In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
987~
9
9
4
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
9
87-
99
4
987
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Energy and exergy efficiency o
f water-based photovo
ltaic
thermal (PVT) systems: an overview
N
u
r
u
l Sha
hira
h Binti
Ruk
m
a
n
1
,
A
h
m
a
d
F
ud
ho
l
i
2
,
Ivan
Tasli
m
3
,
M
e
r
i
t
a
A
y
u
I
n
d
r
i
a
nt
i
4
,
In
t
a
n
N
ovian
tari
M
an
y
o
e
5
, Uce
Lestari
6
,
Kam
a
ru
zz
am
an
S
op
ian
7
1
,
2,
7
Solar E
n
ergy Research Institu
t
e
,
Uni
v
ers
i
t
i
Ke
b
angsaan Malaysia
,
43
600
Bang
i
S
el
ang
o
r, M
al
a
y
s
i
a
3,
4
Unive
r
sita
s
M
u
h
a
mma
d
i
y
a
h
G
o
ro
nta
l
o,
Ind
on
e
s
ia
5
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ta
s
Ne
g
e
r
i
G
or
on
ta
l
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
6
P
h
arm
a
c
e
uti
cal St
u
d
y
P
ro
gram
, F
acu
lt
y of S
c
i
en
ce
a
nd
Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f Jamb
i,
Ind
on
esia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
1
5
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
9
,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
J
an
28
,
2
0
19
Con
v
en
tio
nal
f
u
els
are
n
o
t
f
r
ee,
s
carce
and
exp
e
ns
ive,
a
n
d
i
ts
fu
t
u
r
e
c
os
t
a
n
d
avai
labil
ity
a
re
u
ncertain.
Hen
ce,
t
h
e
u
sag
e
o
f
so
lar
energ
y
i
n
a
ppli
cation
s
will
probabl
y
i
ncrease
and
furthe
r
become
e
con
o
mically
f
e
a
sibl
e
i
n
th
e
n
ear
f
u
t
u
re.
S
o
lar
energ
y
i
s
f
r
ee,
c
lea
n
,
and
renewab
l
e
an
d
has
been
w
id
ely
used
in
e
lect
ri
cit
y
g
enerati
o
n
and
therm
a
l
energy
v
i
a
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
t
he
rm
al
(
PV
T
)
syst
e
m
.
PVT
i
s
a
h
ybrid
system
c
onsi
s
t
s
of
a
P
V
panel
and
a
sol
ar
c
ol
lecto
r
in
a
s
ingl
e
unit
to
s
i
m
u
ltaneous
l
y
p
roduce
el
ec
t
r
icity
a
nd
t
her
m
a
l
ene
r
gy.
In
th
is
r
ev
iew,
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
exergy
e
f
f
i
c
iency
f
o
r
water-bas
ed
P
VT
s
ys
te
m
s
i
s
pres
ent
e
d
.
A
s
co
ncl
u
s
i
on
,
th
e
study
on
e
xer
g
y
is
s
til
l
limited
an
d
is
recom
m
e
nd
ed
t
o
b
e
f
urt
h
ered
i
n
order
t
o
o
bt
ain
e
d
u
s
ef
u
l
e
nerg
y
g
e
nerati
on
b
y
the
s
ys
te
m.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Energy
a
nalys
i
s
Exergy
a
nalys
i
s
Phot
o
v
o
lta
ic
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
S
o
lar
ene
r
gy
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ivan
T
asl
i
m,
U
n
i
v
ersi
tas M
uham
m
a
di
ya
h G
o
r
o
n
t
a
l
o,
Ind
one
sia
.
Em
ail:
i
v
a
n
t
a
s
lim
@umg
o.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
s
e
pa
st
d
a
y
s
has
g
over
n
e
d
t
he
a
da
nce
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
ech
no
l
o
g
i
e
s
b
y
s
o
u
rci
n
g
so
lar
e
n
er
gy
as
t
he
ene
r
g
y
i
npu
t.
D
ue
t
o
the
su
sta
i
na
bil
i
t
y
of
s
ol
a
r
s
o
u
rce
,
t
h
e
r
e
new
a
bi
li
ty
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
h
ad
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
em
plo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
em
i
n
m
o
st
o
f
rec
e
n
t
a
pp
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
T
he
m
os
t
pro
m
i
s
i
n
g
t
ec
hn
olo
g
y
t
hat
ma
de
g
re
at
p
a
c
e
in
adva
nc
em
en
t
i
s
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
(
P
V
)
t
e
chn
o
l
ogy
w
h
ic
h
us
i
ng
so
la
r
p
a
n
el
i
n
c
onv
e
r
ti
ng
s
u
nli
ght
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
ene
r
g
y
. A
s
f
ur
the
r
st
u
d
i
es h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
nti
nue
d,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
t
he
rm
al (P
V
T) sys
tem
ha
s
be
en
i
n
t
ro
duce
d
w
hic
h
is
t
he
c
om
bi
s
y
s
tem
of
P
V
a
n
d
he
a
t
c
olle
c
t
o
r
s
ystem
.
T
he
P
V
pa
n
e
l
a
b
s
o
r
b
s
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
c
t
s
a
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
h
e
a
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
t
o
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
t
he
t
em
per
a
t
u
re
o
f
pa
nel,
a
v
o
i
d
i
ng
e
x
trem
e
ho
t
c
ond
it
i
o
n
o
f
p
a
n
e
l
d
ur
ing
the
o
p
era
tio
n.
T
h
u
s,
P
V
T
s
ystem
p
rod
u
c
es
b
oth
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
a
n
d
th
ermal
ene
r
g
i
es
from
one
i
nte
g
r
a
ted
s
y
stem
;
dr
aw
in
g
h
i
g
h
a
tt
e
n
t
i
o
n
from
lot
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
i
t
s
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
s
i
n
f
u
l
l
f
i
l
l
i
n
g
the
e
n
ergy
d
e
m
a
nd.
P
V
T
s
y
s
tem
i
s
a
p
ro
m
i
sing
s
ystem
t
o
g
e
n
era
t
e
b
ot
h
e
n
erg
i
es
d
ue
t
o
it
s
hi
g
h
r
elia
bi
l
i
t
y
sy
st
em
w
i
t
h
low
en
vi
ron
m
ent
i
m
p
a
c
t
.
Pri
m
ari
l
y
,
th
e
fo
cu
s
o
f
s
tu
dy
w
a
s
o
n
glaz
e
d
c
o
l
le
c
t
or
s
or
p
ane
l
;
b
o
t
h
air-
based a
n
d w
a
t
e
r-ba
s
ed sy
s
tem
.
Th
e
di
ff
ere
n
ces
w
ere
t
h
e
co
ol
a
n
t
s
u
se
d
e
i
t
h
er
a
i
r
o
r
wa
t
e
r
i
n
t
he
h
ea
t
co
llec
t
or
o
r
c
o
o
l
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
.
Am
ong
t
he
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
ese
system
s
a
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
us
ed
f
or
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
grate
d
p
ho
t
ovo
lta
ic
t
h
e
rm
al
(BIPV
T
)
syst
e
m
.
Generally,
a
w
at
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
m
p
risi
ng
w
ith
P
V
m
odu
l
e
,
a
b
sor
b
er
col
l
ec
t
o
r
i
n
t
he
d
es
i
g
n
a
te
d
tub
e
s,
t
he
g
las
s
c
o
v
er,
and
i
n
s
u
la
t
ed
c
o
n
ta
ine
r
.
A
n
a
ir-
b
ased
P
V
T
s
ys
tem
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
of
a
P
V
pa
ne
l
and
a
t
h
erm
a
l
col
l
e
c
t
or
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
s
ys
tem
ca
n
pr
o
d
u
ce
e
le
ctr
i
ca
l
e
n
er
gy
direc
t
l
y
c
o
nve
rte
d
from
s
o
l
ar
r
adi
a
ti
o
n
,
w
h
i
l
e
e
x
tra
c
t
i
n
g
h
ea
t
fr
om
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
a
nd
w
arm
t
h
e
a
i
r
flo
w
i
nsid
e
th
e
col
l
ecto
r
;
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
987
–
9
94
98
8
w
e
l
l
a
s
f
o
r
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
s
e
e
x
pl
a
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
odu
c
t
i
o
n
of
h
ot
a
i
r
a
n
d
hot
w
at
er
from
the
w
ate
r-ba
s
e
d
a
nd
ai
r-based P
VT
system
s
[
1–15]
.
I
n
t
he
m
id-1970s,
a
s
tudy
with
t
he
f
ocus
on
P
V
T
sys
t
ems,
a
iming
t
o
in
c
r
ea
se
t
he
P
V
e
f
fi
ci
en
cy
h
a
d
bee
n
c
arrie
d
o
ut.
In
t
he
m
e
a
n
t
i
m
e
,
t
o
m
eet
t
he
d
e
p
lo
ym
ent
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
chno
l
o
g
y
i
n
d
o
m
e
s
ti
c
appl
i
cati
o
n
was
regarded
a
s
the
mai
n
m
arket
[1
6].
I
n
t
his
re
vi
e
w
,
e
n
ergy
a
nd
e
x
ergy
ef
fi
cienc
y
o
f
w
a
te
r-
bas
e
d
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
is
p
rese
n
t
e
d
,
a
nd t
y
pes
of w
a
t
er-ba
s
ed P
V
T
sys
tem
is de
s
cribe
d
.
2.
TYP
E
S
OF WATER-BASE
D
PVT S
YSTEMS
U
t
i
liza
t
i
on
of
w
a
t
e
r
a
s
coo
l
a
n
t
s
i
n
P
V
T
sy
stem
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
l
so
k
now
n
as
w
ater-
b
ased
P
VT
s
ys
t
e
ms
h
a
d
bee
n
e
xper
i
en
c
e
d
grea
t
a
d
v
a
nce
m
e
n
t
s
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
he
r
ese
a
rc
hes
th
a
t
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
duc
te
d
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
f
l
o
w
p
a
t
t
e
rn
o
f
c
ool
ant
in
w
at
er-bas
ed
P
VT
s
yste
ms
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
t
eg
orise
d
i
nt
o
t
h
e
r
ee
t
ypes
are
:
(
i)
nat
u
ra
l
flow
,
(ii
)
for
ce
flow
a
nd (i
ii) hy
b
r
i
d
sy
s
t
em
.
