Int ern at i onal  Journ al of  P ower E le ctr on i cs a n d  Drive  S ystem   (I J PE D S )   Vo l.   11 ,  No.   4 ,  Decem be r 202 0 , p p.   2007 ~ 2018   IS S N:  20 88 - 8694 ,  DOI: 10 .11 591/ ij peds . v11.i 4 . pp20 07 - 2018          2007       Journ al h om e page :  http: // ij pe ds .i aescore.c om   Photov oltaic   ar ray   m ax im um   power   poi nt   tracking   via   mo difi ed   pertu rbation   and   obser va t ion   alg orithm       Bahaa Ab dul kha li q  Nu m an ,   Amina   Mahmoud   S haki r ,   A na s   La teef   M ah m ood   El e ct roni c   and   C omm unications   Engi ne eri ng   D ep art m ent ,   Col le ge   of   Eng ineeri ng ,   Al - Nahra in   Univ ersit y,   Ira q       Art ic le   In f o     ABSTR A CT   Art ic le   hist or y:   Re cei ved   Dec   3 ,   201 9   Re vised   Feb   4 ,   20 20   Accepte d   M a y   19 ,   20 20       One   dra wb ac k   of   PVs   is   the i r   low   eff ic i enc y .   As   the   PVs   hav e   a   unique   ma xim u m   Pow e r   Point   for   a   sp ec if ie d   irra d ia t i on   le v el ,   th ere   must   be   an   eff ective   m et hod   for   ext r acting   m axi mum   power   f rom   the   PV   mod ule   to   rai s e   the   eff ic i enc y .   C onvent ion al   Pert urba ti on   and   Obs erv at ion   (P&O)   is   a   simpl e   al gorit h m   for   m axi mum   power   point   tr ac k ing   ( MP PT)   but   it   s uffe rs   from   oscil lation   durin g   stea dy   state   co ndit ions   and   is   d evi a te d   fro m   the   ma xi mum   power   poin t   du ring   slow   and   rap id   irra d iation   l eve l   cha nge .   Thi s   p ape r   pre sents   a   modified   P&O   by   a dding   var ia t ion   in   PV   cur ren t   as   a   th ird   in   addi ti on   to   the   v olt ag e   and   powe r   var iation   par a me t ers.   Thi s   ne w   al gor it hm   is   c apa bl e   of   el i mi nating   the   M PP T   deviati on .   To   inc re ase   the   per turbatio n   spee d,   a   doubl e   step   is   t ake n   as   the   tracki ng   is   d evi a te d   from   th e   MPP.   Th e   modi fie d   P&O   al gorit h m   is   use d   to   cont ro l   the   duty   cy cle   of   DC - DC   buck   conve rt er.   Th e   s im ulation   show s   that   the   mod ified   P&O   is   f aster   th an   the   conve nt iona l .   T he   power   l oss   due   to   osc il l at ion   bef ore   attai n ing   the   st ea dy   stat e   is   l ess   for   modi fie d   P&O .   For   slow   irra di a ti on   le v el   cha ng e   ( ram p   up   600   to   1000   and   ram p   down   100 0 - 800)   W /m 2 ,   th e   modi fi ed   P&O   show s   l ess   tra ck ing   d ive rg e .   As   the   irr adi a t ion   l evel   cha ng es   rap idl y   from   800   to   200   W/ m2 ,   it 's   show n   tha t   the   modi f ie d   a lgori th m   a t ta ins   th e   ste ady   stat e   f aste r   tha n   the   conve n t iona l   P&O   and   t he   av era g e   eff ici enc y   inc r ea sed   by   4. 34% .   Ke yw or d s :   Buck   DC   to   DC   co nv e rter   M PP T     P&O   Al gorith m   So la r   PV   S ys te m     This   is   an   open   acc ess   arti cl e   un der   the   CC   BY - SA   l ic ense .     Corres pond in g   Aut h or :   Amin a   M ah moud   S hak i r,     Ele ct ro nics   an d   C om m unic at ion s   De par tme nt,   C ollege   of   En gin eeri ng     Al - N ah rain   U ni ver sit y,   Jadr i yah,   Ba ghdad,   Ir a q.     Emai l:   amina_ al kaf aj i@e ng.nahrai nuniv.ed u.i q       1.   INTROD U CTION   Durin g   t he   I ndus t rial   Re voluti on,   the   re quireme nts   for   diff e re nt   f orm s   of   e nerg y   ha ve   inc rease d   dr a mati cal ly,   a nd   the   first   c hoic e   f or   m os t   a pp li cat io ns   is   f os sil   f uels.   T hi s   typ e   of   fu el   is   ha rmful   a nd   it   had   le ad   in   sea rc hin g   for   oth e r   sources   of   e nerg y.   S olar   ene rgy   was   the   fi rst   of   these   s ource s,   as   it   is   a   re ne wab l e   energ y,   ine xha us ti ble   an d   cl e an   ene r gy .   I nv est igati on s   s ho w   that   in   one   hour,   t he   eart h   r ecei ved   e nerg y   from   the   sun   e noug h   to   meet   its   ne eds   for   one   ye ar   [ 1].   P hoto vo lt ai c   (PV )   s ys te m   is   c onsidere d   one   of   t he   m os t   importa nt   s ys t ems   f or   the   e xploit at ion   of   s olar   e nerg y   an d   the   most   wide sp rea d .   This   t yp e   of   s ys te m   su f fer s   from   l ow   e ff i ci ency   c ompa red   with   t he   oth e r   al te rn at i ves   of   s ource s   as   the   e nergy   ge ner at e d   by   t he   photov oltai c   mo dule   cha nges   with   the   e nv i ronme ntal   condit ion s .   Seve ral   methods   ca n   be   us ed   to   inc re ase   the   eff ic ie nc y   a nd   pe rformance   of   the   PV   m odule,   M axim um   P ow e r   Po i nt   Trac king   (MPPT)   is   one   of   the   commo n   m et hods   f or   inc reas ing   t he   e ff ic ie nc y   of   the   PV   m odule.     As   t he   photov ol ta ic   I - V   cha ra ct erist ic s   are   nonlinea r   a nd   a f fected   by   e nv i r onment   c onditi on,   the   P - V   char act e risti cs   are   al s o   no nlinear   a nd   ha ve   a   uniq ue   ma xi mu m   po i nt.   M PP T   meth od s   see k   f or   the   un i qu e   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
