hen
ce
cost.
The
th
eor
etical
conc
ep
ts
an
d
par
am
e
te
r
desi
gn
of
the
proposed
topo
log
y
is
illus
tra
t
ed
i
n
detail.
The
per
for
m
ance
ana
lysis
is
ver
ifi
ed
usin
g
Matl
ab/
Si
mul
ink
envi
ron
me
nt
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Asymmetric
m
ulti
le
vel inv
e
rter
DC
-
DC con
vert
er
Im
ped
a
nce s
ou
rce
Qu
asi
Z
s
ource
netw
ork
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
(THD)
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Deep
a
Sa
nk
a
r
,
Dep
a
rt
me
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
School
O
f
E
ngineerin
g,
Cochi
n Un
i
versi
ty of
Scie
nce
and Tec
hnolog
y
, I
nd
ia
.
Emai
l:
neenusa
nk
a
r@gmail
.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
new
a
ble
po
wer
ge
ne
rati
on
has
witnesse
d
it
s
la
r
gest
e
ve
r
gro
wth
wit
h
a
global
a
ddit
ion
of
181
gig
a
watt
s
(
GW)
in
t
he
ye
ar
2018,
total
li
ng
t
he
ca
pacit
y
to
2376G
W.
S
olar
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
(P
V
)
in
sta
ll
at
i
on
has
sh
ow
n
a
c
onsist
ent
grow
t
h
w
it
h
an
a
ddit
ion
of
10
0GW
a
c
countin
g
f
or
55%
sh
a
re
am
ongs
t
oth
er
ren
e
wab
le
s
[1].
F
or
ren
e
wab
le
e
nergy
harvesti
ng
an
d
gri
d
i
ntegr
at
i
on,
pow
er
el
e
ct
ronic
c
onve
r
te
rs
play
a
ke
y
r
ole.
M
ulti
le
vel
in
ve
rters
(
M
L
I)
pro
ves
to
be
t
he
best
ch
oice
f
or
Photo
volt
ai
c
energ
y
co
nv
ersio
n
s
ys
te
ms
[2
-
3
].
Ty
pes
of
M
L
I’s
with
c
ontr
ol
and
ap
plica
ti
on
hav
e
bee
n
a
ddresse
d
in
m
any
li
te
ratur
es
[
4].Th
e
y
play
a
majo
r
ro
le
in
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rgy
ba
s
ed
m
od
e
r
n
po
wer
s
ys
te
m
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
incl
ud
i
ng
High
V
oltage
Di
rect
Current
(HVD
C
)
tra
nsmi
ssion,Fle
xi
bl
e
AC
T
ran
s
missi
on
S
ys
te
ms
(
FA
CT
S)
,
Un
i
fied
Powe
r
Fl
ow
Co
ntr
ollers
(U
P
FC),
Acti
ve
filt
ers,
S
olid
S
ta
te
Tran
s
f
or
m
ers
(S
ST
)
a
nd
comme
rcial
a
nd
in
dustria
l
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
s
uc
h
as
conve
yors,r
olli
ng
mil
ls,mi
ne
ho
ist
s,
mari
ne
pro
pulsi
on,m
otor d
ri
ves
f
or
tra
ct
ion
,
M
a
gn
et
ic
Re
sona
nce I
m
agin
g
Sy
ste
m
(MRI
) e
tc
[
5
-
6].
M
L
I’
s
synt
hes
iz
e
mu
lt
il
evel
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
f
rom
diff
e
re
nt
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
i
nput
DC
so
urces
an
d
switc
hes.
T
he
N
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
wa
vefo
rm
has
imp
rove
d
ha
r
monic
prof
il
e,
high
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
re
duced
s
witc
hing
loss,less
dv
/
dt
stress
an
d
be
tt
er
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
co
m
pa
ti
bili
ty[2
,
7].
M
ulti
le
vel
co
nv
e
rters
a
re
mainly
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
three
cl
assic
structu
res
:
Ne
utral
P
oin
t
Cl
ampe
d
[8],
Fl
yi
ng
Ca
pacit
or
[9]
a
nd
Ca
sca
ded
H
Bridg
e
[
10].
