In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
5
2
0
~1
5
2
8
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1520-1528
1520
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Characteristics of lead-ac
id and
nickel metal hyd
ri
de batteries
in uninte
rruptible pow
er supply operation
Nu
rs
ha
h
i
ra
h At
h
i
ra
h
Ro
h
m
a
n
1
,
No
r
Fa
ra
h
a
i
d
a
Ab
d
u
l
Ra
h
m
a
n
2
,
M
u
ha
m
m
a
d
A
m
mi
rr
ul
A
t
i
q
i
M
o
h
d
Za
i
n
ur
i
3
1,
2
F
acul
t
y
of Ele
ct
rical Eng
in
eerin
g, U
n
i
vers
i
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i MARA, M
alay
sia
3
S
c
h
o
o
l
of El
ectri
c
a
l
& E
l
ectro
n
i
c
Engi
neering
,
U
niversi
ti
Sai
n
s
M
alay
sia, M
alaysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
N
ov
7,
201
8
Re
vise
d Jan
2
9
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 1
8
,
2
019
Batt
eries
are
on
e
of
t
he
m
ai
n
el
em
ents
i
n
U
n
int
e
rru
pt
abl
e
P
ower
S
upp
ly
(UP
S
s
).
T
o
m
a
in
tain
g
ood
o
p
e
rati
on
du
ring
power
f
ailu
re
,
UPS
s
m
u
s
t
ha
ve
adeq
uat
e
e
n
e
rg
y
f
o
r
th
eir
operat
i
o
n
.
It
d
ep
end
s
o
n
t
h
e
reli
abil
it
y
an
d
perf
o
r
man
ce
o
f
b
att
e
ries.
Owi
ng
t
o
l
o
w
capi
t
al
c
o
s
t
an
d
w
i
de
a
v
ail
a
bili
ty,
lead
-acid
b
a
tt
eries
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
us
ed
e
x
t
ens
i
v
e
ly
a
s
th
e
m
a
in
e
n
e
r
gy
s
o
u
rce
in
UP
Ss
.
Nevert
he
l
e
ss,
a
s
batterie
s
t
ech
nol
og
y
gro
w
n
,
N
i
c
kel
Met
a
l
H
yd
ride
(Ni
M
H)
b
at
t
e
ries
h
ave
offered
m
o
re
p
romising
perf
orm
a
nce
tha
n
l
ead-acid
bat
t
eri
e
s;
t
h
e
y
are
i
n
s
t
alled
in
v
ario
us
p
ortab
l
e
elect
ro
ni
c
d
e
vi
ces.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
pro
v
i
d
es
a
n
ov
erview
o
f
t
h
e
perf
orm
a
n
c
e
of
l
ead
-a
ci
d
and
N
i
MH
b
at
teries
du
rin
g
t
h
e
o
p
e
rati
on
of
a
s
i
ngle-ph
ase
U
P
S.
T
h
e
ir
p
erf
o
rm
ances
are
s
t
u
d
ied
bas
e
d
on
2
c
har
acteri
s
tics
w
h
i
c
h
are
dis
c
harg
e
cu
rve
and
S
t
ate
of
C
harg
e
(S
OC).
B
ased
on
tho
s
e
characte
r
i
s
t
i
cs,
b
o
t
h
b
a
tteries
h
ave
sho
w
n
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
perf
o
r
man
ces.
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
on
r
es
u
l
ts
h
ave
sh
own
t
h
at
t
he
N
iM
H
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
xhibi
t
s
bet
t
er
d
is
charg
e
c
urv
e
w
it
h
higher
vo
ltag
e
cap
acity
a
n
d
c
on
stan
t
discharg
e
curren
t
,
and
it
is
m
ore
rel
i
able
t
o
obtain
1
2
V
a
t
mini
mum
perce
n
t
age
of
S
O
C
th
an t
he l
ead-aci
d b
a
ttery
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
U
n
i
n
t
e
rru
pta
b
l
e
pow
e
r
s
up
ply
(U
P
S
s
)
Ni
c
k
el
met
al
hy
d
r
i
d
e
(Ni
M
H)
Po
wer
Q
u
al
i
t
y
(P
Q)
lead-
a
c
i
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
S
t
ate
of
C
ha
rg
e
(S
O
C
)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
No
r Far
a
h
a
i
d
a Ab
du
l
Rah
m
an,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
A
R
A,
4
045
0
Sh
ah
Ala
m,
S
el
a
n
go
r Da
ru
l
Eh
sa
n
,
M
a
l
ay
si
a.
Em
ail:
far
a
hai
d
a@sa
l
a
m.
ui
tm
.e
du.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
P
Q
)
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
s
a
t
e
r
m
t
o
d
e
f
i
n
e
a
n
y
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
curre
nt
o
r
fre
que
nc
y
t
h
at
in
t
e
rfe
r
es
n
or
ma
l
opera
ti
on
of
e
le
c
t
rica
l
eq
ui
pme
n
t
[1].
C
omm
o
n
t
ypes
of
P
Q
problem
s
ar
e
vol
tage
/c
urrent
sags
/ sw
ells
/
v
a
ria
tio
ns,
t
r
ans
i
en
ts, in
t
er
rup
t
i
ons a
nd har
m
o
n
i
cs.
I
n
t
e
rruption
(or
power
f
ailure)
re
fer
s
t
o
a
tim
e
pe
rio
d
w
he
n
e
l
ect
ri
c
i
ty
s
uppl
y
o
f
a
b
uil
d
in
g
i
s
i
n
t
e
rru
pt
ed
due
t
o
ci
rc
uit
b
r
e
a
k
er
t
ri
pp
i
n
g
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
f
ai
l
u
re.
To
s
a
f
e
g
ua
rd
t
he
bui
l
d
i
ng
a
g
ai
nst
pow
er
i
n
t
er
rup
tio
n,
a
n
U
n
i
n
te
rr
uptib
le
P
ow
e
r
S
upp
ly
(
U
P
S
)
c
an
b
e
i
n
tro
d
u
c
e
d
[2-4]
.
T
h
e
U
PS
i
s
de
vel
ope
d
to pr
o
v
i
de
uni
n
t
err
u
p
t
e
d
,
hig
h
qua
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
re
lia
bl
e
ba
c
k
up p
o
w
e
r
to el
e
ctrical loads [
5-7].
N
o
r
m
a
l
ly,
le
ad
-a
cid
bat
t
erie
s
a
r
e
used
a
s
the
prima
r
y
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ource
f
or
U
P
S
system
[
8
]
.
F
o
r
m
a
ny
yea
r
s,
l
e
a
d-a
c
i
d
ba
tte
ries
h
a
v
e
be
en
w
i
d
e
l
y
em
pl
o
y
ed
a
nd
r
eco
gn
i
z
e
d
a
s
th
e
mo
st
r
eli
a
b
l
e
me
an
s
o
f
prese
r
vi
n
g
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
ow
er
dur
in
g
inte
rru
pt
ion
of
p
ow
e
r
s
uppl
y
[
9].
A
ddit
i
ona
l
l
y,
l
ow
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
c
os
t
,
w
ide
ava
ila
b
i
l
i
t
y
an
d
ma
tur
e
t
e
c
h
no
log
y
a
re
t
he
o
ther
r
ea
s
on
w
hy
le
a
d
-
ac
id
b
at
t
e
ri
es
b
e
c
ome
t
h
e
mo
st
f
a
v
ou
rit
e
cho
i
ce
i
n
m
a
n
y
r
eside
n
tia
l
a
p
p
lica
t
io
ns,
e
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
it
in
heri
t
s
low
c
y
c
l
e
li
fe
c
hara
cter
i
s
tic
[
1
0
-
12]
.
In
[
13]
,
S
c
haetz
l
e
.
H
.
J
an
d
Bo
de
n
D
.
