Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol
.
4
,
No
. 2,
J
une
2
0
1
4
,
pp
. 13
7~
14
5
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
1
37
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Designing Contr
o
ller
for
Join
ed Dynamic Nonlinear
PEMFC
and Buck Converter
System
M
.
R
.
Ra
himi Khoyg
ani*
,
R.
Gha
s
emi**
, D
.
Sana
ei
*
**
* Department of
Control
Engineering,
S
c
ien
ce
an
d Res
ear
ch Br
an
ch, Is
l
a
m
i
c A
zad
Univers
i
t
y
,
Da
m
a
vand, Ir
an
** Departm
e
n
t
o
f
El
ectr
i
c
a
l
Engi
neering
,
Dam
a
v
a
nd Bran
ch,
Is
la
m
i
c Azad
Unive
r
s
i
t
y
, Dam
a
v
a
nd
, Ir
an
*** Departmen
t
of Control Engin
eering
,
Islamic
Azad University, Khomeini shah
r branch
,
Iran
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Nov 23, 2013
Rev
i
sed
Mar
14
, 20
14
Accepted
Mar 25, 2014
Designing con
t
r
o
ller
for a class of d
y
namical n
onlinear model
for Poly
mer
Electroly
t
e Membrane Fuel Cell
(PEMFC
) is disc
ussed in this paper inwhich
the PEMFC sy
stem is used f
o
r powering a Notebook PC
(Processing
Computer). The power requirement of
a Notebook PC varies significan
tly
under diff
eren
t
operat
i
onal
con
d
itions. The pro
posed feedb
ack
controll
er
is
appli
e
d for th
e
buck dc/d
c co
nverter
to s
t
ab
i
liz
e the
load v
o
ltag
e
at
a
desirable level under vari
ous operational cond
itions. The simulation results
show the promising performance of th
e
proposed
controller at the
different
operating con
d
itions.
Keyword:
Stab
ility
Non
lin
ear Syst
e
m
PEMFC
PI
D Con
t
ro
ller
N
o
teb
ook
PC
Bu
ck Con
v
e
rter
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Moham
a
d Reza Rahim
i
Khoy
gani
Science a
n
d R
e
search Bra
n
ch, Dam
a
vand,
Iran.
Em
a
il: Mohamad.reza.ra
him
i
67@gm
a
i
l
.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
The i
n
se
para
bl
e part
of h
u
m
a
n l
i
f
e i
s
a need fo
r re
liable power s
o
urce. T
h
is see
m
s
m
o
re
necessa
ry in
devel
opi
ng
c
o
unt
ri
es as t
h
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
f
r
ast
r
uc
t
u
re.
I
n
m
a
ny
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s,
t
h
i
s
need
i
s
ne
gl
ect
ed
du
e t
o
exi
s
t
e
nce
of
fo
ssil fu
el sources bu
t th
ese fo
ssil fu
el
s
o
urces a
r
e l
i
m
ited. It
sh
o
u
l
d
be n
o
t
e
d t
h
at
t
h
e depe
n
d
e
n
c
e
of a
country in term
s
of ene
r
gy
s
u
pply can lead to othe
r seque
n
tial depe
nde
nce on the
owne
rs [5]. Because
of the
current e
nvi
ronm
ental proble
m
s
and ai
r pollution,
we need
to
reach c
l
ean source
s of ene
r
gy is urgent
[5]
.
Nowa
days access to clean and rene
wa
ble sources
of ene
r
gy
is vita
l. Renewable ene
r
gy sources, suc
h
as fuel
cells, win
d
,
so
lar an
d
hy
d
r
o
po
we
r are
esse
ntial fo
r a
n
e
n
vir
onm
ent-frie
ndly
e
n
er
gy
s
u
pply
.
T
h
e
Fuel
cell
tech
no
log
y
h
a
s attr
acted
m
u
c
h
atten
tio
n
b
e
cau
s
e
o
f
inh
e
r
e
n
t
pr
op
er
ties an
d
po
ten
tials in
its tech
no
logy. Th
is
technology is
unde
r devel
opment for
m
o
re than a decade
,
optim
iz
ing the
efficiency and reducing cos
t
s are
still in
p
r
o
g
ress.