B
ut
la
rg
e num
ber of
po
wer
d
e
vices
an
d
relat
ed
dr
i
ve
ci
rc
uitry makes
the
s
ys
t
em
m
or
e
co
mpl
ex
at
higher
le
vels
[
8].Amo
ng
the
cl
assic
al
struct
ur
es
,
Ca
sca
de
d
H
B
rid
ge
Mult
il
evel
I
nv
e
rter(
C
HBM
L
I)
needs
relat
ively
s
mal
l
num
ber
of
powe
r
el
ect
r
onic
co
mpo
nen
ts
to
ac
hieve
m
ore
le
vels
at
ou
tpu
t[
4].CHB
pe
rmits
diff
e
re
nt
val
ue
s
of
in
put
DC
s
ources
a
nd
it
c
an
be
a
dd
e
d
or su
bt
racted
t
o
ge
t
more
le
vels
at
the
out
pu
t m
akin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
a n
ov
el
q
uasi
Z
Sou
r
ce b
as
e
d asymmet
ric
mult
il
evel
…
(
Dee
pa Sa
nkar
)
1369
it
app
r
opriat
e
f
or
PV
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
[2
,
11
].M
any
ne
wer
t
opologies
inclu
di
ng
3
le
vel
act
i
ve
N
PC
(
3L
-
A
NP
C)
,
3
le
vel
FC,
5
le
vel
H
br
i
dg
e
N
PC,NP
C
-
CHB,
M
od
ular
Mult
il
evel
Conve
rters
(
MMC),
P2
t
opolog
y
a
nd
5
le
vel
act
ive
NP
C
(5L
-
A
NP
C
)
ha
ve
made
t
heir
way
t
o
in
dustr
y
[
4].
I
n
a
dd
it
ion,ma
ny
m
odul
at
ion
meth
ods
su
c
h
as
carrier
base
d
Sinu
s
oi
dal
P
ul
se
Width
Mo
du
la
ti
on
(SP
W
M
),Space
V
ect
or
M
od
ulati
on(SV
M
)
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies
s
uch
as
M
odel
pr
e
di
ct
ive
con
t
ro
l,
Vo
l
ta
ge
O
rient
ed
C
on
tr
ol
(VOC),
sli
ding
m
od
e
co
ntr
ol
et
c
were
dev
el
op
e
d
t
o
cat
er
la
rg
e
nu
mb
e
r
of
M
L
I’s
[
4
-
5].
CHB
M
L
I’
s
a
re
ma
inly
cl
assifi
e
d
as
s
ym
met
ric
an
d
asym
metri
c
de
pendin
g
on
the
ma
gn
it
ud
e
of
input
DC
volt
age
source
s
[12
].
S
ym
metri
c
t
opolog
y
offe
rs
hi
g
h
modu
la
rity.
Bu
t
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
s
witc
hes
in
the
ci
rcu
it
res
ul
ts
in
increased
cost
an
d
co
mpl
exity.
As
ymm
et
ric
config
ur
at
io
n
needs
le
sser
num
ber
of
ci
rc
ui
t
el
ements,
but
diff
e
re
nt
in
put
DC
ma
gnit
ude
make
s
it
s
pr
act
ic
al
impleme
ntati
on
m
or
e
c
omplex
[
2].
M
a
ny
modifie
d
t
opol
og
ie
s
for
sym
metri
c
an
d
as
ym
met
ric
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rters
are
a
vaila
ble
i
n
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
[13
,
14
].
T
he
DC
in
pu
t
s
ources
are
base
d
on
bi
nary
an
d
tr
inar
y
arr
a
ng
e
ment
. An
alg
or
it
hm i
s u
ti
li
zed to det
ermine
the
dc
i
nput ma
gnit
ud
e [
14].
Vo
lt
age
S
o
urc
e
I
nv
e
rter
(
VSI)
is
a
bu
c
k
i
nverter
wit
h
it
s
peak
AC
outp
ut
lo
wer
tha
n
t
he
DC
in
put
[15].
In
a
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
em,
a
dc
-
dc
c
onver
te
r
is
requir
ed
betwee
n
P
V
panel
an
d
th
e
in
ver
te
r
to
boos
t
th
e
dc
i
nput
t
o
the
in
ver
te
r
[
2].
T
his
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on
is
te
r
me
d
a
s
a
t
wo
-
sta
ge
s
ys
te
m
w
hich
r
edu
ce
s
the
e
ff
i
ci
ency
and
i
ncr
eases
the
c
omplexit
y
a
nd
c
os
t
[
16
-
17].
Co
nve
ntion
al
boos
t
co
nv
e
rter
is
ass
ume
d
to
hav
e
i
nf
i
nite
vo
lt
age
gain
a
s
it
s
duty
cy
c
le
can
be
va
ried
betwee
n
0
to
1.
But
t
he
ci
rcu
it
par
a
sit
ic
el
ements
r
est
ri
ct
the
vo
lt
a
ge
gai
n
[
18
-
19
].
T
o
mit
igate
the
dr
awb
ac
ks
of
a
two
-
sta
ge
s
ys
te
m,
Im
pe
dan
ce
so
urce
ba
sed
s
ing
le
sta
ge
s
ys
te
m
was
int
rod
uced
[2].
The
first
i
mp
e
dan
ce
(Z
)
so
urce
netw
ork
wa
s
intr
oduc
ed
by
F.Z
.
