Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1175
~
1187
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1175
-
1187
1175
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Field
ori
ented c
ont
ro
l
bas
ed
on a
24
-
s
ector
vector s
pace
decomp
ositio
n for
dual thre
e
-
phase
PM
SM
appli
ed on el
ectric
ship pro
pu
l
sion
Mhammed
H
as
oun
1
,
A
zi
z E
l Af
i
a
2
, Mo
hame
d K
hafa
ll
ah
3
, Karim
Ben
kirane
4
1,3,4
Depa
rt
ement
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
En
gine
er
ing, Hassan
II
Univ
ersit
y,
Nati
ona
l
High
School
of
E
le
c
tric
it
y
and
Me
cha
ni
cs
“E
NS
EM”,
Mor
occ
o
2
Depa
rt
ement
o
f
Elec
tr
ical Engi
nee
ring
,
Hass
an
II
Univer
sity
,
Na
ti
onal High
Scho
ol
of
Arts
and
Cr
aft
s “
ENSA
M”,
Morocc
o
1,4
Depa
rteme
nt
o
f
Resea
r
ch, Ro
yal
Navy
School
“E
RN”
,
Moroc
c
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
6
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
A
pr
13
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
Apr 2
3
, 20
20
A
Fiel
d
Ori
ente
d
Control
(FO
C)
strategy
b
ase
d
on
a
24
-
Se
ct
or
Vec
tor
Spa
ce
Dec
omposit
ion
(24SV
SD
)
te
chni
que
used
to
c
ontrol
a
Dual
Thre
e
-
Phase
Perma
nen
t
Mag
net
Synchronou
s
Motor
(DTP
-
PM
S
M)
appl
i
ed
on
elec
tr
ic
ship
propulsion
protot
ype
is
pr
ese
nte
d
in
thi
s
p
ap
er.
Thi
s
ma
ch
ine
is
suppli
ed
by
Dual
Thr
ee
-
P
hase
Volta
g
e
So
urc
e
Inv
ert
er
(DTP
-
VS
I).
Thi
s
study
ca
rri
ed
out
on
the
se
mu
lt
ipha
se
m
ac
h
in
es
has
r
eveal
ed
tha
t
the
l
arg
e
z
e
ro
seque
n
ce
har
monic
cur
re
nt
com
ponen
ts
on
(z
1
,
z
2
)
s
ubspac
e,
constitute
s
majo
r
dra
wbac
ks;
des
pit
e
th
ei
r
advanta
ges.
The
machine
’s
dyna
mic
model
is
ac
co
mpl
ished
in
thre
e
two
-
d
im
en
sional
and
ortho
gonal
subs
pac
es.
In
orde
r
t
o
red
uce
mor
e
extra
st
at
or
har
mon
ic
cur
ren
ts
th
at
produc
es
losses,
th
e
cur
ren
t
work
is
a
lso
co
nce
ring
of
to
co
nsider
th
e
three
diffe
ren
t
appr
oa
che
s
for
th
e
sake
of
boosting
the
m
ac
hin
e’s
e
ffic
i
enc
y
.
Thus
,
the
pr
inc
ip
le
sel
ec
t
ion
of
the
ref
ere
n
ce
vo
lt
ag
e
v
ector
and
th
e
ti
m
e
c
al
cu
la
t
i
on
m
et
hod
ar
e
pre
sente
d
in
det
a
il
s.
Th
e
pr
oposed
stra
te
gy
eff
ective
n
ess
i
s
validated
by
simu
la
t
ion
result
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fiel
d
O
riente
d C
on
tr
ol
(FOC)
Du
al
Th
ree P
ha
se Perma
ne
nt
M
a
gn
et
Sync
hrono
us
Moto
r
(D
T
P
-
P
MSM
)
24
-
Sect
or
Vect
or Spac
e
Decomp
os
it
io
n (
24
S
VSD
)
Du
al
Th
ree P
ha
se Volt
age
Sour
ce
Inv
e
rte
r
(
DTP
-
VS
I
)
Harmo
nic Cu
rrents
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
ha
mme
d Has
oun,
Dep
a
rteme
nt of Elect
rical
E
nginee
rin
g,
Hassa
n
I
I U
nive
rsity,
Nati
on
al
High
School
of Elec
tric
it
yan
d
M
ec
han
ic
s
“EN
SE
M
”,
Casa,
Mor
occo.
Emai
l:
mh
am
med
has
oun@g
mail
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
day
s
,
t
he
m
ulti
ph
ase
m
achines
prov
i
de
sp
e
ci
al
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
com
pa
red
with
t
he
t
hr
ee
-
phase
counter
par
ts
.
T
hese
mac
hi
nes
offer
t
he
powe
r
se
gm
e
ntati
on
an
d
amel
io
rates
the
reli
a
bili
t
y
a
nd
a
vaila
bil
it
y
of
the
dri
ve
s
ys
te
m.
