In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
6
3
8
~1
6
4
4
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1638-1644
1638
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Potential of floating so
lar technology in M
alaysia
M
o
hd Alif S
a
i
fu
ddin
J
a
m
alludin
1
,
Firda
u
s
Muha
mma
d
-Suk
k
i
2
,
S
i
ti Haw
a A
b
u-
Ba
k
a
r
3
,
Fad
z
l
i
an
a R
a
m
l
e
e
4
,
Ab
u
Ba
ka
r
M
u
n
i
r
5
, N
u
r
ul Aini Bani
6
,
Mo
hd Na
bil M
u
ht
a
z
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
7
,
Ab
d
u
lla
hi
A
b
u
bak
a
r M
a
s
’
ud
8
,
Jorge
A
lfre
d
o
A
r
d
ila-R
e
y
9
,
A
h
ma
d
Sy
a
h
ri
r
A
y
ub
10
, N
a
zmi S
e
ll
am
i
11
1
Af
l
e
x
S
h
ip
s E
q
u
i
p
m
ent
S
dn
Bhd,
M
a
l
ay
sia
2,
10
,
1
1
S
c
h
ool
o
f
Eng
i
n
eerin
g
,
R
obert
G
o
r
don
U
niv
e
rsi
t
y,
Un
i
t
e
d K
i
n
g
d
o
m
3
Universi
t
i
Kuala Lumpur
Bri
tish
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n In
s
tit
u
t
e, M
alay
s
i
a
4
Aero
sp
ace
Res
earch & S
ci
ence
D
i
v
i
s
i
on
, S
c
ho
ol of Eng
i
n
eering
, U
ni
versity
o
f
Glasgo
w,
U
n
i
ted
Ki
ng
do
m
5
F
acul
t
y
of
L
aw,
U
n
i
versity
o
f
M
a
laya,
M
a
laysia
6,
7
UT
M
Ra
zak
S
cho
o
l
o
f
E
ng
in
e
e
ring
and
Ad
v
anced T
echn
o
lo
gy
, U
n
iv
er
s
iti
Teknologi
M
a
l
a
ysia,
M
a
l
a
ysia
8
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f El
ectrical
and
El
ectro
ni
cs E
ngi
ne
eri
n
g
,
Ju
b
ai
l In
d
u
st
rial
C
oll
e
ge,
S
audi
A
rabia
9
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt o
f El
ectrical
En
g
i
n
eeri
ng,
Univ
e
rs
id
ad T
écni
c
a
F
e
der
ico
S
a
nt
a M
a
ría,
C
h
i
l
e
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
2
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 23,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 6
, 2
0
19
So
la
r
e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
a
na
tu
ra
l
so
u
r
c
e
of
e
ne
rg
y
a
n
d
is
t
re
m
e
nd
ou
sly
a
b
un
da
n
t
.
The
con
cept
of
f
lo
ating
so
lar
is
t
o
fu
lfi
l
a
nd
to
s
up
po
rt
t
he
e
xist
ing
energy
s
upp
ly
in
o
rd
er
t
o
en
hance
the
hu
man
lif
e.
T
he
f
l
o
atin
g
s
o
l
a
r
exp
l
o
i
ts
t
h
e
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
avai
lab
i
lity
o
f
ocean
r
egi
o
n
and
th
e
severe
u
nav
a
ilab
i
lit
y
of
l
and.
T
he
m
ain
pu
rpo
s
e
o
f
t
his
p
a
per
i
s
t
o
evalu
a
te
t
he
p
o
t
ent
i
a
l
o
f
floatin
g
s
o
la
r
to
b
e
d
e
ploy
e
d
i
n
c
o
asta
l
or
i
n
f
ie
ld
i
n
Malaysi
a
.
It
w
a
s
p
redi
cted
t
h
at
s
uch
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
uld
ge
n
e
ra
te
a
rou
n
d
1
4
,5
30
M
Wh
p
e
r
a
n
num
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
It
c
a
n
be
con
c
lu
ded
th
at
f
lo
atin
g
solar
coul
d
be
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
ocean
st
ruct
ures
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
re
b
ecaus
e
i
t
i
s
r
eliab
l
e,
f
l
e
xi
bl
e
and
h
as
v
irtual
l
y
l
ow
cos
t
p
rod
u
ction
com
p
arin
g wit
h
o
th
e
r
o
cean
s
tructu
res.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
So
lar
en
erg
y
S
o
lar
ph
ot
o
vol
taic
F
l
oat
i
ng S
o
l
a
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mo
hd
A
lif S
aifud
d
i
n Jam
a
l
l
u
d
i
n,
A
f
le
x
S
h
ips E
q
ui
pme
n
t
S
dn
Bhd,
8,
J
alan Ca
n
g
g
i
h 4,
Ta
m
a
n
P
erin
dus
t
r
i
a
n Ce
m
e
rlang,
81
8
0
0
U
l
u
T
i
ra
m, J
o
h
o
r
, M
al
aysi
a
Em
ail:
mohd.
a
lif.sai
fu
d
d
i
n
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
o
w
e
r
a
nd
en
er
gy
s
ourc
e
s
are
very
i
m
p
or
tan
t
t
o
hum
a
n
l
ife
an
d
o
th
ers.
I
n
fac
t
,
the
w
o
rl
d
i
s
prac
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
g
ro
un
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
e
n
e
rg
y.
I
ndu
str
i
es
w
ou
l
d
d
i
s
c
o
n
t
in
ue
r
u
n
n
in
g
an
d
this
c
irc
u
m
s
t
a
nces
w
i
l
l
affec
t
t
h
e
g
l
ob
al
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
as
w
ell
.
C
u
r
re
n
tly
f
o
s
s
i
l
fu
el
i
s
a
maj
o
r
so
ur
ce
o
f
t
he
e
nerg
y
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
use
d
i
n
m
a
n
y
pro
duc
ts
[
1–
3].
F
o
ssil
f
u
e
l
i
s
be
c
o
min
g
ev
e
n
m
or
e
s
i
gn
ific
an
t
b
eca
use
it
w
i
ll
s
oo
n
b
e
com
e
u
nc
om
mon
–
dem
a
nd
w
ill
e
x
cee
d
su
p
p
ly.
T
o
c
o
p
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
fu
ture
e
ne
rgy
dem
a
nd
w
ith
in
t
he
e
nv
ir
onme
n
ta
l
c
ons
trai
nts,
there
is
a
r
e
qui
re
me
nt
t
o
go
f
o
r
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
4
–
9
].
O
ne
a
b
un
da
nt
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
ne
rg
y
r
e
sourc
e
t
ha
t
c
ould
be
a
g
g
ress
ive
l
y
har
n
e
sse
d
fo
r
ene
r
gy
pro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
s
so
l
a
r
e
n
erg
y
[
10
,
1
1
].
S
ola
r
r
a
d
i
a
tio
n
is
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
over
the
e
n
tire
p
l
an
e
t
a
nd
base
d
on
the surve
y
;
a
l
m
o
st
4
4
%
of t
he w
orl
d
's p
op
ula
t
i
o
n
live
w
i
thi
n
150
k
ilom
e
tre
s
o
f
the
coa
s
t
a
n
d
fre
s
h
w
a
ter
r
e
source
s
[12].
Re
l
a
ti
ng
t
hese
f
ac
ts
a
s
t
r
u
l
y
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
p
e
o
p
l
e
s
w
i
l
l
dem
a
nd
s
a
fr
esh
so
l
u
tio
n
a
b
o
u
t
the
e
n
e
r
g
y
for
l
i
fe.