F
i
gure
1. Class
ifica
t
i
o
ns of
fl
ow
patter
n
in wat
e
r-based P
VT sy
stem
s
3.
STUDIES C
O
N
D
UCT
ED ON
WAT
E
R-BASED
PVT
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
A
f
ter
w
ards,
an
e
val
u
at
io
n
of
c
om
bine
d
P
V
T
sys
t
em
s
als
o
h
a
d
b
ee
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
H
e
n
d
r
i
e
[
1
7
]
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
per
f
orm
a
nc
es
o
f
b
o
t
h
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd
t
h
er
ma
l
e
n
e
r
gy
ha
d
bee
n
e
val
u
a
t
ed
b
y
yi
eld
i
ng
sha
r
p
re
l
a
t
i
on
to
t
h
e
t
he
ore
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
ul
ts.
F
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ear
ch
,
i
t
h
a
d
p
ro
ve
d
t
h
a
t
P
V
T
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
s
ys
t
e
m
c
a
n
ass
u
red
i
n
h
a
v
i
ng
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
u
s
ef
ul
a
nd
g
re
at
er
t
h
e
rmal
a
nd
e
l
e
ct
ri
c
a
l
energ
y
ga
in.
F
r
om
h
is
t
he
or
et
ic
al
s
t
u
d
i
es,
he
a
l
s
o
conc
l
ude
d
tha
t
t
he
a
na
l
y
tica
l
m
odels
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
i
n
pr
ed
ict
i
n
g
t
h
e
ener
gy
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
’
s
p
e
r
for
m
a
n
ce
s
as
i
t
gave
an
acc
urate
data
.
A
n
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
a
lso
had
be
en
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
by
Er
dil
e
t
a
l.
[1
8]
w
hich
f
oc
use
d
o
n
e
n
erg
y
gene
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
a
P
V
-
solar
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
h
y
b
rid
system
b
y
usi
ng
w
a
te
r
a
s
c
oo
l
a
nt
s
.
T
wo
e
xp
e
r
i
m
en
t
a
l
mod
u
l
e
s
had
be
en
u
sed
a
s
t
he
h
y
b
ri
d
sys
t
em
w
h
i
l
e
i
np
ut/
o
ut
put
d
i
v
er
se
s
ys
t
e
m
h
a
d
be
e
n
i
n
s
t
a
ll
ed
i
n
order
t
o
e
ns
ure
con
s
ta
n
t
fl
o
w
circu
l
a
t
i
on o
f
wate
r
a
cross the
ca
vit
y
.
F
i
rst
,
t
he
i
nve
stiga
t
io
n
o
n
w
ater-
b
ased
P
V
T
s
ys
tem
s
u
n
d
e
r
cont
i
n
uou
s
as
so
rt
me
nt
o
f
t
e
mp
e
r
atu
r
e
mode
w
i
t
h
u
n
l
i
ke
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
fl
ow
r
ate
m
ode
by
M
i
s
h
ra
a
n
d
Tiw
a
r
i
[
1
9
]
h
a
d
bee
n
c
om
p
a
re
d
for
tw
o
p
a
nel’s
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
pa
rt
ial
l
y
c
o
v
e
re
d
a
n
d
ful
l
y
c
o
ve
red
P
V
m
odu
l
e
.
The
part
ia
ll
y
cove
re
d
P
V
h
ad
b
e
e
n
show
n
tha
t
t
he
case
w
a
s
prefe
r
able
f
or
h
o
t
w
ater
o
r
hi
gh
t
her
m
a
l
yi
el
d
pro
d
u
c
tio
n
me
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
fu
l
l
y
c
o
vere
d
resu
lte
d
in
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
ng
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
lec
t
r
i
cal
g
ai
n,
h
e
nce
be
tter
fo
r
prim
ary
re
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
o
f
o
b
t
a
in
in
g
hi
gh
elec
t
r
ical
g
a
i
n.
C
how
e
t
al.
[2
0]
a
lso
h
a
d
s
t
u
d
ie
d
d
i
ss
i
m
i
l
a
r
w
ate
r-ba
s
e
d
P
V
T
s
y
st
e
m
w
h
i
ch
r
e
s
ult
i
ng
t
ha
t
un
g
l
azed
P
V
T
gene
rate
d
hi
g
h
er
t
herm
al
e
ner
g
y
tha
n
g
laze
d
P
V
T.
O
ther
t
ha
n
t
ha
t,
S
hyam
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
had
co
nc
lu
de
d
from
a
s
t
u
d
y
on
pa
rt
i
a
lly
c
over
e
d
P
V
m
od
u
l
e
o
f
w
a
t
e
r-ba
s
e
d
P
V
T
sys
t
em
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
i
n
se
rie
s
,
t
h
at
t
he
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
r
e
li
a
n
t
o
n
m
odu
le
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y,
t
ank
a
n
d
o
u
t
le
t
w
a
ter
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
h
av
e
b
een
v
al
id
at
e
d
f
o
r
t
he
water
-
based PV
T syst
em.
O
t
he
r
t
h
an
t
ha
t
,
e
xe
rgy
effic
i
e
n
c
y
w
as
i
nve
s
tiga
t
e
d
e
x
p
erim
enta
l
l
y
a
n
d
m
a
them
at
ica
l
ly
w
hic
h
m
o
r
e
rea
l
i
s
ti
c
a
n
d
pr
a
c
tic
al
v
iew
of
p
r
o
cess
tha
n
e
ne
rg
y
ana
l
ysi
s
m
e
t
h
od
[
22
].
A
g
r
a
w
al
a
n
d
Garg
[
23
]
al
so
h
a
v
e
stud
ie
d
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
pe
rform
a
n
c
e
a
w
a
ter
-
bas
e
d
P
V
T
sys
t
e
m
.
D
i
ffe
r
e
n
ce
met
h
od
h
ad
b
ee
n
use
d
t
o
si
mu
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
perform
ance
o
f t
h
e water
-
bas
e
d PV
T
syst
em.
Their
r
e
sult
s
indica
ted t
h
at w
ater
-based PVT
s
ys
t
e
ms gen
er
ate
d
sa
ti
s
f
a
c
to
ry
e
l
ect
ri
cal
en
e
rgy
f
o
r d
o
m
es
ti
c
u
s
ag
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy
an
d e
xergy
ef
fic
ie
ncy
of
wa
ter-b
a
se
d
phot
ov
ol
ta
ic t
h
e
r
m
a
l.
..(
N
ur
u
l
Sh
a
h
i
r
ah
Bi
nti
Rukm
a
n
)
98
9
4.
E
N
E
R
GY
AND EX
ERG
Y
EFFICIENCY
O
F
W
ATER-BAS
E
D
P
V
T
SYSTE
M
S
Exe
r
g
y
t
he
or
y
als
o
h
a
d
b
ee
n
use
d
i
n
t
e
rm
o
f
at
t
a
i
n
in
g
ana
l
ys
is
on
perform
ance
o
f
wat
e
r-bas
ed
P
VT
syste
m
,
exper
i
m
e
ntal
l
y
.
F
r
o
m
t
heir
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
xperim
e
n
t
a
l
a
ssessm
e
nt,
t
h
ey
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
d
tha
t
t
he
w
ater-
b
ased
PVT
s
y
st
e
m
can
p
ro
du
c
e
b
ett
e
r
ex
e
r
gy
o
u
t
p
u
t
t
h
an
a
uni
t
o
f
P
V
m
odu
le
o
r
w
a
ter
co
l
l
e
c
tor
[2
4].
T
i
w
a
ri
a
n
d
S
odha
[
2
5
]
als
o
h
a
d
e
sta
b
lishe
d
a
t
h
erm
a
l
mode
l
for
a
w
a
ter-
bas
ed
P
V
T
s
yst
e
m
a
nd
con
v
e
y
ed
t
ha
t
a
da
ily
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
5
8
%
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
.
D
u
b
e
y
a
n
d
T
iw
a
r
i
[2
6]
h
ave
des
i
gne
d
an
d
ver
i
f
i
ed
a
n
uns
t
e
a
d
y
sta
t
e
sys
t
e
m
of w
a
te
r
-
based P
V
T
sys
t
e
m
.
A
n
obs
erva
tio
n
o
f
it
p
erf
o
rmed
b
et
t
e
r
t
h
e
r
ma
l
a
n
d
av
e
r
ag
e
ce
l
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
ncy
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
w
ith
p
re
v
i
ous
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h.
T
h
e
n
,
T
i
w
a
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
h
a
d
c
o
m
e
t
o
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
tha
t
t
he
ove
ra
l
l
e
xergy
an
d the
r
ma
l efficie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
T
syste
m
i
s
ma
x
i
m
um
at
ma
ss
f
low
r
a
te
o
f 0.
0
0
6
kg
/
s.
I
n
201
4,
a
t
he
rm
al
m
odel
ha
d
bee
n
d
e
s
ign
e
d
to
t
es
t
for
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
o
f
a
-S
i
P
V
m
odul
e
.
Wa
t
e
r
fl
ow
h
a
d
b
ee
n
im
plie
d
on
t
h
e
fro
n
t
o
f
pa
ne
l
i
n
o
p
e
n
l
o
o
p
c
ond
iti
on
f
o
r
cool
ing
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
W
a
t
e
r
fl
ow
o
ver
t
h
e
P
V
m
odu
l
e
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
cl
u
d
ed
a
s
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
its
e
ff
ic
i
e
n
c
y
a
s
t
h
i
s
de
si
gn
w
a
s
w
h
ere
the
drai
ne
d
w
a
ter,
h
ad
b
ee
n
un
us
ed
a
nd
a
l
so
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
i
n
tegra
ting
i
t
wi
th
a
n
y
p
l
at
e
wat
e
r
col
l
e
cto
r
a
sse
mbl
y
[
28
].