P
h
ave
me
n
t
i
one
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
um
cyc
l
e
li
fe
o
f
l
ead-a
cid
batteries
is
a
bout
1
000
t
o
120
0
c
y
cl
e
s
w
hi
c
h
a
re
3
t
o
5
y
ears;
i
t
i
s
b
ase
d
o
n
ho
w
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
ly
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
u
rroun
di
ng
tem
p
era
t
ur
e.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
in
t
he
n
e
x
t
t
w
o
deca
de
s,
l
ea
d-a
c
id
b
a
tter
i
e
s
a
r
e
a
lso
pre
d
ic
ted
to
r
em
ai
n
c
h
ea
per
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Char
ac
ter
i
stic
s
of le
ad-ac
id
an
d n
i
cke
l m
e
t
a
l hy
dri
d
e
ba
t
t
e
r
ie
s
i
n
… (No
r
Fara
ha
i
d
a Abd
u
l
Ra
hm
a
n
)
1
521
tha
n
t
he
ir
a
lter
n
a
t
ive
s
[
14].
H
e
nce
,
m
ost
of
r
esea
rche
s
ha
ve
s
h
ow
n
m
o
re
i
ntere
s
t
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
-a
ci
d
ba
t
t
e
r
ies
in U
P
S
s tha
n
u
sing
o
t
he
r type
s
of ba
tte
ries.
M
ean
whi
l
e,
N
ic
k
e
l
M
e
t
a
l
Hyd
r
id
e
(NiM
H)
b
at
t
e
ri
es
a
re
g
e
t
tin
g
m
o
re
a
tt
e
n
ti
on
due
t
o
t
h
eir
u
s
age
in
por
tab
l
e
/
bac
k
up
p
o
w
e
r
syste
m
s
[15]
a
n
d
U
P
S
s
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
T
ar
ab
a
y
.
J
,
K
a
r
a
m
i
.
N
i
n
[
1
6
]
,
N
i
M
H
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
are
re
com
m
e
nded
to
b
e
ac
c
e
pte
d
i
n
se
ver
a
l
p
o
rtab
le
e
le
ctro
nic
d
e
v
ice
s
a
nd
ele
c
t
ric
ve
hic
l
e
ap
pl
ic
ati
o
ns.
There
a
r
e m
a
ny
be
nefi
ts
o
f u
s
ing N
i
MH
b
a
tter
i
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
i
nvo
l
v
i
n
g
t
he
ir ene
rg
y
de
n
s
it
y
a
nd l
i
fe c
ycle
[1
7
-
20]
.
G
e
ne
rall
y,
t
he
l
ife
a
g
e
o
f
N
i
M
H
ba
t
t
er
ies
is
r
es
tric
ted
to
5
y
e
a
r
s,
a
n
d
t
h
ey
can
b
e
re
c
h
arg
e
d
fo
r
mo
re
t
h
an
hu
n
d
r
ed
times
.
S
i
nce
bot
h
ba
tte
ries
i
n
h
eri
t
d
iffe
ren
t
c
o
n
str
u
c
t
i
on
a
nd
ope
ra
t
i
on,
c
h
oos
i
ng
a
ba
tte
ry
t
ha
t
ca
n
m
a
tch
re
q
u
i
r
emen
t
s
o
f
UPS
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
i
s
t
r
i
c
k
y
.
H
en
c
e
,
a
c
l
ear
d
esc
r
ip
t
i
on
o
f
ba
tter
y
c
ha
rac
t
e
r
is
tic
s
is
v
er
y
impor
ta
nt
;
to
c
ho
ose
t
h
e
mos
t
s
ui
tab
l
e
ba
t
t
e
r
y
tha
t
c
a
n
m
axim
iz
e
t
h
e
U
P
S
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
t
e
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
pur
pose
of
t
hi
s
w
o
rk
i
s
to
a
n
a
l
y
se
t
he
p
e
rfo
rm
anc
e
o
f
lea
d
-
acid
a
nd
N
iMH
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
in
a
s
i
ngl
e
-
ph
as
e
UPS
opera
tio
n
us
in
g
MA
TLA
B/
S
i
mul
i
nk.
T
he
ir
p
erforma
n
ce
s
are
assesse
d
b
a
sed
o
n
t
heir
d
isc
h
a
r
gi
n
g
c
urve
s
(at
di
ffe
re
nt c
urre
n
t
r
ates)
, a
nd S
t
a
t
e of Charge (SOC
) ch
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
s
o
nl
y.
The
orga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
is
a
s
fo
ll
o
w
s:
I)
Introd
u
c
ti
o
n
,
II)
Methodology,
III
)
Res
u
lts
and
D
i
scuss
i
o
n
s,
a
nd
IV
)
Conc
l
u
si
on.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
The
w
o
r
k
s
tar
t
s
by
ge
ne
rat
i
ng
d
i
sc
har
g
e
curve
s
o
f
lea
d
-
acid
a
n
d
N
iMH
ba
t
t
eries
us
i
n
g
bat
t
ery
mode
l
s
i
n
MA
TLA
B
/
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
.
Ea
ch
d
i
s
cha
r
ge
c
urve
i
s
pr
od
uce
d
u
s
i
n
g
0
.
2
C,
0
.5C,
1
C
a
nd
2C
c
urrent
r
ate
(C-rat
e
)
a
t
nomi
n
al
vol
t
a
g
e
o
f
12
V
a
n
d
8.2
Ah
b
att
e
ry
c
a
p
ac
ity
.
C-r
a
t
e
i
nd
ica
t
es
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
bat
t
ery s
t
a
r
ts t
o
d
i
sc
ha
rge.
I
n
ot
her w
o
rd, 0.2
C
o
r
C
/
5 is
k
now
n as
a
5
-
h
o
u
r
d
i
schar
g
e
,
0
.5C
or
C
/
2
is a 2-h
our
di
sc
harge
,
1
C
is
a
1
-
hour
d
is
char
g
e
,
an
d
2
C
i
s
a
3
0
-m
in
ut
e
d
i
sc
har
g
e.
A
n
e
x
am
p
l
e
o
f
a
nomi
n
a
l
d
is
cha
r
ge
curve
of a
b
at
t
e
ry
i
s
show
n
in
F
igure
1.
F
i
gure
1.
N
omina
l
d
i
s
c
h
arge
c
ur
v
e
of ba
t
t
ery
Base
d
o
n
t
he
c
urve,
t
h
er
e
are
3
imp
o
rta
n
t
da
ta
s
pec
i
fic
a
tio
n
s
s
h
oul
d
be
c
o
n
s
i
de
red
:
n
omi
n
al
v
o
ltage
,
rate
d
ca
pa
ci
ty
a
nd
S
O
C.
T
he
S
O
C
i
s
kn
ow
n
a
s
a
n
in
d
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
qua
n
tit
y
o
f
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
ty
t
ha
t
ava
i
lab
l
e
in
a
b
a
tt
e
r
y
in
r
el
ati
o
n
to
i
ts
p
rac
t
i
c
a
l
c
ap
ac
it
y
wit
h
t
h
e
g
i
v
e
n
p
a
st
a
nd
f
utur
e disc
harge
c
o
nd
i
tions
[
2
1
,
22].
In th
i
s
stud
y,
t
he
s
am
e
da
ta
p
ara
m
e
t
ers
are
used
f
or
b
ot
h
lea
d
-ac
i
d
an
d
N
i
M
H
ba
tter
i
e
s
t
o
f
i
nd
t
h
e
differ
e
n
ces
o
f
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tics
betw
ee
n the
s
e
tw
o t
ype
s of ba
tter
i
e
s
.
N
e
xt,
b
o
t
h
bat
t
e
ries
a
re
e
mplo
yed i
n
a
2
3
0
V
,
50
H
z
s
i
n
gle-
pha
s
e
U
P
S.
T
he
s
im
ula
t
i
on
c
i
rcui
t
o
f
t
h
e
U
P
S
system
i
s
de
pi
cte
d
i
n
F
i
gure
2.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n,
a
1
2
V
lea
d
-ac
i
d
or
N
i
M
H
bat
t
er
y
t
oge
t
h
e
r
w
it
h
a
D
C
-l
i
n
k
ca
paci
t
o
r
C
1
a
re
c
on
nec
t
e
d
b
etw
e
e
n
a
s
in
gle-
phase
u
nc
on
tro
l
lab
l
e
fu
l
l
bri
dge
r
e
c
t
i
fi
er
a
nd
a
s
in
gl
e-
phase
con
t
ro
l
l
ab
le
f
u
l
l
br
id
ge
i
n
v
ert
e
r
.