                          IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2007   –   2018   2008   maxim um   power   po i nt   on   t he   phot ovoltai c   P - V   c har act erist ic s   at   a   ce rtai n   c onditi on   an d   hen ce   m aximiz e     its   eff ic ie nc y.     M ai nl y   the re   are   two   MPP T   meth ods,   di rect   an d   in dire ct ,   base d   on   t he   im pleme ntati on   st rateg y.   Direct   meth od s,   com pri se   the   methods   tha t   us e   volt age   and   / or   c urrent   measur e ment   of   the   PV   a nd   its   ind e pende nt   on   pr i or   knowle dge   of   t he   PV   c har act erist ic s   wh il e   in direct   methods   a re   ba sed   on   ex pe rim ental ly   ob ta ine d   data ba ses.   M a ny   res earche rs   ha ve   been   re viewe d   these   met hods   [2 - 6].   Viewin g   I ntell igent   met hods   su c h   as   an   Ar t ific ia l   Neu r al   Netw ork   (AN N)   [7 - 9],   F uzz y   L ogic   (FL)   [10 - 12]   a nd   the   Ar ti fici al   Be e   Colo ny   (A B C)   [ 13,14],   s how   t hat   they   a re   m os tl y   di gital   comp le x   me thods,   requires   a   lot   of   cal culat io ns   a nd   ex pe nsi ve   as   the y   ne ed   to   us e   po werfu l   microc on t ro ll ers   due   to   the   enorm ous   c omp utati on al   l oad.   T he y   ha ve   fast   co nver ge d   s peed   an d   the   hi gh e st   accu rac y   for     trackin g   t he   MPP.   The   m os t   e ff i ci ent   direct   methods   a re   In c reme ntal   Cond uctance   (INC)   [15 - 16] ,   Pertu rb   an d   Ob se r vation   (P&O ),   Hill   cl im bing   (H C )   [ 17 - 20].   T hese   met hods   use   al gor it hm s   for   MPP T   of   the   P Vs.   INC   al gorithm   ta ke s   the   i ncr e men ta l   and   m om e nt ary   c onduct an ce   as   a   base   for   c on st ru ct io n.   It   sen ses   PV   c urren t   and   vo lt a ge   a nd   us e   dI/ dV   to   cal culat e   t he   i nd ic at io n   of   dP/ dV   a nd   a djust s   the   po wer   conve rter   duty   cycle.   P&O   an d   HC   measu re   t he   PV   a rr a y   vo lt age   a nd   cu rr e nt   an d   cal c ulate   the   pow er.   It   is   mainl y   ba sed   on   per t urbati on   in   the   PV   ou t put   vo lt age   an d   ob s er vation   of   the   res ult   in   powe r   cha nge   of   t he   PV   a rr a y   the n   com par es   this   powe r   with   the   pr e vious   po wer.   T hese   al gorithms   suffe r   f rom   os ci ll at ion   a rou nd   the   M P P   durin g   ste a dy   s ta te   and   div e r ge   from   ma xim um   point   wh e n   rap i d   c ha ng e   of   e nvir onmen ta l   conditi on s   occurs   wh ic h   will   le ad   to   a   higher   powe r   l os s   a nd   hen ce   low   e ff i ci ency .     Among   of   t hes e   meth ods   t he   P&O   wh ic h   is   the   inte rest   of   this   researc h   ar e   broa dly   util iz ed   as   it   is   a   low   cost ,   sim pl e   an d   ea sy   to   impleme nt;   be sides   it   ca n   be   us e d   pract ic al ly   in   the   mic rocon t ro ll er   or   D igit al   Sign al   P ro ces s ing   S ys te m   [ 21].   To   ov e rc ome   the   dra wb ac ks   of   the   co nve ntion al   P& O   method   a   modi ficat ion   is   made   on   t he   main   al go rithm   in   order   to   i nc rease   the   ar ra y   eff ic ie nc y   [22 ] .   M a ny   re searc he rs   ha ve   bee n   f oc us in g   on   the   im pro veme nts   of   the   c on ven ti onal   P& O   al gorithm .   M ost   re searc he s   prese nted   a   va riable   per t urb at ion   ste p   siz e   [23 - 26]   ot her s   deali ng   with   m od i fied   an d   a da ptive   fixe d   ste p   siz e   per t urbati on   [ 27,   28].   A   P& O   al gorit hm   with   fixe d   ste p   mu st   be   c hose n   ca refull y,   la r ge   ste p   siz e   causes   a   hi gh e r   powe r   lo ss,   as   the   trac ke d   maxim um   point   is   fa r   fro m   the   real   MP P.   Using   a   sm al l   ste p   siz e,   le ad   to   slow   tra ns ie nt   res pons e   of   the   s ys te m   an d   will   influ e nce   the   ov e rall   per f ormance     the   PV   a rr a y   [23].   This   pa pe r   pr esents   a   co mpa rison   bet wee n   co nventio nal   and   modifie d   P&O   al gorith m   w hich   is   fou nd   in   [ 27]   to   trac k   the   m aximum   po we r   point   of   a   PV   sy ste m   with   fi xed   per t urba ti on   ste p   an d   double   per t urbati on   st ep   us in g   B uc k   co nv e rter .   T he   Buc k   c onve r te r   is   use d   he r e   f or   its   high   eff ic ie nc y   a nd   wide   range   of   a pp li cat ion s   su c h   as   in   sel f - re gu l at ed   power   s upplies   a nd   point   of   loa d   (POL)   c onver te r s.   