The f
u
el
cel
l
s
are el
ect
roch
em
i
cal devi
ces
t
h
at
conve
rt
t
h
e chem
i
cal
ener
gy
of
bot
h
t
h
e ener
gy
carri
er a
n
d t
h
e
oxi
di
zer
-t
y
p
i
cal
l
y
oxy
ge
n-
di
rect
l
y
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
electricity and the heat
[
1
2]
. The po
wer
o
u
t
put
o
f
fu
el cells can
ran
g
e
fro
m
a few
watts to
several m
e
g
a
wa
tts. It
has
bee
n
hypothe
sized t
h
at fuel cells a
r
e well-
poi
se
d t
o
m
eet t
h
e
po
we
r re
qui
rem
e
nt
s of
vari
ous
ap
pl
i
c
at
i
ons
of
t
h
e
2
1
st
cent
u
ry ra
nging from
elec
trical
vehi
cl
es
[2]
,
h
i
gh
vol
t
a
ge di
s
t
ri
but
e
d
ge
ne
ra
t
o
r (
D
C
-
AC
)
[
4
]
,
I
n
d
u
st
ri
al
d
y
n
am
i
c
l
o
ads [
3
]
,
U
n
i
n
t
e
rr
upt
i
b
l
e
Power
Supp
ly (UPS) and
ect.Un
lik
e conv
en
tio
n
a
l en
erg
y
sources
,
fuel
cell is a clean energy s
o
urce
with
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
low em
i
ssi
ons and l
o
w n
o
i
s
e [7]
,
[
8
]
,
[18]. T
h
ese attractive feature
s
of fuel cells have
enge
n
d
ere
d
i
n
t
e
rest
i
n
DC
powe
r
ge
nerat
i
o
n usi
n
g f
u
el
cel
l
s
and t
h
ei
r sub
s
eq
ue
nt
co
m
m
e
rci
a
ll
i
zat
ion f
o
r
vari
ous
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 4
,
No
. 2
,
Jun
e
2
014
:
13
7
–
14
5
13
8
There
are
different types
of
fuel cells
with own
c
h
a
r
acteristics. For portable applications, t
h
e fuel
cell should
be
s
m
all and able to ope
rate
at am
bi
ent conditions.
Am
ong t
h
e available fuel cells, Prot
on
Exc
h
an
ge M
e
m
b
rane or Po
l
y
m
e
r El
ect
r
ol
y
t
e M
e
m
b
rane Fuel
C
e
l
l
(PEM
FC
) i
s
becom
i
ng i
n
crea
si
ngl
y
p
opu
lar
b
ecause of its attractiv
e f
eatures su
ch
as
h
i
g
h
po
wer
d
e
nsity, so
lid
electro
lyte, lo
w operatin
g
te
m
p
eratu
r
e, fast start-up
, low sen
s
itiv
ity to
o
r
ien
t
ati
o
n
,
fav
o
rab
l
e power-to
-
weigh
t
ratio, lon
g
cell and
stack
l
i
f
e, and l
o
w cor
r
osi
o
n [1
0]
. Hence
,
i
t
i
s
now wel
l
un
derst
o
o
d
t
h
at
t
h
e Pr
ot
o
n
Exc
h
an
ge
M
e
m
b
rane (P
EM
)
fuel
cel
l
i
s
t
h
e
pri
m
ary
choi
c
e
f
o
r
de
vel
o
pi
ng
di
st
ri
but
e
d
gene
rat
i
o
n
po
wer
sy
st
em
s, hy
bri
d
el
ect
ri
c
vehi
cl
e
s
and
f
o
r m
a
ny
ot
he
r em
ergi
ng
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns o
f
f
u
el
cel
l
s
. The co
re c
o
m
ponent
of a
PEM
F
C
co
nsi
s
t
s
of
a fi
v
e
layered struct
ure called the Me
m
b
rane Ele
c
trode Assem
b
ly (MEA), wh
i
c
h
is form
ed
b
y
a PEM with
a th
in
layer of catalyst on
bot
h side
s, and a porous
Gas Di
ffusi
on Layer (GDL
)
in contact with each of the ca
talyst
l
a
y
e
rs [1
4]
. It
i
s
im
port
a
nt
t
h
at
det
a
i
l
e
d dy
nam
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
s
and hi
gh
-
p
er
fo
rm
ance cont
rol
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
be
devel
ope
d
for t
h
e PEM
F
C in
order to
facilit
ate its succe
ssful use
in t
h
ese
applica
tions. B
l
ock
diagram
of the
pr
o
pose
d
sy
st
e
m
for a
not
e
b
o
o
k
PC
(p
r
o
cess
i
ng c
o
m
put
er
)
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
Di
a
g
r
a
m
of t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
sy
st
em
for a
n
o
t
e
b
o
o
k
P
C
In t
h
i
s
pa
per
we co
nce
n
t
r
at
e
on t
h
e dy
nam
i
c
m
odel
of a
PEM
F
C
sy
st
em
for
po
rt
abl
e
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns.
Creatin
g
a contro
l-o
r
ien
t
ed
dyn
amic
m
o
d
e
l o
f
th
e
ov
erall
syste
m
is an
essen
tial first
step
,
no
t on
ly
for th
e
un
de
rst
a
n
d
i
n
g of t
h
e sy
st
em
beha
vi
or
, b
u
t
al
so for t
h
e
devel
opm
ent
and
desi
g
n
of
m
odel
-
based c
ont
rol
meth
o
d
o
l
og
ies. Th
ere are several d
y
n
a
m
i
c fu
el cell m
o
d
e
ls
rep
o
rted in
t
h
e literature
[7], [8
]. Th
e
p
u
rp
o
s
e
o
f
th
is p
a
p
e
r
is t
o
p
r
esen
t a
10
0
W
PEM
F
C syste
m
f
o
r
po
w
e
r
i
ng
a
n
o
t
eb
ook
PC.
Th
e
pow
er
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
of
a
note
b
ook PC
varies significa
n
tly unde
r
different ope
r
ational
conditions.
2.
NO
NLINE
A
R
PEMF
C STA
C
K SY
STEM
Th
e fo
llowing
assu
m
p
tio
n
s
are ap
p
lied
to
con
s
tru
c
t th
e simp
lified
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
l for PEMFC [19
]
.