T
he
b
a
t
te
r
y
i
s
la
be
lle
d
as
B
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
a
n
R
L
C
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
f
i
l
t
e
r
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
and
curr
en
t of
t
he U
P
S
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
the fu
l
l
b
ri
d
g
e
re
ct
ifier
is used to con
ve
rt
A
C
v
o
l
ta
ge
t
o
D
C
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
The
n
,
th
e
12V
l
e
a
d
-
ac
i
d
o
r
N
i
M
H
r
ec
harge
a
b
l
e
b
a
t
t
er
y
is
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
t
o
su
pp
ly
v
olta
ge
d
uri
n
g
t
h
e
bac
kup
t
i
m
e
.
O
n
t
he
o
ther
h
an
d,
t
h
e
ful
l
b
rid
g
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r i
s
re
s
po
n
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
c
onve
rt
DC v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
A
C
v
o
l
ta
ge de
s
ir
ed by
the
l
o
ad
[
2
3
].
In
n
o
r
mal
op
era
t
io
n
,
A
C
power
t
o
t
h
e
loa
d
i
s
c
o
nt
i
nuou
sl
y
sup
p
l
ie
d
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
r
e
c
tif
i
e
r
an
d
in
verter
.
The
r
ecti
f
ier
i
s
r
e
s
p
o
ns
i
b
le
t
o
c
h
ar
ge
t
he
b
a
t
tery
a
n
d
s
upp
ly
powe
r
t
o
t
h
e
lo
ad
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r.
Whe
n
i
n
t
er
rup
tio
n
o
c
c
u
r,
t
he
b
a
tte
ry
a
nd
i
n
ve
rter
m
a
i
nta
i
n
to
s
u
ppl
y
powe
r
t
o
th
e
l
o
ad
.
A
by
p
a
s
s
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
als
o
b
e
use
d
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
A
C
c
ur
rent
p
a
t
h
d
i
rec
tly
t
o
the
loa
d
,
d
uring
t
h
e
overl
oa
d
of
t
he
A
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
or
t
he
fa
il
ure
of
t
he
i
nver
t
e
r
.
O
v
erload
h
a
p
pens
w
hen
t
h
e
loa
d
p
ow
e
r
d
e
m
a
nd
i
s
g
re
ater
t
ha
n
the
U
P
S
ra
t
i
ng
,
an
d
ty
pic
a
l
l
y
c
a
n
d
es
troy
t
he
U
P
S
.
In
t
h
i
s
w
o
rk,
a
P
r
oport
i
ona
l
In
t
egra
l
(
P
I)
c
ontr
o
lle
r
is
u
se
d
to
c
ontr
o
l
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
of
the
U
P
S
syste
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
152
0
– 1
528
1
522
The
pe
rform
a
nc
e
o
f
l
ea
d-a
c
id
a
n
d
N
iMH
bat
t
erie
s
i
n
t
he
U
P
S
s
yst
e
m
i
s
de
te
rmin
ed
u
si
ng
t
h
e
rela
tio
ns
hip be
tw
e
e
n vo
l
t
ag
e and
S
O
C.
I
de
a
lly,
S
O
C of a
f
ul
ly c
ha
r
g
ed b
att
e
r
y
i
s 1
00%
, while
S
OC
o
f a
fu
lly
dep
l
e
t
ed
b
a
t
te
r
y
i
s
0%.
N
o
r
m
a
lly,
th
e
ac
t
u
a
l
v
o
l
ta
ge
o
f
1
2
V
b
a
tt
e
r
y
is
h
i
g
he
r
t
h
a
n
i
ts
n
omina
l
v
o
l
tage
,
and
the
ra
nge
i
s
a
r
ou
n
d
1
0%
t
o
2
0
%.
T
h
i
s
is
b
e
cause
,
the
ba
tt
ery
w
i
t
h
d
es
ire
d
1
2
V
has
le
s
s
t
ha
n
1
0
0
%
o
f
S
O
C
.
There
f
ore
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
for
m
a
n
ce
o
f
l
ea
d-
aci
d
an
d
NiMH
b
a
tter
i
e
s
w
ill
b
e
com
p
are
d
r
e
g
ardi
ng t
o
the
ir
r
elia
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
ob
ta
in 1
2 V
at minimum
S
O
C
. Besides,
the
le
ng
th
o
f t
i
m
e
for c
ha
rgi
ng pr
o
c
ess a
l
so
b
e
i
n
g
con
si
dere
d.
F
i
gure
2. S
imulat
i
on c
i
r
c
ui
t
o
f
U
PS
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
Th
is
s
ec
tio
n
pre
s
en
ts
a
nd
d
i
s
cuss
es
a
bo
ut
b
a
tter
y
p
ara
m
e
t
ers
us
e
d
i
n
the
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
w
o
rk,
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tics
of
d
isc
h
ar
ging
c
u
rves,
U
P
S
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
r
e
sul
t
s
a
nd
S
O
C
f
or
l
e
a
d-ac
i
d
a
n
d
N
i
M
H
rec
h
arge
ab
le
b
atter
i
es.
3.1.
B
a
tter
y
p
arame
t
er
s
Ta
b
l
e
1
s
how
s
all
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f
lea
d
-
acid
a
n
d
N
i
MH
b
at
terie
s
w
h
ic
h
have
b
e
e
n
u
se
d
for
deter
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
perfor
m
a
n
ce
be
hav
i
o
u
r.
T
he
n
omi
n
al
v
ol
t
a
ge
r
e
pre
s
e
n
ts
t
he
l
i
n
e
a
r
zone
o
f
d
i
scha
rge
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
T
h
e
r
a
t
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
i
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
a
pac
ity
o
f
the
ba
ttery
t
h
a
t
repr
esen
te
d
by
t
h
e
val
u
e
in
A
m
p
ere
-
hour (
A
h
). O
n the
o
t
her
h
a
nd,
t
he i
n
i
t
i
a
l
S
O
C
i
nd
ica
t
e
s
the
c
har
g
e
leve
l
for
ea
ch ba
t
te
ry.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
P
aramete
r
s of
l
ea
d-
acid
an
d Ni
MH ba
t
t
e
r
i
es
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
L
e
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
N
i
M
H
N
o
m
i
n
a
l
volt
a
ge
(
V)
1
2
12
R
a
t
e
d ca
p
a
c
ity
(
Ah)
8.
2
8.
2
Initi
a
l
S
OC
p
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
100
100
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
B
a
s
e
d o
n
B
a
tte
ry T
y
p
e
a
n
d No
m
i
n
a
l V
a
lu
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
cap
aci
t
y
(
Ah
)
8
.
5
4
8
.8
3
F
u
lly
c
h
a
rg
e
d
volt
a
g
e
(
V)
13.
07
14.
14
N
o
m
i
n
a
l dis
c
h
a
rge c
u
r
r
e
n
t (A
)
1.64
1
.64
Inte
r
n
a
l
r
e
s
ist
a
n
c
e
(Ohm
s)
0
.
015
0
.
015
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
A
h
)
2.
54
7
.
8
8
E
xpone
nt
ia
l
z
one
[
V
,
A
h]
[
12.
2
2
,
0
.
03]
[
13.
0
2
,
1.
64]
3.2.
Nomin
a
l
disch
a
rge
cu
rve
of le
a
d
-
ac
i
d
b
attery
F
i
gure
3(a
)
a
nd
(
b
)
d
i
sp
l
a
y
the
o
v
era
ll
a
nd
t
h
e
e
x
po
ne
nt
i
a
l
are
a
of
l
e
a
d
-a
cid
bat
t
ery’
s
disc
ha
rg
e
curve
a
t
0
.
2
C
re
spect
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
c
ur
ve
p
re
se
nts
the
rela
t
i
o
n
s
h
ip
b
et
ween
b
a
t
t
e
ry
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
and
di
sch
a
rg
e
curr
ent
at
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
C-rate
d
.
A
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
igure
.
3
(a
),
t
he
n
omi
na
l
d
i
schar
g
e
cur
r
en
t
is
2
0%
o
f
th
e
rate
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
1
.
6
4
A
.
I
t
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
8
.
2
A
h
l
e
a
d
-ac
i
d
bat
t
ery
pr
o
v
ide
s
1
.64
A
for
5
h
ours
i
f
di
sc
harge
d
a
t
0.2
C
r
ate.
