In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2198~
22
05
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2198-2205
2198
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Min
i
review on the design of a
xial type eddy
c
urrent braking
technology
H.T.
Walo
y
o
1
, U
baidil
lah
2
, D.D.D
.
P
.
T
j
ahjan
a
3
, M.
Nizam
4
, T. Koga
5
1,
2
,
3
M
e
ch
ani
cal E
ngi
neeri
ng Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
, Univ
e
rs
i
t
as S
ebelas
M
aret,
I
ndo
nesia
2,
3
,
4
N
a
tio
nal
Cen
t
er f
or S
u
s
t
a
in
able
T
rans
po
rtati
o
n
Tech
no
lo
gy
(NCS
T
T),
In
do
ne
sia
4
El
ectrical
En
g
i
n
eeri
ng
Depart
m
e
nt
,
Universitas S
e
belas Maret,
I
ndo
nes
i
a
5
Yam
a
g
u
ch
i U
n
iversi
ty, U
b
e Cam
p
u
s
,
Ya
m
a
gu
chi
P
e
rf
e
c
t
u
re, Japan
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
27,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d Ju
n 3
0
,
2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
10,
201
9
E
d
dy
C
ur
r
e
n
t
B
r
a
ke
(
E
C
B
)
i
s
a t
y
p
e
of
el
ectri
c brak
ing
t
h
at us
e
s ed
dy
current
to
pro
du
ce brak
in
g f
o
rce
s
.
T
h
is art
ic
l
e
del
iv
e
r
s
a sol
i
d
rev
i
ew
o
f
t
h
e des
i
g
n
o
f
Ax
ial
E
CB,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
very
p
ro
m
i
s
i
n
g
f
or
a
n
alt
e
rnati
v
e
brak
in
g
s
yste
m
.
S
e
veral
t
ypes
of
a
x
i
al
E
CB
are
classif
i
ed
a
nd
n
a
m
ed
a
s
a
single
d
i
s
k,
dou
b
l
e
di
sk,
and
u
n
ip
olar
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
clas
sifi
cati
o
n
o
f
a
x
i
al
E
CB
i
s
ba
sed
on
t
h
e
des
i
g
n
o
f
coil
placem
ent
,
w
hi
ch
i
n
d
u
ces
a
xi
al
a
r
ea
o
f
t
he
d
isk
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
elect
rom
a
gn
et
s
o
u
rce.
A
p
otential
is
su
e
f
o
r
the
d
e
velo
pm
en
t
o
f
axi
a
l
ECB
is
als
o
d
iscu
ss
ed
t
o
exp
l
ore
t
h
e
brak
ing
perf
orm
a
nce
im
pro
v
em
ent
o
f
the
a
x
ial
ty
pe
E
CB.
It
w
as
h
i
g
h
l
i
ghted
t
h
a
t
research
o
n
h
o
w
to
c
h
a
ng
e
th
e
d
irect
ion
of
m
a
gn
etic
f
i
e
ld
v
ect
ors
by
c
ha
ng
in
g
t
h
e
s
h
ape
of
t
he
p
ol
e-sho
e
o
n
the
elect
rom
a
gn
eti
c
E
CB
i
n
a
x
i
al
t
y
p
e
has
n
o
t
been
w
i
d
e
l
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
d.
Theref
o
r
e,
th
is
issu
e wo
u
l
d b
e
in
t
erestin
g
f
o
r f
u
ture investigation.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
x
ia
l ty
pe
B
r
a
k
i
ng
Ed
dy c
u
rren
t
P
e
rform
a
nc
e
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
D.D.D
.
P. Tj
a
h
j
an
a,
M
e
ch
ani
cal
Eng
in
e
e
ring
De
p
art
m
en
t
,
Universitas S
e
bela
s
M
aret,
Jl
.
I
r
. S
u
tam
i
3
6
A
,
K
enti
ng
a
n
, S
ura
k
arta,
Centra
l
Java,
I
n
done
si
a
,
571
26.
Em
ail:
dda
nard
on
o
@
sta
f
f.u
n
s.
a
c
.
i
d
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Bra
k
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
h
as
b
ee
n
c
u
rrent
ly
d
e
v
e
l
op
ing
i
n
a
cc
orda
n
c
e
t
o
t
he
f
as
t
g
r
ow
o
f
ve
h
i
cle
tech
n
o
l
o
gy.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
a
b
se
nc
e
of
e
n
g
i
ne
b
rake
i
n
pur
e
ele
c
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
s,
a
n
o
t
her
op
ti
on
t
o
su
p
por
t
bra
k
e
is
u
s
i
ng
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
ty
pe
b
r
a
ki
n
g
s
ys
t
e
m [1,
2]
.
For exa
m
ple,
t
h
e
use of
e
d
d
y
c
ur
ren
t bra
k
e (EC
B
)
ha
s bee
n
b
e
c
om
in
g al
terna
t
i
v
es
for
re
pla
c
i
n
g
eng
i
ne
b
ra
ke
t
hro
u
g
h
r
ege
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
sy
st
e
m
[
3].
Bas
ica
l
l
y
,
ele
c
tr
ic
b
rak
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
h
a
s
n
o
n
-
con
t
ac
t
braki
n
g
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
it
i
s
v
a
l
l
u
e
a
dde
d
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
the
co
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
hyd
raul
i
c
s
ys
t
e
m.
I
n
re
g
e
nera
t
i
v
e
brak
in
g,
t
his
s
y
s
t
em
c
on
ver
t
s
t
h
e
i
n
ert
i
al
f
o
r
ces
p
r
oduc
e
d
by
v
e
h
i
c
le
m
o
v
em
ent
t
o
e
le
c
t
rica
l
e
n
er
gy
[
4
].
B
y
us
i
n
g a
ba
t
t
e
r
y
ma
nagem
e
n
t
s
ys
tem
,
th
e
e
lec
t
rica
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
a
s
t
h
en
s
t
o
red
in
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
ry
f
or
a
n
o
th
e
r
u
ti
lity
[
5
]
.
In
acc
orda
nc
e
wi
t
h
t
h
e
a
dva
n
t
age
s
o
f
me
ch
anica
l
a
n
d
e
le
c
t
rica
l
brak
i
n
g
sys
t
em
s,
r
esearc
h
ers
com
b
ine
d
a
ll
th
ose
t
y
pes to
g
e
t
be
t
ter
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
s
[6]
.
The
ECB
i
s
w
i
d
el
y
use
d
i
n
ra
ilr
oad
ve
h
i
c
l
es
a
p
p
lica
t
io
n.
I
t
ha
s
b
ee
n
t
u
rn
i
n
g
i
n
to
t
he
m
a
r
ket
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
pione
ere
d
by
ICE
3
f
or
b
r
a
ki
n
g
s
ys
tem
s
on
tr
ain
s
[
7]
.
So
f
ar
,
t
h
e
use
o
f
E
C
B
i
s
m
a
i
n
ly
f
or
t
he
h
igh-
sp
e
e
d
veh
i
c
l
e
be
ca
us
e
the
ve
l
o
c
i
t
y
a
spec
t
stro
ng
l
y
i
nfl
u
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
ma
i
n
c
h
ara
c
te
rist
ic.
The
r
e
is
a
h
igh
ne
ed
t
o
a
ppl
y
t
h
e
E
C
B
t
o
l
o
w
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
E
C
B
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
s
o
me
r
ese
a
rc
her
pa
ys
m
ore
att
e
n
tio
n
t
o
i
t
s
des
i
g
n
(
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
ct
ure)
t
ha
n
c
o
nt
rol
s
t
rate
gy
[8].
R
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
E
C
B
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
di
sc
ussi
o
n
s
pu
t
for
w
ard
by
t
he
a
ut
h
o
r,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
the
e
ffect
o
f
r
o
t
o
r
m
a
teria
l
s
t
o
b
raki
ng
t
or
que
[
9];
a
com
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
d
i
f
fere
nt
m
ater
i
a
l
in
t
h
e
f
orm
of
a
dd
i
n
g
"ba
c
k
i
r
o
n
"
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
[
1
0
]
;
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
c
o
nd
uc
tor
[11]
.
M
o
reove
r,
r
egar
din
g
E
C
B
s
truc
tu
re
,
som
e
efforts
w
e
re
u
n
d
ert
a
ke
n
to
i
m
p
ro
ve
t
he
ma
gnet
i
c
perfo
rm
ance
s
uc
h
a
s
s
urfa
ce
c
ond
uc
tor
mod
i
fica
t
i
o
n
[
12
]
a
nd
i
m
provem
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
gne
tic
c
irc
u
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mi
ni rev
i
e
w
o
n
the
des
i
gn
o
f
a
x
ia
l ty
pe
ed
dy
curre
nt
b
r
ak
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
gy (
H
.T
.
Waloy
o
)
2
199
[
1
3
]
.
Fo
r
i
n
st
an
ce
s,
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
y
t
o
m
axi
m
i
ze
f
l
ux
d
e
n
sit
y
,
p
e
rma
n
e
n
t
m
a
gne
t
H
a
ll
bac
h
c
on
fi
g
u
rat
i
o
n
w
as
ado
p
t
ed
on
ECB
perm
anen
t
ma
gnet [1
4,
15
]
.
R
e
sea
r
ch
e
r
s
p
a
y
mo
re
a
t
t
e
nt
io
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
ev
el
op
me
nt
o
f
th
e
ECB
wh
ic
h
c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
t
h
e
num
ber
o
f
pu
b
l
ic
a
t
ions
d
ea
l
i
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
design
a
nd
im
provem
e
n
t
o
f
EC
B
i
n
c
rea
s
e
.
T
he
t
ype
o
f
ECB
tha
t
i
s
w
i
de
ly
app
l
ied
for
bra
k
i
n
g
is
t
he
A
x
i
a
l
E
CB.
A
j
ou
r
n
al
r
ev
ie
w
of
E
C
B
a
xia
l
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
i
s
ne
eded
t
o
i
d
en
t
i
fy
t
he
tech
n
i
q
u
es
t
ha
t
have
b
ee
n
use
d
b
e
f
ore
br
i
e
fl
y.
N
o
one
h
as
t
rie
d
t
o
c
o
lle
ct
l
i
t
era
t
ure
re
vie
w
on
t
h
e
d
e
sign
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
a
x
i
al
E
CB
.
To
t
he
b
est
o
f
a
ut
h
o
r
knowl
e
dg
e,
there
are
only
a
few
aut
h
ors
w
ho
pr
op
ose
d
review
a
rticles
to
s
um
marize
t
h
e
curr
en
t
res
e
arc
h
i
n
E
CB
deve
l
o
pm
en
t.