Pe
ng
[
15]
.
The
Z
s
ource
con
ce
pt
is
pe
rtinent
to
a
ny
a
c/
dc
powe
r
co
nv
e
rters
.
It
is
a
two
-
port
network
with
L
a
nd
C
com
pone
nts
a
nd
util
iz
es
the
sh
oot
th
rou
gh
s
ta
te
fo
r
bo
os
ti
ng
act
ion
[
2
,
15]
.
Z
s
ource
i
nverter
(Z
SI)
ca
n
be
Vo
lt
age
/
Cu
r
ren
t
s
ource
ty
pe
[2].
Ba
se
d
on
ma
gn
et
ic
s
they
are
br
oa
dly
cl
assi
fied
as
tr
a
ns
f
orm
er/n
on
trans
forme
r
ba
sed
[
20]
.No
n
trans
f
or
me
r
bas
ed
to
po
l
og
ie
s
i
nclu
de
Z
s
our
ce
and
Q
uasi
Z
Sour
ce
t
opol
og
ie
s
.Tr
a
ns
f
ormer
c
oupled
in
cl
ude
Y
s
ource,
Γ
s
ource
,T
sour
ce,
TZ
s
ource
,LC
CT
Z
s
ource,T
ran
s
Z
s
ource
and
HF
trans
forme
r
is
olate
d
Z
s
ourc
e[20
-
22]
.
F
our
qu
a
si
Z
s
ource
inv
e
rters
(
qZ
SI
)
we
re
pro
pose
d
in
[
23]
t
o
at
ta
in
const
ant
in
put
curre
nt
an
d
a
com
mon
dc
rail
betwee
n
t
he
in
put
an
d
i
nv
e
rter
br
i
dge
[2].
Lo
we
r
pa
ssive
com
pone
nt r
at
i
ng
s
a
nd r
e
du
ce
d
s
ource
stress
are the
sig
nific
ant f
eat
ur
es
of
qZSI c
ompa
re
d
to
ZS
I [2
,
24].
A
nove
l
QZS
base
d
As
ymm
et
ric
M
ulti
le
ve
l
I
nv
e
rter
(
A
MLI)
is
prese
nted
i
n
this
pa
pe
r.
It
is
a
sin
gle
sta
ge
M
LI
str
uc
ture
for
a
gr
i
d
co
nn
ect
e
d
phot
ovoltai
c
sy
ste
m
w
her
e
the
c
onve
ntion
al
dc
-
dc
c
onve
rter
(
boos
t)
sta
ge
is
el
imi
na
te
d
[
2].
It
r
ed
uces
t
he
num
be
r
of
po
wer
co
nv
e
rsion
sta
ge
s
the
reby
im
pr
ov
i
ng
reli
abili
ty
of
the
sy
ste
m
[
17]
.
QZS
netw
ork
with
a
pow
er
semic
onduct
in
g
switc
h
‘
M
’
for
DC
-
DC
powe
r
co
nversi
on
was
introd
uced
in
[
23].
T
hey
ca
n
act
as
a
buc
k/boo
st
co
nverte
r
[25].
QZS
network
bo
os
ts
th
e
dc
in
put
to
pro
vid
e
it
to
the
m
ulti
l
evel
in
ver
te
r
[
2
,
26]
.
It o
f
fers const
ant
in
pu
t current w
it
h
hi
gh
volt
age g
ai
n
same
as
that of
a
n
Z
so
urce
ci
rc
uit.
Ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
stress
is
re
du
ce
d
c
ompare
d
t
o
ZS
I
a
nd
s
har
es
a
c
om
m
on
gro
und
betw
een
the
inpu
t
an
d
out
pu
t
[
27]
.
A
si
mp
li
fied
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
casca
de
d
asy
mmetric
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
erter
with
r
e
du
ce
d
switc
hes
a
nd
DC
sourc
es
is
us
ed
i
n
the
ci
rcu
it
[
2].
The
pro
po
se
d
str
uc
ture
gen
e
rates
more
outp
ut
volt
ag
e
le
vels
with
re
du
ce
d
i
nput
s
ources
a
nd
po
wer
se
mico
nd
u
ct
ing
switc
he
s.
Al
gebraic
s
um
of
al
l
the
po
s
sible
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
DC
in
pu
ts
are
util
ise
d
to
gen
e
rate
requi
red
le
vels
at
t
he
outp
ut
[
12]
.
P
rop
os
e
d
c
onve
rter
gen
e
rates
a
31
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
with
t
he
D
C
in
pu
t
pr
ov
i
ded
from
a
Qu
asi
Z
S
our
ce
net
w
ork
a
nd
is
validat
ed
u
si
ng M
at
la
b.
2.