The
n
,
in
t
he
s
am
e
year
,
it
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
ro
ve
d
by
H
e
r
r
an
do
e
t
a
l.
[
29]
t
ha
t
w
a
t
e
r
is
t
he
b
es
t
h
eat
r
em
oval
com
p
are
d
t
o
a
i
r
.
A
p
re
sentat
i
on
of
a
n
um
eri
c
a
l
m
ode
l
ha
d
be
en
s
tud
i
e
d
b
y
B
o
ube
kri
e
t
a
l.
[
3
0
]
to
t
e
s
ti
fy
t
he
elec
tr
ical
p
er
form
anc
e
o
f
a
col
l
ec
t
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
water-
base
d
P
V
T
s
yst
e
m
w
h
i
c
h
it
ha
d
been
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
overa
ll
ef
fic
i
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
lle
ctor
a
ls
o
ca
n
b
e
i
nfl
u
ence
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
c
l
i
n
ati
o
n
a
n
gl
e,
t
h
e
m
ass
flo
w
r
at
e
of
w
at
e
r
and
the
co
nd
uc
t
i
o
n
he
a
t
tra
n
sf
er
c
oeffic
ie
nt i
n
t
h
e
a
dhe
s
i
ve
la
ye
r.
K
a
lo
g
i
r
ou e
t
a
l
.
[31] a
lso le
d a sim
u
lat
i
on
o
n
t
h
e ind
u
s
t
ry of
PVT
s
y
st
e
m
s
wi
th
w
at
e
r
h
ea
t
ex
t
r
a
c
ti
on
in
t
hree
p
lac
e
s
w
ith
d
i
f
fere
nt
l
a
tit
u
d
es,
and
als
o
u
s
i
ng
d
i
ffer
ent
t
y
pe
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls.
The
previ
o
us
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
d
appr
ove
d
o
n
t
he
w
a
t
er
e
ffic
i
enc
y
a
s
hea
t
e
xtra
c
tio
n
an
d
as
w
ell
a
s
la
ti
tude
s
t
h
at
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
the
e
n
erg
y
gene
ra
ti
o
n
.
M
e
anw
h
ile,
as
f
or
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
w
h
ic
h
use
d
d
i
f
fere
n
t
s
ol
a
r
c
ell
s
,
it
ha
d
be
en
e
me
rged
t
ha
t
t
h
e
elec
tr
ici
t
y
ge
n
e
ra
t
i
on
i
s
hig
h
e
r
f
or
p
o
l
y
c
rys
t
a
l
line
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
wher
eb
y
am
orp
h
o
u
s
s
o
l
a
r
c
el
ls
p
r
oduc
e
d
sl
i
ght
ly
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
erma
l
co
nt
r
i
but
ion
s
.
Be
fo
re
h
a
nd
i
n
2
006
,
a
c
o
m
put
e
r
s
im
ul
a
tio
n
w
a
s
pe
rfor
me
d
w
h
ic
h
conc
e
n
trat
in
g
on
the
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
e
ffe
c
t
s
of
s
olar
c
el
l
pac
k
i
ng
fac
tor
an
d
water
m
a
ss
flo
w
r
ate.
T
he
se
f
act
ors
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
t
o
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nc
ie
s.
I
t
ha
d
rec
onf
irme
d
tha
t
s
yste
m
opera
tio
n at t
h
e
op
tim
um mass fl
ow
rate
impro
v
e
d
t
he the
rm
al pe
rf
o
r
ma
nce
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
i
t
t
h
en
l
ess
e
n
i
ng wh
e
n
a
c
r
itic
a
l
m
a
s
s
fl
ow
i
s
s
u
rpa
s
se
d
[3
2].
Energy
a
n
d
e
x
er
gy
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
b
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
rese
arc
h
ers
as show
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
Tab
l
e
1. P
e
r
form
ance
s of
w
ater
-base
d
PVT sys
t
e
ms
Ye
a
r
A
u
t
hor(s
)
Study
P
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
ce
An
al
ys
e
s
E
n
e
r
g
y
E
ff
i
c
ie
nc
ie
s
(%)
PV
T
Ex
er
g
y
E
f
f
i
ci
e
n
cy
T
he
r
m
al
P
V
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
(%)
1994
G
a
r
g e
t
a
l.
[
33]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
5
5
9
65
N
A
2001
H
ua
ng e
t
al.
[
34]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
3
8.
9
9
47.
5
N
A
2002
S
t
a
e
b
l
e
r e
t
a
l.
[
35]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
3
2.
5
18.
6
NA
N
A
2003
C
how
[
3
6
]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
NA
10.
2
NA
N
A
2006
C
how
e
t
al.
[
37]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
57.
4–
76
.
3
12
.
1
–
12.
3
69.
7–
76.
3
NA
2006
H
e e
t
al
.
[38]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
5
5
11.
5
58
N
A
2006
T
iwa
r
i a
n
d
S
odha
[25]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
77.
25
1
1.
88
5
8
N
A
2007
C
how
e
t
al.
[
39]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
3
8.
9
8.
56
N
A
N
A
2007
J
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
40]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
45
10.
1
52
N
A
2007
F
ra
iss
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
41]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
NA
10
NA
NA
2009
D
ube
y a
n
d
T
i
wa
r
i
[42]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
16.
8–
33
.
1
NA
NA
N
A
2009
C
ristofa
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
43
]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
5
5
12
68
N
A
2011
D
upe
y
r
a
t
e
t a
l
.
[
44]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
7
9
8.
8
8
8
NA
2011
H
e e
t
al
.
[45]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
4
0
9.
8
51
N
A
2011
G
a
ng e
t
a
l.
[
46]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
an
a
l
ys
i
s
4
1
.9
9
.4
N
A
6
.
8
2011
W
u e
t
a
l.
[
47]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
–e
xe
r
g
y
an
a
l
ys
i
s
63.
65
8
.
4
5
NA
10.
26
2012
G
a
ng e
t
a
l.
[
48]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
t
e
o
r
et
i
cal
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
2
3–3
8
1
.
5–4.
3
NA
N
A
2012
K
i
m
a
n
d
K
i
m
[
49]
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
5
1
14.
3
6
5.
3
N
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
987
–
9
94
99
0
Tab
l
e
1. P
e
r
form
ance
s of
w
ater
-base
d
PVT sys
t
e
ms
Ye
a
r
A
u
t
hor(s
)
Study
P
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
ce
An
al
ys
e
s
E
n
e
r
g
y
E
ff
i
c
ie
nc
ie
s
(%)
PV
T
Ex
er
g
y
E
f
f
i
ci
e
n
cy
T
he
r
m
al
P
V
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
(%)
(
Co
n
t
.
)
2012
K
i
m
a
n
d
K
i
m
[
50]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
6
6–7
0
14–1
5
70–8
5
N
A
2012
C
ristofa
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
51
]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
2
9
14
43
N
A
2013
D
ube
y a
n
d
Ta
y
[
52]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
39.
4–
40
.
7
11
.
4
–
11.
8
NA
N
A
2013
M
ishra
a
nd
T
i
w
a
ri
[19]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
an
a
l
ys
i
s
28.
2–
45
.
9
10
.
0
–
10.
4
NA
N
A
2013
A
xa
opoulos
a
nd
Fy
l
l
a
d
ita
kis
[53]
T
h
e
o
re
t
i
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
–
e
c
on
om
ic
an
a
l
ys
i
s
1
7
.
7
NA
NA
N
A
2014
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
e
t a
l
.
[54]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
an
a
l
ys
i
s
5
5–6
2
11.
4
NA
12.
0–1
4
2014
F
udhol
i
e
t
a
l.
[
55
]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
5
4.
6
13.
8
68.
4
N
A
2015
A
ste
e
t
a
l
.
[
46]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
2
8
.
8
13.
2
42
N
A
2015
G
ood
e
t
a
l
.
[
57]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
7
1.
5
17.
4
NA
N
A
2015
S
hya
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
58]
T
he
or
e
tica
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
44.6–4
9
1
0
.
2
–
10.
8
NA
N
A
2015
T
iwa
r
i e
t
a
l
.
[
59]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
–
e
x
e
rgo–
ec
ono
m
i
c
–
e
nviro-
ec
ono
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
ys
is
NA
1
3
.
4
–
23.
2
28.
5–
53.
4
NA
2016
A
ste
e
t
a
l
.
[
60]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
20.8–4
5
1
3
.
4
–
13.
7
32.
7–
40.
6
NA
2016
R
os
a
-
C
l
ot e
t
a
l
.
[61]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
6
2
1
3
.
1
9
NA
N
A
2016
T
s
e
e
t a
l
.
[
62]
T
he
or
e
tica
l
E
ne
rgy
–
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
an
a
l
ys
i
s
NA
16
NA
N
A
2016
Y
az
d
a
nif
a
rd
e
t a
l
.
[63]
Th
eo
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y–
ex
er
g
y
an
a
l
ys
i
s
70
1
7
NA
N
A
2016
S
i
ngh
e
t
a
l
.
[
64]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
–e
xe
r
g
y
an
a
l
ys
i
s
69.
06
NA
75
N
A
2016
T
ripa
thi e
t
a
l.
[
65]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
–e
xe
r
g
y
–
e
nviro-e
c
ono
m
i
c
an
a
l
ys
i
s
4
0
–
50
N
A
4
5
–
63
NA
2016
X
u
et a
l.
[
66]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
60
2
8
NA
N
A
2017
A
ste
e
t
a
l
.
[
67]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
2
9.
4
6
.
0–14.