T
h
e
d
i
s
cha
r
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
us
i
ng
C-r
a
ted
(
C
)
r
at
ed
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
Ah
)/
1
ho
ur = c
urre
nt
(
A
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Char
ac
ter
i
stic
s
of le
ad-ac
id
an
d n
i
cke
l m
e
t
a
l hy
dri
d
e
ba
t
t
e
r
ie
s
i
n
… (No
r
Fara
ha
i
d
a Abd
u
l
Ra
hm
a
n
)
1
523
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
3.
(
a) Disc
h
ar
ge c
urve
a
nd
(b) e
x
p
one
nt
i
a
l ar
ea
of le
a
d-
a
c
i
d
ba
tter
y
at
0.2C
Base
d
o
n
t
he
e
xp
o
n
en
t
i
al
a
re
a
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
(
b),
t
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
v
olt
a
g
e
d
e
c
re
ase
s
f
ro
m
13
.0
7
V
t
o
12.2
2
V
.
M
e
an
w
h
i
l
e,
t
he
nom
ina
l
a
r
ea
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
.
3
(a
)
has
r
e
vea
l
e
d
t
ha
t
the
to
tal
c
h
arge
(
or
c
a
p
acit
y
)
tha
t
c
an
b
e
ex
trac
te
d
from
t
he
l
ea
d-ac
id
b
atter
y
i
s
2.
54
A
h
b
e
f
ore
the
d
i
sc
harge
pr
o
cess
s
t
o
p
s,
w
h
e
n
th
e
ten
s
io
n
drop
s o
f
f.
F
i
gure
4
de
p
i
cts
4
d
i
sc
ha
rg
e
c
u
rves
o
f
th
e
ba
tte
ry
a
t
differ
en
t
C
-ra
t
e
s.
E
ac
h
cu
rv
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
a
di
ffe
re
nt
d
isch
a
r
ge
c
ur
rent
v
alue
(
1.
64
A
,
4
.
1
A
,
8.2
A
or
16.4
A
).
T
he
f
igur
e
ha
s
cl
ear
l
y
s
how
n
tha
t
t
he
bat
t
ery
capa
c
i
ty
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
f
f
ec
t
e
d
b
y
t
he
d
i
s
cha
r
ge
c
urre
nts
.
If
the
ba
tter
y
i
s
di
sc
harged
a
t
higher
curr
ent,
t
h
e
q
u
a
nt
ity
o
f
av
ail
a
bl
e
cap
aci
t
y
o
f
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
it
y
b
e
c
o
me
s
l
o
w.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
a
l
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
i
l
l
c
a
u
s
e
the
qua
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
avai
lab
l
e
ca
p
acit
y
o
f
ba
t
t
ery
elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
range
o
f
3%
t
o
19%
.
There
f
ore,
b
y
di
sc
harg
i
ng t
h
e
batter
y
a
t hi
g
h
e
r
curr
ent w
ill c
a
use
the
bat
t
e
r
y
ca
paci
ty a
n
d
l
i
f
e
spa
n
dec
re
a
s
e.
F
i
gure
5
d
i
spl
a
ys
t
i
m
e
ta
ken
to
d
i
s
charge
t
he
l
ea
d-
aci
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
t
di
ffe
r
e
nt
C
-r
ates.
A
t
t
he
h
ig
he
st
di
sc
harge
c
u
rre
nt
o
f
1
6
.
4
A
,
the
ba
tter
y
t
a
k
es
22
m
i
n
u
t
es
t
o
c
o
mp
let
e
t
h
e
d
i
s
char
ge
p
r
o
ce
ss.
Howeve
r
,
a
t
the
low
e
s
t
di
s
char
ge
c
urre
nt
of 1.
64
A
,
it t
a
kes 4
h
ours
a
nd 3
6
m
in
u
t
e
s
t
o
c
o
mplete
t
he disc
h
a
r
ge proce
ss. H
ence
,
the d
i
ffere
n
ce
of d
isc
h
a
r
ge
t
i
m
e
at high
e
st a
nd
l
owerst d
isc
h
a
r
ge
c
urre
nts
is
a
p
p
rox
i
m
a
te
ly 9
2%.
3.3.
Nomin
a
l
disch
a
rge
cu
rve
of NiMH
batt
ery
D
i
scha
rge
c
u
r
v
e
of
t
he
N
i
M
H
bat
t
e
r
y
a
t
0
.
2
C
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
.
6
(a
).
A
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
th
e
ex
pon
ent
i
a
l
are
a
,
vol
ta
ge
o
f t
h
e N
i
MH
ba
t
ter
y
dro
ps fro
m 14.1
4
V
to
1
3
.
0
2
V
d
u
r
ing
t
h
e dis
c
ha
rg
ing
proce
s
s.
Mea
n
w
hi
l
e
,
the t
o
ta
l c
h
arg
e
(or ca
p
ac
ity)
t
h
a
t
ca
n
be
ex
tra
c
ted from
t
h
e
N
i
M
H
ba
ttery
i
s
6.7
3
A
h
.
F
i
gure.
6
(
b
)
d
e
pic
t
s
4
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
e
cur
v
es
o
f
the
NiMH
b
a
tter
y
a
t
spe
c
ifie
d
C-rate
s.
E
ach
c
urv
e
repr
esents
d
iffer
e
nt
d
isc
h
arge
c
urre
nts
(
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
1
.6
4
A
,
4
.1
A
,
8
.
2
A
a
n
d
1
6
.
4
A
)
w
i
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
8.2
A
h
.
A
s
s
im
ilar
as
t
he
l
e
a
d-
aci
d
ba
tte
ry
,
t
h
e
fig
u
re
h
a
s
p
ro
ve
n
tha
t
t
he
h
i
g
her
the
di
schar
g
e
c
u
rre
nt
,
t
h
e
low
e
r
qua
n
tit
y
of e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
ty p
rod
u
c
e
d b
y
t
he
N
iMH
ba
tte
ry.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y,
F
igure
.
7
s
h
o
w
s
tim
e
ta
ke
n
t
o
d
isc
h
a
r
ge
t
he
N
iMH
ba
t
t
er
y
at
4
d
iffer
e
nt
v
alue
s
of
C
-
rate
s.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
fi
gure,
t
he
b
a
t
tery
t
ak
e
s
29
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
to
c
om
p
l
ete
t
h
e
d
i
sc
har
g
e
p
r
oce
ss
o
f
t
he
h
ig
he
st
di
sc
harge
c
u
r
r
ent
(1
6.4 A
)
. Inst
ea
d,
i
t ta
kes 5 ho
urs 9 m
i
n
u
t
es
t
o c
o
m
p
le
t
e
t
he d
i
s
c
h
arge
proc
e
ss
o
f t
h
e l
o
w
e
st
di
sc
harge
c
u
r
r
ent
(1.6
4
A
)
.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
d
i
ffe
renc
e
of
time
t
a
k
e
n
t
o
com
p
le
te
t
he
d
isc
h
ar
g
i
ng
pr
ocess
betw
ee
n the
h
i
ghe
st
a
n
d
l
ow
e
s
t
discha
r
g
e
cu
rr
ents is abo
u
t
90
%
.
B
a
se
d
o
n
all
re
sul
t
s,
i
t
can
b
e
v
e
rif
i
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
di
sch
a
rg
e
ti
m
e
o
f
t
he
l
ea
d-
aci
d
ba
t
t
er
y
i
s
f
a
s
t
e
r
tha
n
the
Ni
MH
b
a
t
te
ry;
t
h
e
fa
ste
r
t
he
d
i
s
char
ge
p
roce
ss,
t
h
e
gre
a
ter
t
he
f
al
l
in
c
apa
c
i
t
y
.
Th
us,
the
ca
pac
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
F
i
gur
e 4.
D
ischa
r
ge
c
urve
s
o
f
le
a
d-a
c
i
d
bat
t
ery
at d
i
ffe
rent
C
-r
ates
F
i
gure
5.
Tim
e ta
ken t
o
d
isc
h
a
r
ge
l
e
a
d-a
c
i
d
bat
t
ery
at d
i
f
fe
rent
C
-
r
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
152
0
– 1
528
1
524
lead-
a
c
i
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
i
s
l
ow
er
t
ha
n
t
h
e
N
i
M
H
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
ad
va
nta
g
e
o
f
ha
vi
ng
l
on
g
e
r
di
sch
a
rg
e
ti
me
i
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
su
l
f
uric
a
c
i
d
i
n
t
he
b
a
t
tery
can
r
et
urn
to
t
he
p
ore
s
e
a
s
il
y
via
d
i
f
fus
i
o
n
.