QZS BA
SED
ASYM
METR
IC CHB
M
ULTI LE
VEL IN
VERTER
Figure
1
sho
w
s
the
pro
pose
d
AMLI
str
uct
ure.
It
is
a
com
bi
nation
of
tw
o
c
onve
rters:
Q
ua
si
Z
Sour
ce
netw
ork
a
nd
A
M
L
I.
T
he
Qu
a
si
Z
Sour
ce
Co
nv
e
rter
(QSZC
)
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
n
LC
netw
ork
a
nd
a
MOS
FET
‘M’.
The
re
gula
te
d
QZS
C
ou
t
pu
t
i
s
giv
e
n
as
in
put
to
the
in
ve
rter
[
2
,
27].
QZ
SC1
an
d
QZSC
3
pro
vid
e
i
nput
’s
to
AMLI
represe
nted
as
V
A1
a
nd
V
A2.Simil
a
rly
the
outp
ut’
s
of
QZ
SC2
a
nd
Q
ZSC4
is
re
pr
ese
nted
as
V
B1
an
d
VB2
.
Q
uasi
Z
Sour
ce
ci
rc
uit
com
pr
ise
s
of
i
nducto
rs,
ca
pa
ci
tors,
di
odes
and
act
ive
power
s
witc
hes
f
or
eac
h
input. T
he L
f
-
C
f
filt
er s
moot
hens the
outp
ut
volt
age
[2].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
13
68
–
13
78
1370
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
Q
ZS
base
d AMLI
The
po
wer
s
w
it
ches
a
nd
ci
rc
uit
el
eme
nts
a
re
as
sume
d
t
o
be
i
deal
a
nd
the
c
onve
rter
op
e
rates
in
ste
ady
sta
te
.
P
ulse
Wi
dth
Modula
ti
on
(PW
M
)
is
pro
vid
e
d
f
or
the
s
witc
h
M
[
16].
He
r
e
the
fir
st
sta
ge
deals
with the
ope
rati
on
of
Qu
asi
Z
Sour
ce
con
ver
t
er (QZ
SC) a
nd
the
nex
t
sta
ge e
xp
la
in
s the
op
erati
on of th
e
M
L
I:
2.1.
Analy
sis of qu
as
i Z
s
ou
rce
c
onverter
PV
pan
el
or
a
ny
dc
s
ource
ca
n
pro
vide
inpu
t
to
the
Q
uasi
Z
Sour
ce
netw
ork.
F
our
QZSC
networ
ks
namely
Q
ZSC
1
,
QZ
SC
2
, Q
ZS
C
3
and
QZ
SC
4
are u
ti
li
zed
to g
ene
rate
re
quir
ed
numb
e
r
of
outp
ut
volt
age
l
evels.
Let
V
PV1
,
V
PV2
,
V
PV3
an
d
V
PV
4
pr
ovides
t
he
DC
in
pu
t
to
ea
ch
Q
ZS
netw
ork
.
Each
QZ
S
C
has
tw
o
ope
rati
ng
modes
viz.
Mo
de I a
nd Mo
de II [
2]
.
2.1.1.
M
ode
I
Con
si
der
the
Q
uasi
Z
S
ource
conve
rter,
Q
Z
SC1.Du
rin
g
m
od
e
I
,
Mos
fet
‘
M
1’
is
ON
a
nd
di
od
e
D1
is
OF
F
.
T
he
dc
i
nput
V
PV1
an
d
the
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
V
C12
mag
netiz
es
th
e
inducto
r
L
11
.
The
i
nducto
r
L
12
gets
mag
netiz
ed b
y t
he
capa
ci
tor v
oltage
V
C11
[2]. The
con
ver
te
r
op
e
rates as
d
e
pi
ct
ed
in Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2. QZ
S
C
1
op
e
rati
on
duri
ng Mo
de I
2.1.2.
M
ode
II
Figure
3
s
how
s
Mod
e
II
op
e
r
at
ion
.
Durin
g
M
ode
II
,
Mosf
et
‘M
’
is
OF
F
and
t
he
di
od
e
‘D1’
is
ON
[2].
Th
e
DC
i
nput V
PV1
an
d
t
he
in
duct
or’s
L
11
and
L
12
s
uppl
ie
s
energy
to
t
he
resist
ive
loa
d
R.
Ca
pacit
or C
11
is
charge
d
by
V
P
V1
and
L
11
an
d
C
12
is
char
ge
d
f
rom
L
12
.
Boo
ste
d
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
from
t
he
QZ
S
base
d
dc
-
dc
conve
rter
is
pr
ov
i
ded
as
dc
li
nk
volt
age
to
the
m
ulti
le
vel
i
nv
e
rter.
DC
li
nk
volt
age
balance
is
a
toug
h
ta
sk
f
or
a grid c
onnecte
d ML
I.