The ga
ses are
ideal, The e
ffe
ct of Nitroge
n
in the catho
de
i
s
not
co
nsi
d
e
r
ed beca
use
of
usi
n
g re
fo
rm
er, t
h
e
oxy
gen
fl
o
w
r
a
t
e
i
s
det
e
rm
i
n
ed
by
Hy
d
r
oge
n
oxy
gen
fl
o
w
rat
i
o
fr
om
t
h
e ref
o
rm
er, t
h
e
st
ack t
e
m
p
erat
ure i
s
regu
lated
at
8
0
oC
by
usi
n
g a
n
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
c
ool
i
n
g sy
st
em
[1
5]
, t
h
e
Ne
rn
st
’s eq
uat
i
o
n i
s
ap
pl
i
e
d [
1
1]
,
[2
0]
,
[2
1]
. T
h
e
no
nl
i
n
ear
dy
nam
i
c
m
odel
devel
o
p
e
d i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r i
s
based
o
n
t
h
e f
u
el
cel
l
m
odel
s
pr
ovi
ded
by
t
h
e
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of Ener
gy
(
D
O
E
)
[1
7]
. A P
E
M
f
u
el
cel
l
consi
s
t
s
of a
pol
y
m
er el
ect
rol
y
t
e
m
e
m
b
rane san
d
wi
ched
b
e
tw
een
t
w
o electr
o
d
e
s
(
a
node and
cat
h
o
d
e
)
.
Th
e FC
system
m
o
d
e
l p
a
r
a
meter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is m
o
d
e
l ar
e
sh
own
in
Tab
l
e 1.
Tabl
e 1.
Param
e
ters De
scripti
o
n
Pa
ra
m
e
ter
Description
Para
m
e
ter
Description
Vf
c
Stack Output Voltage
In
Th
e In
tern
al
Cu
rre
n
t
Den
s
ity
To
In
tern
al Cu
rren
t
L
o
sses
Va
Volu
m
e
of anode
A,
B
constants
Vc
Volu
m
e
of cathode
I
T
h
e Output Cur
r
e
n
t
Density
Ac
Cell active a
r
ea
R
Gas Constant
N
Nu
m
b
e
r
of Cells i
n
the Stack
Charge transf
er co
ef
f
i
cient
V0
Cell Open Circuit
Voltage
r
FC internal
resista
n
ce
T Operating
Te
m
p
er
ature
sat
p
The Standard Pr
es
sure
L
Voltage L
o
sses
F
Far
a
day’
s Constant
2
pH
,
2
pO
,
O
2
pH
The Parti
a
l P
r
essur
e
s Of
Each G
a
s
Inside Cell
Io
The Exchange Cur
r
ent Density Relat
e
d
To Activation Los
s
es
PEM
Fuel cell
Notebook PC
Dc/Dc
Converter
t
Measuremen
Controller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
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9
4
Design
ing
C
o
ntr
o
ller fo
r Jo
i
n
ed
Dynamic N
o
n
lin
ea
r PEMFC an
d Bu
ck… (M.R. Rah
i
mi Kho
y
g
a
n
i
)
13
9
In the electrolyte, only ions
can
exit and electrons are
not
allowed
to
p
a
ss th
ro
ugh
. Therefo
r
e, th
e
flow of electrons
needs a path like
an external circuit from
the anode
to the cathode
to create elec
tricity
because of a potential diffe
re
nce be
twee
n the anode and cathode.T
he over
all elec
troche
mical reactions
for a
PEM
fuel
cel
l
fed wi
t
h
a
n
oxy
gen
-
c
ont
ai
ni
n
g
cat
h
ode
gas an
d a hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
-c
ont
ai
ni
ng a
n
o
d
e
gas are as
fo
llows:
heat
+
y
electricit
+
O
2H
O
+
2H
:
Overall
O
2H
4e
+
4H
+
O
:
Cathode
4e
+
4H
2H
:
Anode
2
2
2
2
-
+
2
-
+
2
(1
)
2.
1. PEMF
C Outp
ut
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Equ
a
tion
Accord
ing
to th
e
Nern
st’s equ
a
tio
n and
Ohm
’
s
law, th
e cell v
o
ltag
e
equ
a
tio
n
is
g
i
v
e
n
as;
on
concetrati
activation
ohmic
Nernst
fc
V
V
V
E
V
(2)
In t
h
e E
quati
o
n
(
2
),
Nernst
E
i
s
t
h
e t
h
erm
ody
nam
i
c
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of t
h
e
cel
l
or
reve
rsi
b
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
bas
e
d
on
th
e Nernst equ
a
tio
n [16
]
,
ohmic
V
i
s
t
h
e
ohm
i
c
vol
t
a
ge
dr
o
p
f
r
o
m
t
h
e resi
st
ances
of
p
r
ot
o
n
fl
ow
i
n
t
h
e
electrolyte,
activation
V
is th
e
v
o
ltag
e
loss du
e t
o
th
e rate o
f
reac
tions on t
h
e s
u
rfa
ce of the
electrodes, and
on
concetrati
V
is th
e v
o
ltag
e
lo
ss fro
m
th
e
redu
ction
in
co
n
c
en
tr
ation
gases o
r
th
e tr
an
spor
t o
f
m
a
ss
o
f
ox
ygen
and
hy
dr
o
g
en
.