The
r
ef
ore,
a
n
as
ym
p
t
o
t
e
on
t
he
ca
paci
t
y
-d
isc
h
arge
t
i
m
e
c
u
rv
e
tha
t
i
n
d
i
ca
te
s
the
ma
x
i
m
u
m
possi
b
le
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
ca
n
be
o
bt
aine
d
[2
4]
.
Ba
sed
o
n
the
d
i
sc
harg
in
g
t
i
m
e
o
f
b
o
t
h
b
a
tter
i
es,
t
h
e
N
i
MH
b
at
ter
y
s
h
o
w
s
mor
e
p
rom
i
sin
g
p
er
form
ance
i
n
th
e
UP
S
syste
m
t
ha
n t
h
e
l
e
ad-a
ci
d ba
tt
er
y.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
6.
D
isc
h
arge
c
urve
o
f N
i
MH
b
a
t
te
r
y
a
t
(
a
)
0
.
2
C
a
n
d
(
b
)
d
ifferent
C
-
r
ates
F
i
gure
7.
T
i
m
e
taken
to
d
i
s
c
h
arge
N
iMH
ba
tter
y
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t C-r
at
es
3.4.
Simu
lation
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
of
s
i
n
g
l
e
-ph
a
se UPS
s
y
s
t
e
m
A
ll
si
m
u
la
ti
on
r
e
s
ults
a
re
obta
i
ne
d
t
o
d
e
m
onstra
t
e
the
ou
t
p
u
t
w
a
v
ef
or
m
the
UP
S.
F
ig
ur
e.
8
(
a
)
prese
n
t
s
a
n
A
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
ave
f
orm
supp
l
i
e
d
t
o
the
U
P
S.
T
he
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
m
pli
t
ud
e
i
s
3
25
.27
V
wh
i
c
h
i
s
e
qu
a
l
s
to
23
0
V
(rm
s)
s
upp
l
y
vol
tage
.
A
d
d
iti
ona
l
l
y
,
Fig
u
re
.
8(b)
a
nd
F
ig
ur
e.
9
(a
)
sh
o
w
w
av
efo
r
ms
o
f
su
ppl
y
volt
a
g
e
o
f
the
rec
tifie
r
a
t
t
he
s
ec
on
da
ry
w
in
di
n
g
o
f
a
s
t
ep-d
ow
n
trans
f
or
m
e
r
1
(
T
X
1
),
a
nd
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ver
t
er
at
t
he
p
rima
ry
w
i
n
d
i
ng
o
f
a
s
t
e
p-up
tra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
2
(TX
2)
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
Fro
m
0
.0
3
s
t
o
0
.06
s,
t
h
e
s
uppl
y
vo
lta
ge
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure.
8
(b)
is
e
qu
a
l
t
o
z
e
ro;
i
t
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
C
i
rc
ui
t
B
r
eak
e
r
(
CB
)
o
p
e
ra
ti
on
to
c
rea
t
e
vo
lta
ge
i
nterr
upt
i
on.
D
urin
g
thi
s
t
ime
,
t
he
b
atter
y
a
cts
a
s
a
s
ec
onda
ry
v
ol
tage
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
su
p
p
lie
s
p
o
w
e
r
to
the
i
nvert
er
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
ny
int
e
r
r
up
tio
n.
A
s
a
resu
l
t
,
F
i
g
u
re
.
9(a
)
de
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
t
e
r
betw
ee
n 0.
03 s
to 0.
06 s e
x
hib
i
t
s
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
dal
w
a
vefor
m
w
it
h
an
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
de
of 12 V
.
F
i
gure.
9
(
b
)
prese
n
ts
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
w
a
v
eform
of
t
he
i
n
v
erte
r
at
t
he
s
e
c
on
dar
y
w
i
n
d
i
ng
o
f
TX
2
.
The
a
m
p
l
itu
de
o
f
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tage
i
s
e
qua
l
t
o
3
25.
2
7
V
o
r
2
3
0
V
(r
ms)
a
f
ter
bei
n
g
ste
ppe
d
u
p
b
y
T
X
2
;
to
ma
int
a
in
t
he
s
up
p
l
y
vo
l
t
ag
e
a
s
s
am
e
a
s
t
he
A
C
sup
p
l
y.
I
n
be
tw
ee
n
0.
0
3
s
a
n
d
0
.
0
6
s,
t
he
i
n
t
er
ru
pt
ion
a
s
show
n
a
s
in
F
i
gure.
8
(b)
is
s
t
i
l
l occ
u
r
s
,
but
t
h
e
1
2
V
ba
t
t
e
r
y
ha
s
suc
c
e
ssful
l
y
s
up
p
l
i
e
d
2
30
V
to the
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
o
ad
w
ith
out
a
n
y
in
t
e
rrup
t
i
on
.
Th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
e
r
esul
ts
h
av
e
p
r
ove
n
t
h
e
r
e
lia
bi
lit
y
of
t
he
U
P
S
s
yst
e
m
in
sup
p
l
y
i
n
g
23
0 V
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
u
s
i
ng
1
2
V
r
echa
r
gea
b
l
e
b
a
t
te
r
y
.
Th
us,
a
con
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
ope
ra
ti
on
of
t
he
l
oa
d
can
b
e
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
st
ic
s
of
le
ad-
ac
i
d
an
d nic
kel m
e
t
a
l
hy
dr
i
d
e bat
t
e
ries in …
(
N
o
r
Fara
ha
id
a Abd
u
l
Ra
hm
a
n
)
1
525
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
8.
W
av
e
f
or
m
s
o
f
(
a
) A
C
vol
tage
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
U
P
S
s
yste
m
an
d
(
b
)
vo
l
t
age
a
t
t
he
s
ec
onda
r
y
w
ind
i
n
g
o
f
TX 1
a
nd r
ectifier
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
9.
W
av
e
f
or
m
s
o
f
ou
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
a
t
(
a
)
the
pr
ima
r
y w
i
n
d
i
n
g
of
T
X
2
and
(
b
)
t
h
e
sec
o
n
d
ar
y
w
i
nd
in
g
o
f
TX
2
a
nd
l
o
a
d
3.
5.
S
O
C o
f
l
ea
d-
a
c
id
a
nd NiMH
ba
t
t
eries
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
W
e
n
-
Y
ea
u
C
h
ang
i
n
[
25]
,
S
O
C
is
a
v
er
y
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
p
a
ramet
e
r
t
o
d
escrib
e
th
e
r
e
m
a
ining
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
of
a
b
a
t
te
r
y
.
I
n
for
m
ati
o
n
ab
ou
t
S
O
C
i
s
u
sed
i
n
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
(
B
M
S
)
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
echa
r
gea
b
l
e
b
at
ter
i
e
s
i
n
h
er
it
pr
oper
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
a
nd
d
isc
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
ses
wi
t
hout
s
u
b
j
ecti
n
g
t
h
e
m
t
o
co
nd
i
tio
ns
out
si
d
e
o
f
th
e
i
r
saf
e
o
p
e
ra
t
i
ng
l
i
m
i
t
s
.
S
O
C
n
o
t
on
l
y
t
o
pr
o
t
e
c
t
a
nd
i
m
pr
o
v
e
ba
tter
i
es
l
i
f
e
c
y
cl
e
an
d
pr
eve
n
t
o
v
e
r
d
i
s
cha
r
ge,
bu
t
a
l
so
a
l
l
ow
t
o
m
a
ke
g
o
o
d
c
ontr
o
l
str
ate
g
i
e
s to
f
ul
ly
u
ti
l
i
ze
the
i
r e
n
ergy.
F
igur
e
.
1
0(
a)
a
nd
(
b)
d
e
p
ic
t
r
e
sul
t
s
o
f
t
he
l
e
a
d
-
a
ci
d
bat
t
e
r
y
c
h
ar
ge
d
a
t
1
00%
a
n
d
2
5
%
o
f
S
O
C,
a
t
a
c
o
n
s
ta
nt 0.
2
C
r
a
te d
ur
in
g r
u
n
n
i
n
g
loa
d.