N
ume
r
ous
vo
lt
a
ge
c
on
t
ro
l st
rategies a
re m
e
ntio
ned in the
li
te
ratur
e
[2
,
4]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
a n
ov
el
q
uasi
Z
Sou
r
ce b
as
e
d asymmet
ric
mult
il
evel
…
(
Dee
pa Sa
nkar
)
1371
Figure
3. QZ
S
C
1
op
e
rati
on
duri
ng
m
od
e
II
2.2.
Analy
sis of A
MLI
Asymmetric
M
ulti
le
vel
Inv
erter
(AML
I)
f
or
m
s
the
ne
xt
sta
ge
of
the
propose
d
sy
ste
m
[
2].
To
ge
ne
rate
‘
m’
le
vel
outp
ut,
co
nventio
na
l
str
uctur
e
ne
eds
2(m
-
1)
sw
it
ches.
‘m
’
re
pr
ese
nts
the
le
vels
at
the
out
pu
t.
T
o
ge
ner
at
e
31
l
evel
ou
t
pu
t,
60
switc
hes
a
nd
15
DC
s
ourc
es
are
re
qu
i
re
d
for
a
co
nve
ntion
al
sy
ste
m.
T
his
increases
the
siz
e
an
d
c
os
t
of
the
syst
em
re
duci
ng
t
he
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
and
reli
abili
ty
of
the
sy
ste
m
[
17].
Fo
r
opti
mizi
ng
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
c
ircuit
,
a
ge
neral
iz
ed
31
le
ve
l
M
L
I
to
pology
is
consi
der
e
d he
r
e [
12].
The
d
ia
gr
a
m
of
t
he A
M
L
I
is
pr
ese
nt
ed
in
Fig
ure
4.
Figure
4
.
Ci
rcui
t diagr
a
m
of AML
I
H
br
id
ge
c
ons
ist
s
of
te
n
MOSFE
T’s
an
d
four
dc
in
pu
ts
pro
vid
e
d
fro
m
QZ
SC
[
2].
Sw
it
ches
i
n
the
same
le
g
a
r
e
no
t
tu
rn
e
d
on
simulat
ane
ou
l
sy
to
a
vo
i
d
sho
rt
ci
rcu
it
.
A
n
a
lgorit
hm
decid
es
the
mag
nitu
de
of
the
DC
sour
ce
s.
S
upply
volt
a
ge
po
la
rity
is
a
sign
i
ficant
fac
tor
i
n
gen
e
rati
ng
re
quired
le
ve
l
of
outp
ut
volt
age.
Thirty
-
on
e
le
ve
l
is
ob
ta
ine
d
a
t
the
outp
ut
of
the
in
ver
te
r
by
diff
e
re
nt
co
mbi
nations
of
in
put
dc
[
2]
.
I
n
ge
ner
al
,
if
‘
N’
re
pr
ese
nt
s
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
DC
s
ources
in
each
le
g,
th
en
2N
is
the
t
ot
al
nu
m
be
r
of
dc
s
ources
a
nd
4N+2
is
the
t
otal
nu
mb
e
r
of
M
O
S
FET’s
[
2
,
12].
N
umber
of
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
l
evels
a
nd
it
s
pe
ak
value
is
gi
ven
by
equ
at
io
ns [
2
,
12]
,
21
21
N
L
N
+
=−
(1)
O
M
A
N
B
N
V
V
V
=+
(2)
V
OM
is t
he o
utp
ut
volt
age
pea
k
a
nd V
AN
/V
BN
is t
he H Bri
dge in
put v
oltag
es.
M
O
SFET
’s
use
d
in
the
ci
rcu
i
t
are
SA1,
SA2,
S
A
3,
S
A
4,
SB1,
SB
2,
SB3,
SB
4,
Si
a
nd
Sj.
Si
an
d
Sj
sh
oul
d
not
be
tu
rn
e
d
on
simult
ane
ously.
Table
1
sho
w
s
the
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s,
DC
so
urces
util
iz
e
d
a
nd
the co
rr
e
spo
nding
outp
ut leve
ls. Cal
culat
ion
and sw
it
c
hing
sta
te
s o
f
only
s
even le
vels is
presente
d here
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
13
68
–
13
78
1372
Table
1: Volt
age levels
and s
witc
hing stat
es
of the
Q
Z
SC
-
AMLI
Vo
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
SB1
SB2
SB3
SB4
Si
Sj
DC So
u
rces used
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
VA1
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
VB1
3
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
VA1
+
VB1
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
VA2
–
VA1
5
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
VA2
6
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
VA2
+
VB1
–
VA
1
7
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
VA2
+
VB1
The ma
gnit
ude
of the
D
C
sou
rces
of the
QZ
S b
as
ed
AML
I i
s obtai
ned f
rom the e
xpres
sion [
2] [1
2]
,
1
,
5
K
A
K
d
c
VV
−
=
(3)
1
,
25
K
B
K
d
c
VV
−
=
f
or
K=
1,2,3…
n
(4)
DC li
nk
vo
lt
ag
e magnit
ude
of the circ
uit can
also
be rep
res
ented
a
s [2
][12],
11
A
P
V
VV
=
,
12
2
B
P
V
VV
=
,
23
5
A
P
V
VV
=
,
24
10
B
P
V
VV
=
(5)
3.