P &O   te chn iq ue   that' s   use d   in   P Vs   M PP T   nee ds   only   two   se nsor s,   one   for   meas ur i ng   the   PV   outp ut   vo lt age   a nd   the   oth e r   f or   meas ur i ng   t he   PV   outp ut   cu rr e nt,   t he   power   is   th en   ca n   be   cal c ulate d.   The   al gorith ms   c ompa re   the   PV   volt age   a nd   the   cal culat e d   powe r   per i odic al ly   with   the   volt age   a nd   powe r   of   t he   pr e vious   pe rtu rb at io n   ste p   an d   t hen   con t ro l   the   dut y   c ycle   of   the   connecte d   DC - DC   co nverter   to   ma ximize   the   powe r   ou t pu t   from   the   P V.   The   m od i fied   P&O   al go rithm   is   us e d   to   increa se   the   PV   ar ray   e ffi ci ency   an d   overc om e   t he   dr a w back s   of   t he   c onve ntio na l   P& O   f or   MPPT   at   ste ad y   sta te   as   well   as   du rin g   ra pid   and   sl ow   ir radi at ion   le vel   cha nge.   This   is   so   do ne   by   ta ki ng   var ia ti on   in   the   PV   c urren t   as   an   ad diti on al   par a mete r   to   the   conve ntion al   P &O   w hich   ta ke s   only   t he   c ha ng e   in   volt ag e   an d   power.   A   double   pe rturbati on   ste p   s iz e   is   ta ken   as   the   tr ackin g   is   dev ia te d   from   the   m aximum   point.   T his   will   re du ce   the   os ci ll at i on   a rou nd   the   M PP ,   reduce   the   l osse s   an d   will   le ad   to   a   fa ste r   res pons e   a nd   he nce   inc re ase   the   eff ic ie ncy.   A   buck   DC - DC   conve rter   w hich   is   a   ste p   down   c onve rter   is   util iz ed   in   or de r   to   matc h   the   ou t pu t   loa d   to   t he   PV   ar ra y   to   fu lfil l   the   ma xim um   powe r   tra ns fe r.       2.   MPPT   P HOT OVO L ATIC   SY STE M   ST RUCTU RE   The   main   pa rt   of   the   so la r   s yst em   is   t he   photovo lt ai c   s our ce,   wh ic h   ge ne rates   DC   el ect rical   pow e r   wh e n   e xpos e d   photons .   For   tr ansf e rr i ng   t he   maxim um   pow er   f rom   the   PV   to   the   loa d   it   is   necessa ry   to   matc h   the   loa d   impe da nce   with   the   so urce   impe da nce   of   t he   PV   arr a y.   To   do   s uch   a   DC - DC   conve rter   is   in serted   betwee n   t he   PV   a rr a y   an d   the   l oad.   As   t he   outp ut   pow er   of   the   PV   pan el   is   var ia ble   acc ordin g   to   the   env i ronme ntal   conditi ons,   t he   du t y   c ycle   of   t he   c onve rter   m us t   be   c on tr oll ed   for   ma xim um   po wer   tran sf er.   A   f orm   of   ma xi mu m   powe r   point   trac king   is   us e d   f or   an   ac cur at e   a nd   fast   resu lt .   T he   ge ner al   blo c k   diag ram   of   the   M PPT   PV   s yst em   is   sho wn   in   Fi gure   1.   The   main   par t s   of   the   propo sed   syst em,   is   the   PV   arr a y,   t he   c onve rter   a nd   the   MPPT   c ontrolle r   wh ic h   is   us in g   the   P& O   al gori thm   a ppr oach.       Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       Ph oto v oltaic a rra y  m axim um  po we r  point tr ackin g  vi a m od if ie d  …   ( B ahaa  Abd ulkh ailq N uma n)   2009       Figure   1.   Bl oc k   diag ram   of   the   pro posed   PV   sy ste m   with   MPPT       2.1.   PV   arr ay mod el ing    M odel in g   of   PV   ar ray s   for   di ff e ren t   at m os pheric   co ndit ions   is   an   essenti a l   issue   in   desi gnin g   the   siz e   of   a   PV   s ys te m   an d   its   M PPT   con t ro ll ers .   Dif fer e nt   m od el in g   has   been   pres ented   in   ma ny   researc hes   [ 29,   30].   This   researc h   t akes   t he   sin gle   diode   m odel   s how n   in   Fi gure   2   as   an   eq uiv al ent   ci rc uit   f or   t he   PV   a rr a y .             Figure   2.   Sin gl e – di od e   PV   m od el       The   phot ovolt ai c   arr a y   co ns i sts   of   a   series   – pa rall el   co nn ect ed   c ombina ti on   cel ls,   the r efore   t he   PV   ou t pu t   c urre nt   I pv   can   be   ex pr essed   a s:      = ℎ   −   [ exp (  +            )   −   1 ]   −    +     (1)     wh e re,   I ph   is   ( I ph , cell   N p ),   I s   is   ( I s,cell   N s )   are   the   PV   a nd   sat ur a ti on   cu rr e nts   of   the   ar ra y   w hi ch   is   a   co mb i na ti on   of   se ries   a nd   pa rall el   connect ed   cel ls,   N s   and   N p   resp ect ivel y   .   V T   =   k T/q   r epr ese nts   the   t hermal   volt age   of   t he   PV   cel l,   q   is   the   c ha rg e   of   the   el ect r on   (1. 602*10 - 19 C),   k   re pr es ents   the   Bolt zma nn   c onsta nt   ( 1.380 6503. 10 - 23 J/K),   T   is   the   te mp erat ur e   of   the   ju nction   in   Kel vin   ( K),   a   re pr ese nts   the   diode   ideal it y   co ns ta nt   ( 1 < < 5 )   an d   R s   [ r s   ( N s/Np)]   an d   R p   [ r p   ( N s /N p )]   gi ves   t he   e quiv al ent   series   re sist ance   a nd   e qu i valent   pa ra ll e l   resist ance   of   the   mod ule   res pe ct ively,   as   r s   a nd   r p   a re   t he   PV   cel l   series   a nd   pa rall el   resist ance.     