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
[16
]
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
a
r
e
view
on
the
ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
N
dF
e
B
t
o
vari
ou
s
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
n;
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
s
t
h
e
E
C
B
.
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
a
n
d
K
u
m
a
r
[
1
7
]
revie
w
ed
t
he
E
C
B
s
ys
tem
i
n
g
enera
l
a
nd
it
s
basic
w
o
rk
i
n
g
pr
i
n
c
i
ple
.
T
h
i
s
paper
[1
7]
g
i
v
e
s
h
ort
de
scribes
how
E
C
B
w
orks
a
n
d
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
nt.
S
i
n
g
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
18]
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
a
re
vi
e
w
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
to
pi
c
on
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
over
v
iew
a
n
d
u
s
e
of
t
he
E
CB
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
va
rio
u
s
a
p
p
lic
a
tion.
H
ow
e
ver
,
t
he
i
n
f
orm
a
ti
on
w
i
t
h
in
t
he
r
e
p
ort
w
a
s
no
t com
p
le
te
due
to t
h
e
proce
e
di
n
g
lim
ita
t
i
o
n
.
A
l
o
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
ise
i
n
t
he
numbe
r
of
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
ions
i
n
t
h
is
a
rea
,
it
i
s
n
e
cessar
y
t
o
e
s
ta
blis
h
a
com
p
rehe
nsive
revie
w
w
hic
h
c
on
ta
in
s
a
com
p
l
e
te
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
ht
o
f
t
h
o
se
p
u
b
li
c
a
tion
s
.
Thi
s
p
ap
e
r
p
re
sent
s
d
e
t
a
il
ed
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
di
es
r
el
at
ed
t
o
ax
i
a
l
EC
B
d
e
si
g
n
de
ve
lo
pm
ent.
I
n
th
is
j
o
u
rna
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
a
xial
ECBs
a
re
g
roup
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
si
ngl
e
di
sc
,
do
ubl
e
d
i
sc
,
a
n
d
u
n
ipo
l
ar
ty
pe
s.
T
he
d
isc
u
ssi
on
o
n
a
xia
l
E
C
B
i
s
c
a
r
r
ied
ou
t by e
x
pl
a
i
ni
ng t
h
e
de
ve
l
o
p
m
ent o
f
the
d
e
s
ign s
t
r
u
c
t
ure,
t
he
n
mod
ify
i
ng
t
h
e
ma
gn
et
ic
fi
e
ld
t
o
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
e
the
perform
ance
.
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
t
h
e
b
a
s
ic
p
rinc
i
p
l
e
s
of
t
he
E
C
B
w
ou
ld
b
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d,
f
ol
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
d
isc
u
ssio
n
s
on
the a
x
i
a
l EC
B
class
i
fica
ti
o
n
,
i
m
prove
me
nt,
an
d
fu
ture
h
i
ghl
ig
h
t
.
2.
WOR
K
ING PRINCIPLE
Ed
dy
c
u
rr
ent
i
s
t
he
i
nd
uce
d
c
urrent
t
ha
t
oc
c
u
rs
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
ma
gn
et
i
c
f
ie
l
d
c
han
g
e
in
a
c
ond
uc
t
o
r
.
T
he
ma
gnet
i
c
fie
l
d
w
i
l
l
p
ro
duce
an
e
d
dy
c
u
rr
ent
l
o
o
p
p
a
i
r
a
nd
the
c
urrent
l
o
o
p
w
ill
p
r
od
uce
a
n
i
n
d
u
ct
i
v
e
ma
gnet
i
c
fie
l
d.
Ba
s
e
d
o
n the
r
e
lat
i
ve
m
o
tio
n of
t
he c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or,
in
the
e
dge
w
il
l pro
duc
e
a
n
in
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
w
i
t
h
s
a
m
e
dire
ct
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
ain
ma
gnet
i
c
fie
l
d
.
T
he
s
am
e
di
re
cti
o
n
of
m
agne
tic
f
lux
w
i
ll
c
a
u
se
repu
lsi
o
n.
W
hi
le
a
t
the
re
ar,
a
i
n
duc
ti
on
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fiel
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
form
ed
opp
os
i
t
e
t
o
t
he
m
ain
m
a
gne
tic
f
ie
ld.
The
at
trac
tive
forc
e
w
i
l
l
o
c
c
u
r
on
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
s
ide
.
B
o
t
h
for
ces
w
i
ll
pr
ovi
de
a
r
esult
a
n
t
e
ffe
c
t
o
pp
os
ite
t
o
t
h
e
direc
t
i
o
n
of
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
mot
i
on.
S
m
y
t
h
e
[1
9]
i
n
t
rod
u
ce
d
the
p
h
e
nom
e
n
o
n
,
w
h
ich
firstl
y
i
nve
st
i
g
ate
d
e
dd
y
curr
ent o
n
a
di
s
c.
The
m
a
in
e
ner
gy
s
ourc
e
i
n
E
CB
com
e
s
m
a
gne
t
or
e
le
c
t
ro
ma
gnet.
I
n
t
he
p
e
r
m
a
nent
m
a
gne
t
(
P
M)
ECB,
m
agne
tic
f
l
u
x
d
e
ns
i
t
y
b
e
c
a
m
e
c
ons
ta
n
t
i
n
a
l
l
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
.
P
M
EC
B
br
a
k
in
g
torq
ue
c
on
tro
l
c
a
n
b
e
d
one
b
y
cha
n
g
i
n
g
t
he
w
id
th
o
f
t
h
e
air
ga
p
[2
0]
o
r
pr
ov
idi
n
g
a
m
a
gne
tic
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
[
2
1
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
-
base
d
E
CB
p
e
rfor
ma
nce
de
pen
d
s
on
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
i
l
co
nfi
gur
ati
o
n.
T
he
a
mo
un
t
of
curr
ent
i
n
d
i
r
ect
c
urre
nt
(
D
C
),
i
s
eq
ua
l to the
m
agne
tic
f
ie
l
d
.
I
n the
u
s
e
of
a
l
t
er
nat
i
ng
c
ur
rent
(
A
C
)
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ci
t
y
,
the freq
u
e
n
cy s
ett
i
ng an
d
curr
ent-s
i
gna
l form
a
re those t
h
a
t
a
f
fec
t
t
h
e
bra
king
perf
orma
nc
e.
O
n
e
o
f
t
he
e
ss
ent
i
a
l
phe
n
o
me
n
a
i
n
t
h
e
E
C
B
is
s
ki
n
e
f
fe
ct.
In
t
h
is
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on
,
th
e
a
m
ou
nt
o
f
Eddy
c
u
rre
n
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
es
a
t
a
c
e
rt
ai
n
d
i
st
an
ce
f
ar
f
ro
m
th
e
su
rf
ac
e.
T
he
d
e
p
th
o
f
sk
in
e
ffe
c
t
s
t
r
o
ngl
y
depe
n
d
s
on
t
h
e
spee
d,
w
hile
s
pe
ed
i
nc
rea
s
e
the
s
k
in
e
ffec
t
w
i
ll
dr
o
p
[
2
2
].
S
ch
ieber
[23]
f
ou
n
d
t
he
i
nfl
u
ence
o
f
s
k
in
e
ffec
t
w
a
s
not
s
i
g
n
i
fi
ca
nt
a
t
thi
n
p
la
te
d
isk
E
CB.
I
n
the
ot
h
e
r
ha
nd,
Si
ng
h
[24
]
i
nv
e
s
tig
at
e
d
t
h
i
ck
p
l
a
t
e
s
a
nd
f
o
und
the s
k
i
n
e
ffe
c
t
gre
at
ly af
f
ec
te
d the
bra
k
i
n
g t
o
rq
ue
at
hig
h
s
pe
ed.
3.
AX
IA
L EC
B
T
Y
P
E
S
The
a
x
i
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
E
d
dy
c
u
rre
nt
b
ra
ke
h
as
t
he
m
ain
c
h
ara
c
t
er
i
s
t
ic of
a
dis
c
-
s
h
a
pe
d
co
nd
uct
o
r,
w
hile
t
h
e
d
e
sign
o
f
a
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
fi
e
l
d
sou
r
ce
c
a
n
b
e
a
di
sk
o
r
sin
g
l
e
.
The
ax
ia
l
m
o
de
l
E
CB
a
l
s
o
cal
led
a
D
i
sc
E
CB.
The
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
iel
d
s
our
ce
c
a
n
b
e
elec
trom
ag
ne
ts
o
r
per
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
gn
e
t
s.
A
s
i
ngl
e
axi
a
l
ECB
u
s
es
a
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
h
a
t
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
d
i
s
c
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
ou
rc
e
is
p
l
a
ced
p
a
r
a
l
lel
an
d
fa
ci
n
g
t
he c
on
duc
t
o
r. To im
p
r
ove
t
he
e
nerg
y effi
c
i
e
n
cy,
th
e m
o
d
el
i
s
s
e
t
i
n
a
d
o
u
b
l
e a
x
ia
l E
C
B.
The
m
agne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
so
urc
e
i
s
fla
nke
d
b
y
t
w
o
c
on
d
u
ct
or
d
i
s
cs.
U
s
i
n
g
thi
s
d
es
i
g
n
,
t
h
e
con
duc
t
o
r
c
a
n
c
a
p
t
ure
the
overa
l
l
mag
n
e
ti
c
fl
ux
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
magn
e
t
i
c
p
o
l
e
s
.
The
do
ubl
e
ax
i
a
l
ECB
c
a
n
be
se
t
by
p
la
c
i
n
g
a
m
agnet
i
c fiel
d
sour
c
e
on
b
oth
si
des
of
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
d
is
k.
W
i
t
h
th
is
a
rr
angem
e
nt,
a
l
a
rge
t
o
r
qu
e
wi
ll
b
e
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
.
A
u
n
ip
ol
ar
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
re
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y
t
h
e
d
e
sign
b
ut
s
t
ill
p
rodu
c
e
a
l
a
rg
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
fo
rc
e
.
T
he
u
ni
pol
a
r
f
o
r
m
i
s
m
ad
e
by
u
s
i
n
g
a
ma
gnet
i
c f
i
el
d source
t
hat
form
s
a
si
ng
le
l
oop.
3.1.
S
in
gle
ax
ial
EC
B
S
i
ngle
ax
ia
l
E
CB
co
ns
ists
o
f
a
cond
uc
tor
d
i
sc
a
n
d
a
m
agnet
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
d
i
s
c
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
a
i
r
g
a
p
t
h
a
t
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
t
w
o
d
i
s
c
s
w
i
t
h
a
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
w
i
d
t
h
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
lux
de
nsit
y
in
t
he
a
ir
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
198
–
2
205
2
200
ga
p
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
e
late
d
t
o
t
he
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
t
or
q
u
e
.