CIRC
UIT
DE
SIGN
This
sect
io
n
de
scribes
t
he
de
sign
of
netw
or
k
pa
ramete
rs
L
an
d
C
base
d
on
t
he
ope
rati
ng
pri
nciple
exp
la
ine
d
in
s
ect
ion
2.
Co
nsi
der
t
he
desig
n
of
QZS
C
1.
F
or
a
QZS
C,
th
e
netw
ork
pa
ra
mete
rs
L
1
=L
2
=
L
an
d
C
1
=C
2
=C
.
DT
S
be
the
ON
t
ime
of
t
he
s
w
it
ches
(1
-
D)
T
S
be
the
O
FF
ti
me.
D
denot
es
the
duty
ra
ti
o
of
the
s
witc
h.
Th
e
ti
me
integ
ral
of
the
i
nduct
or
volt
age
over
a
com
plete
cy
c
le
is
assume
d
t
o
be
zer
o
i
n
st
eady
sta
te
[
2]. T
he v
o
lt
age ac
ro
s
s t
he
ca
pacit
ors
V
C11
an
d V
C12
can
be
e
xpress
ed
as
,
1
1
1
1
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
C
P
V
P
V
D
V
V
V
B
D
−
=
=
−
(6)
1
2
1
1
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
C
P
V
P
V
D
V
V
V
B
D
=
=
−
−
(7)
Gain o
f
the
conv
e
rter
or Bo
ost
f
act
or (
B
)
is
giv
e
n by [
2],
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
O
PV
V
D
B
VD
−
==
−
(8)
The
a
ver
a
ge
v
a
lue of
outp
ut
volt
age,
0
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
PV
D
VV
D
−
=
−
(9)
QZS
pro
vid
e
s
a posit
ive
boost
v
oltage
if
0<
D<0.5
and a
n
e
gative
vo
lt
a
ge wit
h 0.5<D<
1 [2].
Ind
uctor cu
rr
e
nt
,
11
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
O
L
ID
I
D
−
=
−
(10)
wh
e
re
I
L11
= I
L1
2
= I
L
an
d V
L1
= V
L2
=
V
L
Ind
uctance
L i
s g
i
ven
by t
he e
qu
at
io
n bel
ow,
w
he
re f
s
-
s
witc
hin
g f
reque
nc
y
in
H
e
rtz [
2
8
],
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
a n
ov
el
q
uasi
Z
Sou
r
ce b
as
e
d asymmet
ric
mult
il
evel
…
(
Dee
pa Sa
nkar
)
1373
2
12
(
1
)
0
.
2
(
1
2
)
PV
OS
V
D
L
L
L
D
P
f
D
−
=
=
=
−
(11)
Larg
e
in
du
ct
or
current
rip
ple
will
increase
st
ress
on
s
witc
h
and
di
od
e
.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
rip
ple
is
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
t
he
e
xpre
ssion [
2
9
],
%
L
L
L
I
X
I
=
(12)
wh
e
re
X
L
repre
sents the
all
owed ri
pple
curre
nt which
r
a
nge
s b
et
ween 1
5%
to 40%
[2
].
2
L
f
DR
L
f
, L
f
-
filt
er ind
uc
ta
nce
(13)
Inver
te
r’
s
ou
t
put
volt
age
ri
pple
and
c
urren
t
rip
ple
is
absor
bed
by
capaci
t
or
s
C
1
a
nd
C
2
.
The
volt
age
rip
ple is ass
ume
d
to
b
e
li
mit
ed
to
3%
of
t
he peak
po
wer [
2
8
]
. Capacit
a
nc
e ex
pr
es
sio
n
is
giv
e
n by,
12
2
0
.0
3
O
P
V
D
C
S
PD
CC
V
V
f
==
(14)
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink
is
util
iz
ed
to
anal
yze
t
he
operati
ng
pri
nciple
of
the
pro
po
se
d
t
opol
ogy.
Let
the
powe
r
rati
ng
of
the
co
nverter
be
500Wat
ts
[
2].
The
mag
nitud
e
s
of
the
dc
li
nk
volt
ages
a
re
16V
,32
V,80V
a
n
d
160V
for
V
A1
,
V
B1
,
V
A2
an
d
V
B2
res
pecti
vel
y.