I
n
el
ect
rical
machi
nes,
t
he
wind
in
g
fact
ors
can
be
a
ugm
ented,
an
d
t
he
tor
qu
e
rip
ple
r
edu
ce
d
by
us
i
ng
mu
lt
i
ph
a
ses.
T
he
refor
e
,
one
of
t
he
per
s
pecti
ve
structu
res
of
mu
lt
iph
a
se
s
yst
ems
is
a
D
ual
Three
Ph
ase
(
DTP)
mo
to
r
fed b
y
t
wo th
ree
-
ph
a
se
volt
age s
ource
inv
e
rters
(DT
P
-
V
SI).
The
sync
hro
no
us
machi
nes
are
widel
y
us
e
d
i
n
i
ndust
ry
,
par
ti
cula
rly
t
he
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net
sy
nc
hro
nous
m
achines
(
PMS
M
)
.
T
hus,
the
DTP
M
achi
nes
nota
bl
y
P
MS
M
dri
ves
has
be
come
ve
r
y
at
tract
ive
in
hi
gh
pe
rfo
r
mance
c
ontr
ol
[1].
A
nd
DT
P
m
otor
dr
ive
s
are
widel
y
us
e
d
f
or
el
ect
ric
pro
pulsi
on
sh
ip
s,
locomoti
ve
tra
ct
ion
, elect
ric/
hybri
d
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s a
nd ai
rcr
a
fts
[2
-
6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
75
–
11
87
1176
Seve
ral
Sp
ace Vecto
r
Pu
lse
W
idth Modula
ti
on
(SVP
W
M)
te
chn
i
ques
f
or
six
-
phase
s
ynchro
nous
a
nd
inducti
on
dr
iv
e
sy
ste
m
hav
e
been
stu
died
a
nd
de
velo
pe
d
i
n
[7
-
9],
su
c
h
a
s
co
nventio
nal
SVPW
M
an
d
vecto
r
sp
ace
dec
omposi
ti
on
(VS
D
)
t
heor
y.
In
order
to
c
ontrol
t
he
volt
ag
e
vect
or
s
c
ompone
nts
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pac
e
,
a
Fie
ld
Or
ie
nted
Co
ntr
ol
(
FO
C
)
strat
egy
a
pp
l
yi
ng
24
-
Sect
or
Vecto
r
Sp
ace
Decomp
os
it
io
n
(
24SVSD
)
is
pr
ese
nted
a
nd
est
ablished
,
w
hich
can
be
di
vid
e
d
int
o
24
-
sect
or
Modula
ti
on
strat
egy.
F
or
six
-
phase
in
duct
ion
machine
,
the
conve
ntion
al
VSD
te
chn
iq
ue was
repor
te
d
in
[1
,
10]. The
n, the
12
-
sect
or
Modula
ti
on
is
d
e
vel
op
e
d
i
n [2].
Accor
ding
to
the
VSD
c
ontr
ol
[
1],
t
he
or
i
gin
a
l
machi
ne’s
cha
racteri
sti
cs
m
od
el
,
is
tra
ns
f
orme
d
int
o
thre
e
two
-
dime
ns
io
na
l
or
t
hogo
nal
s
ub
s
paces
in
th
e
sta
ti
on
a
ry
re
fer
e
nce
plane
,
identifie
d
as
th
e
tor
que
-
c
omp
on
e
nt
(α,
β
)
subs
pac
e
,
the
har
m
oni
c
-
co
mpo
nen
t
(z
1
,
z
2
)
s
ub
s
pac
e
an
d
the
zer
o
-
seq
uen
ce
(o
1
,
o
2
)
subs
pace
.
[
11
-
15].
It
s
hould
be
no
te
d,
the
f
un
dame
ntal
c
ompone
nts
c
ontribu
te
to
the
c
onve
rsion
of
t
he
el
ect
r
om
ec
han
ic
al
energ
y.
W
he
re
as,
t
he
(z
1
,
z
2
)
a
nd
(o
1
,
o
2
)
cu
rr
e
nt
co
mpon
e
nts
do
not
co
ntri
bu
te
to
the
la
st
c
onve
rsion.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
y
are
restrict
ed
by
t
he
sta
tor
r
esi
sta
nce
an
d
le
akag
e
i
nducta
nce
[
16
-
18];
al
so
,
th
e
extra
c
urrent
harmo
nics
on
l
y
pr
oduce
sta
t
or
l
os
ses.
To
reduce
the
se
e
xtra
c
urren
t
ha
rm
on
ic
s,
a
Fi
el
d
O
riented
Con
tr
ol
strat
egy
us
i
ng
a
24
-
Sect
or
V
SD
(24SVS
D)
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
pro
po
se
d
a
nd
simul
at
ed
i
n
t
his
pa
pe
r.
