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b
et
w
ee
n
0
%
a
n
d
8
%
a
f
ter
a
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
o
n
t
h
s
[7
]
.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es
co
u
ld
r
ea
ch
1
5
%
i
n
d
r
y
ar
e
as
[
8
]
.
A
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
eg
r
ad
ati
o
n
in
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
a
n
d
u
p
to
1
g
/
m
2
,
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
r
r
elate
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
to
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lated
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[9
]
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
cies
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
s
.
D
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
d
eg
r
ad
es
m
o
r
e
cr
iticall
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
an
d
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
s
ilico
n
P
Vs
t
h
a
n
th
e
p
an
el's te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
r
r
elati
v
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
[
10
]
.
D
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
la
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
r
y
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
0
d
a
y
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
p
r
odu
ctio
n
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
u
p
to
1
5
%
[
1
1
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
h
as
i
n
v
est
ig
ated
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
a
te
m
p
er
ate
cli
m
a
t
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
t
h
at
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
1
3
p
o
l
y
c
r
y
s
talli
n
e
s
ilico
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
u
s
t
(
US$
5
.
4
7
)
is
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
to
tal
clea
n
i
n
g
co
s
t
(
US$
7
8
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
lated
i
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
12
].
A
r
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
s
tate
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
tr
an
s
m
i
ttan
ce
is
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
;
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
r
elati
v
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itta
n
ce
lo
s
s
w
a
s
5
5
%
af
ter
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
[
13
]
.
I
n
th
e
tr
o
p
ical
cli
m
ate
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
,
1
1
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
tr
an
s
m
it
tan
ce
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
3
0
d
ay
s
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
[
1
4
]
.
A
n
e
w
co
r
r
elatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
elp
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
y
s
te
m
d
e
s
ig
n
er
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
b
ea
m
s
o
lar
r
ad
iati
o
n
th
at
w
o
u
ld
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
an
d
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticles
s
ize
an
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
5
]
.
A
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
p
an
els
w
i
th
lar
g
er
tilt
a
n
g
le
s
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
less
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
la
ti
n
g
o
n
p
an
els
g
i
v
i
n
g
lo
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
ttan
ce
d
r
o
p
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
m
all
p
ar
ticles
s
till
af
f
ec
t
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
t
h
an
bi
g
g
er
o
n
e
s
.
A
b
u
n
d
a
n
ce
i
n
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
lead
s
to
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
i
n
q
u
a
lit
y
a
n
d
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
PV
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
an
el
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
ev
er
al
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
o
u
td
o
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
Sa
u
d
i
A
r
ab
ia
[
1
6
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le,
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
w
as
7
%
p
er
m
o
n
t
h
.
An
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
[
1
7
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
u
s
t
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
as
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tated
th
a
t
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
e
v
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
as
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
u
s
t
m
a
ter
ial,
th
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t
a
n
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticles.
A
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
m
ic
r
o
s
co
p
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
an
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ic
s
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
tic
les
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
all
o
w
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
d
u
s
t
a
n
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
d
u
s
t.
Ma
n
y
c
ases
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
P
V
th
er
m
a
l
p
a
n
els.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
air
d
u
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
w
i
n
d
v
elo
c
it
y
,
w
i
n
d
tu
n
n
el
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
[
1
9
]
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
n
e
w
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
[
2
0
]
h
as
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
n
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
d
eser
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cie
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
els
ar
e;
6
.
2
4
%,
1
1
.
8
%
an
d
1
8
.
7
4
%
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
o
n
e
d
a
y
,
s
ev
e
n
d
a
y
s
a
n
d
3
0
d
ay
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
a
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
as
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
.
An
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
of
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
co
v
er
o
f
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
[
2
1
].
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
o
f
a
g
las
s
co
v
er
u
n
d
er
ar
id
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
n
e
w
w
o
r
k
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
els
p
o
w
er
an
d
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
t
u
d
ied
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
th
e
ir
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
g
las
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
R
ec
e
n
tl
y
,
a
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
in
a
7
0
d
ay
s
te
s
t
p
er
io
d
,
u
p
to
2
2
%
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
lo
s
s
,
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[
23
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t lo
s
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
0
.