T
he
r
e
s
ults
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
di
ff
er
e
n
ce i
n
o
bta
i
ni
n
g
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
of
the
ba
t
t
e
r
y
a
t
d
i
f
fer
e
nce
le
vel
s
o
f
S
O
C.
A
t
1
0
0
%
o
f
S
OC,
the
lea
d
-
acid
ba
tt
ery
obt
ai
ns
1
3
.
41
V
.
M
ean
whi
l
e
a
t
2
5
%
o
f
S
O
C
,
t
he
b
a
tte
r
y
o
n
l
y
o
b
t
ai
ns
11.
50
V
w
h
ic
h
is
l
o
w
er
t
ha
n
the
n
omi
n
a
l
vol
ta
ge
(
12V
)
.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
(
a
)
10
0%
a
n
d
(
b)
2
5
%
S
O
C
o
f
lead-
aci
d
bat
t
e
r
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
5
2
0
–
1
528
1
526
F
i
gur
e
.
1
1(
a)
a
nd
(
b)
p
r
e
sen
t
r
e
s
ul
ts
o
f
the
N
i
MH
b
a
t
ter
y
c
har
g
ed
a
t
10
0%
a
nd
25
%
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
S
OC
,
at
a
c
o
n
s
ta
nt
0
.
2
C
r
a
te
d
ur
in
g
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
loa
d
.
A
t
1
00
%
of
S
O
C
,
the
N
i
M
H
ba
t
t
e
r
y
ob
tai
n
s
1
4
.
4
8
V
.
M
ea
nw
hil
e
,
at
25
%
of
S
O
C
t
h
e
b
atter
y
obta
i
ns
13
V
w
h
i
c
h
is
h
ig
her
tha
n
i
ts
n
o
m
i
na
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
12V
)
.
(a)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e 11
.
(a
)
1
0
0
%
a
nd
(
b
)
S
OC o
f
NiMH b
atter
y
Tab
l
e
2
t
a
b
u
l
a
tes
a
ll
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
of
t
he
l
ead-
a
cid
a
nd
N
i
M
H
b
at
t
e
r
ies
a
t
d
iffer
e
nce
le
v
e
ls
o
f
S
O
C.
Base
d
o
n
the
t
a
ble,
a
s
the
le
vel
of
S
O
C
r
e
duce
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
l
ea
d-ac
id
b
at
tery
d
ro
ps
g
r
a
d
u
al
l
y
.
Th
e
m
i
ni
m
u
m
le
ve
l
of
S
O
C
f
or
t
he
b
at
ter
y
t
o
p
r
od
uc
e
1
2
V
i
s
4
5
%.
S
i
mi
l
a
r
l
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
h
ave
sh
ow
n
th
at
t
he
vo
ltage o
f
the
N
i
MH
ba
t
ter
y
a
lso dr
ops sl
o
w
l
y.
N
ever
thel
ess,
th
e minimum
level
of S
OC
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
12
V
is 8%;
it
i
s
37%
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
the
lea
d
-
acid
ba
tt
e
r
y.
A
s
a
r
e
sult,
t
h
e
N
i
MH
b
atter
y
e
xhi
bits
f
as
ter
cha
r
ging
pr
oc
e
s
s
than
the
l
e
ad-
a
c
i
d;
t
o
obta
i
n
12
V
.
B
a
se
d
on
t
h
e
r
e
su
lt
s,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
obser
ve
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
N
i
M
H
ba
tt
e
r
y
i
s
m
or
e
relia
b
l
e
to
o
b
t
a
i
n
12
V
at
m
i
ni
m
u
m
per
c
enta
ge
o
f
S
O
C
a
s
c
om
par
e
d
to
t
he
l
e
a
d-
a
c
i
d
b
a
tter
y
.
Bes
id
e
s
,
f
r
o
m
Tab
l
e
2,
i
t
sh
ow
s
t
h
at
t
he
N
i
MH
b
a
t
ter
y
o
n
l
y
nee
d
s
8%
o
f
S
O
C
t
o
o
b
t
ain
12
V
,
a
nd
i
t
t
a
k
es
sh
or
ter
time
f
o
r
c
h
ar
gi
ng
pr
oce
s
s
tha
n
t
h
e
lea
d
-
a
c
i
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
t
h
at
n
ee
ds
4
5%
o
f
S
O
C.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
SO
C
re
s
u
lt
s
fo
r
b
o
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
th
e
N
i
M
H
ba
tte
r
y
s
how
s
be
tte
r
S
O
C
ch
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
stic
s
th
an
t
he
l
e
a
d
-
a
ci
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
,
a
nd
hence
,
i
t
is
m
or
e
sui
t
ab
le
t
o
b
e
u
se
d
in
th
e
UP
S
sy
s
tem.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
S
O
C
e
st
i
m
ati
o
n
of
l
ea
d-
ac
id
a
nd
N
i
MH
b
at
t
e
r
i
es
SO
C
%
L
ead
-
a
c
i
d
N
i
MH
V
o
l
t
ag
e (
V
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e
(
V
)
100
1
3.
41
14.48
75
1
2.
46
13.33
50
1
2.
22
13.24
45
1
2.
00
13.00
25
1
1.
50
12.00
4.
CONCLUSION
Ac
co
rd
ing
to
t
h
e
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
e
su
lt
s,
bot
h
l
e
a
d
-a
c
i
d
an
d
Ni
M
H
b
a
t
t
e
ri
es
h
a
v
e
sh
o
w
n
di
ff
ere
n
ce
c
h
ar
a
c
ter
i
s
t
ics
i
n
U
P
S
oper
a
tion.
T
he
N
i
M
H
ba
tter
y
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
per
f
o
r
m
ance
t
ha
n
t
h
e
lea
d
-
a
c
i
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
i
n
ter
m
o
f
d
i
sc
ha
r
g
ing
c
h
ar
acte
r
istics,
a
n
d
S
O
C
a
nd
vol
ta
ge
r
ela
t
i
on
sh
ip
s
.
F
o
r
d
i
s
ch
a
r
gi
ng
p
r
o
c
e
s
s,
t
h
e
N
i
M
H
ba
tte
r
y
h
a
s
p
r
ove
n
t
h
a
t
t
he
c
a
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
at
ter
y
i
s
h
i
gher
f
or
e
ve
r
y
c
ons
tan
t
o
f
d
i
sc
har
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o t
h
e l
e
a
d
-
a
ci
d
ba
tt
er
y,
w
hich
h
a
s
low
er
c
a
p
ac
it
y be
t
w
e
e
n
10%
to 2
3
%.
I
n a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e tim
e ta
ke
n
for
the
N
i
MH
b
a
t
t
e
ry
t
o
c
o
m
p
lete
i
ts
d
isc
h
ar
gin
g
p
r
o
ces
s
is
l
on
g
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
i
t
in
her
its
h
ig
he
r
capa
c
i
t
y
.
Furth
e
r
m
or
e
,
b
ase
d
on
t
h
e
SOC
resu
lts
,
the
r
e
l
i
a
b
ili
ty
o
f
t
h
e
Ni
MH
b
a
t
t
e
ry
t
o
ob
ta
in
12
V
a
t
m
i
n
im
um
p
er
centa
ge
o
f
S
O
C
is
l
o
w
er
t
han
t
h
e
le
ad
-
a
c
id
ba
tter
y
.
Thus,
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
t
a
k
en
f
or
c
har
g
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
b
eco
me
s
f
a
st
e
r
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
a
ll
r
e
s
ul
ts,
i
t
can
b
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
ha
t
the NiM
H
bat
ter
y
is
m
o
re
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
to
b
e
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
si
n
g
le-
pha
se
U
P
S
s
yst
e
m
tha
n
t
h
e
l
ead-
aci
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y.
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
Th
is
w
or
k
is
s
up
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
U
n
ive
r
si
ti
Te
kn
ol
o
g
i
MA
R
A
u
n
d
e
r
t
he
D
a
n
a
Bistar
i
Grant
,
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
6
00-
I
R
M
I
/DANA
5
/
3/BESTA
R
I
(
1
21/201
8
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Char
ac
ter
i
stic
s
of le
ad-ac
id
an
d n
i
cke
l m
e
t
a
l hy
dri
d
e
ba
t
t
e
r
ie
s
i
n
… (No
r
Fara
ha
i
d
a Abd
u
l
Ra
hm
a
n
)
1
527
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M
.