T
hu
s,
th
ree
appr
oach
es
ha
ve
bee
n
al
s
o
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
d.
Fin
al
ly,
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
s
how
that
t
he
a
dopted
appr
oach re
du
c
es sig
nifical
ly t
he har
monic c
ompone
nts in
(z
1
, z
2
)
s
ubs
pac
e.
2.
MACHI
NE
M
ODEL
The
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
the
DTP
-
P
M
S
M
windin
gs
fe
d
by
the
V
SI
-
DC
sourc
e
s,
prese
ntin
g
s
patia
ll
y
dual
windin
gs
th
ree
-
phase
sta
to
r
are
sh
ifte
d
by
30
el
ect
rical
degrees
with
two
ne
utral
in
dep
e
ndent
po
i
nts,
as
sh
ow
n
in
th
ree
Figures
1, 2 an
d 3.
Fig
ure
1
.
DT
P
-
VS
I
f
ee
ding t
o DTP
-
P
M
S
M
Fig
ure
2
.
M
ac
hi
ne
wi
nd
i
ngs
Fig
ure
3
.
V
SI
-
f
ed
mac
hine
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Fie
ld O
rie
nted
Co
ntro
l
based
on a
24
-
Sector
Vect
or
Space
Decom
po
sit
io
n f
or
…
(
M
ham
med H
asoun
)
1177
Accor
ding to
the
VSD the
ory
[
1
], t
he
t
ran
s
f
ormat
ion mat
ri
x
ca
n be e
xpre
ssed
as
foll
ows
:
=
1
√
3
[
1
−
1
2
−
1
2
0
√
3
2
−
√
3
2
1
−
1
2
−
1
2
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
0
1
2
1
2
−
1
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
0
0
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
−
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
]
(1)
Applyi
ng
th
e
t
ran
s
f
or
mati
on
matri
x
T
,
t
he
Du
al
T
hr
ee
-
P
ha
se
m
otor
can
be
re
pr
ese
nted
in
t
hr
ee
two
-
dimensi
onal
de
coupled
m
utu
a
ll
y
ort
hogo
nal
planes
(α
-
β
), (z
1
, z
2
)
a
nd (o
1
,
o
2
)
.
Accor
ding
t
o
t
he
ref
e
re
nc
ed
assumpti
ons
in
[
1
9
]
,
t
he
mac
hin
e
’s
al
l
co
m
pone
nts
e
quat
ion
s
ca
n
be
identifie
d i
n st
at
ion
ar
y
c
onfi
gurati
on
by
f
oll
ow
i
ng r
el
at
io
nship:
[
]
=
[
]
[
]
+
d
dt
[
]
(
2)
[
]
=
[
]
[
]
+
PM
.
[
cos
θ
sin
θ
]
(
3)
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
]
d
dt
[
1
,
2
]
(
4)
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
(
5)
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
]
d
dt
[
1
,
2
]
(
6)
wh
e
re
:
[
]
=
[
(
L
d
+
L
q
)
2
+
(
L
d
−
L
q
)
2
cos
2θ
(
L
d
−
L
q
)
2
sin
2θ
(
L
d
−
L
q
)
2
sin
2θ
(
L
d
+
L
q
)
2
−
(
L
d
+
L
q
)
2
cos
2θ
]
(
7
)
wh
e
re
:
-
(
L
d
, L
q
)
:
Dir
ect
an
d
in
d
i
r
e
t
inducta
nces
;
-
(
L
z
, L
o
) :
Self
t
ra
ns
f
orme
d
c
onve
ntion
al
and m
utu
al
le
a
ka
ge
in
duct
ances
;
-
(
Ψ
PM
)
:
Flu
x produc
ed
by
pe
rma
nen
t
mag
net
;
-
(
Θ
)
: R
oto
r po
si
ti
on
a
ng
le
.
The
V
SD
te
c
hniq
ue
[
7]
al
lo
ws
ex
presse
d
the
mac
hin
e
c
omp
on
e
nts
in
th
ree
two
s
ubm
odel
s
sach
as:
t
he
orde
r
harmo
nics
12
ℎ
±
1
(
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
)
are
locat
ed
i
n
the
(α,
β)
subs
pac
e
,
t
he
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
s
6
ℎ
±
1
(
=
1
,
3
,
5
,
…
)
are
tra
ns
f
orm
ed
i
nto
the
(z
1
,
z
2
)
s
ubsp
ac
e
an
d
t
he
ord
er
harmo
nics
3
ℎ
(
=
1
,
3
,
5
,
…
)
are tra
nsfo
rme
d
int
o
the
zer
o
-
seq
uen
ce
subs
pace
(o
1
,
o
2
).