The
new
co
n
ce
pt
o
f
a
l
a
rg
e
scal
e
“
F
l
o
ati
n
g
Sola
r”
o
r
“S
ol
a
r
I
sl
a
nd”
w
i
l
l bri
ngs t
h
i
s
vis
i
o
n
a
step
clo
s
er
t
o re
ali
t
y
.
The
co
nce
p
t
of
a
“
F
l
oati
n
g
O
ffs
hore
S
o
lar
F
i
e
l
d”
o
r
“
S
ola
r
I
sla
nd”
c
ou
l
d
b
e
ca
te
gor
ize
d
u
n
d
e
r
v
ery
large
fl
oa
t
i
n
g
s
truc
ture
s
(V
L
F
S),
or
a
l
s
o
k
now
n
as
v
ery
l
a
rge
f
lo
ati
n
g
p
l
atf
o
rms
(VLFP)
.
Th
i
s
c
on
cep
t
h
a
s
bee
n
d
isc
u
sse
d
i
n
de
t
a
il
by
Wa
n
g
a
nd
Ta
y
[1
3].
The
floa
tin
g
str
uc
tur
e
s
ho
u
l
d
pro
v
i
d
e
a
very
l
a
r
ge
s
u
r
fac
e
are
a
and it ca
n
be b
u
i
l
t
b
y c
o
mbin
i
ng t
h
e fl
oat
i
ng
u
n
its t
o
g
et
h
er
t
o form an arr
a
y. The floa
t
in
g
s
t
ruc
t
ure has
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pot
e
nti
a
l
of
f
l
o
a
t
in
g
so
la
r
t
e
ch
nol
og
y
i
n
Mala
ysi
a
(Moh
d
Al
if
Sa
ifu
d
d
in
J
a
ma
ll
udi
n
)
1
639
com
p
l
y
w
i
t
h
s
tr
eng
t
h
r
e
q
u
i
rem
e
nts,
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
nd
m
eet
a
t
lea
s
t
t
h
e
m
inim
um
oper
a
tin
g
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s
[1
4
]
.To
m
eet
the
s
a
fe
ty
r
e
q
uirem
e
n
t
,
the
fl
o
a
tin
g
str
u
ct
ure
must
h
ave
m
o
tio
n
s
o
f
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
o
s
e
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
.
A
s
a
r
u
l
e
o
f
th
umb,
V
LF
S
is
m
o
o
red
at
o
n
e
p
a
r
tic
ular
l
o
c
at
i
o
n
for
a
l
o
ng
t
im
e
an
d
requ
ire
m
i
nim
u
m
o
f
ma
int
e
na
nce
[1
4,
15].
On
t
he
s
ea,
t
he
V
LF
S
can
b
e
viewe
d
a
s
art
i
f
icia
l
l
y
m
a
n-
ma
de
f
l
o
at
ing
la
n
d
;
som
e
e
ven v
i
s
u
a
lise t
h
i
s
a
s
s
t
a
ti
c
mass
iv
e
pl
at
es
o
n
t
h
e
su
rf
ac
e
o
f
t
he
s
ea
[
1
3
]
.
At
t
h
e
m
om
ent,
t
h
e
re
a
r
e
t
w
o
c
om
mon
c
onfi
g
u
r
ation
s
of V
LF
S
;
the se
m
i
s
u
b
m
e
rsib
l
e
-ty
p
e an
d the
po
n
t
o
on-
type
[
16
]
.
Th
e form
er is
ra
ise
d
a
bov
e
the sea
lev
e
l us
i
n
g
col
u
m
n
t
ubes
or
b
a
lla
st
s
truc
t
u
r
a
l
e
l
em
en
ts
w
hic
h
k
e
e
p
s
t
h
e
eff
e
c
t
o
f
w
a
v
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
w
h
i
l
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
a
con
s
ta
n
t
b
uo
ya
nc
y for
ce ma
ki
ng
i
t
m
o
re sui
t
a
ble
for i
n
stal
l
a
ti
o
n i
n
h
i
gh s
e
as w
it
h lar
g
e
w
a
ves [1
6].
The lat
t
er
is
s
ta
tic
f
l
o
at
in
g
str
u
c
t
ur
e
w
h
i
c
h
is
m
ore
su
i
t
a
ble
fo
r
i
n
sta
l
l
ati
o
ns
i
n
ca
lm
w
ater
s
su
c
h
a
s
ne
ar
t
he
s
h
o
r
e
line
,
in
si
de
a
l
a
g
o
o
n
o
r
a
c
o
ve
[
1
6
].
T
he
e
xist
in
g
V
L
F
S
s
inc
l
u
d
e
:
(
i)
th
e
M
e
g
a
-Fl
o
a
t
(
Fl
o
a
t
i
n
g
A
i
rp
o
r
t
)
,
Tokyo
B
a
y
;
(
i
i
)
F
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
i
s
l
a
n
d
o
n
H
a
n
R
i
v
e
r
;
(
i
i
i
)
F
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
nce
stag
e
,
M
arina
Ba
y
S
i
nga
p
o
re,
and
(iv)
Fl
o
a
tin
g
oil
stora
g
e, Ka
m
i
g
oto
Is
l
a
nd
[
13
].
A
c
cordi
n
g
to
W
an
g
an
d
Ta
y
[1
3],
the
a
d
va
nta
g
e
o
f
b
u
ild
i
ng
V
L
F
S
i
s
t
h
a
t
the
str
u
c
t
ur
e
is
m
ore
e
c
o-
frie
nd
ly
d
ue
t
o
the
fa
c
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
r
e
is
m
ini
m
al
o
r
no
da
ma
ge
o
cc
ur
t
o
the
m
a
r
i
ne
e
co-s
ys
te
m
,
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
b
l
o
c
k
dee
p
h
arb
ours
or
c
a
u
se
s
an
y
di
srup
t
i
o
n
o
n
the
sea
curre
nts.
M
or
eove
r,
i
t
is
q
u
i
ck
a
nd
e
a
sy
t
o
c
o
nstru
c
t
,
i
.e
.
the
par
t
s
ca
n
b
e
c
ons
truc
te
d
at
d
iffe
ren
t
s
h
i
pyar
d
s
be
fore
b
e
i
n
g
assem
b
le
d
at
t
he
d
e
s
i
r
ed
l
oca
t
i
o
n.
T
his
a
l
s
o
me
ans
t
h
a
t
a
ny
e
x
p
a
n
si
o
n
a
n
d
de
c
o
m
m
ission
in
g
of
s
uch
str
u
ct
ure
ca
n
be
easi
l
y
car
ried
o
u
t
i
n
the
f
u
tur
e
d
ue
t
o
i
t
s
m
odu
l
a
r
i
t
y
.
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
va
ri
ou
s
sh
ap
es
o
f
VLF
S
t
o
b
e
c
on
si
de
red
w
h
ic
h
c
o
uld
red
u
c
e
t
he
h
y
d
roe
l
a
s
tic
responses.
To
s
ta
b
i
l
i
se
a
n
d
o
ptim
ise
suc
h
s
ys
tem
duri
n
g
its
o
pera
tio
n,
a
s
pecial
a
nt
i-
m
o
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
ice
or
m
oor
i
n
g
syste
m
i
s
nee
d
ed,
w
h
ich
c
o
n
s
ists
o
f
anc
hor
a
nd
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
i
s
c
o
nn
e
c
ted
to
t
h
e
f
l
o
ati
n
g
struc
t
ure
by
a
moor
ing
li
ne
[
15
–
18].
T
h
e
c
a
tena
r
y
m
o
o
ri
ng
s
yste
m
i
s
t
he
m
ost
c
om
mon
l
y
use
d
f
or
i
ns
tal
l
a
tio
n
i
n
s
ha
ll
ow
w
a
ter
,
t
he
c
atenar
y m
oori
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
used.