Thei
r e
q
uat
i
o
n
s
are
gi
ve
n a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
O
H
O
H
Nernst
P
P
P
Ln
F
RT
Vo
No
E
2
2
2
2
(3)
r
NI
V
fc
ohmic
(4
)
O
n
fc
activation
I
I
I
Ln
F
RT
N
V
2
(5
)
)
(
fc
nI
on
concetrati
e
Nm
V
(6
)
2.
2. St
ate
E
q
u
a
ti
ons
Th
e
p
a
r
tial pr
essu
r
e
s of
h
ydro
g
e
n
,
ox
yg
en
,
an
d w
a
ter on t
h
e cathode side are
defi
ned
as the state
vari
a
b
l
e
s o
f
t
h
e sy
st
em
, and
t
h
e
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
ee
n i
n
l
e
t
gases a
n
d
out
l
e
t
gases i
s
desc
r
i
bed i
n
Fi
gu
re
2.
Fi
gu
re
2.
Il
l
u
st
rat
i
o
n
o
f
gas
fl
ows
o
f
t
h
e P
E
M
F
C
From
t
h
e i
d
eal
gas l
a
w,
we
k
n
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
a
rt
i
a
l
press
u
re
of eac
h
gas i
s
pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
onal
t
o
t
h
e am
ount
of t
h
e
gas i
n
the cell, whic
h are three re
levant c
ont
r
i
bu
tio
ns dep
e
nd
in
g on
t
h
e
g
a
s in
let f
l
ow
r
a
te, g
a
s
con
s
um
pt
i
on a
n
d
ga
s
out
l
e
t
fl
ow
rat
e
[7]
,
[
1
6]
. T
h
u
s
, t
h
e st
at
e equat
i
ons
b
ecom
e
;
Cathode
Anode
O
H
2
out
out
O
H
H
2
2
in
in
in
O
H
O
N
2
2
2
out
out
out
O
H
O
N
2
2
2
in
in
O
H
H
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 4
,
No
. 2
,
Jun
e
2
014
:
13
7
–
14
5
14
0
out
c
C
produced
c
C
in
c
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
O
V
RT
O
V
RT
O
V
RT
O
V
RT
V
RT
V
RT
V
RT
V
RT
V
RT
_
2
_
2
_
2
2
2_out
2_used
2_in
2
2_out
2_used
2_in
2
H
H
H
dt
dpH
O
O
O
dt
dpO
H
H
H
dt
dpH
(7
)
Whe
r
e
in
H
_
2
,
in
O
_
2
an
d s
h
ows
t
h
e i
n
l
e
t
f
l
ow
rat
e
s o
f
h
y
d
r
oge
n,
o
x
y
g
e
n, a
n
d wat
e
r
of t
h
e cat
h
o
d
e
.
Out
H
_
2
Out
O
_
2
and
out
O
H
_
2
2
are the
outlet flow
rates of
each
gas.
used
_
2
H
,
used
_
2
O
and
produced
_
2
O
H
are usa
g
e
and
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
o
n
of t
h
e
gases.
B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e b
a
si
c el
ect
roche
m
i
cal
rel
a
t
i
onshi
ps
, usa
g
e a
n
d p
r
od
uct
i
o
n o
f
t
h
e
g
a
ses are
related
to ou
tpu
t
cu
rren
t
I
b
y
;
i
KA
KI
C
2
2
O
2
H
2_used
2_used
(8)
Whe
r
e
K
=
N
/ (4
F
),
Ac
is the
cell active area, and
i
is th
e cell cu
rren
t
d
e
n
s
i
t
y. Based
on
the in
let flow
rates and
ou
tput cu
rren
t, th
e ou
tlet flow rates can
b
e
d
e
fin
e
d as:
c
O
H
r
in
O
r
in
H
r
in
F
I
K
Cath
F
I
K
Cath
F
I
K
Anode
2
2
2
)
2
(
H
)
(
O
)
2
(
H
2_out
2_out
2_out
(9)
Whe
r
e
in
Anode
2_in
H
and
in
Cath
2_in
2_in
N
O
.