T
he
(
α
-
β)
c
urr
ent comp
onent
s c
ontrib
ute to t
he
el
ect
ro
m
ec
han
ic
al
c
onversi
on. Ho
wev
e
r, t
he
cu
rr
e
nts
in
(z
1
,
z
2
)
a
nd
(o
1
,
o
2
)
do
not
co
ntri
bu
te
eff
ic
ie
ntly
in
t
he
el
ect
r
om
ec
han
ic
al
c
onve
r
sion
w
hich
pr
oduce
s
sta
tor
lo
ss
es
.
T
he
tra
nsfo
rm
at
ion
mat
rix
m
us
t
be
us
e
d
t
o
represe
nt
the
s
ta
ti
on
a
r
y
(
α,
β
)
s
ub
s
pace
i
n
t
he
r
otati
ng
fr
ame
(d,
q)
w
hi
ch
is s
how
n
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
[
20
]
:
=
[
cos
sin
0
−
sin
cos
0
0
0
4
]
(
4
:
fou
r
-
diment
ion
al
un
it
matr
ix)
(8)
The
el
ect
ric a
nd mec
ha
nic e
quat
ions f
or this
model in
(d
-
q)
p
la
ne
are
ex
pr
essed
by:
[
V
d
V
q
]
=
[
R
s
0
0
R
s
]
[
i
d
i
q
]
+
d
dt
[
Ψ
d
Ψ
q
]
+
[
−
Ψ
q
Ψ
d
]
(
9)
[
Ψ
D
Ψ
Q
]
=
[
L
D
0
0
L
Q
]
[
I
D
I
Q
]
+
√
3
[
PM
0
]
(10)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
75
–
11
87
1178
=
(
d
−
q
)
(
11)
wh
e
re
:
p
is t
he
numb
e
r of
pai
r
pole
s.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D “F
OC
B
AS
E
D
O
N VS
D
TE
C
H
NIQUE”
3.1.
DTP
-
SVPW
M
S
tr
at
e
gy
The
P
ulse
Wid
th
Mo
du
la
ti
on
(PWM
)
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
ha
ve
bee
n
the
f
ocu
s
of
man
y
re
searc
he
s.
T
he
main
go
al
of
the
P
W
M
is
to
co
ntro
l
the
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
ag
e
and
t
o
re
du
c
e
the
harmo
nic
con
te
nt
in
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
T
o
in
crease
the
outpu
t
volt
age,
th
e
sp
ace
vecto
r
pu
lse
widt
h
modu
la
ti
on
(
S
VPWM
)
te
c
hniqu
e
i
s
app
li
ed
.
This
t
echn
i
qu
e
is
us
ed
f
or
adj
us
ta
bl
e
sp
ee
d
dri
ves
.
B
y
us
in
g
sect
or
s
in
S
VPW
M
,
the
S
VPW
M
can
identif
y
t
he
po
sit
ion
of
ref
e
re
nce
vect
or
a
nd
the
s
witc
hes
ca
n
be
op
e
rated
by
th
e
mentio
ne
d
sect
ors.
T
hus,
t
he
fiel
d
or
ie
ntati
on
a
ppr
oac
h
c
onsist
s
on
need
of
t
he
(α
-
β
)
s
ubplane
as
bei
ng
re
fere
nce
s
ta
tor
volt
age
ve
ct
or
pro
du
ce
d
by
th
e
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
t
em.
Th
en
,
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
in
(z
1
-
z
2
)
an
d
(
o
1
,
o
2
)
subs
paces
pr
oduces
on
l
y
lo
sses
.
So
as
t
o
redu
ce
these
ha
rm
on
ic
s
.
T
he
a
ve
rag
e
volt
age
vecto
rs
pro
du
c
ed
i
n
the
tw
o
subs
paces
m
us
t
be
fixe
d
at
ze
ro [
21
]
.
In
t
he
Fi
gure
4,
tw
o
P
rop
or
ti
on
al
I
nte
gr
al
r
egu
la
to
rs
a
re
use
d
in
the
c
urr
ent
co
ntr
ol
str
uctu
re
w
hic
h
gen
e
rat
es
the
direct
an
d
in
d
irect
vo
lt
a
ge
r
efere
nce,
es
pe
ci
al
l
y
V
d
*
an
d
V
q
*
.
F
ur
t
hermo
re,
the
cl
ose
d
-
l
oo
p
sp
ee
d
re
gula
to
r
yield
s
the
in
direct
-
a
xis
cu
r
ren
t
.
The
s
pee
d
co
ntr
ol
ca
n
be
ac
hiev
e
d
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
th
e
q
-
a
xis
current
iq
pro
vid
e
d
that
the
d
-
a
xis
cu
rr
e
nt
compo
nen
t
i
d
is
kep
t
at
zero
[
22
-
24
]
.