The
a
i
m
o
f
t
hi
s
pa
per
i
s
t
o
inve
st
i
g
ate
the
po
te
nt
ia
l
of
f
lo
ati
n
g
s
ola
r
t
ec
hno
lo
g
y
t
o
be
d
ep
l
oye
d
in
coa
s
ta
l
or i
n
f
i
e
l
d
i
n
Ma
la
ysia.
T
o
t
he
a
ut
h
o
rs’
know
le
dge,
s
u
ch
a
na
l
y
s
i
s ha
s
ne
ver
bee
n
e
xp
lore
d
be
fore
.
Th
i
s
is e
xp
l
o
re
d by pr
o
posi
ng a
he
xag
o
n
al
d
e
s
ign
of a
f
l
o
a
t
i
ng sola
r
(
d
i
sc
u
sse
d
in
S
ecti
o
n
2)
i
ns
t
a
lle
d t
h
e
o
re
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
in 6 loc
at
ion
s
in Ma
la
ysia.
A
nume
r
ica
l
ca
l
c
u
l
a
tio
ns is the
n
c
a
rrie
d
o
u
t
t
o determ
i
n
e the
po
te
nt
ia
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
fr
o
m
such system
.
2.
FLO
A
TING SOLAR
2.1
Over
vie
w
G
e
nera
lly
f
l
o
at
in
g
sola
r
is
i
de
nt
i
f
ie
d
as
a
v
er
y
la
rge
fl
oa
t
i
n
g
s
o
l
ar
s
truc
tur
e
(
V
L
FSS
)
.
F
l
o
a
t
i
ng
s
o
lar
is
a
s
tru
c
t
u
re
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
a
n
d
de
p
l
oye
d
o
n
t
he
w
ater
s
urfa
ce
s
to
ge
nera
te
p
ow
er
[
1
9
–
2
1
].
I
n
this
p
a
p
e
r
,
the
targe
t
l
oca
t
i
o
n
is
s
horel
i
n
e
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
n
ea
r
to
t
he
h
uma
n
p
o
p
u
la
t
io
n.
T
he
c
o
n
fi
gura
t
i
on
of
f
loa
tin
g
so
l
a
r
c
ons
ist
a
fe
w
m
a
jor
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
;
fo
r
e
x
am
pl
e
the
m
a
in
d
e
s
ig
n
s
h
ape
(a
ny
s
h
a
p
e
s
),
s
ol
a
r
a
rr
ay,
fl
oa
ta
ti
on
foam
t
o
afloa
t
t
he
s
ola
r
a
r
r
ay,
pr
e-w
i
re
d
u
n
i
t
t
o
m
i
n
imize
the
ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
on
nec
t
io
n
d
u
ri
ng
i
ns
t
a
lla
t
i
on,
pow
e
r
c
ab
l
e
and
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
house
.
M
ore
ove
r
t
h
is
s
t
r
uc
t
u
re
w
ill
b
e
moor
e
d
d
ir
ec
tl
y
t
o
t
he
s
e
a
b
ed
b
y
s
u
ita
b
l
e
type
o
f
moor
ing
li
ne
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
paper
,
h
exa
g
ona
l
sh
a
p
e
i
s
c
ho
sen
base
d
on
t
h
e
sup
e
r
i
or
p
o
te
n
tia
l
o
f
s
ol
a
r
e
nerg
y
to
b
e
pro
duce
d
.
F
u
rthe
rm
ore,
t
he
e
xc
el
le
n
t
s
ola
r
a
r
r
ay
t
o
be
u
t
i
lise
d
i
s
a
thi
n
-fi
l
m
t
ech
nol
o
gy
wh
i
c
h
i
s
l
igh
t
er
a
nd
fle
x
ib
le
due
t
o
the
i
n
sig
n
i
fica
nt
t
hi
c
k
ness.
T
he
s
o
l
a
r
a
rr
ay
t
y
pe
s
a
n
d
se
le
ct
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
d
i
s
c
usse
d
mor
e
i
n
sola
r
c
e
l
l
s
ect
ion
.
Bes
i
de
s
t
h
e
fl
oa
t
a
tio
n
foa
m
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
the
buoy
a
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
sol
a
r
a
r
ra
y
[2
2
]
.
Be
ca
use
of
t
ha
t
the
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
f
oa
m
w
h
i
c
h
is
c
om
p
lie
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
equirem
e
nt
c
riteria
i
s
a
c
ross-li
nke
d
c
losed
c
e
l
l
f
o
a
m.
T
h
i
s
fo
a
m
t
ec
hnol
og
y
al
re
ad
y
e
x
i
s
t
an
d
a
p
p
a
re
n
t
ly
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
floa
ti
ng
m
a
p
.
A
n
o
the
r
i
mp
orta
nt
co
m
p
on
en
t
in
t
h
e
V
LFSS
is
t
h
e
m
o
o
r
i
ng
l
in
e.
E
ssen
t
ially
t
h
e
m
oo
ring
li
n
e
i
s
a
sel
ect
ed
l
i
n
e
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
betw
ee
n
the
f
l
oa
ti
ng
s
o
l
a
r
and
t
h
e
anc
hor
[
1
7
]
.
T
he
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
his
moor
i
n
g
l
i
n
e
is
t
o
se
c
u
re
a
n
d
tie
t
he
st
r
u
c
t
ure
from
dr
i
f
tin
g a
w
ay
from
e
x
act
l
oc
a
t
i
on.
The
ma
i
n
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
s t
o
c
o
n
st
ruc
t
t
he floa
t
i
n
g so
lar
incl
u
d
e
[1
9
–2
1]:
A
b
u
nda
nt
n
at
u
r
al e
nergy
so
urce
s.
The
oce
a
n
s pr
o
v
i
d
e
am
ple
zo
n
e
t
o
ener
g
y
de
m
and
Low
opera
ti
ng
and m
a
in
te
na
n
c
e c
o
st
s
S
o
l
a
r
pane
ls su
p
p
o
rts b
y
t
he
b
uo
ya
ncy
cha
r
a
c
te
risti
c
a
nd a
l
low
i
ng a
sim
p
le
struct
u
re
.
A
i
r
and
se
aw
a
t
e
r
c
ool
i
n
g
pro
m
ote
hi
g
h
er
e
ffi
c
i
e
ncie
s
C
o
st
e
f
f
ec
ti
ve
t
o
m
a
nufa
c
t
ure
and e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
enta
lly fri
en
d
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
163
8
– 1
644
1
640
2.2
Solar
ce
lls
P
hoto
v
o
l
tai
c
(
PV)
is
o
ne
o
f
the
m
o
s
t
r
ap
id
ly
g
row
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
g
ene
ra
ti
on
t
e
ch
nol
ogi
e
s
b
esi
d
e
s
w
i
nd
[1
0,
11].
S
ili
c
one
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
he
s
elec
te
d
m
a
teria
l
s
t
o
b
e
u
til
i
se
d
i
n
P
V
t
e
chn
o
l
o
g
y
[
23].
Silic
one
i
s
a
nat
u
ral
source
o
f
c
h
o
i
ce
bec
a
u
se
o
f
its
l
ow
p
ro
duc
ti
o
n
c
os
t,
s
t
a
b
l
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
ies,
n
at
ural
l
y
a
bu
n
d
a
n
t
a
n
d
no
n
t
o
x
i
c
ity
[2
4].
H
o
w
e
ver now
a
d
ay
s,
the
t
h
i
n fi
l
m
te
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
al
so tre
m
e
ndo
u
s
l
y hi
g
h
po
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n solar
i
ndus
try
[24].