The
s
witc
hi
ng
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
f
or
the
A
M
L
I
is
ta
ke
n
as
20kH
z
with
a resisti
ve
l
oad
of
100
Ω
. S
im
ulati
on
pa
rame
te
rs
are
provid
ed
in
Ta
ble 2.
Table
2: Co
mpon
e
nt
values
used
for
sim
ulati
on
Com
pone
nts
QZS
C
1
QZS
C
2
QZS
C
3
QZS
C
4
L (
m
H
)
0.018
9
0.073
4
0.394
1.576
C (mF
)
1.38
1.031
0.211
6
0.052
9
V
PV
(V)
12
12
24
24
L
f
(m
H)
0.002
5
0.019
6
0.131
0.526
C
f
(mF
)
1.38
1.031
0.211
0.052
9
The o
utput v
ol
ta
ges of
QZ
SC’s a
re
giv
e
n
in
the Fig
ures
(5)
-
(
8).
Figure
5. O
utput v
oltage
of
Q
ZSC
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
13
68
–
13
78
1374
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
Q
ZSC
1
.D
C
i
nput
V
P
V1
=12V
[
2].
A
sam
ple
cal
cul
at
ion
of
t
he
simulat
ion pa
r
amet
ers fo
r QZ
SC
1
detai
le
d
i
n sec
ti
on 3 are
a
s foll
ow
s:
Ca
se
1:
V
PV1
= 12V
,
V
A1
= 16V
Fr
om E
qua.
(
8), Boost
factor i
s g
i
ven by t
he e
xpressi
on,
16
1.33
12
O
PV
V
B
V
=
=
=
(15)
Also
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
D
B
D
−
=
−
, he
nce
D
utyrat
io
D
=
0.198
(
16)
Fr
om
(11
),
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
(
1
0
.
1
9
8
)
0
.
1
9
8
0
.
0
1
8
9
0
.
2
5
0
0
2
0
1
0
(
1
2
0
.
1
9
8
)
L
L
L
m
H
−
=
=
=
=
−
(17)
Using
(14),
11
12
3
2
50
0
0.
19
8
1.
38
0.
03
12
19
.8
6
20
10
C
C
C
m
F
=
=
=
=
The val
ue
of L
f
can
be
cal
c
ula
te
d
usi
ng (1
3)
as foll
ows:
3
0
.
1
9
8
0
.
5
1
2
0
.
0
0
2
5
2
2
2
0
1
0
L
f
DR
L
m
H
f
(18)
Same
ste
ps
to
be
f
ollow
e
d
f
or
c
al
culat
ing
t
he
simulat
io
n
pa
ramet
er
s
f
or
Q
ZSC
2,
QZS
C
3
a
nd QZSC
4.
Figure
6. O
utput v
oltage
of
Q
ZSC
2
Ou
t
pu
t
wa
vefo
rm
of
Q
ZSC
2
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6.
DC
i
nput
from
the
PV
s
ource
is
V
PV2
=1
2V.
The
dc
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
is
boost
ed
to
V
B1
=
32V
with
duty
rati
o
D=0.2
84.
The
w
a
vefo
r
m
s
hown
in
Fi
gure
7
represe
nts
the
Qu
asi
Z
s
ourc
e
conver
te
rs
outp
ut
w
hich
ac
ts
as
the
DC
li
nk
i
nput
to
A
M
L
I
with
V
A2
=
80V
with
du
t
y rati
o D=0
.38
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
a n
ov
el
q
uasi
Z
Sou
r
ce b
as
e
d asymmet
ric
mult
il
evel
…
(
Dee
pa Sa
nkar
)
1375
Figure
7. O
utput v
oltage
of
Q
ZSC3,
V
A2
=
80V wit
h D =
0.3
86
Figure
8
re
pres
ents
the
volt
ag
e
outp
ut
of
Q
Z
SC4.It
act
s
as
i
nput
dc
li
nk
vo
lt
age
to
the
A
M
L
I,
V
B2
=
160 V
with
duty
rati
o D=0
.41
1.
Figure
8. O
utput v
oltage
of
Q
ZSC4,
V
B2
=
160V w
it
h D
=
0.411
M
O
SFET
‘
M
’
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
PWM
a
nd
the
switc
hi
ng
functi
on
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
usi
ng
M
at
la
b
[2]
.
Q
ZSC
is
pro
vi
ded
with
duty
rati
o
D
1=0.19
8,
D
2=
0.284,
D3
=
0.3
86
a
nd
D4
=
0.4
11.
M
L
I
is
fe
d
with
re
gu
la
te
d
dc
outp
ut
of
Q
ZSC.
The
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
M
L
I
is
generate
d
by
ap
pl
ying
t
he
switc
hing
sta
te
s
in
pro
per
seq
uen
ce
. F
i
gure
9
re
presents
the g
at
e
sig
nals to
t
he MOSF
ET.