T
her
e
fore,
the
con
t
ro
l
strat
egy
of
id=
0
is
a
relat
ivel
y
sim
ple
meth
od
i
n
ordina
ry
3
-
phase
P
M
S
M
c
on
tr
ol
strat
egy.
W
he
n
the
d
-
a
xi
s
sta
tor
c
urren
t
windin
g
id=
0,
the
mec
ha
nic
(
11
) bec
om
es:
Γ
em
=
p
.
i
q
.
Ψ
d
=
p
.
i
q
.
Ψ
PM
(12)
Fig
ure
4
.
M
ac
hi
ne’
s
fiel
d or
ie
nted
c
ontr
ol
un
der VSD tec
hn
iqu
e
3.2.
24
-
Sec
to
r
V
ec
to
r
Spae
Dec
om
po
siti
on (
24SV
S
D)
The FOC
te
c
hniq
ue
for
the
m
achine
dri
ve
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
4.
The
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
ph
a
se volt
ages
a
nd
d
e
vice s
witc
h st
at
es is as
f
ollow
s
:
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
=
E
3
[
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
]
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
(
13)
Wh
e
re:
-
(
S =
S
a1
, S
b1
, S
c1
, S
a2
, S
b2
, S
c2
):
S
witc
h
ing
m
od
es
;
-
E:
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Fie
ld O
rie
nted
Co
ntro
l
based
on a
24
-
Sector
Vect
or
Space
Decom
po
sit
io
n f
or
…
(
M
ham
med H
asoun
)
1179
By
usi
ng
the
matri
x
relat
ionship
(
13)
a
nd
the
tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
matri
x
T,
vo
lt
age
s
in
ea
ch
s
ubm
od
el
are
e
xpresse
d
a
s foll
ow
s:
[
1
2
01
02
]
=
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
(
14)
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
wingdi
ngs
an
d
DTP
-
V
S
I
fe
d
DTP
-
P
MSM.
A
co
mb
i
na
torial
anal
ys
is
show
s
64
switc
hing
m
od
es.
Th
ere
fore,
64
dif
fer
e
nt
vo
lt
age
vect
ors
can
be
a
pp
li
ed
to
t
he
mac
hin
e
.
Each
ve
ct
or
is
represe
nted
by
a
decimal
nu
mb
e
r,
c
orres
po
nd
i
ng
to
bi
nary
numbe
rs,
c
onside
red
in
the
orde
r
[S
a1
S
b1
S
c1
S
a2
S
b2
S
c2
]
.
T
hu
s
,
the
both
fi
gur
es
5
an
d
6
shows
t
he
sc
hem
at
ic
diagr
am
of
the
s
pace
ve
ct
or
s
base
d
on
VSD
resp
ect
ivel
y
i
n
(α
-
β)
and
(z
1
-
z
2
)
subs
paces
.
Fig
ure
5.
D
ia
gr
a
m
s
pace
v
ec
tors
base
d
on
VS
D i
n
(
−
)
Fig
ure
6.
D
ia
gr
a
m
s
pace
v
ec
tors
base
d
on
VS
D
in
(
z
1
−
z
2
)
Re
gardin
g
t
he
Figures
5
an
d
6
,
the
(
α
-
β
)
vo
lt
age
vect
or
s
c
an
be
dec
omp
os
e
d
int
o
fou
r
dodeca
gons
with
diff
e
re
nt magnit
ud
e
s (fr
om
i
nn
e
rm
os
t t
o ou
te
r
most
: D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
)
[
25
].
Their
m
a
gn
it
ud
e
s ar
e
ide
ntifie
d
by the
f
ollow
i
ng
relat
ion
s
hip
:
{
1
=
√
(
2
−
√
3
)
√
3
2
=
1
√
3
3
=
√
2
√
3
4
=
√
(
2
+
√
3
)
√
3
(
15)
The
ma
ximum
am
plit
ud
e
(
α
-
β)
volt
age
vec
tors
bec
om
e
t
he
minim
um
amplit
ude
(z
1
-
z
2
)
vo
lt
ag
e
vecto
rs,
w
her
e
as the
oth
e
rs
ke
ep
the
same
m
ag
n
it
ud
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
75
–
11
87
1180
Fig
ure
7.
Diagr
a
m
spac
e
v
ec
tors
base
d
on
VS
D h
avi
ng
12
m
axi
m
um
m
agni
tud
e a
nd
24
ha
lf
-
m
agn
it
ude
in
(
α
-
β)
p
lane
In
Fig
ure
7,
th
e
12
volt
age
ve
ct
or
s
an
d
24
on
e
s
hav
i
ng
re
sp
ect
ively
ma
xi
mu
m
an
d
hal
f
ma
gn
it
ude
div
ide
the
(
α
-
β
)
s
ub
s
pace
into
24
sect
or
s
.