5
% b
y
u
s
i
n
g
Na
n
o
co
atin
g
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
g
las
s
s
a
m
p
les
to
cr
ea
te
s
e
lf
-
c
lean
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
.
I
n
a
n
o
th
er
n
e
w
w
o
r
k
[
24
]
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
icate
th
at
a
f
ter
7
0
d
ay
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
ain
in
g
,
6
.
0
9
8
6
(
g
/
m
2
)
d
u
s
t
w
a
s
ac
cu
m
u
lated
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
w
h
ich
ca
u
s
ed
2
1
.
4
7
(
%)
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
w
e
h
a
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I
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I
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Dr
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t
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Vo
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9
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3
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Sep
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:
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6
6
1358
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I
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Vo
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9
,
No
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3
,
Sep
tem
b
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2
0
1
8
:
13
5
6
–
13
6
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1362
W
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m
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u
r
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v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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erfo
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1363
s
h
o
r
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cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
SC
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co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
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ay
s
i
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1
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;
th
u
s
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h
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A
ls
o
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t
h
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ar
iatio
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g
e
(
V
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i
s
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0
8
4
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r
r
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o
n
d
in
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to
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h
e
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ate
o
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d
ec
r
ea
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f
5
%.
So
,
w
e
ca
n
s
a
y
th
at
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
lo
s
s
es
o
f
V
OC
an
d
I
SC
ten
d
s
to
b
e
s
i
m
ila
r
to
th
at
o
n
V
M
an
d
I
M
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
w
i
ll
l
ea
d
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t
-
g
e
n
er
ated
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
PV
)
wh
ich
i
t
'
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
as
m
en
t
io
n
ed
in
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
l
ts
f
o
r
th
e
l
i
m
i
ted
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
a
y
s
i
s
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
co
n
cl
u
d
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esu
lti
n
g
lo
s
s
es
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
n
ee
d
a
lar
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
an
d
to
r
ep
ea
t
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
t
w
o
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
t
h
en
b
etter
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
u
s
to
b
u
ild
a
d
atab
ase
o
f
th
e
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
d
u
s
t o
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
y
ea
r
i
n
Ma
d
in
a
h
s
ite.
3
.
2
.
T
he
Q
ua
lita
t
iv
e
Appro
a
ch
I
n
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
u
s
e
d
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
d
en
s
it
y
,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
u
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
P
V
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
a
s
m
a
ll
ce
ll
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
id
ea
i
s
to
e
s
tab
lis
h
a
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
at
u
r
al
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
a
y
s
i
n
t
er
m
o
f
d
u
s
t
d
e
n
s
it
y
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
P
V
p
o
w
er
.
Fo
r
t
u
n
atel
y
,
w
e
h
av
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
t
h
e
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
8
6
0
W
/
m
-
2
,
40
o
C
)
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
c
h
o
s
en
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
ce
ll
r
e
f
er
en
ce
as
a
lin
k
to
d
ed
u
ct
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
a
test
ed
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
d
en
s
it
y
v
s
.
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
allo
w
u
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
l
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
o
lar
p
an
el
,
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
as
it
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
y
f
it
t
in
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
ata,
w
e
f
i
n
d
an
e
m
p
ir
ical
eq
u
atio
n
th
a
t
g
i
v
es
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
la
tio
n
i
n
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
W
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
to
u
s
e
th
is
eq
u
ati
o
n
to
ca
lib
r
ate
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
u
s
ed
as
r
e
f
er
en
ce
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
id
ea
is
to
ca
lc
u
lat
e
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
l
ated
o
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
ied
s
o
lar
p
an
el
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ca
lib
r
ated
.
A
t
th
e
f
ir
s
t,
w
e
h
av
e
u
s
ed
th
e
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
f
itti
n
g
w
h
ich
g
a
v
e
u
s
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t
o
f
0
.
9
8
4
an
d
th
e
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
:
D=7
.
3
5
×1
0
-
4
L
2
–
6
5
.
9
×
1
0
-
4
L
+0
.
1
8
(
2)
So
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t,
w
e
h
a
v
e
t
ested
th
e
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
tial
m
o
d
el
wh
ich
g
a
v
e
u
s
a
b
etter
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
0
.
9
9
8
.