T
hus,
to
i
ncr
e
as
e
fl
u
x
m
agne
tic
c
a
n
b
e
d
one
by
ar
r
a
n
g
i
ng
th
e
pe
r
m
anen
t
ma
gne
t
po
le
i
n
the
ha
l
l
bac
h
a
r
r
a
ng
e
m
ent
[
1
4
]
,
[1
5]
o
r
by
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
gne
t
s
a
nd
pe
r
m
anen
t
m
a
gne
t
s
i
n
one
p
ol
e
[
13]
,
[
21]
.
Wher
e
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
tor
se
c
t
i
o
n,
w
her
e
t
h
e
i
nd
uc
ti
o
n
m
agne
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d occ
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
use
of m
ater
i
a
ls a
nd de
si
gns
i
n
f
lue
n
c
e
b
r
a
k
i
n
g tor
que
.
T
h
e t
y
pe
of c
o
nd
uct
o
r
m
a
ter
i
a
l
a
ff
ec
ts
the bra
k
in
g c
h
ar
acter
ist
i
cs a
t
a
spec
i
f
ic spe
e
d
range
[2
5
]
.
T
he
c
omb
i
nat
i
o
n
o
f
F
er
r
o
and no
n-
fe
r
r
o
u
s
me
t
a
l
s as
a
c
ond
uc
tor
c
a
n i
m
pr
o
v
e
br
a
k
i
n
g
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
5
-
27]
.
Wh
il
e
o
n
t
he
d
e
s
ig
n side
,
cha
nge
s in the
s
ha
pe o
r
siz
e
of a
c
on
d
u
ct
or
w
ill
i
n
f
l
ue
nce
t
h
e
m
a
gne
tic
fi
e
ld
a
n
d
e
d
d
y
c
u
rr
e
nts
[
28]
,
[
2
9
]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
ing
l
e
axia
l
E
CB
(
a
)
confi
g
ur
a
tio
n
(
b
)
m
a
gne
t
(
c
)
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
(
d)
e
dd
y
cur
r
ent
[
2
8]
I
n
cr
easin
g
t
h
e
ma
gnet
i
c
f
l
u
x
de
n
s
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
air
ga
p
c
a
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
ou
t
b
y
d
ir
e
c
t
i
ng
the
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fl
u
x
to
t
he
c
on
d
u
ct
or
.
By
u
s
i
n
g
t
he
h
a
l
l
b
ac
h
me
t
h
o
d
,
the
or
ie
nta
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ma
gnet
i
c
f
l
ux
w
i
l
l
c
o
n
ce
ntr
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
di
sc
[
14]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
a
s
h
ow
s
the
ha
ll
bac
h
a
r
r
a
y
f
o
r
a
p
er
m
a
ne
nt
m
ag
net.
D
a
i
[
15]
m
ade
h
a
l
l
ba
ch
a
rra
ngem
e
nt
d
esi
gn
b
y
u
si
n
g
thre
e
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
i
n
e
ach
s
eg
m
e
n
t
.
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
br
ak
i
ng
is
o
bta
i
ned
at
5
5
de
gr
ee
s
a
n
d
0.
4
r
a
t
i
o
s
o
f
the
mid-
m
a
gne
t
po
le
a
r
c
t
o the
p
o
l
e p
i
t
c
h
.
Wa
ng
[
1
4
]
exa
m
i
n
e
d
t
he
p
e
r
m
a
ne
nt
p
ol
a
r
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt
w
it
h
t
h
e
Q
u
a
s
i-
ha
ll
bac
h
m
od
e
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
pr
o
duc
e
d
a
h
ig
her
ma
gne
ti
c
f
i
e
l
d
den
s
i
t
y
t
han
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
m
e
tho
d
s.
T
he
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
bac
k
i
r
o
n
P
M
w
it
h
t
h
e
qu
asi
hal
l
b
ac
h
i
s
t
h
i
nne
r
tha
n
t
he
tra
d
i
t
i
ona
l t
o
ob
t
a
i
n
the
sam
e
m
agn
e
tic
f
ie
ld de
n
s
i
ty.
F
i
gure
2. S
ing
l
e
Axial
ECB (a
) Hall
bach
a
rr
ay [1
4
] (
b
) m
a
gne
tic
c
or
e
[
1
3]
(
c
)
P
a
r
a
llel
h
y
b
r
i
d
[
2
1]
(
d)
Hybr
i
d
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
[25]
The
use of
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
agne
t
i
c
f
i
eld
s
o
ur
c
e
s
i
s
a
no
t
h
er
w
ay
t
o
i
n
cr
ease
th
e
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
el
d
d
e
ns
i
t
y
in
t
he
a
i
r
ga
p.
Y
a
z
da
npa
na
h
[
1
3]
us
e
d
tw
o m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ie
l
d
s
our
ces
s
im
u
l
t
a
ne
o
u
sly
by m
a
ki
n
g
a
p
e
r
ma
nen
t
m
agne
t
a
s
a
coi
l
c
or
e,
a
s
show
n
i
n
f
ig
ur
e
2b.
T
h
i
s
des
i
gn
p
r
od
uces
b
r
a
kin
g
t
o
r
q
ue
h
i
gher
t
h
a
n
c
on
v
e
nti
ona
l
E
C
B
at
t
he
sa
me
cur
rent. Th
i
s de
si
g
n
ha
s
dra
wback
s,
t
here
is s
t
ill a
br
aki
ng
for
ce
a
t
t
he
t
ime
n
o
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
l
o
w
.
A
s a
de
sig
n
im
pr
o
v
em
ent,
G
ul
e
c
[
2
1
]
pr
op
ose
d
d
es
ig
n
by
p
l
a
c
i
n
g
a
p
e
r
m
a
nen
t
m
a
gne
t
a
t
t
he
pole
s
hoe
g
ap
.
The
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt
t
h
e
n
f
o
r
m
s
par
a
ll
e
l
m
a
g
ne
tic
c
i
r
c
u
its,
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
c
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
s
a
t
the
e
n
d
of
t
he
c
oi
l
c
o
r
e
,
the
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
ma
g
n
e
t
f
l
o
w
s
t
o
t
he
c
oi
l
core
a
t
the
tim
e
no
e
lec
t
r
i
fie
d
c
oi
l.
I
n
ot
her
han
d
,
per
m
a
n
ent
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
ncr
e
ases
t
he
s
tr
en
gt
h
of
t
he
m
agn
e
t
i
c
fie
ld
w
hen
the
coi
l
i
s e
x
ci
ted.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
i
ni
re
vie
w
o
n
t
h
e
de
sig
n
o
f
a
x
ia
l
ty
pe
ed
dy
curre
nt b
r
ak
i
n
g te
ch
n
o
l
ogy
(
H
.T
. W
a
l
o
y
o
)
2
201
The
t
y
pe
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ct
or
m
a
t
e
r
ial
wi
th
s
peci
fie
d
p
ro
pert
ies
c
h
an
ge
s
t
h
e
tr
e
nd
o
f
t
he
b
r
a
ki
n
g
f
or
c
e
c
u
r
v
e
in
s
pe
e
d
v
ar
ia
tio
n.
A
s
r
e
por
te
d
b
y
L
e
que
sne
[2
5]
,
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
ea
b
i
li
t
y
a
nd
c
ondu
c
tiv
i
t
y
of
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
si
gn
if
ica
n
t
l
y
a
ffe
c
t
t
he
b
r
a
k
i
ng
t
o
r
q
ue.
Br
aki
n
g
tor
q
ue
c
h
a
r
a
ct
er
ist
i
cs
w
i
ll
be
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
w
hen
the
c
o
nd
uct
o
r
uses
m
ag
net
i
c
or
n
o
n
-
m
agne
t
i
c
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s.
I
n
the
fe
r
r
o
m
a
gn
etic
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
p
r
ovi
des
low
br
aki
ng
t
o
r
que
a
t
l
o
w
spee
ds
a
n
d
g
ra
dua
l
l
y
r
i
se
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
spee
d
i
n
cr
ease
s
u
p
to
r
e
ach
the
ma
ximum
torq
ue
.
Wh
ile
n
on-Fe
rro
o
r
a
l
um
i
n
um
p
r
o
duc
e
s
h
ig
h
t
o
r
que
a
t
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
s,
i
t
w
i
l
l
d
r
o
p
a
f
ter
re
a
c
h
i
n
g
cri
t
i
cal
s
p
eed
.
C
r
i
t
i
c
al
s
p
e
e
d
i
s
a
spee
d
w
h
e
n
b
r
a
kin
g
t
o
r
que
r
eac
hes
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
value.
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ag
n
e
ti
c
an
d
non-ma
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
wil
l
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
b
e
tt
e
r
b
ra
ki
ng
t
o
r
qu
e
t
h
an
s
ing
l
e
ma
t
e
ri
a
l
o
nly
.
F
er
ro
m
at
eri
a
l
s
h
av
e
hi
g
h
p
e
rme
a
b
i
lity
s
o
tha
t
t
h
e
i
nd
uce
d
m
agnet
i
c
fi
el
d pr
o
duce
d
i
s
hi
gh,
b
u
t
the
e
d
d
y
c
urre
nt
p
r
o
duc
ed
i
s
l
o
w
d
u
e
to
h
ig
her
e
l
ec
trica
l
r
esis
t
a
n
ce.
W
h
e
r
e
as
n
on
-ferr
ou
s
meta
l
s
h
av
e
lo
wer
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
so
t
h
e
y
can
p
rodu
c
e
hi
gh
er
e
d
d
y
c
u
rren
t
b
ut
i
nhi
bit
th
e
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
ie
l
d
s.
L
eq
u
e
sn
e
[
2
5
]
,
c
o
n
duc
te
d
a
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
a
l
um
in
um
a
n
d
c
op
per
as
n
o
n
-
m
agne
tic
m
a
t
eria
ls,
whic
h
we
re
t
he
n
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
with
a
f
erro
mag
n
e
tic
m
ater
i
a
l,
a
s
sh
o
w
n
in
Figu
re 2d
. Fro
m
t
h
e
r
e
sear
ch,
i
t
w
a
s
fo
un
d
tha
t
t
he
c
om
b
i
na
t
i
on
o
f
co
pp
er (Fe-Cu
)
p
r
o
du
ced
b
raking
to
r
q
u
e
w
ith
a critical
s
p
e
ed
lo
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
A
lum
i
n
u
m
(
F
e-A
l
)
.