T
he
volt
age
vect
or
s
sel
ect
ed
al
l
ow
s
ha
v
i
ng
th
e
small
est
am
pl
it
ud
e
vecto
rs
in
the
(z
1
-
z
2
)
pla
ne
,
wh
ic
h
gu
a
ra
ntees
the
mi
nim
um
c
urre
nt
ha
r
monics
c
on
te
nt
in
the
(z
1
-
z
2
)
plane
.
T
hus
,
le
a
ding t
o
the
d
ec
rease
losses
[3].
The
c
ombinati
on
of
t
he
ma
ximu
m
mag
nitu
de
(α
-
β)
vecto
rs
and
t
he
ones wi
th
half
ma
gn
it
ud
e
al
lo
ws
sy
nt
hetiz
ing
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
vol
ta
ge
vect
or
(
F
igure
7
).
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
l
oc
at
ion
of
t
he
r
efere
nce
vo
lt
a
ge
vecto
r
in
the
(α
-
β)
s
ubs
pace
(
Fig
ur
e
5)
,
th
e
propose
d
str
at
egy
us
es
th
re
e
vectors
ha
vi
ng
t
he
ma
xim
um
mag
nitud
e
a
nd
the
four
t
h
ve
ct
or
ha
ving
ha
lf
mag
nitu
de
.
In
the
sect
or
S
1
,
the
volt
ag
e
vectors
(
37
-
36
-
52)
com
bin
e
d
wit
h
the
f
ourt
h
volt
age
vect
or
(60)
a
nd
zer
o
vo
lt
age
vecto
rs
(
7
-
56)
a
re
employe
d
.
T
he
ti
me
corre
s
pondin
g t
o
each
volt
age
vecto
r
is
deter
mina
te
d
by
t
he
f
ollow
i
ng r
el
a
ti
on
s
hip
:
[
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
2
1
4
4
1
4
2
1
]
[
1
2
3
4
]
=
[
0
0
]
(
16)
wh
e
re
:
•
: i
s the sam
ple
ti
me;
•
t
1
, t
2
,
t
3
and t
4
: are the
ti
mes
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
the
fo
ur
volt
age
vecto
rs;
•
: i
s the
project
ion o
f
k
th
vo
lt
ag
e v
ect
or
on the
x
-
axis
(
x= α,
β
, z
1
, z
2
).
The
ti
me i
nter
val att
rib
uted
t
o
ze
ro volt
age
vecto
rs
is t
he
r
emai
ning ti
me:
0
=
−
(
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
)
(
17)
In
order
to
al
low
the
occur
ren
ce
of,
at
mo
st,
tw
o
tra
ns
it
ion
s
durin
g
e
ach
P
W
M
pe
rio
d,
t
hr
ee
appr
oach
es
,
usi
ng
the
24
-
s
ect
or
strat
eg
y
sho
uld
be
c
on
si
der
e
d.
I
n
t
he
first
a
ppr
oac
h
(appro
ach
(
1
)
hen
ce
f
or
th
),
t
he
switc
hing
se
qu
e
nce
c
on
ce
r
ns
the
p
os
it
io
n
of
the
null
vec
tors
in
t
he
mid
dle
an
d
at
the
ends
of
the
s
witc
hing
seq
uen
ce
.
I
n
t
he
sec
ond
a
ppro
ac
h
(a
ppro
a
c
h
(
2
)
he
ncefor
th)
,
the
null
ve
ct
or
is
place
d
at
the
ends
of
the
s
w
it
ching
se
quen
ce.
I
n
t
he
thir
d
appr
oach
(app
ro
ac
h
(
3
)
he
nc
eforth
),
the
nul
l
vector
s
is
pla
ce
d
in
the m
id
dle
of the s
witc
hing s
equ
e
nce
(
Fi
gur
e
8
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Fie
ld O
rie
nted
Co
ntro
l
based
on a
24
-
Sector
Vect
or
Space
Decom
po
sit
io
n f
or
…
(
M
ham
med H
asoun
)
1181
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
8. S
witc
hing se
quence
in secto
r 1 acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
p
l
aceme
nt
of the
nu
ll
vo
lt
ag
e
ve
ct
or
s
(a)
Approa
ch
(1)
.
(b)
Approac
h
(
2).
(
c)
Approa
ch
(3)
By
a
ppl
ying
th
e
same
reas
on
i
ng
to
t
he
oth
e
r
sect
ors,
t
he
ti
mes
of
fou
r
non
-
null
vecto
rs
is
giv
e
n
by
the table
belo
w
(
Ta
ble
1
).
Table
1.