The   (1)   is   no nl inear   an d   s ho ws   that   the   I - V   cha racteri sti cs   of   the   PV   a rr a y   de pe nd   on   the   i nternal   passive   pa ram et ers   of   the   de vice   ( R s ,   R p ).   It   is   al so   de pendin g   on   t he   s ol ar   ins olati on   ( irrad ia ti on)   le ve l   and   te mp erat ur e .   T he   c hange   of   irra diance   a nd   t empe rature   ha s   an   e ff ect   of   the   PV   a rr a y   c urren t   a nd   volt age   as   giv e n   in   the   f ollow in g   e quat io ns :       ℎ = [   ℎ , +   ( − ) ]     (2)    = [  , +   ( − ) ]     (3)       Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
                          IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2007   –   2018   2010   Wh e re   the   s ubscri pt   n   re presents   t he   no minal   operati ng   c onditi on   (u s ually   ta ke n   as   T n = 298   K   a nd   G n =1 kW/ m 2 ),   Ki   a nd   K v   are   the   s ho rt   ci rc uit   c urren t/ te mp e ratu re   c oe ff ic ie nt   an d   the   open - ci rc uit   vo lt age/t em perat ur e   c oeffici ents   of   s olar   cel l   res pecti vely .   Fr om   the   I - V   a nd   P - V   c ha racteri sti cs   for   different   ir ra diati on   wh ic h   are   show n   in   Fi gures   3   (a   a nd   b)   resp ect ivel y,   it   is   cl ear   that   f or   e ve ry   le vel   of   i rr a diati on   t her e   is   a   uniq ue   po i nt   w her e   the   entire   sy st em   is   able   to   w ork   with   maxi mum   e ff ic ie nc y.   This   po i nt   is   the   ma ximum   powe r   po i nt   ( M P P).           (a)   (b)     Figure   3.   P ho t ovoltai c   (a )   I - V   c har act erist i cs  ( b)   P - V   c ha r act erist ic s       2.2.   DC / DC   co nv e rter    Wh e n   a   PV   m odule   is   us e d   in   a   s ys te m   the   op e rati ng   poi nt   is   decide d   by   the   c onnecte d   loa d.   T he   eff ic ie nc y   of   t he   PV   sy ste m   can   be   imp r ov e d   if   the   PV   m odule   is   op e rated   at   m aximum   powe r   po i nt   irres pecti ve   of   the   va ry i ng   at mo s ph e ric   c onditi ons.   The   MPPT   mec ha nism   de pe nds   on   the   basi cs   of   impeda nce   ma tc hin g   bet wee n   the   PV   ar ray   an d   the   l oa d,   wh ic h   is   esse nt ia l   for   maxim um   powe r   tra nsfer .   A   DC   to   DC   c on ver te r   is   us ed   to   at ta in   t he   M P P   f rom   the   PV   arr a y   [23].   Seve ral   ty pes   of   DC – DC   conve rter   has   bee n   ha ndle d   for   PV   s yst em   imple men ta ti on s   in   t he   li te ratur e.   Som e   of   t hem   use   boos t   c on ver te rs   w hich   is   us e d   to   ste p   up   t he   outp ut   volt ag e,   bu c k   co nver te r   for   ste p   do wn   the   ou t pu t   volt age   and   buc k - boost ,   Cuk   an d   si ngle   en de d   pr im ary   i nduct or   c onve rter   (S EP I C)   ar e   us e d   to   ei ther   s te p   up   or   ste p   dow n   [27 - 29, 31 - 34].   DC - DC   bu c k   conve rter   is   use d   in   t he   pre sent   st udy   f or   inter facin g   l oa ds   t hat   requir e   low   i nput   vo lt age .   It   is   t he   sim plest   ty pes   a mon g   of   the   c onver te rs   and   it   ha s   the   lowest   pa rt   co un t.   T he   siz e   of   the   inducto r   is   sm al le r   tha n   the   oth e r   wh ic h   ha ve   t he   sa me   ou t pu t   po wer ,   and   this   will   make   a   buck   c onve rter   more   e ff ic ie nt.   As   B uck   c onve rter   is   sta ble,   it   can   be   op e rat ed   at   f ull   ra nge   of   duty   cycle   [ 35].   It   is   c omm on l y   us e d   for   sto rin g   e nerg y   f r om   PV   i nto   t he   batte ry   [36 ].   The   ci rc uit   c onfi gurati on   of   DC – DC   buck   conve rter   is   s how n   in   Fi gure   4,   it   mai nly   c on sist s   of   a   diode,   a   s witc h,   an   induct or   and   a   ca pacit or.   By   c hangi ng   the   du t y   cycle   of   the   s witc h,   the   load   im pe dan ce   can   be   matc he d   with   source   impeda nce   to   at ta in   the   max imum   powe r   f rom   the   PV   pa nel.   F or   c onti nuous - current   mode   of   ope rati on,   ass um in g   a   MOS FET   s witc h,   as   the   s witc h   is   on   sta te   f or   a   ti me   durati on   of   t on   the   inducto r   c urre nt   passes   thr ough   the   switc h   the n   the   diod e   bec om es   r ev erse   biased .   A   posit ive   volt age   will   then   a pp ea r   ac ro ss   t he   in du ct or   wh ic h   caus es   a   li near   inc rease   in   the   in du ct or   c urre nt   i L.   As   the   switc h   is   tur ned   off,   i L   c on ti nues   to   flo w   as   a   resu lt   of   t he   i nductive   energ y   st or a ge .   T his   cu rr e nt   will   flo w   th rou gh   the   diode   a nd   dec r eases.   