B
y us
i
ng
F
e
-
C
u,
it
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
i
de
b
et
t
e
r
br
ak
in
g
tha
n
u
s
i
ng
a
lu
m
i
num
a
n
d
c
a
n
e
ve
n
sa
ve
u
p
t
o
4
0%
o
n
t
h
e
use
o
f
m
ag
ne
t
s
a
t
l
o
w
spee
ds.
The
co
n
duc
t
o
r
is
a
n
E
C
B
pa
r
t
w
her
e
m
agnetic
f
l
u
x
f
l
ow
s
a
nd
e
d
d
y
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
m
s
.
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
s
h
a
p
e
w
i
l
l
a
ffe
c
t
t
he
m
a
g
net
i
c
f
l
ux
f
low
or
t
he
e
d
d
y
curr
en
t
i
n
te
ns
ity.
Raz
a
v
i
[27]
,
co
n
d
u
c
ted
a
st
ud
y
b
y
m
ak
i
ng
a
s
l
ot
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
c
on
duc
t
o
r
la
ye
r
.
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
sl
ots
ca
n
inc
r
ea
se
15%
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
tor
que
c
ompa
r
e
d
t
o
t
he
p
lan
e
c
on
duc
t
o
r
.
F
ur
the
r
m
o
r
e
,
the
slo
t
i
s
var
i
e
d
b
y
pr
ov
idi
n
g
a
m
a
gne
t
i
c
ma
ter
i
a
l
c
o
r
e
.
The
ca
lc
ula
t
io
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
hat
the
u
s
e
o
f
f
er
r
o
m
a
gne
t
i
c
,
i
n
t
he
s
lo
t
ga
p,
c
an
i
ncr
e
ase
br
aki
n
g.
Base
d
,
on
t
he
sa
me
d
esig
n,
D
a
i
[
2
6
]
,
c
ond
ucte
d
a
st
u
dy
by
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
m
odel
us
in
g
3D
F
EM
.
Th
e
e
d
dy
c
u
rre
nt
s
th
a
t
o
cc
ur
a
r
e
conc
en
tr
ate
d
i
n
c
o
p
p
er
s
lo
ts
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
he
c
u
r
r
e
nt
d
e
n
s
ity be
c
o
me
s
h
i
g
h
.
These
f
i
n
d
i
ngs
c
onf
ir
m
th
a
t
t
he
u
se
of
c
op
per
la
ye
r
slots
a
ffe
c
t
s
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
br
a
k
i
n
g
t
o
r
q
ue.
Labbe
[
2
9
]
,
c
ond
uct
a
n
o
t
her
r
e
sea
r
che
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
by
a
dd
i
ng
co
o
l
i
n
g
f
i
ns.
T
h
e
a
d
di
tio
n
o
f
f
i
n
s
is
i
nte
n
de
d
t
o
m
ain
t
a
i
n
br
a
k
in
g
per
f
o
r
m
ance
b
y
incr
eas
in
g
t
h
e
coo
l
in
g
r
a
te.
In
t
he othe
r
h
a
n
d
,
g
ivi
n
g
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
f
i
ns
w
il
l
a
f
fe
c
t
t
he
f
l
o
w
of
t
he
m
ag
net
i
c f
i
eld,
a
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Figu
r
e
3
. It
was f
oun
d th
a
t
t
h
e
f
in
s
ef
fect
o
f
calcula
t
i
o
n
s
o
cc
ur
s
a
t
l
ow
s
pee
d
s.
At h
i
gh
rates,
t
h
er
e is
no
ef
f
ect
o
f
c
o
unt
f
ins
at
t
he
e
st
ima
t
e.
F
i
gur
e
3.
E
CB
w
i
t
h
c
oo
l
i
n
g
r
i
b
F
lux
m
a
gne
t
distr
i
b
u
t
i
on
[
2
9]
The
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
c
on
d
u
ct
or
d
iam
e
te
r
t
o
t
he
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
so
ur
ce
w
i
ll
a
f
fe
ct
t
he
a
m
oun
t
of
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
tor
que
.
L
u
b
i
n
[
28]
,
con
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
var
y
in
g
c
o
nd
uct
o
r
s
i
ze
.
Th
e
co
nd
uc
tor
d
i
am
eter
i
s
set
mor
e
e
x
t
e
ns
ive
tha
n
t
he
m
a
g
ne
tic
d
i
s
c
to
p
r
o
v
i
de
t
he
s
pa
ce
f
or
e
lect
ro
n
s
m
ove
.
T
h
e
con
d
u
c
to
r
a
r
ea
t
h
a
t
rece
i
v
es
the
m
a
g
n
e
t
ic
f
ie
ld
a
n
d
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
force
i
s
c
a
l
le
d
the
act
i
v
e
re
gi
o
n
.
F
i
gur
e
1d
s
h
ow
s
the
edd
y
c
ur
r
e
n
t
o
c
c
ur
s
i
n
the
c
ond
uc
tor
.
T
he
l
ar
ger
r
a
di
us
o
f
c
o
ndu
c
t
or
r
es
ul
ts
i
n
an
i
nc
rease
in
b
rakin
g
t
o
r
que.
A
f
ter
reachin
g
t
h
e
op
t
i
mum
size
,
e
nlar
gi
n
g
t
he
c
on
d
u
ct
or
d
iam
e
ter
w
ill
n
o
t
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
br
a
k
i
n
g
tor
q
ue
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
nt
l
y
.
3.
2.
U
n
i
p
ola
r
a
x
i
al
E
C
B
Un
ip
ol
ar
a
xi
a
l
E
C
B
con
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
c
o
ndu
ct
o
r
d
i
s
c
and
l
oop
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
ro
ma
gnet
i
c
coi
l
co
r
e
,
a
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
a.
T
he
u
n
i
p
o
l
ar
n
am
e
is
r
e
f
e
rred
to
t
he
w
or
k
a
s
w
ritte
n
b
y
S
c
hie
b
e
r
[
23]
.
By
u
s
i
ng
un
i
p
o
l
ar
t
y
p
e
w
ill
mi
n
i
miz
e
m
agn
e
ti
c
fi
e
l
d
l
e
akag
e
.
T
h
e
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
f
ro
m
t
h
e
so
u
r
ce
i
s
ch
a
n
n
e
l
e
d
t
o
t
he
c
on
du
ct
o
r
v
ia
p
o
l
e
sho
e
.
Th
us,
t
h
e
use
o
f
p
o
l
e
s
hoe
w
i
t
h
a
ce
r
t
ai
n
c
r
oss-
sect
i
o
n
a
f
f
ec
t
s
b
r
a
ki
n
g
[
3
0
]
.
T
he
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
use
d
c
o
me
s fr
om DC
e
l
ec
tric
ity.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
pro
ble
m
wit
h
E
CB br
aki
n
g is
th
e
amo
un
t
o
f
b
r
a
king
th
a
t is p
r
o
po
r
t
ion
a
l
to
t
he
v
eh
ic
le
's
s
pee
d
,
eve
n
a
t
zer
o
speed,
t
h
e
r
e
is
no
brak
i
n
g
.
To
o
ve
r
c
o
m
e
this,
A
C
p
ow
er
i
s
used
[
31-
33]
.
I
n
t
he
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
,
a
ddit
i
on
of
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
m
eta
l
a
ll
o
y
e
lem
e
n
t
s
t
o
t
he
c
o
ndu
c
t
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
di
ff
er
e
n
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
anc
e
[34
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
198
–
2
205
2
202
F
i
gur
e
4.
U
nip
o
lar
EC
B
(
a
)
c
o
n
f
ig
ur
a
tio
n
(
b
)
S
i
ng
l
e
m
agne
t
.
(
c)
D
oub
l
e
m
agne
t
ta
ng
en
t
i
a
l
.
(
d
)
D
ouble
ma
gne
t
r
a
dia
l
.
(
e
)
Q
u
a
d
m
agne
t
[
30]
The
br
ak
i
ng
f
o
r
c
e
on
E
C
B
is
i
n
f
lue
n
ce
d
no
t
o
n
l
y
b
y
the
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
l
ux
de
nsit
y
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
t
he
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
on.
T
he
c
r
o
ss-
sec
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
ole
S
hoe
w
i
l
l
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
ma
gn
e
t
ic
f
i
e
ld
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
ion
at
t
h
e
c
ond
u
c
t
o
r.
G
o
sl
i
n
e
[3
0]
,
m
a
de
a
s
tu
dy
by
c
o
mpa
r
i
ng
se
ver
a
l
p
e
r
m
anen
t
ma
gne
ts
a
r
r
a
nge
me
nts
t
o
r
epr
e
sen
t
s
t
h
e
po
le
sho
e
s
ha
pe
,
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
4.
T
w
o
p
er
m
a
ne
nt
m
ag
ne
ts
a
r
e
a
r
r
a
nged
in
t
an
ge
n
t
ia
l
(
F
igur
e
4b)
a
nd
r
a
dia
l
s
(
F
igur
e
4c
)
.
I
t
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ta
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
r
r
ange
me
nt
p
r
oduc
es
h
ig
her
br
ak
in
g
tor
q
ue
t
h
a
n
the
r
a
dia
l
.
Then
the
ta
nge
n
t
ial
pe
r
m
anen
t
ma
gne
t
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt
i
s
d
u
p
l
icat
ed
i
n
a
radi
a
l
d
i
r
ect
i
o
n
to
f
orm
a
s
q
u
a
re
,
a
s
s
ho
w
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
e.
T
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
m
ag
net
ar
ran
g
e
m
e
n
t
pr
odu
c
e
s
an
i
ncr
ease
i
n
br
a
k
i
ng
t
o
r
q
ue
t
ha
t
is
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
wh
il
e
u
s
e
do
ub
l
e
m
ag
n
e
t
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
lu
si
on
i
s
th
e
t
a
ng
en
tia
l
me
tho
d
r
e
sul
t
s
i
n
h
ig
h
e
r
brak
i
n
g
t
h
a
n
t
he
r
a
d
ial
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt.
Elec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
type
o
f
E
C
B
usua
l
l
y
use
s
D
C
cur
r
e
n
t
t
o
pr
o
duce
a
ma
gn
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
ld
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
of
D
C
c
u
r
r
e
nt
h
as
d
i
s
ad
van
t
a
g
e
a
t
l
ow
s
pee
d
s.
I
t
r
e
qu
ir
e
s
l
ar
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lo
w
s
t
o
pr
ov
i
d
e
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
tor
que
.