Th
e
mo
st
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
an
d
c
o
mmo
n
sol
a
r
c
e
ll
i
s
cry
s
t
a
l
l
in
e
sili
co
n
e
[10,
2
3].
Cr
ysta
ll
i
n
e
si
li
c
o
n
e
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
l
s
ar
e
usua
l
l
y
t
hin-
fi
l
m
,
a
bou
t
0.3
m
m
t
h
i
ck,
saw
n
from
sil
i
c
one
i
n
g
o
t
[2
4].
Cryst
a
lli
ne
s
i
l
i
c
o
ne
t
h
i
n
film
prese
n
t
s
a
n
e
n
coura
g
i
n
g
co
n
c
ept
of
c
om
bin
i
n
g
t
he
b
ene
f
it
o
f
c
o
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l
so
lar
w
a
fer
-
base
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
gy
a
n
d
th
in-
f
i
l
m
so
la
r
c
e
l
l
t
e
c
h
no
log
y
.
Crys
ta
ll
ine
si
li
c
o
ne
w
as
d
iv
i
d
ed
i
nto
tw
o
t
y
pes
w
h
ic
h
is
m
o
no-
c
rys
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
silic
o
n
e
and
mul
t
i/p
ol
y c
r
ys
t
a
lli
ne
s
ilic
o
n
e
[11].
Gallium
Ar
senide
(
GaAs)
thin
fi
lm
s
i
s
c
at
e
g
orized
under
III/V
so
l
a
r
ce
ll
s
t
y
p
e
[
25
].
T
hi
s
t
ech
nol
ogy
com
p
rise
a
n
u
m
ber
of
v
e
r
y
fasci
n
a
t
i
n
g
be
nef
its
c
om
pare
d
t
o
c
e
l
l
s
o
n
a
su
b
s
t
r
at
e
.
G
aAs
t
h
i
n
fi
l
m
s
ca
n
be
m
o
u
n
t
e
d
o
n
a
n
y
fl
a
t
o
r
c
u
r
v
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
.
T
h
e
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
-
t
y
p
e
G
a
A
s
l
a
y
er
w
as
v
ar
ie
d
be
t
w
e
e
n
0.
25
m
and
2.5
m
[26
]
.
The
compa
r
iso
n
o
f
the
s
e
thre
e
s
o
la
r
c
e
l
l
tec
h
nol
o
g
ie
s
a
re
p
rese
nt
e
d
i
n
Ta
bl
e
1
w
h
il
e
the
modu
le
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
a
re
in
d
ica
t
ed
i
n Ta
ble
2.
The
thre
e
s
o
la
r
arra
y
ty
pes
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
a
r
e
t
he
m
ost
p
o
t
en
tia
l
m
odu
l
e
t
o
b
e
u
sed
a
s
a
s
ol
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
G
a
A
s
t
h
i
n
fi
l
m
i
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
ed
a
s
s
o
lar
ar
ray
for
th
is
p
roj
ec
t
be
caus
e
m
ost
of
t
he
c
riteria
c
o
mpl
i
e
d
a
n
d
hi
ghl
y
su
i
t
ab
le
t
o
be
u
ti
l
i
se
d a
s
w
ell.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
Comp
a
riso
n
of se
l
e
c
t
ed
s
ola
r
c
ell. A
dap
t
e
d
from
[2
6–
2
8
].
T
y
pe
s
B
e
ne
f
i
t
s
D
r
a
w
b
a
c
k
G
a
As
T
hin-Film
W
o
rl
d
-
r
e
c
o
rd
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nc
ie
s
S
i
ngle
j
u
n
c
tion c
e
l
l
/
m
odule
:
28.3%
/
24.
1%
D
u
a
l
j
unc
tion c
e
l
l:
30.
8%
M
o
re
e
xp
e
n
sive
t
ha
n
th
e
m
ono/poly
c
r
y
s
t
a
llin
e
ce
lls b
e
c
a
u
s
e
of th
e
highe
r
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
l
ev
e
l
.
Mono-c
r
y
s
ta
llin
e
s
ilic
on
e
H
a
s t
h
e
highe
st e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
pa
re
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
typ
e
o
f so
lar
c
e
lls
, h
e
n
c
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s s
m
all
a
r
ea o
f
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
i
n
s
t
al
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
u
t
can
g
en
er
at
e
the
m
a
xim
u
m
output
pow
e
r
M
o
re
e
xp
e
n
sive
t
ha
n
oth
e
r
sola
r ce
l
l
s
due
t
o
hi
gh
e
r
p
rod
u
c
t
ion c
o
st.
L
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
put
t
ha
n
poly
c
r
y
sta
l
l
i
ne
o
r
thin film
c
ell
s
ope
r
a
ti
ng a
t
high
e
r
t
e
mp
er
at
u
r
e
P
o
ly
-c
ry
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
s
ilic
on
e
Mu
c
h
c
h
eap
er
s
o
l
ar
cell
s
P
e
rf
orm
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
th
a
n
m
onoc
ry
t
a
l
lin
e
at
h
ighe
r
te
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
due
t
o
ha
ving a
b
e
tt
e
r
t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
e
-
r
a
t
i
n
g
co
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Lo
w
e
r
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
cy
t
h
a
n
t
h
an
m
ono
c
r
y
s
t
a
llin
e
cells, he
n
ce
re
quir
e
s
m
o
r
e
a
r
e
a
of
i
nsta
l
l
a
tion
to
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
sa
m
e
output
Tabl
e 2
.
Ef
f
i
c
ie
n
c
y
of
sel
ect
ed
s
ol
a
r
ce
l
l
.
Ad
a
p
t
ed
fro
m [
26].
M
odule
Tec
hnol
o
g
i
e
s
M
odule
E
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
(
%
)
T
hi
c
k
n
e
ss
G
a
As
T
hin-Film
24.
1
–
30.
8
0.
25
m
a
nd
2:5
m
Mono-c
r
y
s
ta
l
lin
e
silic
on
e
12.5 – 15
0
.3 m
m
Multi/P
oly
-
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
ine
si
lic
on
e
11
-
15
0
.
3
m
m
2.3
Fl
oatat
ion
foa
m
–
c
r
o
ss-lin
k
e
d
c
l
ose
d
c
ell foa
m
Th
e
cross
l
i
nke
d
cl
ose
d
c
e
ll
f
o
am
i
s
wi
d
e
ly
u
sed
in
m
ari
n
e
in
du
st
ry
a
nd
i
n
t
h
i
s
ca
se
,
th
e
f
l
ot
ati
o
n
foa
m
i
s
ma
de
from
the
te
ch
n
o
l
ogy
of
c
ros
s
-
linke
d
cl
ose
d
cell
k
n
ow
n
as
f
loa
t
i
n
g
m
a
t.
T
he
m
ost
si
g
n
i
fica
nt
adva
n
t
a
g
e
s
ar
e
t
he
dura
b
il
it
y, fl
e
x
i
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
lia
bi
lit
y o
f
t
h
i
s
m
a
te
r
i
a
l
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
e
d
o
n
th
e
w
a
te
r
.
The
co
nce
p
t
is
t
o
a
t
tac
h
t
he
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
th
in
s
o
l
ar
a
rray
on
t
h
e
p
lia
bl
e
fl
o
a
ta
tion
m
a
t
t
o
ge
the
r
w
ith
p
r
e
-
w
i
red
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
on
ne
c
t
ion
(s
ee
F
ig
ure
1).
The
fl
oa
ta
ti
o
n
f
oa
m
i
s
o
n
l
y
a
bsor
bin
g
i
n
s
i
g
nif
i
can
t
q
u
a
n
t
i
ti
e
s
o
f
liq
ui
d
b
e
ca
use
of
i
ts
c
l
o
se
d
ce
ll
str
u
ct
ure
.