2
,
O
H
F
F
and
O
H
F
2
are the
pressures fraction
of each gas
ins
i
de the
fuel cell
as fo
llo
ws:
op
c
O
H
op
O
op
H
P
O
pH
F
P
pO
F
P
pH
F
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
,
(10)
By su
b
s
titu
ting (9
) and
(10
)
in (7
), we ob
tain
:
)
P
O
pH
)
2
(
2
O
H
(
O
pH
dt
d
)
P
pO
)
(
O
(
pO
dt
d
)
P
pH
)
2
(
2
H
(
pH
dt
d
op
2
_in
2
2
op
2
2_in
2
op
2
2_in
2
C
C
r
in
C
r
C
C
C
C
r
in
C
r
C
C
r
in
C
r
A
i
A
K
Cath
i
A
K
V
RT
i
A
K
Cath
i
A
K
V
RT
i
A
K
Anode
i
A
K
V
RT
(11)
To
sim
p
lify (
1
1),
we sub
s
titu
te
in
Anode
and
in
Cath
in
th
e abov
e
eq
u
a
t
i
ons an
d rec
onst
r
uct
t
h
e
equat
i
o
n (
1
1) a
s
(1
2)
. D
u
e t
o
t
h
e sm
all
port
i
o
n o
f
_in
2
O
H
C
o
n
th
e Cath
od
e sid
e
, th
is
ele
m
en
t is ig
n
o
red
in
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
e
q
ua
t
i
on a
n
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e c
ont
rol
l
a
w
devel
opm
ent
;
)
P
O
pH
)
2
(
2
O
H
(
O
pH
dt
d
)
P
pO
)
(
O
(
pO
dt
d
)
P
pH
)
2
(
2
H
(
pH
dt
d
op
2
_
2
_in
2
2
op
2
_
2
2_in
2
op
2
_
2
2_in
2
C
C
r
in
C
r
C
C
C
C
r
in
C
r
C
C
r
in
C
r
A
i
A
K
O
i
A
K
V
RT
i
A
K
O
i
A
K
V
RT
i
A
K
H
i
A
K
V
RT
(12)
Co
n
s
i
d
er th
e
fo
llo
wi
n
g
m
u
lti
p
l
e-inpu
t sing
l
e
-ou
t
pu
t
(M
I
S
O) n
onl
i
n
ear s
y
st
em
:
)
(
,....,
2
,
1
,
)
(
)
(
1
x
h
y
m
i
ui
x
Gi
x
f
x
m
i
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Design
ing
C
o
ntr
o
ller fo
r Jo
i
n
ed
Dynamic N
o
n
lin
ea
r PEMFC an
d Bu
ck… (M.R. Rah
i
mi Kho
y
g
a
n
i
)
14
1
Whe
r
e
n
R
X
x
is the state,
m
R
U
u
is th
e inp
u
t
o
r
con
t
ro
l v
ector, an
d
P
R
Y
y
is the
out
put
vect
or
of
t
h
e
sy
st
em
.
Eq
uat
i
ons
(
2
)
and
(
1
2)
i
m
pl
y t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
ng
no
nl
i
n
ea
r
dy
na
m
i
c sy
st
em
model
o
f
PEMFCs:
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
)
2
2
(
)
(
)
2
2
(
)
1
(
0
0
0
)
1
(
u
x
A
K
A
K
P
V
RT
x
A
K
A
K
P
V
RT
x
A
K
A
K
P
V
RT
u
x
P
V
RT
P
x
V
RT
u
P
x
V
RT
x
x
x
C
r
C
r
op
C
C
r
C
r
op
C
C
r
C
r
op
A
op
C
op
C
op
A
(14)
on
concetrati
activation
ohmic
Nernst
fc
V
V
V
E
V
Y
Whe
r
e;
fc
V
y
i]
,
O
,
[H
u
]
O
pH
,
pO
,
[pH
x
T
2_in
2_in
T
C
2
2
2
(15)
In t
h
e af
orem
ent
i
one
d
no
nl
i
n
ear m
odel
,
bec
a
use t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er o
f
o
u
t
p
ut
s i
s
l
e
ss t
h
an t
h
at
of t
h
e i
n
put
s,
wh
ich
m
ean
s t
h
at th
e d
e
couplin
g
m
a
trix
fo
r ex
act li
n
earizatio
n
is no
t squa
re, t
h
e e
x
act l
i
nearization a
p
proac
h
for MIMO
system
s cannot
be directly
appl
ied. In ot
her
words, a
d
ditiona
l states and outputs are c
h
ose
n
and
adde
d i
n
s
u
c
h
a way that a
s
q
uare
system
appear
s and
t
h
at t
h
e
d
ecoup
ling
matrix
is no
nsin
gu
lar.
2.3. Re
former
Model
The
fuel
cel
l
s
y
st
em
consum
es hy
dr
oge
n,
a
ccor
d
i
n
g t
o
po
wer
dem
a
nd a
n
d t
h
e
re
f
o
rm
er cont
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
gene
rat
e
s
hy
d
r
oge
n
f
o
r
st
ack
o
p
erat
i
o
n.
T
h
e m
a
t
h
em
at
i
c
al
fo
rm
of t
h
e
r
e
fo
rm
er
m
odel
can
be
ex
pre
s
sed as
[9]
:
1
4
4
2
2
_
2
S
S
methan
H
in
in
(16)
During operati
onal conditions, to
cont
rol the hydroge
n fl
ow rate
accordi
ng to the
out
put power
of
the FC
syste
m
, a PID control
syste
m
is used. To achie
ve
t
h
is feed
back contro
l,
FC cu
rrent fro
m
th
e ou
tpu
t
is
t
a
ken bac
k
t
o
t
h
e i
nput
w
h
i
l
e
conve
rt
i
n
g
t
h
e hy
dr
o
g
en
i
n
t
o
m
o
l
a
r fo
rm
[13]
. The am
ount
o
f
hy
dr
o
g
e
n
available from
the re
form
er can
be
use
d
to control
th
e m
e
th
an
e
flow rate
b
y
u
s
i
n
g a PID co
n
t
ro
ller.
3.
THE BUCK
DC/
DC CONVERTER
Th
e
b
u
c
k
d
c
/d
c conv
erter i
s
u
s
ed
to
ad
just o
u
t
pu
t vo
lt
ag
e of th
e PEM fu
el cell to
1
9
V. Th
e
pr
o
pose
d
b
u
ck
dc/
d
c
c
o
nve
rt
e
r
i
s
dem
onst
r
at
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 3.