2
42.
3–
52.
6
NA
2017
H
ui e
t
a
l
.
[68]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
35
1
0
NA
N
A
2017
M
odjinou
e
t
a
l.
[
69]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
54
7
.
6
NA
N
A
2017
L
i
a
ng
e
t a
l
.
[
70]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
sis
4
5–6
2
14.
25–
15
.
9
2
NA
N
A
2017
L
a
r
i a
nd
S
a
hi
n [71
]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
–e
xe
r
g
y
–
ec
ono
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
ys
is
NA
13.
2
NA
N
A
2017
S
a
l
e
m
et a
l
.
[
72]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
an
a
l
ys
i
s
31.
6–
57
.
9
17
.
7
–
38.
4
59.
3
–
9
2
1
1
.
1–1
3.
5
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
I
n
t
h
i
s
rev
i
ew
,
w
a
ter-
based
P
V
T
system
s
h
a
d
bee
n
s
um
ma
rized
w
h
i
ch
c
ompris
in
g
the
st
ud
ies
t
h
a
t
had bee
n
c
a
rried
o
u
t
p
re
v
i
ous
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
a
dva
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
i
s syst
e
m
.
P
r
oduc
ti
o
n
o
f
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
,
portra
y
ed b
y
t
h
e
therm
a
l ga
i
n
m
ore tha
n
5
0%
. Tho
u
g
h
,
the s
t
ud
y o
n
e
x
e
rgy i
s
sti
l
l
l
i
mite
d and is rec
o
m
m
e
nde
d t
o
be furthe
re
d
in or
d
e
r
to ob
ta
ine
d
u
se
fu
l e
n
e
r
gy
ge
ner
a
tio
n
by t
h
e
sys
t
em
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
h
ors
gr
atefu
l
l
y
a
c
k
no
w
l
e
dge
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
from
t
he
U
S
A
ID
t
hrou
g
h
S
H
E
RA
p
ro
gr
am
-Ce
n
tr
e
for
D
e
ve
lopm
e
n
t o
f
S
u
s
ta
ina
b
le
Re
g
i
o
n (CD
S
R). The
aut
ho
rs w
ou
ld
l
ik
e
to
t
h
a
nk
s th
e
UKM f
or
support.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy
an
d e
xergy
ef
fic
ie
ncy
of
wa
ter-b
a
se
d
phot
ov
ol
ta
ic t
h
e
r
m
a
l.
..(
N
ur
u
l
Sh
a
h
i
r
ah
Bi
nti
Rukm
a
n
)
99
1
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N.S.
N
azri,
et a
l
.,
“
En
ergy
eco
n
o
m
i
c
an
alysis
o
f
pho
to
volt
a
ic–therm
al
-t
herm
o
e
lectr
i
c
(
P
V
T-TE
)
ai
r
c
o
ll
ecto
r
s”.
Re
ne
wa
ble
an
d
S
u
sta
i
na
ble
En
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
9
2,
p
p.
1
8
7
-
9
7
, 2
01
8.
[2]
N.
S.
N
azri,
et al
.,
"
M
a
t
h
em
atical
m
o
d
eling
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
therm
a
l-t
h
erm
o
electric
(PVT-T
E)
a
ir
c
ollect
or“.
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics an
d Dri
ve System
s
(
I
JP
EDS)
, vo
l
.
9
,
n
o. 2,
pp
.
79
5-8
0
2
, 20
1
8
.
[3]
M
.
Z
o
h
r
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
P
h
ot
ovolt
a
ic
t
herm
al
(
P
V
T
)
s
yst
e
m
with
an
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
f
i
ns
c
ol
lecto
r
:
theo
reti
cal
a
p
p
ro
ach”.
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics an
d Dri
ve System
(
I
JPEDS
)
, v
ol
.
8
, n
o
.
4
,
p
p
. 1
75
6-6
3
, 2
01
7.
[4]
A
.
F
u
dh
oli,
e
t
al.,
"Revi
e
w
o
n
e
x
e
rg
y
an
d
energ
y
a
n
a
lys
i
s
o
f
s
ol
a
r
a
i
r
h
eat
er.
In
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
J
o
urn
a
l
of
P
ower
El
ectro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
rive
S
yst
e
m
s
(IJ
P
E
DS
),
vol.
9,
no.
1
,
pp
.
42
0-
26,
201
8.
[5
]
A
.
Fu
dh
ol
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
R
e
v
ie
w
o
n
s
ola
r
c
o
l
le
c
t
o
r
f
or
a
gric
ul
tural
prod
uc
e”.
In
tern
at
ional
Jo
ur
na
l of Po
wer El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
an
d Dri
ve
Sys
t
e
m
s
(
I
JPEDS)
, vo
l
.
9
, n
o.
1,
pp
.
41
4-1
9
, 2
01
8.
[6]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
e
t
al.,
"
R&D
of
pho
to
vo
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
(PVT)
sys
tems:
a
n
o
vervi
e
w“.
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r
El
ectr
onics
an
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
vol.
9(2),
pp
.
8
03-1
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7]
A
.
F
udh
o
l
i,
e
t
al
.,
"
P
r
im
ary
st
udy
o
f
t
rack
in
g
p
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
sy
st
e
m
f
or
m
o
b
ile
s
tat
i
on
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysia“
.
Interna
t
ional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r Elect
ronics
and
Dri
ve Sys
t
em
s
(
I
JPEDS)
,
vo
l
.
9
(1), pp
.
42
7
-3
2,
2
0
1
8
.
[8]
A
.
Fudho
l
i
,
et al
.
,
"Des
ign
an
d
t
e
stin
g
o
f
s
o
l
ar dryer fo
r
d
ryin
g kineti
cs o
f
s
e
awee
d in M
alays
i
a,"
in
Proc
. of th
e
5
t
h
Int
.
Co
nf. on Energ
y
an
d D
evelo
p
men
t
-
E
n
vi
ro
n
m
en
t – Biom
e
di
c
i
n
e
(
E
D
E
P’1
1
),
C
orf
u
,
20
11,
p
p
.
1
19
-1
24
.
[9
]
C
.N.
Aisy
ah
et a
l
.,
"
Kecek
ap
an
p
en
gu
m
pul
P
V/T
men
g
g
u
n
a
kan
pen
g
u
m
pul
t
erm
a
r
ek
a
b
e
n
t
u
k
pilin
(
Effi
c
i
ency
o
f
P
V
/T
c
o
l
l
ector
u
s
i
ng
s
p
i
r
al
t
hermal
a
b
s
o
r
ber
d
e
sign),
S
a
in
s M
a
l
ay
si
ana,
vol.
4
7
,
no.
4
,
pp.
8
53-8
59,
2
018
.
[1
0]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et
al
.,
"
En
ergy
an
d
ex
ergy
a
n
a
ly
ses
of
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
t
herm
al
c
o
l
l
ecto
r
wit
h
▽
-groove,"
So
lar En
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l. 1
59
,
p
p
. 7
42
-50
, 20
1
8
.
[11
]
A.
F
u
dholi
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ph
otov
ol
ta
ic
t
herm
al
(
P
V
T
)
w
ater
c
oll
ec
t
o
r
s
,
"
Ener
gy Con
vers
i
o
n
an
d
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vol.
78,
p
p
.
6
41-6
5
1
,
2
01
4.
[12
]
M
.
Z
o
h
ri
,
et
a
l.,
"
E
xerg
y
as
ses
s
m
ent
o
f
p
ho
tovol
ta
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
w
i
t
h
v
-groo
v
e
c
o
ll
ector
u
sing
t
heoret
ical
s
t
udy.
TELKOMNIKA
,
v
o
l
.
16
(2),
p
p.
5
5
0
-5
7, 2
01
8.
[13]
A.
I
brahim
et
al.
,
"
Effi
cienci
es
a
nd
i
m
p
rov
e
men
t
p
o
t
ential
of
bui
ld
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
grated
p
hotovoltai
c
t
hermal
(
B
I
PVT)
syst
e
m
,"
E
n
er
gy
Co
nvers
i
o
n
a
nd M
a
n
a
g
ement
, v
ol.
7
7
, p
p.
52
7
-3
4
,
2
01
4.
[14
]
M
.Y
.
O
t
h
m
an
,
e
t
a
l.,
"P
erf
o
rm
anc
e
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
d
oub
le-p
as
s
pho
t
ovoltaic
/
t
herma
l
(
P
V
/
T
)
solar
c
o
ll
ector
w
ith
C
P
C
a
n
d fins”
.
Ren
e
wa
bl
e ener
gy
,
v
ol.
3
0
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
5
-
20
1
7
,
20
05.
[1
5]
M
.Y
.
O
t
hma
n
,
e
t
a
l.,
"
P
e
r
for
m
a
n
c
e
stu
d
ie
s
o
n
a
f
in
ne
d
do
ub
l
e
-pass
ph
ot
ovolt
a
ic-t
herm
al
(
PV
/T)
sol
a
r
col
l
ecto
r
”
.
Desalination
,
vo
l.
20
9
(
1–
3),
p
p
.
4
3
–
4
9
, 2
00
7.
[16
]
M
.
W
o
lf
,
“P
erfo
rm
ance
analy
s
es
o
f
co
m
b
in
ed
h
eat
in
g
and
p
h
o
tov
o
ltai
c
p
ower
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
or
r
esi
d
ences
,”
Ener
gy
Con
vers
i
on
,
vo
l.
16
, no
.
1
–2
, pp
.
7
9–
90
, Jan
.
1
9
7
6
.
[17
]
H
en
drie
a
nd
S.
D.
,
“Ev
a
luatio
n
of
c
om
b
i
n
e
d
p
hotovol
ta
i
c
/t
he
rma
l
c
olle
c
t
o
r
s.”
01
-Ja
n
-1
97
9.
[18
]
E
.
E
r
dil,
M
.
Ilk
a
n,
a
nd
F
.