K
a
r
a
koc
[
3
1
]
,
c
on
duc
te
d
a
stud
y
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
br
aki
ng
ca
pa
c
i
t
y
a
t
l
o
w
s
p
e
e
d
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
A
C
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
A
C
pow
e
r
u
se
d
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
aw
to
oth,
t
r
i
a
n
gl
e
,
a
nd
si
n
u
s
s
h
ape
s
.
F
ro
m
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
ati
o
n
res
u
lt
s,
goo
d
brak
ing
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
is
o
bta
i
ned
f
r
om
t
he
t
r
i
a
n
g
l
e
a
n
d
s
i
nus
s
hape
.
K
a
r
a
koc
[
3
2
]
,
m
ade
im
pro
v
e
m
ents
t
o
the
tr
i
a
ng
le
a
nd
si
nus
s
i
g
na
ls
w
ith
o
pti
m
i
z
at
io
n
usi
ng
P
P
A
(
P
ole
P
r
oje
c
t
i
o
n
Area
)
wi
th
GA
(
G
enetic
A
lg
or
ithm
)
op
t
i
miza
tio
n
sys
t
em
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esea
r
c
h,
f
o
u
r
P
P
A
poi
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
use
d
.
W
i
t
h
the
p
r
op
er
p
la
ceme
n
t
of
P
PA p
o
i
nt
s, a
si
gn
if
ica
n
t
i
n
c
r
ea
se
i
n
br
a
k
ing
is
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d.
K
ar
akoc
[
3
3
]
a
l
s
o
m
e
n
tio
n
tha
t
t
he
i
ncr
ease
i
n
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
t
or
que
d
ue
to
c
ha
nges
fr
o
m
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
sour
c
e
s
to
A
C
occ
u
r
s
a
t
al
l
sp
eed
v
a
r
i
a
t
ions.
The
impr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
i
s
wide
r tha
n
a
t l
o
w.
AC c
u
r
r
en
ts a
re
better
tha
n
D
C
curre
nts
and
ge
t
be
t
t
er
a
t
hig
h
s
pee
d
s.
Me
tal
al
l
oys
c
on
d
u
c
t
or
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
fer
e
n
t
e
le
m
e
nts
w
i
l
l
p
r
o
duce
d
i
ffe
r
e
n
t
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
t
or
que
s.
G
a
h
ar
om
[
3
4
]
,
m
a
de
a
c
om
par
i
s
on
on
alum
i
num
a
l
l
o
y
s
er
ies
A
1
6
0
61
a
nd
A
1
7
0
7
5
a
s
a
c
ond
uc
t
o
r
.
T
he
d
if
f
e
r
e
nces
i
n
al
loy
el
ement
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
p
erme
a
b
i
lit
y
ma
g
n
e
t
an
d
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
al
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
,
i
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
A1
60
61
h
as
t
w
i
ce
e
l
e
ct
ri
c
a
l
c
o
ndu
c
tivi
t
y
wh
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
A
170
7
5.
A
s
a
r
e
sul
t
,
a
l
um
in
um
A
16
061
se
r
i
es
pr
oduc
es
b
e
tte
r
br
aki
ng
t
o
r
q
ue
t
ha
n
t
h
e
A
1
7
0
75
ser
i
e
s
.
3
.
3
.
D
o
ub
l
e
a
x
i
a
l
E
C
B
Do
ub
l
e
a
xi
al
E
CB
i
s
an
a
xi
a
l
E
CB
t
h
a
t
u
s
e
s
d
u
a
l
ma
gn
eti
c
f
i
e
ld
s
our
ce
s
or
dua
l
c
o
nd
uc
t
o
r
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
5a
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
d
o
u
b
l
e
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
el
d
s
our
ce
s.
T
h
i
s
co
nf
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
on
is
i
nte
n
ded
to
g
e
t
h
i
g
h
b
r
ak
i
ng
t
o
r
q
ue
.
I
n
t
he
o
t
h
er
h
a
nd,
t
he
u
se
o
f
do
u
b
le
c
ond
uc
t
o
r
s
i
s
des
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
b
y
r
e
duc
i
ng
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
lu
x
lea
k
.
I
n
a
not
he
r
anal
ys
is,
br
a
k
i
n
g
t
o
r
que
d
e
p
e
nds
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
tio
n
of
t
he
m
ag
ne
tic
f
ie
l
d
i
n
t
e
n
si
ty
i
n
the
a
i
r
ga
p.
P
er
m
a
ne
nt
m
agne
t
co
n
f
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
af
fec
t
s
the
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
of
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
s
i
n
the
air
gap.
T
he
r
i
g
h
t
a
ppr
oac
h
o
f
m
a
gne
tic
f
iel
d
w
il
l
pr
ov
i
d
e
goo
d
acc
ur
ac
y
of
nume
r
i
ca
l
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
[
3
5
]
.
O
n
e
l
e
c
tr
om
agne
t
EC
B,
the
use
of
p
o
l
e
shoe
w
ill
af
fe
c
t
t
he
d
irec
tio
n
of
t
he
m
a
g
ne
ti
c
fie
l
d
[
36]
.
M
o
d
i
fica
tio
n
of
m
a
gnet
i
c
fl
u
x
on
t
h
e
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
disc
can
b
e
done
b
y
pr
ov
i
d
i
ng
a
sl
ot
t
ha
t
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
s
t
h
e
d
i
r
ect
io
n
of
t
he
e
d
dy
c
u
r
r
ent
[3
7]
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
D
oub
le
a
xi
a
l
E
CB
(
a)
D
oub
le
p
er
m
a
ne
n
t
m
a
gne
t
c
o
n
f
ig
ur
at
io
n
[
3
5]
(
b)
R
e
c
tang
ular
p
ole
sh
oe
[
3
6
]
and
(
c
)
r
ound
p
o
l
e
s
hoe
[
36]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
i
ni
re
vie
w
o
n
t
h
e
de
sig
n
o
f
a
x
ia
l
ty
pe
ed
dy
curre
nt b
r
ak
i
n
g te
ch
n
o
l
ogy
(
H
.T
. W
a
l
o
y
o
)
2
203
The
m
a
in
d
e
t
er
m
i
nin
g
f
a
c
t
or
o
f
br
ak
in
g
t
o
r
q
ue
i
s
the
ma
gne
ti
c
f
ie
l
d
d
e
n
si
ty
i
n
t
h
e
air
ga
p,
w
hi
le
t
he
pr
o
f
ile
o
f
ma
g
n
et
i
c
f
ie
l
d
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
ion
depe
n
d
s
o
n
t
he
num
ber
a
n
d
pl
a
ceme
n
t
of
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
ou
rc
es.
B
a
r
an
[
35
]
r
e
sea
r
ch
i
s
ab
o
u
t
the
i
n
fl
ue
nc
e
o
f
t
he
num
b
e
r
of
p
ole
s
.
H
i
s
r
e
s
ea
rch
wa
s
c
a
rri
ed
o
u
t
b
y
an
aly
z
ing
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
tw
o
a
nd
e
i
g
h
t
p
er
m
a
ne
nt
m
agne
t
ar
r
a
nge
m
e
nts.
B
y
us
i
ng
t
w
o
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
eld
sou
r
ces,
t
h
e
mag
n
e
ti
c
fi
e
l
d
va
lue
s
d
i
r
ect
l
y
r
ea
ch
t
he
t
o
p
at
t
he
p
e
r
m
a
nen
t
m
ag
ne
t
p
o
s
iti
on.
W
h
ile
i
n
the
me
tho
d
o
f
ei
g
h
t
pe
r
m
anent
m
a
gne
ts,
a
sinuso
i
da
l
m
a
gne
ti
c
fie
l
d
pr
o
f
il
e
is
o
bta
i
ne
d.
Calc
u
la
ti
on
o
f
b
r
a
k
i
ng
t
o
r
q
ue,
in
m
at
hem
a
tic
a
l
a
n
al
ys
i
s
,
onl
y
uses
t
he
m
ax
i
m
um
v
alue
o
r
t
h
e
a
v
er
age
va
l
u
e
of
t
he
a
ir
g
a
p
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
eld.
T
he
i
m
p
ac
t
is
t
he
ca
l
c
ul
ati
o
n
re
su
lt
s
wi
ll
h
av
e
a
di
ffe
ren
c
e
wi
t
h
r
ea
l
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
s
.
The
a
d
d
i
tio
n
of
t
he
c
or
r
e
ction
f
a
c
t
or
t
ur
ns
ou
t
t
o
i
m
p
r
ove
t
he
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
ults,
t
h
u
s
p
r
o
duc
i
ng
a
r
i
gh
t
l
e
ve
l
o
f
a
c
c
u
rac
y
.
In
a
dd
iti
o
n
,
the
s
h
ape
of
t
h
e
c
o
il
c
o
r
e
a
lso
aff
e
c
t
s
the
a
m
ou
n
t
o
f
br
a
k
i
n
g
t
o
r
q
ue
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d.
G
u
l
ba
hc
e
[3
6],
com
p
ar
ed
p
o
l
e
s
h
oes
w
i
t
h
c
i
r
c
u
l
ar
a
nd
squa
r
e
s
hape
s,
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
igur
e
5
b
-
5
c.
A
nd
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
nd
t
h
a
t
t
he
s
q
u
a
r
e
-
s
haped
pr
oduc
e
s
hi
g
h
er
b
r
a
king
t
o
r
q
u
e
w
i
t
h
a
l
m
o
st
c
o
n
sta
n
t
c
r
it
i
c
al
s
pe
ed.
I
n
t
he
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
p
a
r
t,
c
han
g
e
s
i
n
t
he
s
ur
f
a
ce
s
ha
pe
w
i
l
l
pr
o
duc
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
ent
br
a
k
i
n
g.
R
ober
t
[
3
7
]
,
c
o
n
duc
t
r
e
sear
ch
w
hi
c
h
a
dde
d
sl
o
t
s
o
n
t
he
s
ur
f
ace
o
f
t
h
e
con
d
u
c
t
o
r
,
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6.
T
he
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
com
p
ar
ing
br
a
k
in
g
tor
q
ue
i
n
fla
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
l
o
t
s
,
si
x
sl
o
t
s,
a
nd
tw
e
l
ve
s
l
o
ts.
The
r
e
su
l
t
s
s
how
e
d
tha
t
g
iv
in
g
s
l
ot
on
the
s
u
r
f
ace
incr
ease
d
t
he
b
r
a
ki
ng t
o
r
que
.