T he   a verage   ou t pu t   volt age   ca n   be   cal c ulate d   in   te rm s   of   the   switc h   du t y   rati o   as   [ 23]:     =           (4)   =      (5)     wh e re   V in   is   t he   input   to   the   c onve rter   from   the   P V,   V o   is   the   outp ut   of   t he   conve rter   deliv ered   to   t he   l oa d,   T   is   the   co nverte r   duty   c ycle   a nd   T on   is   the   on   t he   M O STEF   on   ti me.     Fo r   t he   bu c k   conve rter,   the   value   of   t he   fi lt er   inducta nce   that   determi ne s   the   bo unda ry   betwee n   Con ti nu ou s   co nductio n   m ode   (CCM )   a nd   disco ntinuo us   c onduct io n   m ode   (D C M)   is   giv e n   by   ( 6)   [ 37]:     = ( − )         (6)     wh e re   R   is   the   load   resist ance   an d   f s   is   the   sw it ching   fr e que nc y.   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       Ph oto v oltaic a rra y  m axim um  po we r  point tr ackin g  vi a m od if ie d  …   ( B ahaa  Abd ulkh ailq N uma n)   2011   Fo r   li mit in g   the   co nverter   outp ut   volt age   rip ple   lowe r   than   a   ce rtai n   value   V r ,   t he   ou t pu t   filt er   capaci ta nce   C   mu st   be   gr eat e r   tha n   C min   wh i ch   ca n   be   giv e n   by   the   ( 7) :     = ( − )           (7)         If   the   PV   ou t pu t   c urren t   ri pple   is   ta ken   le ss   than   2%   of   its   mean   valu e,   then   t he   val ue   of   in pu t   capaci tor   can   be   cal culat ed   usi ng   ( 8)   [ 38]:      ≥   ( −  )     .            (8)     wh e re   D cm   is   the   co nverter   duty   c ycle;   I om   is   the   ou t pu t   c urren t   dc   co m pone nt;   I pvm   is   the   co nv e rter   input   current   a nd   R pv m   i s   the   PV   ar ra y   inte rn al   resis ta nce, wh e n   PV   op e rate   at   MPP.   R pvm   is   de fined   as        =        (9)     Wh e re   V inm   is   t he   PV   a rr a y   ou tpu t   vo lt ag e   at   the   ma xim um   powe r   po i nt.           Figure  4. DC - DC buc k  c onve rter m ai n  ci rc uit        2.3.   Perturb  and  obser ve   (P& O)   MPPT   al go ri th m    2.3.1. Conv e nt i on al   P&O   P&O   al gorith m   is   widely   us e d   in   MPP T   beca us e   of   their   simple   structu re   a nd   few   require d   measu reme nt   pa rameters .   The   con ce pt   of   the   al gorithm   is   to   inc rease   or   de crease   the   PV   arr a y   volt age,   th e n   the   eff ect   of   t his   cha nge   on   the   PV   ge ner a te d   powe r   will   be   obse rv e d   [ 39].   As   a   re sul t,   the   con t ro ll er   will   change   the   c onve rter   du t y   c ycle   us i ng   pulse   width   mod ulati on   to   ac hi eve   ma ximum   power   t ran s fe r   to   the   load.   If   the   ne w   c ompu te d   powe r   is   great er   than   the   ol d   one,   t he   c ontrol le r   kee ps   t he   s ame   di recti on   of   the   du t y   c ycle   an d   if   the   po wer   f al ls,   the   co ntr ol le r   re verses   t he   di recti on   of   t he   duty   c ycle.   A   si mp le   fl ow   char t   of   the   c onve ntion al   P& O   is   s how n   in   Fi gure   5.   The   P &O   sho ws   trac king   fail ur e   unde r   ra pi d   e nv ir onme ntal   conditi on   ch ang e s   as   il lustr at ed   in   Fi g.   6   .   U nd e r   the   c onsta nt   G1,   the   po i nt   M P P1   m us t   m ov e   to   B   by   a   posit ive   pe rturbati on   ste p   (+Δ V) ,   t hen   it   would   return   to   M PP 1   by   a   neg at ive   per t urbati on   st ep   ( – Δ V)   as   a   r esult   of   c ompa rin g   po wer s   be tween   M P P1   a nd   B.   Suppose   t hat   the   (P - V)   c ha r act erist ic   is   su dd e nly   cha nge d   f rom   G1   to   G2   beca us e   of   irrad ia ti on   c ha ng e .   Howe ver,   the   M PP 1   will   mo ve   to   D   due   to   the   cha ng ed   P - V   c har ac te risti c   G2.   In   this   case,   the   nex t   per t urbati on   m us t   be   ne gative   for   movin g   from   D   to   M PP 2(as   ΔP pv > 0),   but   D   will   jum p   opposit el y   to   E   due   to   the   posit ive   per t urbati on   (+ ΔV).   The   P& O   c ontrolle r   orde rs   the   posit ive   per t urbati on   as   the   res ult   that   t he   powe r   at   D   is   sti ll   higher   than   the   po wer   at   M PP 1.   T his   phe nomen on   disturbs   the   co ntr oller   to   trac k   t ow a rd   the   ne w   M P P   im me diate ly   wh e n   t he   e nv i r onmental   c ondi ti on   is   c hange d.   This   will   res ult   in   s uccessi ve   powe r   l os s   [26].   To   overc om e   t he   draw bac ks   of   the   c onve ntion al   P& O   a   m od i fied   P& O   a lgorit hm   has   be en   us e d   f or   an   acc ur at e   a nd   faster   M P PT   durin g   sl ow   an d   s udde n   c ha nges   of   irra diati on.   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