E
g
elioglu
,
“
An
e
x
p
erimen
tal
s
t
u
dy
o
n
energ
y
g
en
eratio
n
with
a
p
hot
ovol
ta
i
c
(
P
V
)–
solar
the
r
ma
l
hy
brid
s
yste
m
,
”
Energy
,
vo
l.
33,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
24
1–
124
5,
A
ug.
2
00
8.
[1
9]
R
.
K.
M
ish
r
a
a
n
d
G.
N
.
Ti
wa
ri
,
“Ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
ex
e
r
gy
a
na
lysis
o
f
hy
bri
d
p
hoto
v
ol
ta
i
c
t
h
e
rm
al
w
ater
c
o
l
l
ector
f
o
r
con
s
t
a
nt
co
l
lection
tem
p
erature mo
de,
”
So
lar E
n
erg
y
,
v
ol.
90,
p
p
.
5
8
–67
,
A
p
r.
2013.
[2
0]
T
.
T
.
C
ho
w,
G
.
Pei,
K
.
F.
F
o
n
g
,
Z
.
L
i
n,
A
.
L.
S
.
Chan
,
and
J
.
J
i
,
“En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
exergy
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
p
hotov
o
l
tai
c
–
th
erm
a
l co
ll
ector
w
it
h
and
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
g
l
ass cov
e
r,”
A
p
pl
ied Energy
, v
ol. 8
6,
n
o.
3,
pp
.
3
1
0
–
3
1
6
, Mar.
2
0
0
9
.
[21
]
S
hy
am,
G.
N
.
Ti
wari,
O
.
F
is
cher,
R.
K
.
Mis
h
ra,
an
d
I.
M
.
A
l-Helal,
“
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ce
evalu
a
ti
on
o
f
N
-ph
o
t
ovolt
a
ic
th
erm
a
l
(PVT)
wat
e
r
co
ll
ectors
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
covere
d
b
y
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
ai
c
m
odule
con
n
ect
ed
i
n
seri
es:
A
n
e
xp
erim
ent
a
l
st
udy
,
”
So
la
r
E
n
erg
y
, vo
l
. 1
34
,
p
p
. 3
02
–3
13
,
Sep.
20
1
6
.
[22
]
J
.
Y
azdan
panah
i
,
F
.
S
arhad
d
i
,
a
nd
M
.
Mah
d
av
i
Ad
eli,
“
Ex
per
imen
tal
i
n
v
e
stigatio
n
o
f
e
x
e
rgy
ef
fi
ciency
o
f
a
so
lar
ph
ot
ov
oltaic
t
he
rm
al
(
P
V
T
)
w
ate
r
c
oll
ecto
r
b
as
e
d
o
n
ex
ergy
los
s
es
,”
So
lar En
e
r
g
y
,
vol
.
1
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
97
–20
8,
A
ug
.
20
15
.
[23
]
R
.
K
.
A
garw
al
a
nd
H.
P
.
Gar
g
,
“
S
tu
dy
o
f
a
p
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
-th
e
rmal
s
ystem
-
th
erm
o
sy
ph
onic
sol
a
r
w
a
ter
h
eater
co
mbined
wi
t
h
so
l
a
r cells,” 19
9
4
.
[24
]
T
.
F
u
ji
saw
a
a
n
d
T
.
Tani,
“A
n
n
u
a
l
ex
ergy
e
va
l
u
ati
o
n
on
p
h
o
t
ov
olt
a
ic-t
herm
al
hyb
rid
collector,
”
So
la
r En
e
r
g
y
M
a
ter
i
als an
d Sol
ar Cells
,
v
o
l
.
47,
no.
1
–
4
,
pp.
1
3
5
–
1
4
8
,
1
99
7.
[25
]
A
.
Ti
wari
a
nd
M
.
S
.
S
od
ha,
“P
erf
o
rm
ance
ev
alu
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
PV/T
s
ystem:
A
n
experimental
v
al
idation
,
”
So
la
r
Energy
,
vol.
8
0
, n
o.
7
,
p
p
.
75
1–759
,
2
006
.
[26
]
S
.
Dub
e
y
and
G.
N
.
Tiw
a
r
i,
“
Th
ermal
mo
de
l
i
n
g
o
f
a
com
b
i
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
p
hotovolt
a
ic
t
he
rmal
(
P
V
/
T
)
s
o
l
a
r
w
a
ter
heat
er,”
So
lar E
n
e
r
g
y
,
vol.
8
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
02–
612,
2
0
08.
[27
]
A
.
Ti
wari
e
t
al,
“
E
x
e
rgy
anal
ysis
o
f
integ
r
ated
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
a
ic
t
herm
al
s
olar
w
at
er
h
eat
er
u
nder
con
s
tan
t
f
low
rat
e
a
n
d
con
s
t
a
nt
co
l
lection
tem
p
erature mo
des
,
”
A
pplied En
erg
y
,
v
o
l.
86,
n
o.
1
2
,
pp.
2
592–2
59
7,
2
00
9.
[2
8]
A
.
Ga
ur
a
nd
G
.
N.
T
i
w
a
r
i,
“
P
e
rf
ormance
of
a
-Si
thin
f
il
m
P
V
modu
l
e
s
w
ith
a
nd
w
ith
out
water
f
l
ow:
An
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al v
a
l
i
d
atio
n,”
Ap
pl
ie
d
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
128,
p
p
.
1
84–
19
1,
2
0
14.
[29
]
M
.
H
e
rrand
o
et
a
l
,
“
A
U
K
-b
as
ed
a
ss
ess
m
ent
of
h
y
b
ri
d
PV
a
nd
s
ola
r-the
rma
l
s
yste
ms
f
or
d
o
m
e
s
tic
h
e
a
t
in
g
a
nd
power:
Sy
s
te
m
perform
ance,”
Ap
pl
ie
d
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
22,
p
p
.
2
88–
3
0
9,
2
0
14.
[30
]
M
.
Bo
ubek
r
i
et
a
l
,
“
N
u
m
e
rical
a
pp
roach
f
or
p
erf
o
rm
an
c
e
s
t
u
dy
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
PV/T
herm
a
l
c
ollecto
r
,
”
R
evue d
e
s
En
erg
i
es Ren
ouvel
ab
les
,
vol.
1
2
, p
p.
3
55
–3
68,
2009
.
[31
]
S
.
A.
K
al
ogiro
u
an
d
Y
.
T
ri
pan
a
gn
ost
o
p
o
u
l
os,
“
I
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
ap
p
l
icat
ion
o
f
P
V
/
T
s
o
l
a
r
energy
s
y
s
t
e
ms,”
A
ppli
e
d
T
h
er
ma
l E
ngine
er
in
g
,
vo
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
8
–
9
,
p
p
.
1
259–1
27
0,
2
00
7.
[32]
J
.
J
i
et a
l
.
,
“Effect
o
f
fl
u
i
d
flow
a
n
d
p
acki
n
g
f
act
or
o
n
energ
y
p
erf
o
rm
anc
e
of
a
w
all-mo
un
ted
hybri
d
ph
ot
ov
oltaic/water-heati
n
g
col
l
ec
t
o
r s
y
stem
,”
E
n
e
r
gy and Building
s
,
vol.
38,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
380
–1
38
7,
2
00
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
987
–
9
94
99
2
[
3
3]
H
.
P
.
G
a
r
g,
R
.
K.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
,
a
n
d
J.
C
.
Jo
sh
i,
“
Ex
pe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
stud
y
on
a
h
y
b
rid
pho
to
voltai
c
-therm
al
s
o
l
ar
w
ater
heat
er
a
nd
i
ts
p
erf
o
rman
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
ns,
”
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
an
d Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vo
l.
3
5
,
no.
7
,
pp.
6
2
1
–
6
3
3
,
Ju
l
.
19
94
.
[34
]
B
.
.
H
u
an
g
et
a
l
,
“
Perf
o
r
m
a
nce
e
v
alu
a
ti
on
o
f
s
olar
p
h
o
t
ovo
l
t
ai
c
/
t
h
er
m
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
Solar Energy
,
vol
.
7
0
,
no.
5
,
pp.
44
3–
44
8,
2
00
1.
[35
]
D
.
L.
S
t
aebler
et
a
l,
“
Devel
o
p
m
ent
of
h
i
gh
effic
i
ency
h
yb
r
id
P
V
-
t
h
ermal
modules,
”
i
n
Co
nf
eren
c
e
Recor
d
o
f
t
h
e
T
w
ent
y
-Nin
t
h
IEEE
Ph
o
t
ovo
l
t
a
ic Speci
alists
Con
f
eren
ce,
p
p.
1
66
0
–
16
63,
2
0
0
2
.
[36
]
T
.
T.
C
h
o
w,
“
Perf
orm
a
nce
anal
y
s
i
s
o
f
ph
o
t
ov
olt
a
ic-t
herm
a
l
c
o
llecto
r
b
y
exp
l
i
c
i
t
dyn
am
ic
m
o
d
el,”
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l.
7
5
,
n
o.
2
,
p
p
.
143
–1
52
,
2
003
.
[37
]
T
.
T.
C
ho
w
e
t
a
l
,
“
Hy
bri
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic-t
herm
o
s
yp
ho
n
wat
e
r
h
eati
n
g
system
f
or
r
e
s
idential
a
p
pl
ication,”
Sola
r
Energy
,
vol.
8
0
, n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
29
8–306
,
2
006
.
[38
]
W
.
He
e
t
al,
“Hybri
d
p
hoto
voltai
c
a
nd
t
h
e
rm
al
s
o
l
ar-col
lec
t
o
r
d
e
sig
n
ed
f
or
n
atu
r
al
c
ircu
latio
n
of
w
ater,”
Appli
e
d
Energy
,
vol.
8
3
, n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
19
9–210
,
2
006
.
[39
]
T
.
T
.