T
he a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
l
o
t
n
u
m
b
er
is no
t pr
o
por
ti
o
n
al t
o
the
i
n
cre
a
se
i
n
brak
in
g
tor
q
u
e
.
The
ad
di
tio
n
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
d
s
l
o
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
l
y
r
e
su
lt
s
i
n
a
s
m
a
ll
r
i
se
i
n
br
a
k
i
n
g
tor
que
.
The
a
d
di
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
l
ots
is
i
n
t
e
nde
d
t
o
m
odif
y
t
he
f
l
o
w
of
t
he
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
curr
en
t
t
o
i
nc
rea
s
e
curr
ent
de
ns
ity
in c
erta
i
n
p
ar
ts
.
F
i
gur
6
.
S
l
ot
t
e
d
con
d
u
c
t
or
[
3
7
]
4.
FUTURE HIGHLIG
HT
D
e
sig
n
f
ac
tor
s
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
in
fl
ue
nc
e
t
h
e
E
C
B
d
e
si
gn
i
ng
pr
oce
s
s
w
h
i
ch
a
ims
to
p
r
o
duc
e
qua
li
ty
b
ra
k
i
n
g
sys
t
em
.
Som
e
p
ara
m
e
t
ers
tha
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
t
he
E
C
B
des
ig
n
i
n
clu
d
e d
isc
th
ic
kne
ss,
a
i
r
ga
p
w
i
d
t
h,
t
y
p
e
of
ele
ctr
i
c
c
u
r
r
e
nt
u
sed,
a
nd
m
u
lti
pl
e
la
y
e
r
usa
g
e.
T
he
d
e
v
e
l
opme
n
t
o
f
t
he
A
x
i
a
l
E
C
B
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
r
a
l
te
r
n
at
i
v
e
r
e
p
l
ace
me
nts
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
br
aki
n
g
s
y
stem
s
has
b
e
e
n
m
e
n
t
io
ne
d
i
n
t
he
p
r
e
vi
o
u
s
sec
t
i
o
n.
T
he
ch
oi
ce
o
f
ma
t
e
r
i
al
s
f
o
r
c
o
nduc
t
o
rs
a
ff
ec
ts
b
r
a
k
i
ng
p
e
rfo
r
m
an
c
e
.
T
he
m
ain
m
a
teria
l
c
hara
cteris
t
i
cs
t
ha
t
affec
t
the
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
brak
i
n
g
torq
u
e
a
r
e
p
er
me
ab
ili
ty
a
nd
r
esis
t
i
v
i
ty.
By
u
si
ng
m
at
e
r
i
a
l
s
w
it
h
high
p
e
r
me
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
go
o
d
m
ag
ne
ti
c
per
f
or
ma
nce
w
i
l
l
b
e
o
b
ta
i
n
ed
s
o
tha
t
t
he
e
dd
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
p
r
oduc
e
d
w
il
l
be
e
ven
hi
g
h
er
.
Mea
n
wh
il
e
,
t
h
e
l
ow
r
esis
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
ill
re
duce
t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
osse
s
s
o
t
ha
t
the
ma
gn
et
ic
f
ie
l
d
o
f
the
re
su
lt
e
d
in
d
u
ct
i
on
b
e
c
o
me
s m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
fica
n
t
,
a
nd
the
ECB
'
s
per
f
or
m
a
nce
c
a
n
b
e ma
x
i
mi
zed
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
h
i
g
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
o
r
q
u
e
,
b
ut
t
he
c
r
i
t
i
cal
s
pee
d
i
s
also
h
i
gh.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
s
l
e
s
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
s
p
e
e
d
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
n
ee
ds.
The
use
o
f
n
onm
agne
tic
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
m
a
ter
i
al
i
s
ver
y
s
u
ita
b
l
e
for
low-
speed
b
ra
kin
g
.
An
e
ffort
was
c
a
rri
e
d
o
ut
t
o
co
mb
i
n
e
t
h
es
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
p
ert
i
e
s
by
us
in
g
t
w
o
la
ye
r
s
.
By
c
omb
i
n
i
ng
the
s
e
t
w
o
m
a
ter
i
als,
i
mpr
ove
me
n
t
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
a
d
e
t
o
the
tor
q
ue
p
r
o
duc
ed
a
n
d
the
cr
i
tica
l
s
pe
ed
o
f
br
a
k
i
ng.
T
he
u
se
o
f
ma
gne
t
i
c
ba
se
m
a
t
er
i
a
l
,
w
hic
h
i
s
g
i
ve
n
a
t
h
in
c
on
d
u
ct
or
l
aye
r
c
an
im
pr
o
v
e
per
f
or
m
a
nce
.
T
he
a
d
d
i
tio
n
of
a
t
h
i
n
la
yer
to
t
he
c
on
d
u
c
t
o
r
wi
l
l
r
educ
e
the
e
l
e
c
trica
l
l
os
s
o
f
e
d
d
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
.
The
u
s
e
of
n
o
n
-
m
a
g
net
i
c
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
i
s
c
omb
i
ned
w
i
t
h
a
b
ac
k
ir
on
w
h
ic
h
f
u
nc
ti
ons
t
o
f
l
a
t
t
e
n
t
h
e
m
a
gne
tic
f
ie
ld
so
t
h
at
t
he
e
d
d
y
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
ha
t o
ccur
s
i
s
a
l
s
o
d
is
tr
i
b
u
t
e
d
m
or
e
e
v
en
l
y
.
F
r
om
t
he
e
ff
or
t
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
ve
the
br
a
k
i
ng
pe
r
f
or
ma
nce
b
y
a
dj
u
s
t
i
n
g
t
he
p
r
oper
ties
of
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s,
n
o
r
e
sea
r
che
r
h
a
s
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
a
c
t
i
vi
t
i
es
t
o
f
i
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ial
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
pr
op
e
r
t
i
es,
w
hose
pe
r
m
eabi
l
ity
is
h
igh
b
u
t wit
h
l
ow e
l
e
ctric
a
l
re
s
ista
nc
e.
B
r
a
k
i
n
g
st
re
ngt
h
i
s
g
r
e
a
tly
i
nf
lu
en
ce
d
by
m
ag
n
e
ti
c
fi
e
l
d
de
n
s
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
a
i
r
g
a
p
a
r
e
a.
T
h
e
m
a
gne
tic
f
i
e
l
d
p
o
l
ar
d
i
r
ecti
o
n
a
f
fe
ct
s
t
h
e
br
ak
i
n
g
t
o
r
que
p
r
o
duc
e
d
.
The
i
n
f
l
ue
nce
of
t
he
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
f
ie
l
d
d
ir
e
c
t
i
on
ha
s
be
en
s
tu
d
i
e
d
i
n
co
nve
n
t
i
o
nal
a
nd
ha
llbac
h
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nts.
E
ach
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
ag
net
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
pr
o
duce
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
1
9
8
– 2
205
2
204
di
ffe
re
nt
b
ra
k
i
ng
t
o
rq
ue
s.
T
h
e
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
s
et
t
i
ng
of
t
he
m
ag
ne
ti
c
fie
l
d
is
o
nl
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
p
erm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
gne
ts,
wher
eas
f
or
e
le
ctrom
a
g
n
et
ic
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
t
h
ere
h
a
s
be
en
n
o
st
u
dy
e
x
amin
in
g
th
e
eff
e
c
t
i
v
en
ess
o
f
v
ect
o
r
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
fl
u
x
.
S
e
tt
i
n
g
the
d
i
r
ect
io
n
of
m
a
gnet
i
c
fiel
d
fl
ux
ve
c
t
ors
in
e
le
ctr
o
m
a
gne
t
i
c
circ
u
its
c
a
n
b
e
d
one
b
y
a
d
j
u
st
in
g
the
w
o
r
k
i
ng
freque
nc
y
a
n
d
vo
ltage
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
of
m
ore
th
a
n
one-
l
i
n
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
ie
l
d
s
ourc
e
s
ha
s
n
o
t
bee
n
stud
ie
d
a
s
w
ell
.
A
djus
tin
g
t
h
e
dire
ct
i
on
of
t
h
e
m
agnet
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
from
t
h
e
ma
gne
t
i
c
fiel
d
s
o
urc
e
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
t
o
ob
ta
in g
o
od m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d d
e
nsit
y.
The
ele
c
t
roma
gne
t
i
c
c
o
i
l
c
ore
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
d
e
sig
n
can
s
t
i
l
l
b
e
o
p
t
i
miz
e
d
b
y
us
ing
a
shoe
s
ha
pe
modi
fic
a
t
i
on.
T
o
da
te,
re
se
arc
h
o
n
t
h
e
s
hoe
s
e
c
tio
n
is
l
imi
t
ed
t
o
t
he
a
p
p
l
i
ca
ti
on
of
t
hic
kne
ss
a
n
d
p
o
l
e
pi
t
c
h.
Ma
de
t
he
p
o
l
e
shoe
s
ur
fac
e
une
ve
n
w
i
ll
i
n
c
rea
s
e
cha
n
ge
s
in
t
he
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
fiel
d,
t
hu
s
incr
eas
in
g
bra
k
in
g
tor
que
[
32].
Ma
gne
t
i
c
flu
x
es
s
e
t
u
p
to
p
r
o
v
i
de
i
n
c
rea
s
ed
b
ra
kin
g
perf
orma
nce
is
c
a
rrie
d
out
b
y
min
i
miz
i
n
g
mag
n
e
ti
c
fi
eld
l
e
ak
ag
e
.
M
agn
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
ld
l
eak
s
ca
n
b
e
r
educ
e
d
b
y
usi
n
g
m
a
gnet
i
c
fie
l
d
dire
c
t
ors
or
m
agnet
i
c
in
su
la
tors
f
or
a
djac
e
n
t
po
les
.
W
i
t
h
r
e
duce
d
m
ag
net
i
c
fi
eld
le
a
k
a
g
e
,
t
he
b
ra
kin
g
t
o
r
que
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
grea
ter.
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
I
t
i
s
w
e
ll kn
ow
n
tha
t
t
he
E
C
B
h
as bee
n u
t
i
l
iz
ed
f
or var
ious
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons.
S
e
ve
ral
im
pro
v
e
m
ents
h
a
v
e
bee
n
m
a
d
e
by
r
e
d
uc
ing
e
n
erg
y
l
os
ses
or
i
nc
r
easin
g
brak
in
g
torq
u
e
a
n
d
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
.
To
e
nha
nce
perf
orm
a
nce
,
t
h
e
r
e
n
eed
s
to
b
e
a
modi
fi
c
a
t
i
on
.