24
-
sec
tor mo
dula
ti
on v
ect
ors a
pplyi
ng ti
mes
(S
1
-
S
12
)
SECTORS
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S
10
S
11
S
12
T
I
M
E
S
t
1
T
1
-
T
4
T
6
-
T
8
T
10
-
T
5
T
11
-
T
9
T
12
-
T
2
T
3
-
T
7
t
2
T
2
T
1
T
7
T
6
-
T
4
T
10
-
T
8
T
11
-
T
5
T
12
-
T
9
T
3
t
3
T
3
T
5
-
T
1
T
9
-
T
6
T
2
-
T
10
T
7
-
T
11
-
T
4
-
T
12
-
T
8
t
4
T
4
T
3
T
8
-
T
1
T
5
-
T
6
T
9
-
T
10
T
2
-
T
11
T
7
-
T
12
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
75
–
11
87
1182
Table
1.
24
-
sec
tor mo
dula
ti
on v
ect
ors a
pplyi
ng ti
mes
(S
13
-
S
24
)
Pr
oject
in
g
volt
age
vect
or
s
on
the
(α
-
β)
and
(z
1
-
z
2
)
-
axis
in
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
(
16),
t
he
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts
in
Table
1
ar
e
give
n
as
foll
ows
:
[
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
]
=
8
2
[
1
√
3
−
1
0
−
√
3
√
3
−
1
2
2
−
√
3
1
√
3
−
1
−
2
+
√
3
−
1
2
−
√
3
−
1
+
√
3
1
1
1
−
√
3
2
−
√
3
2
√
3
1
0
1
√
3
]
[
]
(
18)
The
relat
ion
s
hi
p (17) ma
kes
it
possible t
o determine
the
ti
m
e
al
lot
te
d
to
ze
ro volt
age
vect
or
s
.
The
Ta
ble
2
as
foll
ow
s
g
i
ves
t
he
final s
witc
hi
ng
seq
ue
nces
for
al
l sect
ors
.
Table
2.
24
-
sec
tor mo
dula
ti
on sw
it
chi
ng sequence
s
(S
1
-
S
12
)
SECTORS
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S
10
S
11
S
12
V
E
C
T
O
R
S
V
01
7
7
0
0
56
56
63
63
7
7
0
0
V
1
37
39
36
4
52
48
54
62
22
23
18
2
V
2
36
37
52
36
54
52
22
54
18
22
26
18
V
3
52
36
54
52
22
54
18
22
26
18
27
26
V
4
60
52
55
54
6
22
16
18
58
26
31
27
V
02
56
56
63
63
7
7
0
0
56
56
63
63
Table
2.
24
-
sec
tor mo
dula
ti
on sw
it
chi
ng sequence
s
(S
13
-
S
24
)
SECTORS
S
13
S
14
S
15
S
16
S
17
S
18
S
19
S
20
S
21
S
22
S
23
S
24
V
E
C
T
O
R
S
V
01
56
56
63
63
7
7
0
0
56
56
63
63
V
1
26
24
27
59
11
15
9
1
41
40
45
61
V
2
27
26
11
27
9
11
41
9
45
41
37
45
V
3
11
27
9
11
41
9
45
41
37
45
36
37
V
4
3
11
8
9
57
41
47
45
5
37
32
36
V
02
7
7
0
0
56
56
63
63
7
7
0
0
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
The
simulat
io
n
te
sts
we
re
accom
plishe
d
by
usi
ng
a
3
-
KW
mac
hin
e
ap
plied
on
e
le
ct
ric
sh
ip
protot
yp
e
, wh
ose
p
a
rameters
are in
dicat
ed
i
n
Ta
ble
3
[
19
].
In
al
l
the
si
mul
at
ion
te
sts
,
the
load
t
orque
is
kep
t
at
15
N.m
,
the
mac
hin
e
sp
ee
d
is
fixe
d
at
300
r
pm
and
t
he
in
ver
te
r
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
main
ta
ined
at
the
sa
me
fr
e
quenc
y
5
kHz.
T
he
fi
gures
9
-
1
4
s
ho
w
the
simulat
ion res
ul
ts of
t
he pr
opose
d
st
rateg
y
.
As
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
9
,
in
a
per
io
d
of
24
sect
or
s,
it
is
ob
s
er
ved
t
hat
6
sect
ors
re
m
ai
n
with
n
o
switc
hing
f
or
a
ppr
oach
es
(
b)
and
(c
).
T
his
a
ll
ow
s
a
25%
re
du
ct
io
n
of
t
he
switc
hing
co
m
par
e
d
with
ap
proac
h
(a)
w
he
re
t
here
is
a
c
onti
nuou
s
s
witc
hi
ng
mode.
T
hus,
a
sig
nifica
nt
re
du
ct
io
n
of
the
s
witc
hing
l
osse
s
is
accom
plish
e
d.