Fi
gu
re 3.
A
b
u
c
k dc/
d
c
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r fo
r
a n
o
t
e
b
o
o
k
PC
4.
THE
LOAD: NOTEBOOK
PC
The o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge and c
u
r
r
e
n
t
of AC
a
d
apt
e
r of
AS
US K
4
3
S
are 1
9
V a
nd
4.
75
A res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
The
d
c
po
wer con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
of ASUS
K43
S
h
a
ve b
een
m
easu
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
o
wer qu
ality an
alyzer. Figu
re
4
sh
ows
Vo
-
4
Vo
+
3
Vi
-
2
Vi
+
1
IG
BT
g
C
E
D1
D
Pu
l
s
e
s
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 4
,
No
. 2
,
Jun
e
2
014
:
13
7
–
14
5
14
2
t
h
e ch
an
ge
of
dc
p
o
we
r
de
m
a
nd
of
t
h
e
not
e
b
o
o
k
PC
.
It
i
s
o
bvi
ous
fr
om
Fi
gu
re
3 t
h
at
t
h
e
dc
p
o
w
e
r
con
s
um
pt
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
t
e
b
o
o
k
PC
m
a
y
vary
fr
om
22.
8
W t
o
81
.6
8
W
.
Fi
gu
re 4.
P
o
we
r dem
a
nd
u
n
d
e
r
di
ffe
rent
o
p
er
at
i
on
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
5.
PID CONTROLLER
A PI
D co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r i
s
a generi
c
cont
rol
l
o
op
fe
edbac
k
m
echani
s
m
and regar
d
ed as t
h
e st
a
n
dar
d
co
nt
r
o
l
structures of the classical control th
eory
. P
I
D co
nt
r
o
l
has
prom
i
n
ent
ad
vant
a
g
es an
d i
t
i
s
wi
del
y
used as a
n
effectiv
e con
t
ro
l sch
e
m
e
su
ch
as sim
p
le co
n
t
ro
ller stru
cture and easie
r param
e
ter adjus
ting. PID is the m
o
st
co
mm
o
n
l
y u
s
ed
feedb
a
ck
con
t
ro
ller, literally ev
ery
w
h
e
re i
n
indu
strial app
licatio
n
s
[1
].
To sta
b
ilize the fuel
cel
l
vol
t
a
ge
usi
n
g
PI
D c
o
nt
r
o
l
,
t
h
e e
q
uat
i
o
ns
of
PI
D c
o
nt
r
o
l
are
gi
ve
n as
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
:
)
(
0
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
e
N
p
d
t
i
P
p
e
dt
t
de
N
K
d
e
K
t
e
K
t
u
(17)
The
gat
e
pul
s
e
s o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
dc/
d
c c
o
nve
rt
er a
r
e
produced
by a fee
d
back controller ba
sed on
a
d
i
screte PID co
n
t
ro
ller [6
].
Th
e b
l
o
c
k
d
i
ag
ram
o
f
th
e fe
ed
b
a
ck
co
n
t
ro
l
l
er is illu
strate
d
in
Figu
re
5
.
In
th
e
co
n
t
ro
ller, th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
ltag
e
is co
m
p
ared
with
th
e refe
re
nc
e voltage and the differe
n
ce between them
is
used
as th
e i
n
pu
t
o
f
th
e d
i
screte PID co
n
t
ro
ller.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Fee
d
back
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r t
h
e
buc
k
d
c
/
d
c co
n
v
ert
e
r
6.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Tabl
e 2.
Param
e
ters Val
u
e
Para
m
e
ter
Value
Para
m
e
ter
Value
Para
m
e
ter Value Para
m
e
ter
Value
Va 6
.
495 cm
2
r
0.
0030
3ohm
b
L
1*10^
-
3
H
b
C
1500
*10^
-
6
F
Vc 12
.
96 cm
2
A
136*
10^
-
4
m
e
thane
15*1
0^
-
3
P
N
100
Ac 136
.
7 cm
2
B
478*
10^
-
4
op
p
101*
10^
3 Pa
r
H
−
O
1.1168
N 35
buck
_
K
P
1
sat
p
1013
25 Pa
Ref
_
K
D
100
Vo 0.6
V
buck
_
K
I
1 F
9643
9
C/M
Ref
_
K
I
2.5
T
338.5
K
buck
_
K
D
1*10^
-
3
R
8.3144
Ref
_
K
P
10
To
dem
onst
r
at
e t
h
e pe
rf
orm
a
nce o
f
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
c
ont
r
o
l
l
a
w, t
h
e sy
st
em
i
s
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d u
s
i
n
g t
h
e
si
m
p
lified
m
o
d
e
ls co
nn
ected to
a lap
t
o
p
throug
h a
d
c
/d
c
con
v
e
r
t
e
r a
n
d
al
so i
s
a
p
pl
i
e
d
di
st
u
r
bance
t
o
i
n
put
v
o
ltag
e
of
t
h
e co
nv
erter (Figu
r
e 8). A
Pro
p
o
r
tion
a
l
In
te
gral Deri
v
a
tiv
e (PID) con
t
ro
ller is
u
s
ed fo
r stab
ilize
th
e fu
el cell vo
ltag
e
u
s
ing
PID con
t
ro
l. The PEM fu
el cell u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r is a d
c
po
wer sou
r
ce
with
an
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
M
i
n=
22.