T
he
l
i
g
htw
e
ig
ht
c
h
ara
c
ter
i
s
tic
s
of
t
he
t
h
i
n
fi
lm
w
il
l
n
o
t
g
i
ve
a
n
effec
t
t
o
the pe
rfor
ma
nce
of t
he
f
l
o
a
t
at
i
on fo
a
m
.
The
a
dva
n
t
a
g
e
s
of usi
n
g
t
h
e flo
a
ta
t
i
o
n
f
oam
by
cross-l
i
nke
d
c
l
o
se
d ce
ll
a
re
lis
t
e
d a
s
f
o
l
low
.
U
n
l
i
m
ite
d pa
tt
er
ns and
easy
c
u
s
t
omize
i
n
to
a
ny
sh
a
p
e
o
r
siz
e.
V
i
rtua
l
l
y u
n
s
i
n
k
a
b
l
e
a
nd
i
t
i
s
ea
sy
t
o assem
b
le
t
o
o
t
he
r pa
rt
s.
The
ma
t
e
rial c
hara
cter
i
s
t
i
c; i
t
is li
ght,
dura
b
le
,
sa
fe
a
nd
pro
vi
des su
per
i
or
s
ta
bi
lit
y.
En
viro
nme
n
t
a
lly
f
rie
n
dl
y a
n
d su
i
t
a
b
le
for
fr
e
sh w
a
t
e
r
a
nd se
a w
at
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pot
e
nti
a
l
of
f
l
o
a
t
in
g
so
la
r
t
e
ch
nol
og
y
i
n
Mala
ysi
a
(Moh
d
Al
if
Sa
ifu
d
d
in
J
a
ma
ll
udi
n
)
1
641
F
i
gure
1.
S
olar
a
rray
a
ttac
h
e
d
w
it
h floa
t
i
n
g
m
at
2
.
4
Co
ncept
Desi
gn
-
Hexa
g
o
n
a
l
P
r
ototyp
e
Sh
ap
e
H
e
xag
ona
l P
r
oto
t
ype S
ha
pe
d
e
s
i
gn w
a
s
i
d
e
n
ti
fied as a
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
des
i
gn to be use
d
as
a
floa
ti
ng so
lar
.
The
struc
t
ure
a
r
ea
a
nd
the
s
o
la
r
panel
co
ve
r
e
d
ar
ea
c
a
n
be
c
om
p
u
t
e
d
b
y
usi
ng
t
h
e
mode
lli
n
g
p
r
o
cess
s
u
ch
a
s
A
u
t
o
c
a
d
D
r
a
w
i
n
g
a
n
d
O
r
c
i
n
a
O
r
c
a
f
l
e
x
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
ion
us
in
g
M
a
t
h
c
a
d
so
ftw
a
r
e
,
the
to
tal
are
a
o
f
he
xa
go
na
l
sha
p
e
i
s
8
6
61.7
4
6
m
2
.
By
a
ssum
i
ng
1
0
%
r
e
duct
i
o
n
d
u
e
to
c
e
r
ta
i
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,
t
he
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
so
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
co
ver
e
d
a
r
ea
(
hexa
g
o
n
al)
i
s
6
,88
9
.
9
9
m
2
a
nd
r
oun
d
up
as
6
,89
0
m
2
.
F
i
gure
2
s
h
ow
s
the
3
D
hexa
g
ona
l
pro
t
oty
p
e
sha
p
e
.
F
i
gure
2.
3D
vie
w
–
h
exag
ona
l
sha
p
e
The
he
xa
g
o
n
des
i
gn
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
ica
l
ly
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
w
a
v
e
f
r
i
e
n
dly
des
i
gn
.
A
l
so,
the
re
su
lt
o
f
t
h
e
ca
l
c
u
l
a
tio
n
s
h
ow
n
t
h
at
t
he
h
exa
gona
l
sha
p
e
is
e
x
t
rem
e
ly
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
c
o
m
pare
d
to
c
irc
u
lar
sha
p
e
du
e
t
o
t
he
h
i
g
h
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
c
ove
re
d
a
r
ea
o
f
he
xa
go
n
a
l
sha
p
e
is
1
5
%
l
ar
ger
t
h
an
c
i
r
cu
l
a
r
sh
ap
e
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
mo
re
t
he
a
ssem
b
l
y
p
r
o
cess
is
q
uite
ea
sy
f
or
h
e
x
a
gon
al
s
hap
e
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
c
i
rcul
a
r
sha
p
e
bec
a
use
of t
he
b
e
n
d
i
ng
c
ha
rac
t
e
r
is
tic.
The
10%
r
edu
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
the
c
a
l
cu
la
t
i
on
is
b
e
c
a
use
of
t
he
u
nk
n
o
w
n
are
a
l
o
s
s
e
s,
e
.g
.
fo
r
ex
a
m
p
l
e
the
in
sta
l
lat
i
o
n
o
f
p
re
-w
ired
c
ompo
ne
nt
a
n
d
t
he
i
n
s
ta
l
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
at
i
ng
m
a
t.
I
t
sh
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
a
ce
rta
i
n
a
m
ount
o
f
g
ap
b
et
we
en
s
ol
a
r
p
an
e
l
(
at
t
ach
ed
w
i
t
h
fl
o
a
t
i
ng
mat
)
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
po
nto
on
to
e
v
a
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
lli
si
on
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
th
e
reduc
tio
n
pe
rce
n
t
a
ge
i
s
o
n
ly
a
n
in
itia
l
i
n
d
i
c
a
tor
a
nd
sho
u
l
d
be
m
o
d
i
f
ie
d
for
t
h
e
re
al
i
ns
tal
l
a
t
io
n
i
f
n
ec
essary
and
sa
fe
.
3.
METHODOLOG
Y
As
i
nd
ic
a
t
ed
e
a
r
l
i
e
r,
a
n
u
m
eri
c
al
cal
cul
a
tio
n
i
s
c
a
r
ri
e
d
o
ut
t
o
d
eter
mi
ne
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
fr
o
m
V
LF
SS
.
Several
param
e
ters
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
ide
n
ti
fie
d
.
The
first
o
n
e
is
t
he
l
o
cat
i
on
of
i
ns
t
a
l
l
a
tio
n
pl
ays
a
m
a
jor
ro
le
t
o
i
t
.
The
cl
i
m
ate
i
n
S
outhe
as
t
A
s
ia
i
s
ge
nera
ll
y
tro
p
ic
a
l
–ho
t
a
nd
m
o
i
s
t
y
e
a
r
l
y
w
i
t
h
a
m
p
l
e
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
regi
on
has
a
w
e
t
a
nd
dr
y
s
e
aso
n
a
ffe
c
t
e
d
by
seas
o
n
al
c
ha
n
g
e
in
w
i
n
d
s
o
r
mons
oo
n.
D
ur
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
onso
o
n
peri
od
it
w
il
l
c
a
use
an
a
d
d
i
t
i
ona
l
r
a
i
n
fal
l
i
n
m
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
pla
c
e
s
,
i
.
e.
o
c
c
urrence
s
o
f
t
h
un
d
e
r
s
torm
s
and
u
s
ua
l
l
y
hea
vy
r
a
in
s
w
i
th
i
n
a
s
hort
tim
e.
H
ow
eve
r
,
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
dry
se
aso
n
t
he
c
l
i
m
a
te
i
s
ho
t
an
d
su
nn
y.
I
n
S
outh
Ea
st
A
s
ia,
solar
e
n
e
r
gy
has
be
e
n
a
ckn
o
w
l
e
d
ged
a
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
utm
o
st
p
ot
en
ti
al
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
r
ce
s
as
t
h
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
163
8
– 1
644
1
642
regi
on
r
e
cei
ve
s
ab
u
nda
n
t
s
u
n
li
gh
t
al
l
ye
ar
l
on
g.