                          IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2007   –   2018   2012             Figure   6.   MPP T   tracki ng   loss   unde r   su dde n   ir ra diati on   c ha ng e   [26]   Figure   5.   Co nventional   P& O   Flow   Cha rt   Fo r   M PPT   PV   Sy ste m         2.3.2. Modifie d   P&O   al go ri th m   P&O   te ch niqu e   nee ds   only   t wo   se ns ors   to   measu re   t he   PV   ou t pu t   volt age   a nd   c urren t   and   he nce   the   PV   power   is   cal culat ed .   T he   modifie d   P &O   al go rithm   diff e rs   f r om   the   co nv e ntio na l   one   by   a dd ing   the   var ia ti on   in   PV   c urren t   as   a   third   pa ramete r   in   t he   fl ow   c har t.   This   ne w   al gorithm   is   c apab le   of   el imi nating   the   M P PT   devi at ion   f r om   t he   tracki ng   wa y.   The   m od i fied   P& O   flo w   c ha rt   is   s how n   in   Fig ur e   7.   It   is   cl ear   that   there   a re   e igh t   cases   of   t he   op e rati ng   point   per tu r bation.   F our   case s   are   for   the   fix ed   ir rad ia ti on   and   the   remaini ng   f our   cases   a re   for   t he   rap i d   c hang e   of   ir rad ia ti on   le vel   [ 27].   Table   1   pr ese nt s   the   ei gh t   cas es   after   the   a ppli cat ion   of   pe rturbati on;   the   resu lt   of   po we r   dif fer e nce   giv es   ei ther   c orrect   or   the   inc orrect   M PP   tra ckin g   directi on   an d   t he   c orres pondin g   res ulti ng   c on tr ol   si gn al   to   the   co nverter   ( du t y   c ycle).   For   a   fi xed   i rr a di at ion   (G   is   c onsta nt)   on   t he   PV   ar ray,   an   op po sit e   si gn   c ha ng e   of   vo lt age   an d   c urre nt   (cases   1, 2,3   a nd   4)   res ul ts   fr om   the   al gorithm .   T he   ot her   four   cases   (cases   5,   6,   7   and   8)   are   for   the   var ia ble   ir rad i at ion   le vel   ( G   i ncr ease s   or   decr eases ).   T he   al gorith m   will   r un   as   the   conve ntion al & O   f or   fi xe d   irr adiat ion   a nd   as   the   irrad ia ti on   le vel   var ie d,   the   m od ifie d   al gorithm   will   wo r k   in   rev e rse   of   the   c onve ntion al   one   to   at ta in   t he   M PP .     Fo r   i ncr easi ng   the   per t urbati on   tracki ng   s pee d,   a   do ub le   ste p   is   ta ken   as   t he   trackin g   is   de viate d   f rom   the   MPP   ( I nc orrect   cases   2,4 , 6,8).   T his   will   enab le   t he   al go rithm   to   disti ng uis h   wh it er   the   cha ng e   in   po wer   is   resu lt in g   from   the   cha nge   i r rad ia ti on   or   due   to   t he   pe rturbati on   in   refe ren ce   vo lt age ,   a nd   hen ce   a vo i din g   M PP T   dev ia ti on.     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       Ph oto v oltaic a rra y  m axim um  po we r  point tr ackin g  vi a m od if ie d  …   ( B ahaa  Abd ulkh ailq N uma n)   2013       Figure   7.   The   modifie d  P& O   flo w  c har t       Table   1.   T he   di ff e ren t  c ontrol   act ion   for   the   modifie d  P& O   al gorithm   Cas e     ΔV   ΔI   ΔP   G   Tr acki n g   actio n     Du ty   co n trol   actio n     1   +   -   +   Co n stan t   Co rr ect   D=   D - ΔD   2   +   -   -   Co n stan t   Inco rr ect   D=   D+2 Δ D   3   -   +   +   Co n stan t   Co rr ect   D=   D+Δ D   4   -   +   -   Co n stan t   Inco rr ect   D=   D - 2ΔD   5   +   +   +   Increase   Co rr ect   D=   D+Δ D   6   +   +   -   Increase   Inco rr ect   D=   D - 2ΔD   7   -   -   +   Decr ease   Co rr ect   D=   D - ΔD   8   -   -   -   Decr ease   Inco rr ect   D=   D - 2D       3.   SMULATIO N   AND   DISC US SI ON   The   P& O   al go rithm   f or   bo t h   co nventio nal   and   m odifie d   t echn i qu e   is   te ste d   us in g   the   PV   sy ste m   with   PV   pa nel   (1So lt ec h   1S TH - 215 - P ).   T he   model   is   im plemente d   us i ng   M at la b/Sim ulink( 2018b)   pa ckag e .   The   par a mete r s   of   t he   PV   pa nel   that   has   be en   use d   in   this   wor k   are   il lus trat ed   in   Ta ble   2.   T he   a rr a y   c on sist s   of   4   pa rall el   pa nel   an d   6   serie s   pa nels.   PV a rray,   I - V   a nd   P - V   c har act erist i cs   ha d   bee n   s how n   in   fig ur e   3.     The   PV   a rr a y   is   c onnecte d   to   a   buc k   c on ver te r   th r ough   an   in put   ca pa ci tor   C in   of   ( 0.8   F) .   T he   conve rter   in duct or   an d   ou t put   capaci tor   values   are   sel ect e d   to   be   ( 162   μ H)   a nd   (5   F)   r especti vely ,   as su mi ng   that   the   s witc hi ng   f reque ncy   is   ( 1kHz)   a nd   the   ou t pu t   volt age   rip ple   is   (5   mV).       M ea sure V(k )  ,  I( k )   P( k)  = V (k)  .  I (k )   ΔP  =  P (k)   –   P(k - 1 )    ΔV = V (k)   –   V( k - 1)   Δ   P  >   0    D+  2Δ D     Yes   Yes   No   No   To  Swit ch   Δ   V >   0     Δ   V   >   0     B e gin  P& O  Algor ith m   D+  2Δ D     D -   2 Δ D     D -   Δ D     D+  Δ D     D -   Δ D     D+  Δ D     D -   2 Δ D     Δ   I  >   0     Δ   I  >   0     Δ   I  >   0     Δ   I  >   0     No   Yes   Yes   Yes   Yes   Yes   No   No   No   No   Ca se 1   Ca se 5   Ca se 4   Ca se 3   Ca se 7   Ca se 8   Ca se 6   Ca se 2   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