8
M
a
x
=
81.
68
Pu
l
s
e
s
1
PI
D
1/
1
9
b
ool
e
a
n
V_
l
o
a
d
2
i_
l
o
a
d
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Design
ing
C
o
ntr
o
ller fo
r Jo
i
n
ed
Dynamic N
o
n
lin
ea
r PEMFC an
d Bu
ck… (M.R. Rah
i
mi Kho
y
g
a
n
i
)
14
3
un
re
gul
at
ed
28
V dc-
p
owe
r
o
u
t
p
ut
and t
h
e 1
00
wat
t
s
dc n
o
m
i
n
al
powe
r
ra
t
i
ng. T
h
e pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs of t
h
e P
E
M
F
C
sy
st
em
are gi
v
e
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 2
.
The m
odel
i
ng
and si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
of t
h
e PEM
F
C
sy
st
em
are
veri
fi
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
TLAB
,
Si
m
u
li
nk an
d
SIMPOW
ER
Syste
m
s Blo
c
k
set Si
m
u
latio
n
of th
e PEMFC
syste
m
is illu
strated
in
Figu
re
6
.
Fi
gu
re
6.
Ge
ne
ral
Di
a
g
ram
of
t
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
s
y
st
em
for a
n
o
t
e
bo
o
k
PC
The loa
d
curre
n
ts of the note
b
ook PC vary significa
ntly unde
r di
ffere
n
t ope
ration conditions. Figure
7 sh
ows t
h
e c
h
ange
of l
o
a
d
cur
r
ent
s
o
f
t
h
e not
e
b
o
o
k
PC
. The PEM
fuel
cel
l
provi
des a
d
eq
uat
e
p
o
we
r
t
o
t
h
e
lap
t
o
p
co
m
p
u
t
er d
u
ring
d
i
fferen
t op
eration
co
nd
itio
ns. Th
e lo
ad
cu
rren
ts flu
c
tu
ate b
e
tween
1
.
4
A and
4
.
3
A.
The dc p
o
we
r con
s
um
pt
i
ons of
t
h
e
l
a
pt
o
p
a
r
e
va
ri
ed bet
w
e
e
n 22
.8
W
an
d 81
.6
8 W,
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re 7.
Fi
gu
re 7.
Loa
d
cu
rre
nt
an
d Po
wer
dem
a
nd u
nde
r di
f
f
ere
n
t
ope
rat
i
o
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
ons
Th
e h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
flow rate an
d
th
e o
x
y
g
e
n
fl
ow rate u
n
d
e
r differen
t
op
erati
o
n
co
nd
itio
ns sh
own
are
Fi
gu
re 8.
Fig
u
re 8
.
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
flow rate an
d
Ox
yg
en
fl
o
w
rate
un
d
e
r
d
i
fferen
t
op
eratio
n
co
nd
ition
s
Whe
n
the la
ptop is
operate
d
at
standby
state,
ope
ration
so
ft
ware (Windo
ws sev
e
n),
fu
lly lo
ad
ed
state
and cl
ose s
o
ft
ware
, i
t
i
s
cl
earl
y
seen f
r
o
m
Fi
gu
re
4 t
h
at
p
o
we
r c
ons
um
pt
i
ons
of t
h
e l
a
pt
o
p
c
o
m
put
er vari
e
s
sig
n
i
fican
tly. Th
e PEMFC stack
v
o
ltag
e
s
with
d
i
stu
r
b
a
n
ce
an
d withou
t d
i
st
u
r
b
a
n
ce are illu
strated in
Figu
re 9.
po
w
e
r
g
u
i
Di
s
c
r
e
t
e
,
T
s
=
1e
-
006
s
.
buc
k dc
/
d
c
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
Pul
s
e
s
Vi
+
Vi
-
Vo
+
Vo
-
R
e
f
o
r
m
e
r
and
C
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
H2
O2
PE
M
F
C
i
H
O
V_
F
C
+
V_
F
C
-
N
o
t
e
book
(l
o
a
d
)
V+
V-
M
eas
u
r
em
e
n
t
i_
l
o
a
d
V_
l
o
a
d
D
i
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
Di
s
i
+
-
C
o
n
t
rolle
r
i_
l
o
a
d
V_
l
o
a
d
Pu
l
s
e
s
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
4
4.
5
Ti
m
e
(
se
c
)
Load c
u
r
r
e
n
t
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
500
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ti
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
P
o
w
e
r
d
e
m
and
0
10
0
20
0
300
40
0
500
600
0.
0
1
4
0.
01
42
0.
01
44
0.
01
46
0.
01
48
0.
0
1
5
0.
01
52
0.
01
54
0.
01
56
0.
01
58
0.
0
1
6
Ti
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
H
y
dr
o
gen f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
600
0.
01
4
0.
01
45
0.
01
5
0.
01
55
0.
01
6
0.
01
65
0.
01
7
0.
01
75
0.
01
8
Ti
m
e
(
se
c
)
ox
ge
n f
l
ow
r
a
t
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 4
,
No
. 2
,
Jun
e
2
014
:
13
7
–
14
5
14
4
Fi
gu
re 9.