T
he
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
c
o
unt
ry
i
n
So
uth
East
A
si
a
i
s
M
al
a
y
si
a
and
there
are
6
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
l
oc
at
i
o
n
s
t
ha
t
w
e
r
e
i
d
e
nt
ifi
e
d
as
a
g
oo
d
p
o
t
e
n
tial
lo
catio
n
to
d
eploy
th
e
VLFSS.
T
h
e
loca
t
i
o
n
s ar
e show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
3
w
h
ile
t
he
ir spec
i
fic pos
i
t
i
o
n
a
re
pre
sented
in
Tab
l
e 3.
Figure
3.
M
ap of targe
t
a
r
ea
Ta
b
l
e 3.
List o
f
t
a
r
get
are
a
a
nd the
s
p
eci
fi
c
p
o
sit
i
o
n
N
o
S
pe
c
i
fi
c
Loc
a
t
i
on
L
a
titude
/L
o
ngi
tud
e
i
La
ngka
w
i
Isl
a
nd (N
o
r
t
h We
st C
oa
st
)
La
titude
: 05 24N L
ong
itude
:
103
06E
ii
Kot
a
B
h
a
r
u
(
Ea
st
C
o
a
st)
La
titude
:
06
10N
L
ongitude
:
102
17E
iii
Kua
l
a
T
e
r
e
ngga
nu (E
a
st
C
oa
st)
La
titude
: 05 24N L
ongitu
de
:
103
06E
iv
M
iri
(
W
e
s
t
B
o
r
n
e
o
)
La
titude
:
04
20N
L
ongitude
:
113
59E
v
Vic
t
oria
L
a
bua
n
(
Ea
st B
or
ne
o)
L
a
titude
:
05
17N
L
ongitude
:
115
14E
vi
K
ot
a
K
i
n
a
b
a
lu
(
N
o
rth
B
o
rne
o
)
La
titude
:
05
55N
L
ongitude
:
116
03E
The
ne
xt
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
s
the
t
y
pe
o
f
so
l
a
r
pa
nel
u
s
e
d
.
A
s
i
nd
ica
t
e
d
e
arlier
in
S
ec
ti
on
2
.2,
the
mo
st
e
ffec
t
i
ve
tech
n
o
l
o
gie
s
i
s
the
GaAs
t
h
i
n
films
w
hich
c
an
ach
ie
ve
t
he
m
odu
le
e
ff
i
c
i
e
ncy
from
2
4.
1%
t
o
3
0
.
8
%
.
T
he
extra
be
nef
its
by
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
G
aA
s
is
a
bout
t
he
f
i
l
m
t
h
ic
kne
ss
.
It
w
a
s
f
ou
n
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
thic
k
n
e
s
s
is
v
er
y
t
h
i
n
and
the
struc
t
u
r
e
i
s
v
er
y
fle
x
i
b
le
t
o
e
n
sur
e
i
t
cou
l
d
f
l
oa
t
o
n
t
h
e
w
a
ter.
T
he
e
nerg
y
ge
ne
rat
e
d
from
t
he
f
loa
tin
g
so
l
a
r is c
alcu
la
te
d b
y
us
i
ng (1
)
[29]
.
E = H
× r
×
A × P
R
(
1)
w
h
er
e
E
is
e
nerg
y
(kW
h
),
H
r
e
p
rese
nt
s
t
h
e
yea
r
l
y
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
o
l
ar
irr
a
dia
t
ion
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
on
t
i
l
t
e
d
p
ane
l
s
(exc
l
udi
ng
s
h
a
d
i
n
gs),
r
d
eno
t
es
t
he
P
V
pa
ne
l
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
i.
e.
G
aAs
25%)
,
A
i
s
the
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
l
a
r
pa
n
e
l
are
a
(m
2
),
a
nd
fi
nal
l
y
P
R
i
s
t
h
e
pe
rform
a
nc
e
ra
t
i
o
or
t
he
c
oeffic
i
e
n
t
f
or
l
osse
s
w
h
ic
h
range
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
0
.9
a
n
d
0
.
5
.
In
t
h
i
s
ca
se,
t
h
e
de
fau
l
t
va
lue
o
f
0
.7
5
is
t
ake
n
.
E
x
am
ple
of
l
o
s
s
e
s
t
ha
t
gi
ve
t
he
P
R
val
u
e
(de
p
e
n
d
on
t
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
gy,
t
h
e
l
oca
tio
n
o
f
t
he
i
ns
tal
l
a
tio
n
a
nd
t
h
e
siz
i
n
g
o
f
the
sys
t
em
)
inc
l
ude
t
em
per
a
ture
l
osses,
i
n
v
e
r
ter
lo
sse
s
,
D
C
a
n
d
A
C
c
a
b
le
s
l
o
sse
s,
s
had
i
n
g
s
a
nd
lo
sse
s
d
ue
t
o
pa
n
e
l
c
o
v
ere
d
w
it
h
dust,
s
n
o
w
,
e
tc
.
and
lo
sses
due
t
o
w
e
a
k
so
l
a
r
i
r
r
adiat
i
on.
4.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
S
The
c
a
lc
u
l
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
a
nn
ua
l
e
n
erg
y
g
e
n
er
ati
on
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
the
he
xa
gon
c
onc
e
p
t
de
si
gn
in
sta
l
led
in
selec
t
e
d
l
oc
a
t
ions
i
n
Ma
l
a
ys
i
a
a
re
t
he
n
c
a
l
cu
la
te
d.
F
ig
ure
4
sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
a
nnu
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
yi
eld
f
r
o
m
e
ac
h
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
u
s
i
n
g
2
5
%
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y,
t
he
a
nn
ua
l
ma
xim
u
m
va
lue
r
eco
r
d
ed
i
s
25
9
2
M
Wh
/a
n
num
at
Lab
u
an
a
nd the
m
i
nim
u
m
value
rec
o
r
d
ed
i
s
2
2
8
5
M
Wh
/
a
nn
um
a
t La
n
gkaw
i
Island.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pot
e
nti
a
l
of
f
l
o
a
t
in
g
so
la
r
t
e
ch
nol
og
y
i
n
Mala
ysi
a
(Moh
d
Al
if
Sa
ifu
d
d
in
J
a
ma
ll
udi
n
)
1
643
F
i
gure
4.
A
nnu
al ene
rg
y yie
l
d
o
f
he
x
a
g
on sh
ape
fl
oa
ti
n
g
so
l
ar
i
nsta
lle
d
in
s
elec
t
e
d i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s i
n
Ma
l
a
y
sia
A
similar
a
n
al
ys
i
s
w
e
r
e
carried
o
ut
f
or
c
irc
u
l
a
r
sha
p
e
floa
ti
n
g
s
ol
ar.
Th
e
resu
l
t
o
f
e
n
ergy
g
en
e
r
ati
o
n
show
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
h
i
ghes
t
e
ner
gy
w
i
ll
be
g
e
n
er
ate
d
i
n
Labua
n
w
i
th
the
fina
l
va
l
u
e
o
f
2
2
4
1
M
Wh
/
a
nn
um
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
the
low
e
st
e
nergy
w
ill
be
g
ene
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
Lan
g
k
a
w
i
I
slan
d
w
i
th
a
v
a
l
ue
o
f
197
6
M
W
h/a
n
num
.
Th
e
r
efo
r
e
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
ct
e
d
d
esi
gn
t
o
d
e
p
l
o
y
th
e
f
l
o
a
t
i
ng
s
ol
ar
i
s
h
ex
ago
n
a
l
p
r
o
t
ot
yp
e
sh
ape
.