C
how
e
t
al,
“
A
n
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
f
açade-i
n
t
e
gra
ted
photovoltaic/
w
ater-heat
ing
s
y
st
em,”
Appli
e
d
T
h
er
ma
l E
ngine
er
in
g
,
v
o
l
. 27
,
n
o. 1
, p
p.
37
–
4
5
,
2
00
7.
[40]
J
.
Ji
e
t
al,
“A
s
ensitivit
y
study
of
a
h
ybrid
photovol
tai
c
/t
herm
a
l
w
at
er-heati
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
it
h
natural
circu
l
at
ion,”
Applied Energy
,
vo
l.
8
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
22
–2
37
,
20
07
.
[4
1]
G
.
Fra
i
sse
e
t
a
l
,
“
E
ne
rg
y
p
e
rfor
m
a
nc
e
of
w
a
t
e
r
h
yb
rid
PV/T
c
ollect
ors
applied
to
c
o
m
bisy
stem
s
o
f
D
i
r
ect
S
o
l
ar
Floo
r
ty
pe
,”
So
la
r En
e
r
g
y
,
vol.
81,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p.
1426–
14
38
,
2
0
0
7
.
[42]
S
.
Dubey
and
G.
N
.
Ti
wari,
“A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
P
V
/
T
flat
p
late
w
a
ter
col
l
ecto
r
s
co
nnect
ed
i
n
series
,”
Solar Energy
,
v
o
l.
83
,
n
o.
9
,
p
p
.
1485
–14
98
,
2
009
.
[43
]
C
.
Cris
t
o
f
a
ri
e
t
al,
“Th
e
rmal
b
ehav
io
r
o
f
a
c
o
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
P
V
/T
h
solar
s
y
st
e
m
i
n
low
flow
r
ate
condi
t
i
o
ns
,”
So
la
r
Energy
,
vol.
8
3
, n
o.
8
,
p
p
.
11
23–11
38
,
2
0
0
9
.
[44
]
P
.
Du
pey
r
at
e
t
al
,
“
E
ffi
cien
t
s
i
ngle
g
l
azed
f
l
a
t
plat
e
pho
to
vo
ltai
c–t
h
erm
a
l
h
y
b
r
id
c
oll
ecto
r
f
or
dom
estic
h
ot
w
ater
syst
e
m
,”
Sola
r
Ener
gy
,
vol.
8
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
457
–146
8,
2
01
1.
[45
]
W
.
He
e
t
al,
“
C
o
m
parati
ve
e
xp
e
r
i
m
en
t
s
t
u
dy
o
n
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
a
nd
t
h
erm
a
l
so
lar
syst
em
u
n
d
er
n
at
ural
c
i
r
culat
i
o
n
o
f
wat
e
r,”
App
lied Therma
l E
ngine
er
in
g
,
vol.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p.
336
9–33
76
,
2
0
1
1
.
[46
]
P
.
G
a
ng
e
t
al
,
“A
n
um
erical
a
n
d
e
xperi
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
dy
o
n
a
h
e
at
p
ip
e
P
V
/T
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
So
la
r En
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l
.
8
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
91
1–
92
1,
2
01
1.
[47]
S
.-Y
.
W
u
et
a
l,
“
A
heat
p
ipe
photovoltai
c
/thermal
(PV
/
T)
h
y
b
ri
d
s
y
stem
a
nd
its
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
ev
a
l
u
a
ti
on,
”
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
i
l
din
g
s
, v
ol. 4
3,
no
.
12
, p
p
. 3
55
8–
35
67
,
20
11
.
[48
]
P
.
Gang
e
t
al
,
“Ann
ual
an
alys
is
o
f
h
eat
p
i
p
e
P
V
/T
s
ystem
s
f
o
r
d
o
m
e
stic
h
o
t
w
ater
a
nd
e
l
ectr
i
city
p
rod
u
ct
ion,”
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
vo
l. 5
6
, pp
.
8
–2
1
, 2
01
2.
[49
]
J
.
-
H.
K
i
m
a
nd
J
.
-T.
Kim,
“
T
h
e
E
xperim
e
nt
a
l
P
erf
o
rm
ance
o
f
an
U
n
g
lazed
P
V-th
erm
a
l
Co
llect
or
w
ith
a
F
ully
We
tte
d
Absor
be
r,”
E
n
erg
y
P
r
oced
ia
,
v
o
l.
30,
p
p
.
144
–1
51
,
2
0
1
2
.
[50
]
J
.-H.
K
im
a
n
d
J
.-T.
K
im,
“Th
e
E
xp
erim
ent
a
l
Perf
orm
a
n
ce
o
f
a
n
U
n
g
lazed
P
VT
C
o
l
lect
or
w
i
t
h
T
w
o
D
i
ff
eren
t
Absorber T
ypes,”
In
ter
natio
nal J
o
ur
na
l o
f
P
hoto
e
nerg
y
,
v
ol.
2
0
12,
p
p.
1
–6,
2
012.
[
5
1]
C
.
C
r
is
to
fa
r
i
e
t
a
l
,
“I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
ve
p
a
t
e
n
te
d
P
V
/T
H
S
o
la
r
C
o
ll
ect
or:
op
timizat
ion
an
d
perf
orm
a
n
c
e
eva
l
uation
,
”
Ener
gy
Procedia
,
vo
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
35
–2
40,
20
1
2
.
[52
]
S
.
D
u
b
e
y
an
d
A.
A
.
O.
T
ay
,
“
T
esti
ng
o
f
tw
o
differen
t
t
yp
es
o
f
p
hoto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
–
t
herm
al
(
P
V
T
)
m
od
u
l
es
w
it
h
heat
f
lo
w
pat
t
ern under
t
r
o
p
ical
c
l
i
matic conditions
,
”
En
ergy fo
r S
u
stai
na
b
l
e
Devel
opm
ent
,
vol
.
17
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p.
1–
1
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[53
]
P
.
J.
A
xao
p
o
u
l
o
s
an
d
E
.
D
.
F
y
lladit
a
kis,
“
P
e
rf
orman
ce
and
e
c
onom
ic
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
h
yb
rid
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
/the
r
ma
l
so
lar s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
resi
d
en
tia
l
app
l
icati
o
n
s
,”
En
e
r
g
y
an
d
Bui
l
d
i
ng
s
, v
ol
.
65
,
p
p
.
48
8–
4
9
6
,
2
013
.
[54
]
A
.
Ibrah
i
m
e
t
a
l,
“
E
f
fi
cien
cies
a
n
d
i
m
p
ro
vem
e
nt
p
o
t
ent
i
a
l
of
b
u
i
lding
integrat
ed
p
hot
ovol
t
aic
therma
l
(B
IPVT)
syst
e
m
,”
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
vol
.
7
7
,
p
p
.
5
2
7
–
5
34
,
2
01
4.
[55
]
A
.
F
u
dh
o
li
et
a
l
,
“
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
a
n
a
l
ys
is
o
f
ph
ot
o
v
ol
ta
ic
t
h
erm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
wat
e
r
col
l
ecto
r
s,”
E
n
erg
y
Con
versi
on
and
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vol.
78,
p
p
.
6
41–
651,
2
0
14.
[56
]
N
.
As
t
e
e
t
al
,
“D
esig
n,
m
odeling
an
d
p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce
m
o
nit
o
ri
n
g
o
f
a
p
ho
to
voltai
c
–t
herm
al
(
P
V
T)
w
ater
c
ol
lect
or,
”
So
la
r E
n
er
gy
,
v
o
l.
11
2
,
pp
.
85
–9
9
, 2
01
5.
[57
]
C
.
G
ood
e
t
al,
“
S
o
l
ar
e
nergy
f
o
r
net
zero
en
e
r
gy
bu
ildin
gs
–
A
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
o
l
a
r
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
,
P
V
a
n
d
ph
ot
ov
oltaic–
t
h
e
rmal
(
P
V
/
T
)
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
”
Sola
r
E
n
e
r
gy
, vo
l
.
12
2,
p
p
. 98
6
–
9
9
6
, 2
01
5.
[58
]
S
hy
am
e
t
al,
“A
nal
y
tical
e
x
p
res
s
io
n
of
t
e
m
perat
u
re
d
ep
end
e
n
t
e
l
ectri
cal
e
ffic
i
ency
o
f
N-P
V
T
wa
t
e
r
coll
ecto
r
s
con
n
ect
ed i
n s
e
ries
,”
So
lar E
n
er
g
y
,
v
ol.
1
14,
pp.
61–
76,
2
0
1
5
.
[59
]
G
.
N.
T
i
w
ari
et
a
l
,
“
Ex
ergo
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
nd
e
n
v
i
r
oeco
nom
i
c
a
n
a
ly
ses
o
f
p
arti
all
y
c
ov
ered
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
fl
at
p
l
a
te
col
l
ect
or active
s
o
lar di
sti
l
la
t
i
on
system,”
Desalinat
ion
,
vo
l.
3
67
, p
p.
1
86
–1
96,
2015
.
[60
]
N
.
As
te
e
t
a
l
,
“
P
erf
o
rm
ance
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
a
nd
m
odelin
g
of
a
n
un
covered
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic-t
h
erm
a
l
(PV
T
)
w
a
ter
col
l
ect
or,”
So
la
r Ene
r
gy
,
v
o
l
.
135,
p
p.
5
5
1–5
68
, 2
01
6.
[61
]
M
.
Ros
a
-Clo
t
et
a
l
,
“
Ex
perimen
t
al
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic-th
erm
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
la
nts
ba
se
d
o
n
TESPI
p
a
n
e
l
,
”
So
la
r En
e
r
g
y
,
vo
l
.
13
3,
p
p
.
3
0
5
–
314,
201
6.
[62
]
K
.-K.
T
se
e
t
al,
“
P
erf
o
rman
ce
e
v
al
uati
on
a
nd
econ
o
m
i
c
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
f
u
ll
s
cale
w
a
ter-b
ased
p
hotovoltai
c
/therma
l
(P
V/T) s
ystem
in
a
n
o
f
fi
ce
bu
il
d
i
ng,
”
En
ergy and
B
u
i
l
d
i
ng
s
,
vol.