SECTORS
S
13
S
14
S
15
S
16
S
17
S
18
S
19
S
20
S
21
S
22
S
23
S
24
T
I
M
E
S
t
1
-
T
1
T
4
-
T
6
T
8
-
T
10
T
5
-
T
11
T
9
-
T
12
T
2
-
T
3
T
7
t
2
-
T
2
-
T
1
-
T
7
-
T
6
T
4
-
T
10
T
8
-
T
11
T
5
-
T
12
T
9
-
T
3
t
3
-
T
3
-
T
5
T
1
-
T
9
T
6
-
T
2
T
10
-
T
7
T
11
T
4
T
12
T
8
t
4
-
T
4
-
T
3
-
T
8
T
1
-
T
5
T
6
-
T
9
T
10
-
T
2
T
11
-
T
7
T
12
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Fie
ld O
rie
nted
Co
ntro
l
based
on a
24
-
Sector
Vect
or
Space
Decom
po
sit
io
n f
or
…
(
M
ham
med H
asoun
)
1183
Table
3.
M
ac
hi
ne’
s
main
p
a
r
a
mete
rs
Desig
n
atio
n
Valu
e/ un
it
DC b
u
s v
o
ltag
e: E
4
0
0
V
stato
ric
resistan
ce
:
R
s
1
Ω
d
-
ax
is in
d
u
ctan
ce
:
L
d
8
.5 m
H
q
-
ax
is in
d
u
ctan
ce
: L
q
8
.5 m
H
p
erm
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
flux
:
PM
0
.17
5
Wb
to
tal inertia
m
o
m
e
n
t:
J
8
9
.10
-
3
kgm
2
to
tal vis
co
u
s
fr
icti
o
n
coeff
icien
t:
f
0
.01
Nm
s/rad
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
air
po
les : p
4
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
Figure
9
.
Sw
ic
hi
ng
command
an
d
cor
responding
sec
tors
in
t
erm
s
of
positi
on
ing
z
e
ro
voltage
vector
s
(a)
Approa
ch
(1)
.
(b)
Approac
h
(
2).
(
c)
Approa
ch
(3)
In
Fig
ure
10,
the
sta
to
r
phas
e
cu
rr
e
nt
res
ultant
f
rom
t
he
t
hr
ee
pr
ese
nted
ap
proac
h
es
is
ext
remely
sinu
s
oid
al
.
T
he
Fig
ure
11
shows
t
he
ha
rm
onic
c
urre
nt
a
na
lysis
si
gn
ific
a
nt
ly
de
crease
d
to
1
.
05%
.
T
hus
,
the
harmo
nic
a
nalysis
s
hows
t
ha
t
the
TH
D
i
s
sli
gh
tl
y
lo
w
er
in
a
ppr
oac
h
(
1
)
c
ompar
ed
to
the
t
wo
oth
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
75
–
11
87
1184
appr
oach
es
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
).
It
s
hould
be
note
d
th
at
these
sta
tor
current
co
mpo
n
ents
will
on
l
y
pro
duce
l
os
se
s
since
they ha
ve no c
on
t
rib
ution i
n
t
he
el
ab
orat
ion
of air
gap fl
ux.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
Figure
10
S
t
at
or
P
hase
C
urre
nt
a
c
cor
ding to
posit
i
oning
z
ero
volt
ag
e
ve
ct
or
(
a
)
Approa
ch
(
1
)
.
(
b
)
Approac
h
(
2
).
(
c
)
Approa
ch
(
3
)
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
Figure
11
S
t
at
or
C
urre
nt
H
ar
mon
ic
A
na
lysis
a
cc
o
rding
to
positi
oning ze
ro
volt
ag
e
ve
ct
or
(a)
Approa
ch
(1)
.
(b)
Approac
h
(
2).
(
c)
Approa
ch
(3)
To
be
no
te
d
that
for
the
th
ree
a
ppr
oac
he
s
e
nv
isa
ged
;
THD
c
urre
nt
and
s
witc
hing
num
be
r,
the
fo
ll
owin
g
ta
ble:
Table
4.
Sw
ic
hi
ng
seq
ue
nces
evaluati
on
Figure
12
s
ho
ws
t
hat
the
st
at
or
c
urre
nts
i
n
t
he
s
ubsp
ac
e
(z
1
-
z
2
)
a
re
t
oo
we
ak
(a
mpl
it
ud
e
0.2
A)
com
par
e
d
with
the
sta
tor
cu
rrents
fun
dame
nt
al
(am
plit
ud
e
8
A).
In
Fi
gur
e
1
3
,
the
ha
rm
on
ic
cu
rr
e
nts
do
not
Ap
p
rop
riate
p
o
sitio
n
in
g
of the zer
o
v
o
ltag
e vecto
r
Swich
in
g
Number
THD
cu
rr
en
t
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal (
2
0
HZ)
Ap
p
roach
(
1
)
6
1
,05
7
,29
2
Ap
p
roach
(
2
)
5
or 4
1
,34
7
,29
0
Ap
p
roach
(
3
)
4
or 5
1
,34
7
,29
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.