F
ro
m
h
e
re
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
conc
l
ude
d
t
h
a
t
the
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
de
s
ign
o
ffe
rs a
much h
i
gher
ene
r
gy y
iel
d
.
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
pa
p
e
r
p
r
esent
s
a
n
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
of
fl
oat
i
ng so
lar tec
h
n
o
l
og
y. F
l
o
a
t
i
ng
s
o
l
a
r
h
a
s
t
h
e
pot
ent
i
al
t
o
suppl
y
the
e
n
er
g
y
n
e
e
d
i
n
m
any
c
o
u
n
t
ries.
S
p
ec
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
f
or
t
h
e
a
nal
y
s
i
s
in
t
his
p
a
per,
i
t
was
predi
c
ted
t
h
a
t
6
i
n
s
t
all
a
tio
ns
i
n
se
l
e
ct
e
d
l
o
cati
o
n
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
p
ab
il
i
t
y
t
o
g
e
n
er
ate
appr
ox
i
m
ately
aro
u
n
d
14,5
3
0
M
W
h
pe
r
a
n
n
u
m
.
H
ow
eve
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
are
st
i
l
l
a
numbe
r
o
f
a
na
lys
i
s
ne
e
d
s
to
b
e
c
a
rr
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
e
ns
ure
t
h
at
s
uc
h
syste
m
c
ou
l
d
b
e
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
te
d.
T
his
i
n
cl
u
d
e
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
p
ossib
l
y
c
o
ns
t
r
uct
i
ng
t
h
e
sys
t
em
i
nt
o
a
l
a
rg
e-sc
ale
c
o
n
cept
wit
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
m
a
i
n
t
en
an
ce
.
Th
e
u
l
ti
mat
e
c
ri
t
e
ri
a
to
b
e
c
on
c
e
rn
ed
a
re
t
he
s
af
e
t
y
fa
ct
o
r
a
n
d
t
he
st
r
u
c
t
ure
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
frie
nd
l
y
.
The
ph
ysic
al
s
truc
t
u
r
e
of
f
loa
t
ing
so
l
a
r
c
onc
ep
t
mu
st
a
l
s
o
b
e
a
fi
na
nc
i
a
lly
s
us
t
a
ina
b
le
r
esol
u
tio
n.
B
y
d
o
i
n
g
th
is,
floa
t
i
n
g
s
o
l
ar
c
ou
l
d
b
e
one
o
f
t
h
e
mos
t
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
o
c
e
a
n
st
r
u
c
t
ures
i
n
fut
u
re
b
ec
a
u
se
i
t
i
s
r
eli
a
b
l
e,
f
l
e
xi
b
l
e
a
n
d
ha
s
v
irtua
l
ly
l
ow
c
ost
of
p
ro
duc
t
i
o
n
w
he
n
c
o
mpa
r
ed
w
ith
o
t
h
er
o
ce
a
n
struc
ture
s.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
w
ould
l
i
k
e
t
o
t
han
k
M
in
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
i
g
her
Ed
uc
at
ion
(
M
OHE
),
M
ala
y
s
i
a,
U
ni
v
e
rsi
t
i
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
Ma
l
a
ys
ia
(
U
T
M)
(
Re
se
arc
h
c
ost
ce
ntre
n
o.
R
.K
13
0
0
0
0
.7
7
4
0
.4
J31
5
a
n
d
Q
.K
130
0
00.2
5
40.
16
H
9
5)
,
the
s
u
ppor
t
o
f
t
he
C
hi
l
e
a
n
R
e
s
ea
rch
C
o
u
n
c
il
(CO
N
I
CY
T),
un
der
t
h
e
p
r
oj
ec
t
Fo
nd
e
c
yt
1
1
160
115
a
nd
S
ch
o
o
l
of
E
ng
ine
e
r
i
n
g
,
R
obe
rt G
ord
o
n
U
nive
rsity
f
o
r
f
und
ing
t
h
is r
esea
rch
projec
t
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
İ. Yı
l
dı
z,
“1
.
12 Fossi
l
Fue
l
s
,
”
Com
p
r.
En
ergy
Sy
s
t
.
,
pp
.
52
1–
56
7,
J
an.
20
18
.
[
2
]
F
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
s
,
C
.
F
e
l
g
u
e
i
r
a
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
m
i
t
k
o
v
á
,
“
F
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
e
l
e
n
erg
y
c
on
su
mp
ti
on
i
n
E
urop
ean
c
ou
nt
ries,
”
Ener
gy
Procedia
,
v
o
l
.
1
53
, pp
. 1
07
–1
1
1
,
Oct
. 20
1
8
.
[3]
BP
, “
B
P
St
ati
s
tical
R
ev
iew
o
f
Worl
d
E
nerg
y,” L
o
n
d
o
n
, UK,
2
0
17.
[4
]
R. A. Barreto
,
“Fossi
l f
u
el
s,
al
t
e
r
n
a
tiv
e energ
y
an
d
eco
no
m
ic
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
”
Econ.
M
o
del.
,
vo
l.
7
5
,
pp.
1
96–
22
0,
201
8.
[5]
M.
E
.
Karim
et a
l
.
,
“
E
nerg
y
re
v
o
l
u
ti
on
f
or
o
ur
c
o
m
mo
n
f
u
tu
re
:
A
n
e
v
a
luat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
emerg
i
ng
i
n
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
renew
a
bl
e energ
y
law,”
E
n
ergies
,
v
o
l
.
11
,
n
o
.
7,
p
.
1
76
9
:
1-20
,
J
u
l
. 2
01
8.
[6]
I.
B
erk,
A
.
Kas
m
an
,
and
D
.
K
ı
l
ın
ç,
“
To
wards
a
co
m
m
o
n
r
enew
a
bl
e
f
u
tu
re:
Th
e
S
y
st
e
m
-G
MM
a
p
p
ro
ach
t
o
as
ses
s
th
e con
v
erg
e
nce
i
n
ren
ewabl
e
energ
y co
ns
um
p
t
io
n
o
f
EU
cou
n
t
r
ies
,”
Ene
r
gy
Ec
on
.
,
Fe
b. 20
1
8
.
[7]
J.
L
i
and
C.
S
un,
“
T
o
ward
s
a
l
o
w
carb
on
econ
o
m
y
by
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
f
ossi
l
f
u
e
l
s
ubsid
ies
?
,
”
Ch
in
a Econ
.
Rev.
,
vol.
50,
p
p
. 17
–
3
3
, Aug
. 2
01
8
.
[8
]
P.
M
oria
r
t
y a
n
d
D.
H
on
ne
ry
, “
Ca
n re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
p
owe
r
th
e
f
u
t
ure?
,”
Energy P
o
li
c
y
,
vol.
93,
pp.
3
–7
,
20
16
.
[9]
T.
K
åberg
e
r,
“
Prog
ress
o
f
renew
a
bl
e
electri
cit
y
r
epl
acin
g
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
els,”
Gl
ob. En
erg
y
Inter
c
on
n
ect.
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
4
8–
52,
J
an
. 2
01
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
163
8
– 1
644
1
644
[10
]
R
EN
21
, “
Renew
a
bles
2
018
G
l
obal
St
atu
s
R
ep
ort,”
P
a
ris,
F
ran
ce, 2
01
8
.
[11
]
I
EA
-PVP
S,
“T
r
end
s
2
018
i
n
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c
A
ppli
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
”
S
wi
t
z
e
r
la
n
d
, 2
01
8.
[12
]
U
N
,
“F
acts
h
eet
: P
e
o
p
l
e
and
Ocean
s,” i
n
T
h
e Ocea
n Co
nf
erence
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p.