F
.
H
o
rd
esk
i
,
“
E
m
e
rgency
a
n
d
Backu
p
P
o
w
e
r
S
ou
rces:
P
r
eparin
g
for
B
l
ackouts
a
nd
B
rown
o
u
ts
”,
I
ndian
T
rail
Lilburn
:
T
he Fai
rmont
Press, Inc, 2005.
[2]
M
.
N
ajib
a
nd
N
.
Azila,
“P
o
w
er
E
lectro
ni
cs
P
o
w
er
S
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
ors,
C
on
verters
and
Ap
pl
icati
ons”,
U
nivers
it
y
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
Cen
t
re
(
U
P
ENA
)
,
UiT
M
S
hah
Alam,
20
10
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[3]
M
.
A
l
i
,
M
.
A
a
m
i
r
,
H
.
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
A
.
W
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,
F
.
H
a
r
o
o
n
a
n
d
A
.
R
.
J
a
f
r
i
,
”L
yapu
no
v
S
t
ab
i
l
ity
a
n
d
P
erf
o
rm
a
n
ce
A
n
al
ysi
s
o
f
the
Fract
ional
O
r
der
Sl
idi
n
g
M
ode
C
ont
rol
f
o
r
a
P
a
rallel
Co
nn
ec
ted
UP
S
S
y
s
t
e
m
und
er
U
nb
alanc
e
d
an
d
No
nli
n
ear
Lo
ad
C
o
nditi
on
s”,
Ener
g
i
es
,
vol.
1
1
,
i
s
s
ue
12,
pp.
3
47
5,
2
01
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[4]
Dmi
t
ry
A
.
S.,
A
ndrey
V
.
G.,
Dmi
t
ry
V
.
K.,
Maxi
m
V.
B
.,
A
lexande
r
N.
R
.,
Vi
achesl
a
v
S
.
K
.,”U
ni
n
t
e
rru
ptib
le
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
em
w
ith
P
arallel
Operat
ion
o
f
A
C/D
C
a
n
d
D
C/D
C
C
on
vert
ers
”
,
Pro
c
.
o
f
t
h
e 16th
Inter
natio
nal
Con
f
eren
ce of
You
n
g
Sp
ecia
l
i
s
ts
o
n
M
i
cro/Na
no
techn
o
l
o
g
i
es
an
d
E
l
ectr
on Devi
ces
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.
5
08
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13
,
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0
1
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.
[5]
J.
P
la
t
t
s
an
d
J.
S
.
Au
byn
,
Eds.,
“
U
ninterru
pti
b
le
P
o
w
er
S
u
pplie
s”,
2n
d
Editi
on.
L
on
do
n,
U
n
i
t
e
d
Ki
ngd
o
m
:
T
h
e
Ins
t
i
t
utio
n
of
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
ng
and
Tech
nol
og
y,
L
on
d
o
n,
U
n
ited
Ki
ngd
o
m
,
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07
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[6]
T.
J
.
C.
S
o
u
s
a
,
V.
M
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n
t
e
iro
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J
.
G.
P
i
n
to,
A.
A
.
N.
M
elén
dez
an
d
J
.
L.
A
f
o
n
s
o
,
"
S
i
ng
le-p
hase
s
h
u
nt
acti
v
e
po
wer
filter
wit
h
U
PS
operati
o
n
using
a
bi
di
r
ectional
Dc-Dc
convert
e
r
f
or
e
n
e
rgy
st
orag
e
in
terf
ace,"
Pr
o
c
. o
f
th
e
43
r
d
IEEE Indust
r
ial
Elect
ron
i
cs
Soci
et
y Annua
l
Conf
erence
,
p
p.
497
2
-
4
9
7
7
,
2
01
7.
[7]
Y.
T
an
g,
W
.
Y
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
B
laab
jerg
,
"A
D
ual
M
o
d
e
O
p
e
rated
B
o
o
s
t
I
nv
erter
an
d
It
s
Co
nt
ro
l
Strat
e
gy
f
or
R
i
pple
Cu
rre
nt
R
e
d
u
c
ti
on
i
n
S
i
ng
le
-Pha
se
U
nin
t
e
rru
pt
ib
le
P
owe
r
S
u
p
p
l
i
e
s,
"
P
r
oc.
o
f
t
h
e
9t
h
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
onal
Co
n
f
eren
ce
o
n
Po
wer E
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs
an
d E
CCE
As
i
a
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
7
-
2234,
2
0
15.
[8]
A.
-I.
S
t
a
n,
M
.
Swi
e
rczyn
s
ki
,
D.
-I.
S
t
r
oe,
R.
T
eo
do
rescu
,
S
.
J.
A
n
dreas
en,
and
K.
M
o
t
h
,
“
A
Comparat
ive
St
udy
o
f
Lithium
Ion
t
o
L
ead
A
cid
Batteries
f
or
U
se
i
n
UP
S
Applicati
o
ns,
”
Pr
oc.
o
f
th
e IEE
E
36
th
Tel
e
c
o
mm
un
icatio
n
En
ergy Conf
ere
n
ce,
p
p
.
1
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2014
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[9]
Yu
ns
ong
W
.
an
d
Tao
Cai,
”
Model
o
f
U
ninterrup
t
i
b
l
e
P
ower
S
u
p
ply
Based
o
n
I
m
p
ro
ved
H
o
p
f
i
e
ld
N
e
t
w
o
rk
”
,
Re
v.
Téc. In
g.
Un
i
v
. Z
u
l
i
a
.
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o.
11,
pp.
1
0-14,
201
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[10]
V.
A
.
Boicea,
“
E
n
ergy
S
torag
e
T
echn
o
l
ogi
es:
The
P
a
st
a
nd
T
he
P
r
esen
t,”
Proc. of
the IEE
E
,
vol.
10
2,
n
o.
1
1
,
p
p
.
17
77
–17
94
,
2
014.
[11]
H
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
,
A
.
I
l
i
n
c
a
,
a
n
d
J
.
P
e
r
r
o
n
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
-
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
s
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
Su
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e E
n
e
r
gy
R
ev.,
v
ol.
12,
n
o.
5
,
pp.
1
2
21–1
250
,
2
00
8.
[12]
Ch
en,
S.
,
Lian,
Z
.
,
Li,
S
.
,
K
im,
J.,
Li,
Y.
,
Cao
,
L
.
,
L
i
u
,
Z
.
,
”T
he
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
ntal
B
u
r
d
e
ns
o
f
L
ead-A
cid
Batt
eries
in
Chi
n
a:
I
nsig
hts
F
r
o
m
a
n
Int
e
g
r
ated
M
ateri
a
l
F
l
o
w
A
n
a
ly
s
i
s
an
d
L
if
e
Cycle
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Lead
”,
En
ergies
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
. 12
,
pp
. 1
96
9
, 2
01
7.
[13]
S
c
haet
z
l
e H.
J
.
a
nd
Boden
D.P
.
, J. P
o
w
er S
ou
rces,
4, p
p
.
3
2
7
-33
6
,
19
79
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[14]
S
.
M
a
t
teso
n
a
n
d
E.
W
ill
i
a
m
s,
“
Res
i
dual
Learnin
g
R
ates
i
n
Lead
-A
cid
Bat
t
eries:
E
ff
ects
on
E
merg
ing
Tech
nol
og
ies,
”
En
erg
y
Poli
cy
, v
ol. 8
5,
pp
.
71
–
7
9
, 2
01
5.
[15]
J.
T
arabay
a
n
d
N.
K
aram
i,
"
N
i
ck
e
l
M
etal
H
ydri
d
e
Batt
ery:
S
t
r
uct
u
r
e,
C
hem
i
cal
R
eact
io
n,
a
nd
C
ircuit
M
o
d
e
l,"
Pr
oc. of t
h
e T
h
ir
d In
tern
atio
nal Co
nfer
ence o
n
T
ech
nol
og
ica
l
Adva
nces i
n
E
l
ect
rica
l,
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
Comp
ut
er
En
gi
neeri
n
g
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.
22
-
26
,
2
0
1
5
.
[16]
J.
T
arab
ay
a
n
d
N
.