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
o
b
asi
c
d
es
ign
a
r
e
t
he
f
irs
t
s
te
p
to
i
mpr
o
v
i
n
g
perf
orm
a
nce
.
B
y
com
b
i
n
in
g
a
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
s
ourc
e
o
r
m
o
d
i
fyi
ng
a
m
a
g
n
et
i
c
f
i
e
ld
s
our
ce.
T
he
s
ha
pe
a
n
d
c
o
n
duc
to
r
m
a
t
e
rial
als
o
a
ffec
t.
M
a
gne
tic
f
l
u
x
is
t
he
m
a
i
n
so
urce
t
ha
t
c
a
n
be
k
n
o
w
n
t
o
i
n
cr
eas
e
br
aki
n
g
tor
q
ue
.
S
o
m
e
t
hin
g
s
t
ha
t
have
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
m
uch
o
f
a
c
o
n
c
ern
are
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
d
iffe
ren
t
d
i
s
k
s
ha
pes
t
o
i
ncr
ease
bra
k
ing
tor
q
ue.
Wit
h
t
he
incre
a
se
i
n
braki
n
g tor
que
, it is e
xpe
c
t
e
d
t
ha
t the
E
C
B
c
a
n
be
u
s
ed
a
s t
h
e ma
i
n
b
raki
n
g
sy
st
em.
I
m
p
r
o
v
emen
t
s
ca
n
a
l
so
b
e
m
a
de
u
sin
g
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
t
he
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
ion
o
f
t
he
s
yste
m
.
S
o
it
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
t
o
inc
r
ea
se
t
he
perform
ance
of
braki
ng o
n
a
m
ore
spec
ific t
ype
o
f
ECB.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
Th
is
w
ork
pa
rt
i
a
ll
y
su
p
por
ted
by
th
e
S
H
ERA
P
r
ojec
t
P
r
ime
A
w
a
r
d
:
A
ID-49
7
-A
-
16-00
0
04,
U
S
A
ID
and
fu
lly
f
u
n
d
e
d
by
U
n
ivers
i
t
a
s S
e
bela
s
Mare
t
(U
NS
)
t
h
r
ough
P
N
B
P
P
U
-U
N
S
N
o.
516
/U
N
27.21
/P
P
/
2
0
1
9
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
W.
A
.
Sal
a
h
et
al.
,
“El
ectri
c
ve
hi
cle
t
echno
lo
gy
im
p
a
ct
s
o
n
e
n
e
rgy
,
”
In
te
rna
tio
na
l J
o
urna
l of
Po
we
r Ele
c
t
ron
i
c
s
an
d Dri
ve
Sys
t
e
m
s
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
1
–
9
,
201
9.
[2]
U.
U
ba
id
illah
,
F
.
Im
adu
d
d
i
n,
M
.
Ni
zam
,
an
d
S
.
A
.
M
a
z
l
an,
“
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
of
A
M
a
g
net
o
rh
e
o
lo
gi
c
al
B
rake
u
n
d
er
Inert
i
al Lo
a
ds,”
Int
.
J. Electr. Eng. Informa
tics
, v
ol.
7
,
no
. 2
,
p
p
.
3
0
8
–
3
2
2
, Ju
n
. 20
1
5
.
[3]
M
.
K
avith
a,
V
.
Elanan
g
ai
,
S.
J
ayap
rakash
,
an
d
V
.
B
a
l
asu
b
ram
ani
a
n,
“
Dev
e
lo
pm
ent
of
r
eg
enerati
v
e
brak
in
g
con
cept
f
o
r el
ectri
c veh
i
cl
e
enh
a
nced wit
h b
i
direct
io
nal conv
er
ter
,
”
Inter
nati
o
n
a
l Jou
r
na
l
of Po
wer Electr
onics
and
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
, n
o.
4
,
pp.
1
5
8
4
–
1
590
,
2
01
8.
[4]
N.
L
uo
,
J
.
J
iang,
a
n
d
A
.
Yu
,
“
R
esearch
o
n
the
con
t
rol
st
ra
t
eg
y
of
t
he
r
egen
erativ
e
brak
ing
sy
st
e
m
,
”
i
n
2
014
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
M
echat
ro
n
i
cs a
nd Con
t
rol (
I
C
M
C)
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p.
2
5
14–25
17
.
[5]
S
o
ep
rapt
o,
R
.
N
.
H
as
anh,
a
n
d
T
au
fi
k
,
“
Battery
m
anag
emen
t
sy
s
t
e
m
o
n
e
l
e
c
t
ric
bike
u
s
i
n
g
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-ion
1
86
50
,”
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics an
d Dri
ve System
s
(
I
JP
EDS)
, vo
l
.
1
0
,
no
.
3
, 20
1
9
.
[6]
R.
Y
azd
anp
a
nah
an
d
M
.
M
i
r
salim
,
“
Hy
bri
d
E
l
ectro
mag
n
etic
B
ra
kes
:
D
e
s
ig
n
an
d
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
E
v
al
uati
on,
”
IEEE
Tran
s. En
e
r
gy
C
o
nv
e
r
s.
, vo
l
. 3
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
. 6
0–
69
,
Mar.
2
01
5
.
[7]
An
on
,
“
I
CE3
pion
eers
com
m
e
rcial
appli
catio
n
of
e
dd
y-cu
rren
t
r
ai
l
b
r
akes,
”
Railw
.
Gaz. Int.
,
v
o
l
.
15
6,
n
o.
9
,
p
p
.
58
3–
58
5,
2
00
0.
[8]
Ub
aid
i
llah,
K
.
H
u
d
h
a,
a
nd
H.
J
am
al
ud
d
i
n
,
“
Sim
u
l
a
ti
on
and
ex
perim
e
n
t
al
e
valuat
io
n
on
a
s
k
y
h
o
ok
po
li
cy-bas
ed
fu
z
z
y
log
ic
c
o
n
tr
ol
f
or
se
m
i-
a
c
t
i
ve
s
u
s
p
e
ns
ion
s
y
stem
,
”
Int. J. Struct.
E
n
g
.
, vo
l
. 2
,
20
1
1
.
[9]
M
.
G
ulec,
E
.
Y
o
lacan
,
an
d
M
.
A
yd
in
,
“
D
es
i
gn,
a
n
a
ly
sis
an
d
r
e
a
l
tim
e
d
ynam
i
c
t
o
rq
ue
c
ont
rol
o
f
s
in
gle-ro
to
r–
si
ngle-s
t
a
t
or
a
x
i
al
f
l
ux
edd
y
c
u
rrent
b
rak
e
,
”
IET Elect
r
.
Power A
p
pl
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
9,
p
p
.
8
6
9
–
8
7
6
,
Nov
.
2
016.
[10
]
A
.
Si
n
m
az,
M
.
O
.
G
u
l
bah
ce,
a
nd
D
.
A
.
K
o
cabas
,
“
D
es
ign
and
f
i
n
i
t
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
r
ad
ial-flux
s
alient
-pole
e
d
dy
c
urre
n
t
b
rake
,
”
i
n
20
15
9t
h In
ter
natio
na
l Co
nf
erence o
n
Elect
ri
cal
and
Ele
c
tr
on
ics
En
gin
e
eri
n
g
(
E
LECO)
,
20
15
,
p
p.
5
90
–594
.
[11
]
S
.
Ch
o
;
,
H.
L
iu
;,
H
.
W.
A
h
n
;,
J
.
Lee;,
and
H
.
-W.
Lee,
“
Edd
y
Cu
rre
nt
B
ra
ke
w
ith
a
T
wo
-La
y
e
r
S
tr
uc
tur
e
:
Calcu
l
at
ion an
d Ch
aract
erizat
ion
of
B
rak
i
n
g
P
erfo
rm
ance,”
IEE
E
Tra
n
s
.
Mag
n
.
,
vol
.
PP
,
n
o
.
99
,
p
.
5
,
201
7
.
[12
]
T
.
G
a
rb
i
ec,
M
.
Kow
o
l,
a
nd
J
.
K
o
ło
dziej,
“
Design
con
s
i
d
erat
i
o
n
s
o
f
hig
h
-sp
eed
e
dd
y-cu
rrent
b
rak
e
,
”
Ar
ch. Electr.
Eng.
, v
o
l
. 6
3,
n
o
. 2,
20
14
.
[13
]
R
.
Y
azdanp
a
nah
and
M
.
M
irs
a
lim,
“
An
a
l
y
t
ical
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
axia
l
-
f
lu
x
hy
brid
e
x
c
ita
t
io
n
e
d
dy
c
ur
re
nt
b
ra
k
e
s,”
Int
.
J.
Ap
pl. Electr
o
m
a
g
n
.
M
ech.
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
85–8
96
,
2
0
1
5
.
[14
]
J
.
W
a
n
g
,
H.
Lin,
an
d
S
.
F
ang
,
“
A
n
a
l
ytical
P
redi
cti
o
n
of
T
o
rqu
e
C
haract
erist
i
cs
o
f
E
ddy
C
u
rrent
C
ou
pl
ings
H
av
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mi
ni rev
i
e
w
o
n
the
des
i
gn
o
f
a
x
ia
l ty
pe
ed
dy
curre
nt
b
r
ak
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
gy (
H
.T
.
Waloy
o
)
2
205
a Q
u
asi
-
Ha
l
b
ach
M
agnet
S
t
ru
ctu
r
e,”
IEEE Tra
n
s
.
Ma
gn
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o. 6,
pp
.
1–
9,
Ju
n
. 2
01
6.
[
1
5
]
X
.
Dai
, J.
C
a
o,
Y
.
L
o
ng
, Q.
L
i
ang
,
J.
M
o
,
and
S
. W
ang
,
“
An
a
l
yt
ic
a
l
M
od
e
lin
g
o
f
a
n
Ed
dy
-c
u
rre
nt
A
d
j
u
s
ta
ble
-
spe
e
d
Cou
p
l
i
n
g
S
ys
t
e
m
wit
h
a
T
hree-seg
m
ent
Ha
l
b
ach
M
agn
e
t
Array,”
E
l
ectr. Power
Components
Sys
t
.
,
vol.
43,
n
o
.
17,
pp
.
1
89
1–1
90
1,
O
ct.
2
0
1
5
.
[16
]
M
.
T.
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
,
“
P
r
act
ical
I
ssues
i
n
theU
se
o
f
NdF
e
B
P
e
rma
n
e
nt
M
agn
e
ts
i
n
M
a
glev
,
Moto
rs,
Bearing
s
,
and
Edd
y
Cu
rre
nt
Br
a
ke
s,”
20
09
.