F
u
el
C
e
l
l
Out
p
ut
vo
l
t
a
ges
wi
t
h
o
u
t
di
st
ur
ba
nce
a
n
d wi
t
h
di
st
ur
ba
nce
Fig
u
r
e
10
sh
ow
s the lo
ad
vo
ltag
e
of
t
h
e
n
o
t
eb
ook
PC
.
Fi
gu
re 1
0
.
L
o
a
d
vol
t
a
ge
u
n
d
e
r
di
ffe
rent
o
p
er
at
i
on
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
As s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
gu
re 1
0
, i
t
i
s
o
bvi
ou
s t
h
at
t
h
e
cont
rol
l
e
d
o
u
t
put
vol
t
a
ge
re
m
a
i
n
s st
abl
e
u
nde
r t
h
e l
o
ad
chan
ge
di
st
ur
b
a
nces. T
h
e
fee
dbac
k
c
ont
rol
sy
st
em
keeps t
h
e l
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
at
a desi
rabl
e l
e
vel
,
1
9
V
un
de
r
vari
ous
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
.
7.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In
p
a
p
e
r,
we co
n
s
i
d
er th
e
non
lin
ear d
y
n
a
m
i
c equ
a
tio
ns fo
r Po
lym
e
r Elect
ro
lyte Mem
b
ran
e
Fu
el Cell
(
P
EMFC).
The PEMFC syste
m
is u
s
ed
fo
r su
pp
lyin
g
a
Note
bo
o
k
PC
(p
roce
ssin
g
co
m
puter). I
n
o
r
der to
stab
ilize th
e lo
ad
vo
ltag
e
at
a d
e
sirab
l
e level u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ri
ou
s op
eratio
n
a
l
co
nd
itio
ns, we u
s
ed
t
h
e feed
b
a
ck
cont
rol
l
e
r i
n
t
h
e buc
k
dc/
d
c c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r. T
h
e s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
on res
u
l
t
s
sho
w
t
h
at
P
E
M
F
C
Pr
ovi
de
s Not
e
b
o
o
k
re
qui
re
d
Power
at d
i
fferen
t op
eratin
g co
nd
itio
ns.
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ES
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24
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Ti
m
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
M
o
hammad Re
za Rahimi Kho
y
gani
was born
in Isfahan,Iran in 1988.
He re
ce
ived his
B.S
c
. d
e
grees
in Electrical Power Engineering
from the Islamic A
zad University
Khomeini Sh
ahr in 2012, Isf
a
han,
Iran. And in
20
12, he
is a M.Sc. student in Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt of Con
t
rol Engin
eering
,
S
c
ienc
e and
res
earch
branch,
Is
lam
i
c
Azad Univers
i
t
y
,
Dam
a
vand b
r
anch,
Iran
.
His
res
ear
ch int
e
re
s
t
s
include Non
line
a
r
Control, Fuzzy
control,
Optimal
control and
Rob
u
st contro
l s
y
s
t
ems.
E-m
a
il:
Mohamad.reza.rahimi67
@gmail.com
; Phone:
+98-913-36
67802.
Rez
a
Ghasemi
was born in Tehran, Iran in 1979. He receiv
e
d
his B.Sc degrees in Ele
c
tri
cal eng
i
ne
ering
from Se
mnan University
in 200
0 and M.Sc. deg
r
ees
and Ph.D. in control engin
e
ering from Amir
kabir
University
of Technolog
y
,
Tehran, Iran,
in 2004 and
2009, respectiv
ely
.
His rese
arch interests in
clu
d
e
large-Scale S
y
s
t
ems, Adaptiv
e C
ontrol, Robust C
ontro
l, Nonlinear Control,
and In
telligent S
y
s
t
ems.
Dr. Rez
a
Ghas
e
m
i joined
the D
e
partm
e
nt
of E
l
ectr
i
ca
l Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing, Dam
a
vand
Branch
, Is
lam
i
c
Azad
Univers
i
t
y
,
Dam
a
vand,
Iran
,
wh
e
r
e he
is
curren
t
l
y
an As
s
i
s
t
ant
P
r
o
f
es
s
o
r of e
l
ec
tri
c
al
engine
ering
.
Em
ail:
Rezaghas
emi@Damavandiau.ac.ir,
Phone: +98-21-763288
21.
Davoud sanae
i
was born in Isfa
han,Iran in 1988
.
He receiv
e
d h
i
s
B.S
c
. degre
e
s
in Elec
tric
al P
o
wer
Engineering fro
m the Islamic A
zad University
Khomei
ni Shahr in 2012, Isf
a
han, Iran
.
And in
2012, he
is a M.Sc. student in Department
of Control Engineer
ing, S
c
ien
ce and res
ear
ch branch, Is
lam
i
c
Azad
Univers
i
t
y
,
Khom
eini s
h
ahr br
a
n
ch, Ir
an
.His
r
e
s
earch
int
e
res
t
s
inc
l
ude Nonl
in
ear Con
t
rol
,
Op
tim
al
control and
Rob
u
st contro
l s
y
s
t
ems.
E-m
a
il:
Davoud.Sanaei@Gmail.Com
, Phone:
+9
8-913-9312739.
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