1–
7
.
[13
]
C
.
M
.
W
an
g
and
Z.
Y
.
T
a
y,
“
Very
L
arg
e
F
lo
ati
ng
Stru
ctu
r
es:
A
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
s
,
Research
a
nd
D
evelo
p
m
e
n
t
,”
Pro
cedi
a
Eng.
, v
o
l
. 1
4,
p
p
. 62
–
7
2
,
Jan.
20
1
1
.
[1
4]
T
.
Ch
o
i
sn
et,
S
.
V
asseu
r
,
S.
M
arob
in,
E.
R
og
i
e
r,
M
.
Fav
r
e,
and
B.
D
um
ad
,
“
R
e
p
o
r
t
o
n
t
h
e
R
equ
i
rem
e
nt
s
o
f
t
he
F
l
o
a
ti
ng
Stru
cture,
”
20
13.
[1
5]
U
.
Wa
he
e
d
,
“
F
lo
a
t
in
g
Le
isure
’
s:
A
Lu
x
u
r
y
Ho
l
i
d
a
y
Re
so
rts
,
”
P
un
j
a
b
U
n
i
v
ers
i
ty
Co
lleg
e
o
f
Arts
a
nd
D
e
sig
n
,
20
13.
[16
]
A
.
A
ndri
a
no
v,
“
Hy
dro
e
lastic
A
naly
sis
o
f
V
ery
Larg
e
F
l
oati
n
g
St
ruct
ures,
”
D
nepro
p
et
rovs
k
National
e
U
n
i
v
e
rsiteit,
Oe
kra
i
ne
, 2
00
5.
[1
7]
B
. D.
Naj
i
Taha
n
,
“Off
sh
ore In
st
al
latio
n,”
H
a
n
db.
Offs
ho
re
E
ng.
, p
p.
1
05
5–
11
26,
Jan
.
2
005
.
[18
]
C
. Cap
anog
lu
, “N
ovel
and
M
a
rg
i
n
al
Fiel
d
Of
f
shore S
t
ru
ctu
r
e
s,
”
Han
d
b
.
Offs
hore
E
ng.
,
p
p
.
39–
77,
J
an.
2
0
0
5
.
[
1
9
]
M
.
R
o
s
a
-
C
l
o
t
,
G
.
M
.
T
i
n
a
,
M
.
R
o
s
a
-
C
l
o
t
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
T
i
n
a
,
“
T
h
e
F
lo
a
t
i
n
g
P
V
P
la
n
t
,
”
Su
bm
erg.
Fl
oat.
P
hoto
v
o
l
t.
Sys
t
.
,
pp.
8
9–
136,
J
an.
201
8.
[20]
M
.
R
o
sa-Cl
o
t,
G
.
M.
T
i
n
a,
M
.
R
o
s
a
-Clot
,
a
nd
G
.
M.
T
ina,
“
F
l
o
ating
P
l
ants
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
A
s
p
ects
,
”
Su
bme
r
g
.
Fl
oat. Ph
oto
v
olt.
Syst.
,
pp.
1
8
5
–
2
1
2
,
J
an.
20
18.
[21]
K
.
T
r
apani,
D
.
L
.
M
illar,
a
nd
H
.
C
.
M
.
S
m
ith,
“Novel
o
ff
sh
ore
ap
pl
icat
ion
o
f
p
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ics
i
n
c
om
p
a
ris
on
to
con
v
en
ti
onal
m
a
rin
e
renew
able
e
nergy
tech
no
log
i
es
,”
Re
n
e
w
.
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
p
p
.
87
9–
888
,
F
eb
.
2013
.
[22
]
L
. Sm
a
dj
a
and
P. I. Sm
ad
ja,
“F
l
o
at
in
g S
o
lar P
a
n
e
l S
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
2
0
1
6
0
15
63
04
,
0
2
-
Ju
n
-
2
016
.
[2
3]
M
. R
. P
into
,
“Ha
s
t
he sun
f
i
n
ally
r
isen on
photovolta
i
c
s?
,
”
in
Sympos
iu
m o
n
V
L
SI Tech
no
log
y
, 20
0
8
, pp
.
2
–5
.
[24
]
T
.
M
.
R
azy
kov
,
C.
S
.
F
e
rek
i
d
e
s,
D
.
M
o
re
l,
E
.
St
ef
anako
s
,
H
.
S.
U
ll
a
l
,
an
d
H.
M
.
Up
adh
y
aya,
“
S
o
lar
ph
oto
volt
a
ic
elect
ricity: Cu
rren
t s
t
at
u
s
and
f
u
t
ure p
r
os
pects
,
”
Sol
. En
erg
y
,
v
o
l.
85
,
n
o.
8
,
p
p
.
1580–
16
08
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
11
.
[2
5]
R
.
W
.
M
i
l
es
,
K.
M
.
Hyn
e
s,
a
n
d
I
.
Fo
rbes,
“Pho
t
o
v
o
l
t
aic
so
l
a
r
cel
ls:
A
n
o
vervi
e
w
o
f
s
tat
e
-of
-
t
h
e-art
cell
dev
e
lo
pm
ent
an
d
e
n
vi
ron
m
en
tal
i
ssu
es,
”
Pro
g
.
Cry
s
t. Grow
th
Ch
ara
c
t. Ma
te
r.
,
v
o
l.
5
1,
no.
1–3
,
p
p
.
1–
42,
J
a
n
.
20
05
.
[
2
6
]
M
.
A
.
G
r
e
e
n
,
K
.
E
m
e
r
y
,
Y
.
H
i
s
h
i
k
a
w
a
,
W
.
W
a
r
t
a
,
a
n
d
E
.
D
.
D
u
n
lo
p,
“
S
o
lar
cel
l
ef
fici
ency
t
abl
e
s
(vers
i
o
n
3
9),”
Pr
og
. P
hot
ovoltai
c
s R
e
s.
A
ppl.
,
v
o
l.
2
0,
n
o.
1,
pp
. 12
–
2
0
,
Ja
n.
20
1
2
.
[27
]
S
.
H
.
A
b
u
-Bakar,
“N
ov
el
R
o
t
ation
a
lly
A
s
y
m
m
e
tri
cal
S
olar
C
o
n
centrat
or
f
or
t
he
B
u
i
l
d
in
g
Integ
r
a
t
ed
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
Sy
ste
m
,”
P
hD
T
h
e
sis,
G
la
s
g
o
w
C
a
l
e
d
o
n
ia
n
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
,
Un
ite
d K
i
n
g
d
o
m
, 2
01
6.
[2
8]
J
.
Ta
ve
rn
e
et
al
.
,
“S
olar
p
ow
ered
c
harg
in
g
b
a
c
k
p
a
ck
,”
i
n
In
ternat
io
nal
Co
n
f
erence on Elect
rical
,
El
ectr
onic,
Com
m
u
n
icati
on
an
d Co
ntro
l E
ngineer
in
g
(
I
CEECC20
1
7
)
,
20
17
,
pp.
1–8
.
[29
]
P
ho
to
volta
i
c
S
oftw
are,
“
Ho
w
to
cal
cul
a
t
e
o
u
t
pu
t
energ
y
o
f
PV
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
te
ms?
,
”
20
19
.
[Onlin
e
]
.
Ava
i
la
b
l
e
:
ht
tps://
ph
oto
voltaic-so
f
tw
are.
co
m
/
p
r
in
ciple-ressou
r
ces/h
ow
-calc
ul
ate-s
o
l
a
r-en
e
rgy
-
pow
er-pv
-
sys
t
em
s
.
[
A
cce
s
s
ed
:
26-Mar-2019]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.