So
,
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
eq
u
atio
n
c
h
o
s
en
is
g
i
v
en
as
f
o
llo
w
:
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
L
is
th
e
lo
s
s
es o
f
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
(
%)
an
d
D
is
th
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
d
en
s
it
y
(
m
g
/c
m
2
).
Fo
r
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
e
f
f
ec
t,
it
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
e
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
u
s
t
i
n
d
eser
t
ar
ea
s
,
lik
e
Ma
d
in
a
h
s
ite.
I
n
f
ac
t,
in
s
u
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
,
lo
s
s
e
s
r
ea
ch
h
ig
h
v
al
u
es
an
d
s
o
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
i
ts
e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ec
a
m
e
lo
w
er
.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
d
u
s
t,
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
i
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
an
n
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
y
ield
in
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ar
ea
to
k
n
o
w
w
h
eth
er
c
lea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
v
e
s
ted
i
n
o
r
n
o
t.
W
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
ca
lled
s
an
d
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
(
-
1
6
.
4
5
%/
m
g
.
c
m
-
2
)
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
e
d
in
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
r
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
in
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
th
er
e
i
s
a
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
(
%
/
o
C
)
w
h
ich
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
f
o
r
1
o
C
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
So
,
it i
s
m
u
c
h
b
et
ter
,
if
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
s
talled
in
lo
ca
tio
n
s
w
it
h
a
b
ig
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
,
to
ad
d
in
th
e
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
th
e
n
e
w
co
e
f
f
icien
t
w
h
ic
h
ca
lled
“
Sa
n
d
Du
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
”
(%
/
m
g
.
c
m
-
2
)
.
3
.
3
.
Clea
nin
g
P
ro
ce
s
s
As
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
,
d
u
s
t
p
lay
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
eser
t
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
en
er
g
y
co
llectio
n
e
f
f
icie
n
cie
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
lean
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
Usu
al
l
y
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
lar
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
w
ater
i
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
b
u
t
in
ar
id
r
eg
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
w
a
ter
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
t
h
at
ca
n
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
a
ter
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Su
s
tain
ab
le
clea
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
clea
n
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
Ma
n
u
al
clea
n
i
n
g
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
b
v
io
u
s
,
b
u
t
it
co
m
e
s
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
lab
o
r
s
an
d
it
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
An
alter
n
ati
v
e
th
at
i
s
b
ein
g
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ten
s
iv
e
l
y
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v
e
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ated
r
elies
o
n
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u
s
e
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e
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-
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co
atin
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t
h
at
m
i
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ize
d
u
s
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ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
.
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d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
s
u
p
er
-
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
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ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
e
x
h
ib
it
s
el
f
-
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
25
-
28
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
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a
v
e
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s
ed
t
h
e
m
a
n
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al
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n
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m
et
h
o
d
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ec
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s
e
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e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
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o
lar
p
an
el
u
s
ed
is
s
m
all
o
n
e.
Fo
r
a
lar
g
e
P
V
ar
ea
,
w
e
37
.
0
47
.
0
93
.
34
L
e
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
13
5
6
–
13
6
6
1364
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
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te
m
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
.
8
)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
d
en
s
it
y
to
s
tar
t
clea
n
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n
g
w
h
en
w
e
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ch
ed
th
e
ad
m
i
s
s
ib
le
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al
u
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
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u
s
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n
g
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h
e
m
o
d
el
L
o
s
s
es
-
P
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
(
3
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
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ce
s
s
allo
ws
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
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d
u
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e.
8
.
I
n
tellig
e
n
t c
lea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
d
u
s
t d
en
s
i
t
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
So
,
a
d
ail
y
clea
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els
w
o
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ld
b
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
u
t
t
h
i
s
w
il
l
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
m
ain
te
n
an
c
e
co
s
ts
.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
also
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
alter
n
at
iv
e
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
m
an
u
al
clea
n
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g
,
to
b
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
g
i
v
e
h
i
g
h
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
O
f
te
n
,
w
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
u
s
e
th
e
co
ati
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
2
6
]
.