1
2
2
,
p
p
.
4
2–
52,
2
016
.
[63
]
F
.
Yazdan
if
ard
et
a
l,
“
Inv
e
s
t
iga
t
in
g
th
e
perf
orm
a
n
ce
o
f
a
wa
te
r-b
a
s
e
d
p
ho
to
volta
ic
/the
r
ma
l
(P
V/
T)
c
ol
le
c
t
or
i
n
lami
nar
an
d
t
u
rbul
e
n
t
flow
r
egime,
”
R
e
newab
l
e Ener
gy
,
v
ol.
9
9
,
pp.
2
9
5–3
06
,
2
016.
[64
]
D
.
B.
S
ing
h
e
t
al,
“
E
x
p
eri
m
ental
stu
d
ies
of
activ
e
solar
s
till
integrat
ed
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
hybrid
P
VT
c
ol
lectors
,
”
Sola
r
Energy
, v
o
l
. 1
30
,
p
p
. 2
07
–2
23
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ener
gy a
n
d ex
ergy ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy of wa
t
e
r-b
a
se
d
pho
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
erma
l..
.
(Nur
u
l
Sh
a
h
i
r
a
h
Bint
i
Ruk
m
a
n
)
99
3
[6
5]
R
.
T
r
ip
athi
e
t
al,
“
O
v
e
rall
e
n
e
rgy
,
e
xerg
y
and
c
a
r
bon
c
red
i
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
N
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
(P
V
T
) co
ncen
trati
ng collect
or
c
onn
ected
i
n
series,
”
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
vo
l.
1
3
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
–
267
,
2
01
6.
[6
6]
N
.
X
u
e
t
al,
“Nu
m
eri
cal
s
im
ulation
and
ex
perim
e
ntal
v
alida
tio
n
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
cen
trati
o
n
phot
ov
olt
a
ic
/
t
h
e
rm
al
m
o
du
le
b
ased
on
po
int-f
o
cu
s
Fres
nel
len
s
,
”
App
l
i
e
d E
n
er
gy
,
vol.
168
,
p
p.
2
69
–2
81,
2
0
1
6
.
[67]
C
.
Del
et a
l
.
,
“En
e
rg
y
Anal
ys
is
o
f
Bi
os
ystem
Stru
ctu
r
es:
Case
s
tud
y
on
P
oul
t
ry
F
arm
s
V
iew
pro
j
ect
S
ET4
F
oo
d-
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
ble
E
n
ergy
T
echn
o
l
o
g
i
es
f
or
F
o
od
s
ecurit
y
i
n
hu
ma
n
i
t
a
ri
an
c
o
n
t
e
xts
View
p
roj
ect
N
i
ccol
ò
A
s
t
e
Pol
i
tecnico
d
i
M
il
ano ScienceDir
ect
W
ater P
V
T
c
ol
lecto
r
s p
e
rf
or
,”
201
7.
[6
8]
H
.
Lo
ng
e
t
a
l
,
“Bui
ldin
g-in
teg
r
ated
h
eat
p
ip
e
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
/the
r
m
a
l
s
ys
te
m
fo
r
us
e
in
H
on
g
Kon
g
,
”
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
55
,
pp
.
1
084–
109
1,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
9]
M
.
M
o
d
jin
ou
e
t
al
,
“A
num
eri
cal
a
n
d
e
x
p
erim
en
tal
st
udy
o
f
m
i
cro-ch
ann
e
l
h
e
at
p
i
p
e
s
o
l
a
r
ph
o
t
ov
olt
a
ics
th
erm
a
l
sy
ste
m
,”
Appli
e
d E
n
er
gy
,
vo
l. 2
0
6
, p
p.
70
8
–
7
2
2
, 2
01
7.
[7
0]
R
.
L
i
ang
e
t
a
l,
“
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
eva
l
uatio
n
o
f
s
h
eet-and
-tu
b
e
hy
bri
d
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic/the
r
m
a
l
(P
VT)
collect
ors
con
n
ect
ed
i
n
series
,
”
P
r
oced
ia
En
gi
neering
,
v
o
l.
2
05
,
pp.
4
6
1
–46
8,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
1]
M
.
O
.
L
ari
a
n
d
A
.
Z
.
S
a
hin
,
“
Des
i
gn,
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
a
n
d
econ
o
m
i
c
anal
ys
is
o
f
a
nan
o
f
l
uid
-
bas
e
d
ph
otov
ol
ta
ic
/
t
h
e
rma
l
s
y
s
te
m
fo
r
re
sid
e
ntia
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
ns,
”
Ene
r
gy
Con
v
e
r
sion
a
n
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
49
,
p
p
.
46
7
–
4
8
4
,
2
01
7.
[7
2]
M
.
R.
S
ale
m
e
t
al
,
“Ex
p
eri
m
en
tal
in
ves
t
i
g
ation
of
t
he
p
erf
o
r
ma
n
c
e
of
a
h
ybrid
p
ho
to
vo
ltaic/the
r
ma
l
so
la
r
sy
ste
m
u
s
i
ng alu
m
iniu
m
cool
in
g
plat
e w
ith
st
r
aig
h
t and
h
e
l
i
cal
chan
n
el
s,”
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
7–156
,
2
01
7.
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Nur
u
l
Sha
h
i
r
a
h
bin
t
i
Ru
km
a
n
,
g
rad
u
ated
i
n
b
achel
or
d
eg
ree
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
ed
P
hy
si
cs
f
rom
Universiti
Sa
i
n
s
Islam
Mal
a
ys
i
a
(
USIM)
2017.
F
ocusi
n
g
on
P
V
T
e
n
ergy
g
enera
t
io
n
d
u
rin
g
h
er
fi
n
a
l
y
ear st
u
d
y
h
ad i
nfl
u
en
ced
h
e
r
t
o
f
urt
h
er t
he s
t
u
dy
o
f
P
V
T
techn
o
l
ogy
s
ystem.
C
u
rrent
ly,
has
been
u
nd
er
s
up
erv
i
s
o
n
o
f
D
r
Ahm
a
d
F
u
dho
li
f
o
r
h
er
M
as
ter
deg
r
ee
(
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
),
o
n
exerg
y
-env
iro
n
m
ent
a
l-econ
o
mic
an
al
ys
is
o
f
b
i
-fl
u
i
d
P
V
T
s
ystem.
)
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
5 peer-review
ed papers
in jounals
are in the Scopu
s
and WoS ind
ex.
Ah
mad
F
u
d
h
o
li,
P
h.
D,
M
.Sc
o
b
ta
in
e
d
h
is
S
.
S
i
(2
00
2)
i
n
ph
ysic
s.
H
e
wa
s
bo
rn
i
n
19
8
0
i
n
P
e
kanb
aru,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
.
He
s
erv
e
d
as
w
as
t
h
e
H
ea
d
o
f
t
he
P
hy
si
cs
De
partment
a
t
Rab
Uni
v
ersity
P
e
kanb
aru,
R
iau
,
I
nd
ones
i
a,
f
or
f
o
u
r
years
(20
0
4
–
2
0
0
8
).
A
.
F
u
d
h
oli
start
e
d
hi
s
master
c
ourse
in
Ene
r
gy
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
(
20
05
–2
0
0
7
)
a
t
U
n
iv
ersiti
K
eb
ang
s
aan M
ala
y
s
i
a
(
UK
M). A
ft
e
r
o
bta
i
ning
h
is
M
a
ster’s
,
he
b
e
cam
e
a
rese
arch
a
s
s
i
s
tan
t
a
t
UKM
u
n
t
i
l
.
After
hi
s
P
h
.D
(
20
12
)
i
n
r
en
ewabl
e
energ
y
,
he
b
eca
m
e
p
ostd
oct
o
ral
in
t
he
S
o
l
ar
E
ne
rg
y
Research
I
ns
titute
(
S
E
RI)
UKM
until
2013.
He
j
o
i
ned
th
e
SERI as
a
lectu
r
er
i
n
2
0
1
4
. He
r
ecei
ved m
o
re
t
han
U
S
D
4
0
0
,
000
w
ort
h
o
f
research
gran
t
(16
grant
/
p
r
oj
ect)
in
2
0
1
4–
20
18
.
He
s
uperv
is
ed
a
nd
c
om
pl
e
te
d
m
o
re
t
ha
n
3
0
M
.Sc
pro
j
ects
.
T
o
date,
he
h
as
m
anag
ed
t
o
su
perv
is
e
eigh
t
P
h
.D
(
six
as
m
ain
su
perviso
r
s
an
d
tw
o
as
co-s
uperv
is
or),
o
n
e
M
as
ter’s
s
tudent
b
y
research
m
o
d
e
and
o
n
e
M
aster’s
s
tudent
b
y
cours
e
work
m
ode.
H
e
w
as
a
l
s
o
an
e
xam
i
ner
(fi
ve
P
h.
D
an
d
one
M
.
S
c).
His
cu
r
rent
r
esearch
f
ocu
s
i
s
renewab
l
e
en
er
gy,
p
arti
cu
l
a
rly
so
lar
energ
y
t
echno
lo
gy
,
micro
p
o
w
e
r
syst
em
s,
s
ol
a
r
d
ry
i
ng
sy
ste
m
s
an
d
ad
van
ced
s
ol
ar
t
h
e
rm
al
s
ys
te
m
s
(
so
lar-assisted
d
ryi
ng
,
so
la
r
h
e
a
t
p
ump
s
,
PV
T
syste
m
s
)
.
He
h
a
s
p
ubli
s
h
ed
m
or
e
t
h
an
120
p
eer-revi
ewed
p
apers
,
o
f
w
h
i
c
h
3
0
p
a
p
e
r
s
a
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
IS
I
i
n
d
e
x
(25
Q
1
,
im
pact
f
act
or
m
ore
th
an
4
)
an
d
mo
re
t
h
a
n
80
p
apers
ar
e
in
t
h
e
S
co
pu
s
in
dex.