                          IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2007   –   2018   2014   Table   2.   PV   pa nel p a ramete rs mo del  1Soltech   1STH - 215 - P     Para m eters   Valu e   Maximu m   Po we r( W )   2 1 3 .15   Op en   circuit   v o lta g e   V OC (V)   3 6 .3   Sh o rt   circuit   cu r re n t   Isc   ( A)   7 .84   Vo ltag e   at   m ax im u m   p o wer   p o in t   Vm p (V)   29   Cu rr en t   at   m ax im u m   p o wer   p o in t   Imp (A)   7 .35   Tem p e rature   co efficien t   of   Vo c   (%/d eg .C)   - 0 .36 0 9 9   Tem p e rature   co efficien t   of   of   Isc(%/ d eg .C)   0 .10 2   Dio d e   satu ration   cu rr en t   Id(A )   0 .98 1 1 7   Sh u n t   resistan ce   Rsh   (Ω)   3 1 3 .3991   Series   resistan ce   R s(Ω)   0 .39 3 8 3       3.1.   Conv e nt i on al   P&O   algorith m   Perf orm ance   under   st andard   tes t   c on d itions   (S T C )   The   PV   a rr a y   is   te ste d   unde r   STC   (G = 1000   W/m 2 ,   T =25 o C)   with   conve ntion al   P&O   MPP T   con t ro ll er   hav i ng   a   fixe d   ste p   siz e   (ΔD)   of   1 × 10 − 5   .Th e   c on t ro l   si gn al   is   ap plied   to   the   buck   c onve rter   to   maximize   the   ou t pu t   powe r   f rom   the   PV   ar ray.   Fig ure   8   presents   t he   sim ulati on   of   the   arr a y   ou t pu t   volt age ,   current,   powe r   and   du t y   c ycle   of   t he   c onve rt er.   At   ste ad y   st at e   (time   = 17. 5   s ),   a nd   afte r   com par is on   with   I - V   and   P - V   c har a ct erist ic s   of   the   PV   a rr a y   sho wn   in   fi gure   3   the   sim ulati on   resu lt s   sho w   t ha t   the   al gorith m   has   a   good   trac king   f or   the   maxim um   po wer   point   of   the   PV   ar ray   (I MPP ≌   2 9A,   V MPP ≌1 7 4   a nd   P MPP ≌ 5100   W).           Figure   8   C onve ntion al   P& O   al gorithm   pe rformance   MPP T   un der   STC   ( G=10 00   W/m 2 ,   T=2 5 o C).     PV   a rr a y   (a)   volt age   (b)   c urr ent   (c )   powe r   a nd   ( d)   Co nvert er   du t y   c ycle       3.2.   Modifie d   P&O   al go ri th m   P erfo rm an ce   u nder   va ri ab le   ir radiation   le ve l   To   ver if y   t he   pe rformance   of   the   m od ifie d   P &O   M P PT   al gorith m   un der   va riable   irr adiat ion   le vel,   an   arb it ra ry   irra di at ion   le ve l   pro f il e   is   us ed   as   an   in put   to   t he   PV   a rr a y   as   sho wn   in   Fig ur e   9.   Both   c onve ntion al   a nd   m od i fied   P &O   MP PT   al gorith ms   hav e   bee n   si mu la te d   a nd   c ompare d   with   the   ideal   MPP   of   t he   PV   ar ra y   un der   sl ow   a nd   ra pid   ir rad i at ion   le vel   c ha ng e .   T his   com par is on   is   il lust rated   in   Figure   10.   By   app l ying   i rr a diati on   le vel   pro file   with   600   W/m 2   (from   0   to   30   s)   the   si mu la ti on   has   pro ve d   that   the   modifi ed   P& O   is   fast er   to   at ta in   the   ste ady   sta te   th an   the   co nve ntion al   al gorith m   (17s   v's   23s ).   T he   Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In t J  P ow Elec   & Dri S ys t   IS S N: 20 88 - 8 694       Ph oto v oltaic a rra y  m axim um  po we r  point tr ackin g  vi a m od if ie d  …   ( B ahaa  Abd ulkh ailq N uma n)   2015   os ci ll at ion   for   the   m odifie d   P&O   is   le ss   t han   the   c onve ntion al   an d   he nce   t he   powe r   loss   is   l ow e r   for   t he   modifie d   P& O .     Fo r   slo w   irra di at ion   le vel   c ha ng e   (r a mp   up   600   W/m 2   to   1000   W/m 2   w hi ch   is   ap plied   be tween   ti me   30s - 35   s   a nd   r amp   dow n   1000   W/m 2   -   800   W/m 2 ap plied   be tween   ti me   40s - 45   s) ,   the   modifie d   P& O   shows   le ss   div e r ge   from   t he   i deal   M PP .   As   t he   i rr a diati on   le ve l   cha ng es   ra pi dly   ( 800   W/m 2   to   200   W/m 2   at   ti me   50 s) ,   it 's   cl ear   that   the   m odifie d   al gorit hm   a tt ai ns   the   ste ad y   sta te   faste r   than   the   c onve ntion al   P& O   ( 65 s   v' s   78 s )   a nd   this   will   al so   dec reas e   the   powe r   los s   as   the   m od i fied   al go rithm   is   us e d.   Figure   12   il lustrate s  the   difference   betwee n  t he  modifie d  a nd  c onve nt ion al   P& O  e ffi ci ency .   T he   simulat ed  fig ure  s hows  t hat  the  os ci ll at ion   f or   t he  m odifie d  al gorit hm   is  le ss  than   the  c onve ntion al   a nd  the   powe r  loss  is l ess. T he  a ver a ge  e ff ic ie nc y o f  the  m od ifie d P&O   is  gr eat er  than the c on ve ntion al   by  4.34%.           Figure  9. I rr a diati on  lev el  v a riat ion   prof il e         Figure  10. MP PT  of   Mo dified  a nd con ven ti on al   P&O as c ompa red with  ideal  M PP           Figure   11 .   