Var
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
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t
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p
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s
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o
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co
ati
n
g
,
t
h
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t
y
p
e
o
f
d
u
s
t,
w
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t
h
er
co
n
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itio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
h
u
m
id
it
y
a
n
d
te
m
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atu
r
e)
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d
t
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eir
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ter
ac
tio
n
s
s
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o
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ld
b
e
s
t
u
d
ied
th
o
r
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u
g
h
l
y
to
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e
ab
le
to
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ev
elo
p
a
co
atin
g
h
a
v
in
g
s
e
lf
-
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
as
a
n
al
y
ze
d
at
Ma
d
in
ah
s
ite,
w
h
ic
h
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
d
eser
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
W
e
s
t
u
d
ied
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
I
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
o
u
r
d
ata
ar
e
li
m
ited
in
ti
m
e,
w
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
to
d
esc
r
ib
e
q
u
alitativ
e
l
y
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
Ma
d
i
n
a
h
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
So
,
t
h
is
wo
r
k
h
as
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t o
n
t
h
e
I
-
V
a
n
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
d
u
r
in
g
t
w
o
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
e
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
all
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
ar
am
eter
s
(P
M
,
I
M
,
I
SC
,
R
S
,
R
Sh
an
d
FF)
ar
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
d
u
s
t
d
ep
o
s
its
o
n
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
P
M
lo
s
s
is
ab
o
u
t
2
8
%,
if
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
r
i
s
es
u
p
6
0
d
a
y
s
.
Als
o
,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
I
SC
lo
s
s
ca
n
r
ea
c
h
es
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
2
7
%.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
V
OC
lo
s
s
is
ar
o
u
n
d
5
%
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
t
h
er
e
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
q
u
ite
a
lar
g
e
lo
s
s
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
w
er
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
m
o
r
e
d
u
s
t
y
ar
ea
s
i
n
KS
A
i
n
g
e
n
er
al.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
r
ain
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
,
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
elied
o
n
it
f
o
r
clea
n
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
litt
le
r
ain
s
at
Ma
d
in
ah
s
ite
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
y
ea
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
r
eq
u
ir
e
r
e
g
u
lar
clea
n
i
n
g
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
an
d
t
h
e
n
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
lo
s
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
M
E
NT
S:
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Dea
n
o
f
Sc
ien
t
if
ic
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
I
s
la
m
ic
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
M
a
d
in
ah
,
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
Sau
d
i
A
r
ab
ia,
u
n
d
er
P
r
o
j
ec
t n
u
m
b
er
: 3
9
/6
5
.
A
ll c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
g
r
ate
f
u
ll
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
S
h
a
h
in
z
a
d
e
h
e
t
a
l.
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ic
S
tu
d
y
f
o
r
Us
e
th
e
P
h
o
t
o
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o
lt
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ic
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
S
u
p
p
ly
in
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a
h
a
n
M
u
se
u
m
P
a
rk
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
3
(1
),
8
3
-
94
(2
0
1
3
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
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N:
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8
8
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694
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(
M.
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en
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1365
[2
]
A
.
Ha
ss
a
n
i
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
Ne
w
Hig
h
S
p
e
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a
n
d
A
c
c
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ra
te
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b
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a
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o
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o
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t
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ra
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g
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e
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o
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f
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r
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h
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o
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o
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ic
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y
ste
m
s,"
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
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PE
DS
),
8
(
1
),
1
3
3
5
-
1
3
4
4
(
2
0
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7
)
.
[3
]
H.
A
b
o
u
o
b
a
id
a
a
n
d
E.
B.
S
a
id
,
"
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ra
c
ti
c
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l
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e
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o
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a
n
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e
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ti
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f
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a
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o
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o
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)
,
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(
4
),
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4
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.
[4
]
A
.
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b
ir
e
t
a
l.
,
"
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h
e
Re
c
o
v
e
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y
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f
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e
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ro
m
a
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y
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rid
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y
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to
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p
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h
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ll
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ter
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ti
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l
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rn
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l
o
f
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we
r E
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n
d
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ive
S
y
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m (
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PE
DS
),
9
(3
),
9
5
7
-
9
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4
(
2
0
1
8
)
.
[5
]
M
.
Be
n
g
h
a
n
e
m
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
so
lar c
e
ll
s u
sin
g
th
e
r
m
o
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
d
u
le i
n
h
o
t
sites
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
.