Figure
9. MOS
FET s
witc
hing
sig
nals
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
13
68
–
13
78
1376
The
s
witc
hes
are
tu
rn
e
d
on
in
pro
pe
r
se
quence
as
pe
r
th
e
switc
hing
se
qu
e
nce
giv
e
n
in
Table
1.
Pr
ope
r
ca
re
s
houl
d
be
ta
ken
su
c
h
that
no
ne
of
the
s
witc
he
s
in
t
he
sa
me
le
g
c
onduct
s
t
og
et
her
as
t
he
y
m
ay
destr
oy
t
he
swi
tc
h.
Fig
ure
10
sh
ows
31
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
of
M
LI
.A
lge
brai
c
co
mb
inati
on
of
t
he
dc
i
nputs
ge
ner
at
e
require
d
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
le
vel
[2].
It
ge
ne
rates
31le
vels
with
posit
ive,
neg
at
ive
an
d
ze
ro
va
lues
[
2].
T
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
mag
nit
ud
e
is
240V.
I
t
sh
ows
im
pro
ved
powe
r
qua
li
ty
with
low
THD
of
2.9
3%
.
The
c
urre
nt
ou
tp
ut
sh
ows
a sin
uso
idal sha
pe [2
].
Figure
10. O
utp
ut
volt
age
of
AMLI
Figure
11. L
oa
d
c
urren
t
wa
ve
form o
f AMLI
for
R l
oad
Figure
11
sho
ws
the
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
vefo
r
m
with
R
l
oa
d.
The
fo
ll
owin
g
fig
ur
es
re
pr
es
ents
ha
rm
onic
sp
ect
r
um
of
outp
ut
volt
age
and
c
urre
nt
with
TH
D
V
=
2.93%
an
d
TH
D
I
=2.
9%
.
The
wav
e
f
or
m
s
are
near
ly
sinu
s
oid
al
with
low T
HD
t
hereby re
duci
ng f
i
lt
er r
eq
uire
men
ts an
d hen
ce
cost
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
a n
ov
el
q
uasi
Z
Sou
r
ce b
as
e
d asymmet
ric
mult
il
evel
…
(
Dee
pa Sa
nkar
)
1377
Figure
12. O
utp
ut
volt
age
Ha
rm
on
ic
s
pect
rum
Figure
13. O
utp
ut c
urre
nt H
a
r
monic s
pectr
um
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
ge
ne
rali
zed
Qu
asi
Z
S
ourc
e
As
ym
met
ric
M
ulti
le
vel
I
nv
erter
is
propos
ed
in
t
he
pap
e
r
.
The
ci
rcu
it
desig
n,
a
naly
sis
an
d
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
are
pr
esented
i
n
detai
l
to
validat
e
th
e
topolo
gy.
QZ
S
netw
ork
pro
vid
es
input
DC
t
o
a
sy
m
metri
c
31
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
structu
re.
T
he
ci
rcu
it
e
xh
i
bits
hi
gh
vo
lt
ag
e
gain
an
d
co
nti
nuous
input
c
urre
nt
li
ke
co
nventio
na
l
QZ
SI
.
Lar
ge
ou
t
pu
t
le
vel
is
achie
ved
wi
th
reduce
d
nu
mb
e
r
of
s
witc
hes
an
d
input
source
s.
It
featu
res
lo
w
switc
hing
los
s
es
an
d
re
du
ce
d
dv
/
dt
stress.
High
qual
it
y
outp
ut
with
lo
w
THD
enab
le
s
l
ower
filt
er
re
qu
i
re
ments.
Pro
per
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
c
on
t
ro
l
s
houl
d
be
prov
i
ded
f
or
t
he
pract
ic
al
app
li
cat
io
n
of
t
he
ci
rc
uit
as
di
ff
e
ren
t
in
put
s
ources
may
i
ntrod
uce
po
we
r
i
mb
al
anc
e
in
t
he
ci
rcu
it
.
Co
nti
nuous
input
an
d
ou
tpu
t
cu
rr
e
nts
ensures
bette
r
co
nv
e
rter
performa
nce
making
it
su
i
ta
ble
for
Re
ne
wab
le
energ
y
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
REN21
Rene
wa
ble
s
2019:
Glob
al
Stat
us
R
eport
,
(Paris:
REN2
1
Secr
etari
at
),
2
019
.
htt
ps:
//
ww
w.re
n21.
n
et
/wp
-
cont
en
t/
uplo
ads/
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por
t_e
n
.
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2020
)
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il
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f
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t
ilevel
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ver
te
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ad
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ad
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ew
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Mu
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ilevel
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ert
ers
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ansacti
ons
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.