[17
]
G
.
L.
A
nan
t
h
a
K
rish
na
a
nd
K
.
M
.
S
at
h
i
sh
K
u
m
ar,
“
I
nv
esti
ga
t
ion
on
E
dd
y
Curre
nt
B
rak
i
ng
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
–
A
R
evi
e
w,”
App
l
. M
e
c
h
. M
a
ter.
,
vol.
5
92
–5
9
4
,
p
p
.
1
08
9–1
093,
2
0
14.
[18
]
A
.
K
.
S
in
gh
,
Ibraheem
,
an
d
A.
K
.
Sh
arm
a
,
“P
aram
eter
i
den
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
edd
y
c
urrent
b
rakin
g
s
y
t
em
f
o
r
v
ari
ous
app
l
i
cati
o
n
s
,”
i
n
2014 I
n
novat
i
ve Appli
c
a
t
ions of
Computati
o
na
l
I
n
telligence
on P
o
wer,
E
n
ergy and Cont
rols
wi
t
h
the
i
r
i
m
p
a
c
t
on
Hu
ma
ni
ty
(C
I
P
E
C
H)
,
2
0
14,
p
p
.
1
91
–1
95
.
[1
9]
W
. R.
S
m
y
t
h
e
,
“On ed
dy
cu
rre
nt
s
i
n
a ro
t
atin
g d
i
sk
,”
E
l
ect
r. E
ng.
, vo
l
.
61
,
n
o
. 9
, p
p. 6
81
–6
84
,
S
e
p.
19
4
2
.
[20
]
H
.
W
a
l
oyo
,
M.
N
izam,
D
.
T
ia
h
i
ana,
a
nd
U
b
a
idi
l
l
a
h,
“
Param
e
t
ric
D
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
Si
ng
le
D
is
k
A
x
i
a
l
E
ddy
C
urren
t
Brake,”
in
20
18 5t
h Intern
atio
nal Co
nf
e
r
ence o
n
Elect
ri
c
Veh
i
cular
T
echn
o
l
ogy (
I
CEVT)
,
20
18,
pp.
1
32–
13
5.
[21]
M
.
Gulec
and
M.
A
ydin,
“
Mo
delling
and
Analysis
o
f
a
New
A
x
ia
l
F
l
u
x
Pe
rma
n
e
n
t
Ma
gn
e
t
B
ia
se
d
Ed
dy
C
u
rre
nt
Brake,”
22
nd
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
Con
f
e
r
en
ce on
El
ectr
i
cal
M
a
c
hi
nes
,
ICEM
20
16
. 2
01
6.
[2
2]
S
.
Shar
if
a
nd
K
.
Shari
f
,
“I
nf
lu
ence o
f
skin
eff
ect on t
o
rq
ue o
f
cylindri
c
al
ed
dy
curre
nt
brak
e
,
”
i
n
2009 International
Con
f
er
ence o
n
Power
Engin
eeri
n
g
,
En
erg
y
an
d
E
l
ect
rica
l D
r
i
ves
, 2
0
0
9
,
p
p.
5
35
–5
39
.
[23
]
D
.
S
c
h
i
eber,
“Uni
pol
ar
i
nd
uc
t
i
on
brak
ing
of
t
hin
m
e
tal
she
et
s,
”
P
r
oc.
In
st
.
Electr.
E
ng.
,
vol.
11
9
,
n
o.
1
0
,
p
.
1
499,
19
72
.
[24
]
A
.
Sin
g
h
,
“
T
h
eory
o
f
ed
dy-cu
rre
nt
b
rak
e
s
wit
h
t
hick
r
ot
ati
ng
d
i
s
c,”
Pro
c
. In
st
. E
l
ect
r.
Eng
.
,
vo
l.
124,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
373,
19
77
.
[25
]
B
.
Leq
u
esn
e
,
Bu
yu
n
Li
u
,
a
nd
T
.
W.
N
eh
l,
“
Ed
dy
-c
u
rrent
m
ac
h
i
n
es
w
it
h
permanen
t
m
a
gnet
s
a
nd
s
olid
r
o
t
ors,
”
IEEE T
r
an
s.
In
d
.
Ap
pl.
,
v
o
l.
33,
n
o.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
9
–
12
94
,
1
997
.
[2
6]
X
.
Dai,
Q
.
L
i
an
g
,
J
.
Cao
,
Y
.
Lo
n
g
,
J
.
M
o,
a
n
d
S
.
W
a
ng
,
“An
a
l
yt
ical
M
o
d
eling
of
A
xia
l
-Flu
x
Perm
anen
t
M
a
gn
et
Ed
dy
C
urren
t
C
o
u
p
lin
g
s
With
a
S
l
o
tt
ed
C
o
n
d
u
ctor
T
opolo
g
y
,
”
IEEE Tr
ans.
M
agn.
, v
o
l
.
5
2
, no
. 2
,
pp
.
1
–
1
5
,
2
01
6
.
[27
]
H
.
K
. Razavi and
M
.
U.
Lam
p
érth
, “Ed
d
y
-
Current
Cou
p
l
in
g
W
i
t
h
S
l
o
t
t
ed
C
ond
uctor D
i
s
k
,
”
vol.
4
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp
. 4
05
–
41
0,
2
0
06.
[28
]
T
.
Lub
i
n
and
A
.
R
ezzou
g
,
“
3
-D
A
n
a
lyti
cal
M
od
el
f
or
A
x
i
al-F
lu
x
E
d
d
y
-Curren
t
C
ou
plin
gs
a
n
d
B
rak
e
s
Un
der
S
t
ead
y-S
t
ate
Condi
ti
on
s,
”
I
E
E
E
Tran
s. Mag
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
VO
L. 5
1,
20
1
5
.
[29
]
N
.
L
a
bbe,
Y
.
M
arech
al,
G.
M
eun
i
er,
and
H
.
B
.
H
a
rara,
“
2
D
n
onli
near
f
inite
e
le
ment
m
od
elli
ng
o
f
el
ectromag
n
etic
retarders
us
ing
t
i
m
e
-s
tepp
in
g
algorit
h
m
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
et
rov-G
a
lerk
in
m
eth
o
d
w
i
th
h
o
m
o
g
en
izati
on
t
e
chn
i
qu
es,”
IE
E
E
T
r
a
n
s.
M
agn.
,
v
o
l
.
3
2,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
. 7
72
–77
5,
M
a
y
1996
.
[30]
A
.
H
.
C
.
Gosline
and
V.
H
ay
ward,
“Eddy
C
u
rrent
B
rakes
f
o
r
H
a
pti
c
I
nterfaces:
D
e
s
i
g
n
,
Iden
tificati
on,
a
n
d
Co
ntrol
,
”
20
08
.
[31
]
K
.
Karako
c,
E
.
J
.
P
ark,
a
nd
A.
S
ul
em
an,
“
I
m
p
ro
ved
braki
n
g
to
rque
g
enerat
ion
capaci
ty
o
f
an
e
dd
y
cu
rrent
b
rake
with
time varying magnet
i
c
f
ie
l
d
s:
A n
u
m
erical s
tu
dy
,”
Finit
e
El
em.
Anal.
Des
.
,
vol.
5
9
,
p
p.
66–
75,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
2
.
[32
]
K
.
Karak
o
c,
A
.
S
u
l
e
m
a
n,
a
nd
E.
J
.
P
a
rk,
“O
ptim
ized
B
raki
ng
T
orqu
e
G
e
nerati
on
C
apa
c
i
t
y
o
f
a
n
Ed
dy
C
urren
t
Brake
Wit
h
t
h
e
A
pplicat
io
n
of
T
im
e-Vary
in
g
Mag
n
et
ic
F
i
e
ld
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
ans.
Veh
.
T
ech
nol.
,
vo
l
.
6
3
,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
15
30
–1
53
8,
M
a
y
2
0
1
4
.
[33
]
K
.
K
a
ra
k
o
c,
A
.
S
u
lem
a
n,
a
n
d
E
.
J.
P
ark
,
“
A
n
al
y
tical
m
od
e
l
i
ng
o
f
edd
y
c
urren
t
b
rakes
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
ppl
icati
o
n
of
tim
e
varying magnet
ic fiel
d
s,”
Ap
p
l
. M
a
th
.
Mo
de
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
116
8–
11
79,
J
an
.
2
016
.
[3
4]
M
.
Z
.
B
ahar
om,
M.
Z
.
Nu
awi
, G
.
Pr
i
y
and
o
k
o
,
a
n
d
S.
M
.
Harri
s
,
“
Ed
dy
c
urre
n
t
b
ra
king
e
xp
e
r
ime
n
t
u
s
in
g
b
r
a
k
e
d
i
sc
f
r
om
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
um
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
A
1
6
0
61
a
n
d
A
1
7
0
7
5
,
”
IOP
Conf.
Ser.
M
a
ter
.
S
c
i
.
E
ng.
,
vo
l. 3
6
, p
. 01
2
0
0
5, Sep.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
5]
W
.
K.
A
.
Ba
ra
n,
“
In
flu
e
n
c
e
of
D
i
f
fe
re
nt
M
a
g
ne
ti
c
Fie
l
d
Pro
fil
e
s
on
E
ddy-Current
B
raking,”
IE
EE Tra
n
s.
Mag
n.
,
vo
l.
6
,
no
.
2,
p
p
. 2
60
–26
3,
1
9
70.
[36
]
M
.
O.
G
ulbah
ce,
D
.
A
.
K
ocab
as,
and
F
.
N
ay
man
,
“
In
ves
t
i
g
ati
on
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
po
le
s
h
a
pe
o
n
braki
n
g
t
o
rqu
e
f
o
r
a
lo
w
po
wer
eddy
c
u
rrent
b
rak
e
b
y
fin
i
te
e
lem
e
n
t
s
m
e
th
od
,
”
i
n
20
1
3
8
t
h
Int
e
rn
a
tional
Co
nf
erence
on
E
l
ect
rica
l
and
El
ectr
onics
Engin
eeri
n
g
(
E
L
E
CO)
,
20
13
,
no
. 3
,
p
p
. 2
63
–2
67
.
[
3
7
]
R
.
S
.
R
o
b
e
r
t
,
“
2
D
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
x
i
a
l
-
f
l
u
x
e
d
d
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
a
k
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
l
o
t
t
e
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
k
r
o
t
o
r
,
”
i
n
20
17
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Sib
e
r
i
a
n
Co
n
f
erence
on
Co
ntro
l a
nd Com
m
u
n
ica
t
i
ons
(
S
IBCON)
, 2
01
7, p
p.
1–
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.