He
h
as
p
ub
lis
he
d
m
o
re
t
han
80
p
ap
ers
i
n
i
nt
ernat
i
on
al
c
o
n
f
e
renc
e
s
.
H
e
h
a
s
a
t
o
t
a
l
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
11
95
an
d
a
h
-
ind
e
x
of
1
7
i
n
S
co
p
u
s
(Au
t
h
o
r
ID:
5
7
1
9
5
432
49
0).
He
h
as
a
t
otal
c
itations
o
f
1684
a
n
d
a
h
-
in
de
x
o
f
2
1
in
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
la
r.
H
e
ha
s
b
e
e
n
a
pp
ointe
d
a
s
r
eviewer
of
h
igh-impact
(
Q1)
jo
urnal
s
.
H
e
h
as
a
ls
o
been
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
ed
a
s
ed
it
or
o
f
jo
urn
a
ls.
H
e
has
receiv
e
d
sev
e
r
a
l
intern
atio
nal
awards
.
He
h
as
a
ls
o
been
i
n
v
ited
as
s
pe
ak
er
i
n
th
e
W
o
rksh
op
of
Sc
ie
nt
i
f
ic
J
ou
rn
a
l
W
r
i
ting
;
Writin
g
S
c
i
e
ntifi
c
P
apers
S
t
eps
To
wards
S
u
cces
sf
ul
P
ublish
in
H
i
g
h
Impact
(
Q
1
)
Journal
s
.
H
e
ow
ns
o
n
e
p
at
e
n
t and
tw
o
co
py
ri
g
h
ts.
I
v
a
n
T
a
s
l
i
m
,
S
.
S
i
,
M
.
T
f
r
o
m
S
o
u
th
S
ul
awesi
,
I
ndo
nes
i
a.
H
e
g
r
ad
u
a
t
e
d
wi
th
t
h
e
M
.T
i
n
G
e
olo
gy
En
gin
eerin
g
from
U
n
iv
ersity
o
f
Has
a
nu
ddi
n
in
2
0
1
4
.
I
n
2
015
,
he
j
o
i
n
ed
a
s
lectu
r
er
a
t
th
e
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f
Geog
raph
y,
F
acu
lt
y
of
S
cien
ce
and
T
e
ch
no
lo
gy
,
Uni
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
u
ham
m
a
d
i
yah
Go
ront
alo.
H
is
m
ai
n
areas
o
f
re
search
i
n
t
erest
a
r
e
M
a
nag
e
m
e
n
t
R
is
k
D
i
sa
s
t
e
r
,
G
e
os
pa
t
i
a
l
D
a
ta
S
c
ience
a
n
d
Cl
im
at
e
Chang
e
w
i
t
h
no
limit
ed
t
o
Ren
e
w
a
bl
e
En
er
gy.
H
e
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
research
ers
f
r
o
m
U
SA
ID
S
HERA
w
ho
f
o
c
use
s
o
n
dev
e
lo
pin
g
a
nd
u
si
n
g
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
Ind
ones
i
a.
C
urren
t
l
y
,
he
i
s
ent
r
usted
to
w
ork
w
i
th
t
he
G
o
r
ont
al
o
Reg
i
on
al
G
o
v
ernm
en
t
as
a
s
t
a
ff
in
t
he
f
iel
d
of Cl
i
m
a
t
e Chan
ge and Disast
e
r
M
itigati
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
8
7
–
9
94
99
4
Merita
A
y
u
I
n
d
ri
an
ti,
S
.
P
.
,
M.P
f
r
om
B
anj
a
rmasi
n
S
out
h
Borneo,
Ind
o
n
e
sia.
S
h
e
g
raduat
e
d
in
Ag
ricultu
re
f
rom
Univ
ersity
o
f
Has
a
nud
di
n
in
2
01
6.
S
he
h
as
w
o
r
k
i
ng
as
a
l
ectu
r
e
r
a
t
th
e
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f
A
g
ri
cult
ure
Univ
ersit
y
o
f
M
u
h
a
m
m
ad
iy
ah
G
o
r
o
n
tal
o
sin
ce
2
0
1
4
.
Her
m
a
in
a
reas
of
r
es
earch
i
n
t
ere
s
t
are
S
o
cio-Eco
n
o
m
i
c
i
n
A
g
ri
cult
ure,
B
io
mas
s
a
n
d
B
i
o
g
a
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
Int
e
grated
F
arming
S
ys
tem
f
o
r
Fo
od
S
ecurit
y
.
In
h
er
care
e
r,
s
he
h
ad
s
erv
e
d
as
s
e
c
retary
o
f
th
e
Ag
ricultu
ral
S
t
udy
C
en
ter
(20
15)
a
n
d
s
ecretary
of
t
h
e
A
gri
busin
e
s
s
stud
y
pro
g
r
a
m
(
20
16
)
i
n
Depa
rt
ment of Agri
cultur
e
.
Intan
Nov
i
anta
ri
M
an
y
o
e,
S
.S
i,
M
.
T
f
r
om
G
oro
n
t
a
lo
,
Ind
o
n
e
sia.
S
he
w
as
b
o
r
n
i
n
198
2,
a
nd
grad
uate
f
rom
Un
iv
ersit
y
o
f
Hasanu
dd
in
w
it
h
a
d
e
gre
e
i
n
G
e
op
hys
ics
an
d
hav
e
a
m
ast
e
rs
i
n
Geo
l
og
y
Eng
i
n
e
erin
g
i
n
2
01
4.
S
he
i
s
work
in
g
as
a
l
ectu
r
e
at
t
h
e
D
epart
m
ent
o
f
G
eol
o
g
y
a
l
s
o
Head
o
f
G
e
ol
ogy
E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
Lab
o
rat
o
ry
a
t
U
n
iversi
ty
S
ta
t
e
o
f
G
o
r
ont
alo.
H
er
m
ain
areas
o
f
research
i
nt
erest
are Geo
p
h
y
s
i
cs,
Tect
oni
c, V
o
l
cano
and
Geo
t
her
m
a
l
.
U
c
e
L
e
s
t
a
r
i
,
S
.
F
a
r
m
,
M
.
F
a
r
m
,
A
p
t
ob
tai
n
ed
h
is
S
.
F
arm
(20
04)
i
n
P
h
arm
acy
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy.
S
h
e
was
s
t
arted
h
i
s
m
a
s
t
er
c
ou
rse
in
C
li
n
i
cal
P
harm
acy
(
20
08
–2
010
)
at
U
ni
vers
ita
s
A
nd
alas
.
S
h
e
jo
ined
t
he
F
acu
lty
o
f
S
cien
c
e
a
n
d
Tech
nol
og
y,
U
n
i
versit
y
of
J
am
b
i
,
Ind
ones
i
a
as
a
l
ectu
r
er
i
n
20
14.
H
e
rec
e
i
v
ed
m
ore
t
h
an
U
S
D
12,
610
w
o
r
th
o
f
research
g
r
a
nt
(13
gran
t/
proj
ect)
i
n
201
4–
20
18.
H
e
su
perv
is
e
d
a
nd
c
om
pl
eted
o
f
6
B.
Sc
p
roj
ects.
H
is
c
urre
n
t
r
esearch
f
ocu
s
C
li
nical
a
n
d
P
h
arm
acy
T
ech
n
o
l
ogy
a
n
d
,
parti
c
ul
arly
u
t
i
lizat
ion
o
f
p
alm
kern
e
l
shel
ls
i
nto
a
p
h
arm
aceut
i
cal
pro
duct
techn
o
l
o
g
y
p
ro
du
ct
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
enef
icial
t
o
s
ociety.
She
h
as
pub
lish
e
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
23
p
apers
are in
th
e
jo
u
rn
als
and
con
f
re
n
ces.
Pr
of
D
a
t
o’
D
r
.
K
amar
u
z
z
a
ma
n
So
p
i
an
g
rad
u
ated
w
i
t
h
BS
M
e
c
h
a
ni
cal
E
ngi
neeri
ng
a
t
t
h
e
Univ
e
r
sity
o
f
Wi
sc
o
n
sin-
Ma
d
i
so
n
in
1
9
8
5
,
M
S
in
E
ne
rg
y
Re
so
urc
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
University
o
f
P
i
t
t
sb
urg
h
i
n
1989
a
nd
P
hD
i
n
M
ech
ani
c
al
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
at
t
h
e
D
or
gan
Sol
a
r
Laborat
o
ry,
Un
iversit
y
o
f
Miami
at
C
oral
G
abl
e
s
in
1
9
97.
H
e
has
b
een
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
f
i
eld
of
r
en
ewabl
e
energ
y
f
o
r
m
ore
t
h
an
2
5
y
e
ars
.
H
e
h
a
s
s
ecu
red
research
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
U
S
D
6
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
he
M
a
l
aysian
M
inst
ry
o
f
Sci
e
nce
an
d
the M
a
lays
ian
Ministr
y
of
E
d
u
cation
as
w
el
l
as
f
rom
th
e
i
ndu
st
ry.
He
h
a
s
c
ond
uct
e
d
re
newab
l
e
energ
y
c
ours
e
s
in
t
he
As
ian
S
c
ho
ol
o
f
Energ
y
(
20
07–
20
14),
whi
c
h
was
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
IS
ES
CO,
COMS
AT,
TIK
A
a
n
d
U
N
E
S
C
O.
H
e
has
pub
li
sh
ed
o
v
e
r
70
0
p
a
pers
i
n
j
o
urn
a
ls
a
nd
c
o
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f
e
rences
(
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h
i
n
d
ex =
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o
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c
it
a
tion
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=
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up
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d
co
m
p
let
e
d
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rs
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h
D stu
d
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ts.
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