M P PT   c omparis ons   f or   m od ifie d   and   co nventi onal   P&O   al gorit hm       4.   CONCL US I O NS     Global   intere st   has   bec ome   ve ry   great   with   the   us e   of   s ol ar   e nerg y   s ys t ems   as   a   s our ce   of   cl ea n   el ect ric   energ y.   O ne   of   the   main   pro blems   that   so la r   e ne rgy   s ys te ms   s uffer   fro m   bei ng   the   c ha ng e   in   the   powe r   producti on   of   t he   s olar   pa nels   as   a   re su lt   of   c ha ng i ng   weathe r   c on diti on s   s uch   as   so la r   ir rad ia ti on   that   may   resu lt   from   the   pr ese nce   of   s ha dows   ca us e d   by   neig hbor i ng   buil dings   or   cl ouds...   et c.   The   c ha nge   in   the   pro du ct io n   power   ca us e d   by   the   presence   of   s ha dows   is   a   rap i d   cha ng e.   The refor e ,   s olar   e nergy   syst ems   op e rati ng   in   th ese   co ndit ion s   need   to   ha ve   a   smart   trac king   al gorithm   f or   the   maxim um   powe r   point   t hat   so la r   cel ls   ge ner at e   at   e very   m ome nt.   T he   P& O   t rack i ng   al gorithm   is   co ns ide red   a   si mp le   wa y   to   track   the   ma xim um   po wer   point,   whic h   de pe nd s   on   pe rtu r bating   the   volt age   of   the   s olar   pa nels   to   trac k   t he   PV   maxim um   po wer   point,   but   this   met hod   s uffer s   f rom   osc il la ti on   arou nd   the   M PP   du rin g   ste ad y   sta te   and   div e rg e   f r om   maxim um   poin t   w hen   ra pid   c hange   of   e nvir onmental   c ondi ti on s   occ ur s .   Ther e f or e,   in   t his   pap e r   a   m od i fied   P &O   al gorith m   has   bee n   us e d   by   a ddin g   a no t her   par ame te r   wh ic h   de pe nds   on   meas ur i ng   the   amo un t   of   c ha ng e   in   cu rr e nt   in   ad diti on   to   the   vo lt a ges   to   fin d   the   ma ximu m   po wer   po int.   T he   al go rithm   has   been   use d   to   c on t ro l   t he   du t y   cycle   of   a   DC - DC   buc k   c onve rter   to   ma xim iz e   the   po wer   outp ut   f rom   the   PV .     Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
                          IS S N :   2088 - 8 694   In t J   P ow  Ele c  &  D ri   S ys t,   V ol .  11 , N o.   4 ,  D ecembe r  2020   :   2007   –   2018   2016   The   sim ulati on   sho ws   that   du rin g   c on sta nt   i rr a diati on   ( 600   W/m 2)   t he   m odifie d   P& O   al gorithm   has   the   a bili ty   to   a tt ai n   the   ste ad y   sta te   faster   t han   the   c onve ntion al   one.   As   the   irra diati on   le vel   c hange s   ra pid l y   from   800   to   200   W/m 2 ,   the   m od i fied   al gorit hm   at ta ins   t he   ste ady   sta te   fas te r   tha n   the   c onve ntio nal   P& O.   T he   powe r   loss   due   to   os ci ll at ion   is   le ss   for   m odifie d   P& O.   F or   sl ow   i rr a dia ti on   le vel   c hange   ( ram p   up   600   to   1000   a nd   ram p   dow n   10 00 - 800)   W/m 2 ,   the   m od i fied   P& O   s how s   le ss   div e rg e   f r om   t he   M P P.   T he   aver a ge   eff ic ie nc y   of   the   modifie d   P&O   is   gr eat e r   tha n   the   co nventi on al   one   by   4. 34%.       REFERE NCE S   [1]   Mohd   Riz wan   Siraj uddin   Sha i kh ,   Santosh   B.   Wa ghm are,   Suvarna   Shank ar   L aba de ,   Pooja   Vi tt al   Fuke,   Ani l   Te ka le ,   “ A   R eview   Paper   on   E l ec tr ic i ty   G ene ra t ion   fro m   Sol ar   Ene rgy, ”  Inte rn ati onal   Journal   for   R ese arch   in   Appl ie d   Sc ie n ce   &   Eng ine ering   Technol og y   (I JR A SET ) ,   Vol .   5 ,   No .   9 ,   pp .   1884 - 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751 ,   Se pte mb er   2015 .   [9]   Priyat osh   Jena ,  Raj en   Pudur ,  Praka sh   Kumar   R a y ,  As it   Mohanty   “ ANN   Based   MPPT   Applie d   to   Solar   Pow ere d   Wa t er   Pumping   Sys te m   Us ing   BLDC   Motor , ”   I EE E   Int ernati onal   Con fe re nce   on   Sustain able   Ene rgy   Technol ogi es   an d   Syste ms   (ICS E TS)   26   Fe b . - 1   M arch   2019 ,   DO I:   10. 1109/ICSE T S.2019. 8744804 .   [10]   M.   Be chouat ,  M.   Sedra ou i,   C.   - E.   Fera g a,   M.   Aio ud   and   S.   Kahl a,  “Mode li ng   and   Fuzzy   MPPT   Co ntrol ler   Design   for   Photovol ta i c   Module   Equi pp ed   wi th   a   Close d - Loop   Coo li ng   Sys te m , ”  Journ al   of   Elec troni c   Mae rials ,  Vol.   48,   No.   9,   2019.   [11]   Abhishek   Rosh an,   Praka sh   Dw ive di   and   Hi me sh   Kum ar ,  “ Fuzzy   B ase d   MPPT   and   Energy   Mana g eme nt   Strat egy , ”  I EE E   10th   Control   a nd   Syste m   Gr aduate   R ese arch   C oll oquium   (ICS GRC   2019 ),   2   -   3   Augus t   2019,   Shah   Alam,   Ma l aysia .   [12]   Mohame d   M.   R efa a t ,  Yous ry   A ti a ,  M . 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