K
a
ram
i
,
"N
ickel
M
e
tal
Hy
dride Bat
t
ery
:
S
t
r
uc
t
ure,
C
h
e
mical
R
eacti
on,
a
nd
C
ircu
it
M
od
el,"
2
0
1
5
T
h
i
r
d Inter
n
a
t
iona
l Con
f
er
ence on
T
echno
lo
gi
cal A
d
va
nces i
n
Electr
i
ca
l, Electr
o
n
i
cs
and
Comp
ut
er En
g
i
neer
ing
,
pp
.
2
2-26
,
2
0
1
5
.
[17]
Ozdemi
r,
A
.T.,
Ust
k
oy
u
n
cu
,
N
.
,
Bako
g
l
u
,
N
.U.,
O
zso
y
,
F
.,
Pa
tat
,
S
.
,
”
T
e
m
peratu
re
E
ff
e
c
t
s
o
n
Calen
d
ar
A
gi
ng
of
Lithium-Ion
and
Nicke
l
M
et
a
l
H
ydri
de
B
a
tte
ri
es”,
Pr
oc.
o
f
th
e 1
s
t In
ternat
io
nal
Con
f
ere
n
ce o
n
Des
i
gn
,
En
gi
neeri
ng an
d
Co
mp
u
t
er S
c
ien
c
e
,
vo
l.
4
53
,
n
o
1
,
2
018
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[18]
M
.
A.
F
et
cenko
,
S
.
R.
O
vshin
s
ky,
B
.
Reich
m
an
,
K
.
Y
ou
ng,
C
.
F
i
erro
,
J.
K
o
c
h,
A
.
Zallen,
W
.
M
a
ys
,
T.
O
uchi
,
“
R
ecent
Adv
a
nces
in N
i
M
H
Battery
Techn
o
l
o
g
y
”,
Jo
ur
nal of
P
o
wer
So
ur
ces,
v
o
l
. 1
65,
p
p
.
5
44-5
5
1
,
2
00
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[19]
F
.
B
o
i
c
o
,
B.
L
e
h
man
a
n
d
K.
S
huj
aee,
"
S
o
lar
Ba
t
t
ery
Ch
argers
f
o
r
N
iM
H
Batteri
es,"
IE
EE
Tr
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
o
n
Po
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
vol.
2
2
,
no.
5
,
pp.
1
6
0
0-16
09
,
2
007
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[20]
T.-K.
Ying
,
X.-
P
.
Gao
,
W
.-K.
H
u
,
F
.
Wu,
D
.
N
oréu
s,
“
S
t
ud
i
e
s
on
R
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
ab
le
N
iM
H
B
a
tt
e
r
ie
s”
,
Interna
t
ional
J
o
urna
l o
f
Hy
dr
o
g
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
31
,
p
p
.
5
2
5
-
53
0, 2
00
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[21]
N
.
B
a
s
h
i
r
,
H
.
S
.
S
a
r
d
a
r
,
M
.
N
a
sir
,
N
.
U.
H
a
s
sa
n
and
H.
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
"
Lif
e
tim
e
M
ax
imizat
io
n
of
L
ea
d
-
Aci
d
B
at
teries
i
n
S
m
all S
cale UPS
and
D
i
s
t
ribu
te
d
Gen
e
ratio
n S
y
st
ems,"
P
r
o
c
.
o
f
t
h
e IEEE M
a
n
c
h
e
s
t
er Po
wer
T
ech
,
p
p
. 1
-6,
20
1
7
.
[22]
Chan
ghao
Pi
ao,
X
i
aoy
o
n
g
Y
an
g,
C
on
g
Ten
g
a
nd
H
u
iQian
Y
a
ng,
"
A
n
I
mp
rov
e
d
Mo
de
l
Ba
se
d
on
A
rti
f
ic
ia
l
Ne
ura
l
Net
w
ork
s
a
nd
T
h
e
ven
i
n
M
o
d
e
l
fo
r
N
i
ck
e
l
M
et
al
H
yd
ride
P
ow
er
B
att
ery,"
Proc
. of th
e
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
on
Op
ti
cs, P
hoto
n
i
c
s
a
nd Ener
gy En
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
p
p
.
115
-1
18
,
2
010
.
[23]
X.
Y
.
Zh
ang
,
X
.
H.
Z
h
a
ng,
L
.
Li,
F.
L
uo
an
d
Y.
S
.
Z
h
an
g,
”
A
Ne
w
C
ascad
ed
C
o
n
t
rol
Strat
e
gy
f
or
P
arall
e
led
Li
ne-
Int
e
ractive
UPS
w
i
t
h
L
CL
F
i
l
t
e
r”,
Pro
c
. o
f
t
h
e In
tern
at
io
nal Con
f
er
ence o
n
New En
erg
y
an
d F
u
tu
re E
n
er
g
y
Sys
t
em
, v
ol
.
4
0
,
n
o. 1,
20
1
6
.
[24]
G.
S
.
G
l
ai
ze
Ch
ristian
,
“
Lead
a
nd
N
ickel
E
l
ect
rochem
i
cal
B
at
ter
ies”,
1st
ed.
Great
B
ri
t
a
in
a
nd
U
ni
ted
S
t
ates
:
ISTE
Lt
d
an
d J
o
h
n
W
il
ey, 2
01
2
.
[25]
N.
E
.
Du
nbar
and
C.
S
eg
rin,
“
Int
e
rnat
ion
a
l
S
c
h
o
l
a
rly
Research
N
o
t
i
ces,”
ISRN Educ
.
,
v
ol.
2
012,
n
o
.
i
,
p
p
.
1–9,
20
12
.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
152
0
– 1
528
1
528
N
u
rsh
a
hi
rah
Athirah
Rohm
an
was
b
o
r
n i
n
K
ual
a
Lu
m
pu
r,
M
alay
si
a
,
in
19
94. S
h
e
receiv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
ng
(Hons)
from
Univ
ersi
ti
T
e
k
nol
og
i
MA
RA (U
i
TM
)
Mal
a
ysia.
Her
research
in
t
eres
ts
a
re
U
n
interru
pt
able
P
ower
S
u
pply
(UP
S
)
.
N
o
r F
a
rahai
d
a Abd
u
l
Rahm
an
w
as
born
i
n
S
el
a
n
g
o
r, M
a
l
a
y
si
a, i
n
1
98
0. S
h
e
received h
e
r B.En
g
.
(Ho
n
s
.)
and
M
.En
g
. deg
rees f
ro
m Un
iv
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
M
al
ays
i
a (
UT
M
)
,
S
k
udai
,
J
oh
or,
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
,
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
P
o
w
e
r
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
fr
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
i
P
u
tr
a
M
a
laysia
(
UPM)
. She
i
s
cu
rrentl
y
a
s
en
i
o
r
lectu
r
er at Cen
t
re o
f
P
o
w
e
r En
g
i
neerin
g S
t
ud
ies
, F
acul
t
y
o
f
Elect
rical
E
ngi
neeri
ng,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tek
nol
o
g
i M
a
ra
(
U
i
T
M
).
H
er
r
es
earch
i
nt
ere
s
ts
are acti
v
e fi
lt
ers,
pow
er
qualiti
es
and po
w
er elect
ronics.
M
u
ham
m
a
d A
mmi
rru
l
Atiqi M
ohd
Zai
nu
ri receiv
e
d
his B. E
ng (Ho
n
s
)
,
M
. Sc an
d
PhD
from
U
n
iv
ersi
ti
P
ut
ra
M
alay
sia
(UP
M
)
, M
a
l
ay
si
a. H
e is a sen
io
r lect
u
rer at
El
ectri
c
a
l
E
n
gi
neeri
ng
Program
m
e
,
Sch
o
ol
o
f
E
l
ect
rical
a
nd
El
ectronic Eng
i
n
eering
,
E
ng
i
n
eeri
n
g Campus,
Uni
v
ers
iti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
a
ysia. His research
in
t
e
r
es
ts
a
re po
w
er e
l
e
ct
ron
i
cs, c
on
tro
l
s in po
w
er el
ectron
i
cs,
power
qual
i
t
y
,
renewable energy
syste
ms, arti
f
ici
a
l in
t
e
lligent
a
nd eng
i
neeri
n
g
edu
catio
ns
(ren
e
wabl
e ener
g
y
)
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