8
9
,
51
-
5
9
(
2
0
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6
)
.
[6
]
M
.
Be
n
g
h
a
n
e
m
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
so
lar
w
a
ter
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
h
e
li
c
a
l
p
u
m
p
f
o
r
a
d
e
e
p
w
e
ll
:
A
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
f
o
r
M
a
d
in
a
h
,
S
a
u
d
i
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ra
b
ia
,
"
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e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
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n
a
n
d
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a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
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5
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6
(
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3
).
[7
]
S
.
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e
m
a
o
u
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Du
st
Eff
e
c
t
o
n
Op
t
ica
l
T
ra
n
s
m
it
tan
c
e
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
le
G
laz
in
g
in
a
De
se
rt
Re
g
io
n
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
.
7
4
,
1
3
4
7
-
1
3
5
7
(2
0
1
5
).
[8
]
S
.
Ka
lo
g
iro
u
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
-
site
P
V
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
so
il
in
g
o
n
th
e
ir
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
En
e
rg
y
.
5
1
,
439
-
4
4
6
(
2
0
1
3
)
.
[9
]
A
h
m
a
d
Y.
A
l
-
h
a
sa
n
a
n
d
A
d
e
l
A
.
G
h
o
n
e
im
,
”
A
n
e
w
c
o
rre
latio
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
a
n
e
l'
s
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
sa
n
d
d
u
st ac
c
u
m
u
late
d
o
n
t
h
e
ir
su
rf
a
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
Vo
l.
2
4
,
4
(
2
0
0
5
).
[1
0
]
F
.
A
.
T
o
u
a
ti
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
Du
st,
Re
lativ
e
Hu
m
id
it
y
,
a
n
d
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
n
S
o
lar
P
V
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
Do
h
a
:
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
M
o
n
o
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
a
n
d
Am
o
rp
h
o
u
s
P
V
S
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
1
0
,
7
(
2
0
1
3
)
.
[1
1
]
B.
W
e
b
e
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
P
V
S
y
ste
m
s b
y
Du
st D
e
p
o
siti
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
P
ro
c
e
d
ia,
5
7
,
9
9
-
1
0
8
(2
0
1
4
).
[1
2
]
J.
T
a
n
e
sa
b
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Du
st
Ef
fe
c
t
a
n
d
it
s
Eco
n
o
m
ic
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
n
P
V
M
o
d
u
les
De
p
lo
y
e
d
in
a
T
e
m
p
e
ra
t
e
Cli
m
a
t
e
Zo
n
e
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
1
0
0
,
6
5
-
6
8
(
2
0
1
6
).
[1
3
]
P
.
F
e
rra
d
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
so
il
in
g
o
n
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
i
n
th
e
A
tac
a
m
a
D
e
se
rt,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
1
2
4
,
547
-
5
5
3
(
2
0
1
7
)
.
[1
4
]
G
.
M
a
st
e
k
b
a
y
e
v
a
a
n
d
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
”
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
th
e
tran
sm
it
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
lo
w
d
e
n
sit
y
p
o
ly
e
th
y
len
e
g
la
z
in
g
in
a
tro
p
ica
l
c
li
m
a
te,”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
2
,
1
3
5
-
1
4
1
(2
0
0
0
)
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Y.
A
l
-
Ha
s
a
n
,
“
A
n
e
w
c
o
rre
latio
n
f
o
r
d
irec
t
b
e
a
m
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
b
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
sa
n
d
d
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
late
d
o
n
it
s su
rf
a
c
e
,
”
S
o
la
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
6
3
(5
)
,
3
2
3
–
3
3
3
(1
9
9
8
)
[1
6
]
A
.
A
.
M
.
S
a
id
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
d
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
n
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
f
lat
-
p
late
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
3
7
(1
)
,
7
3
-
8
4
(
1
9
9
0
)
[1
7
]
M
.
S
.
El
-
Sh
o
b
o
k
sh
y
a
n
d
F
.
M
.
H
u
ss
e
in
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
w
it
h
d
if
fe
re
n
t
p
h
y
sic
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
n
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic ce
ll
s,”
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
5
1
(
6
),
5
0
5
-
5
1
1
(1
9
9
3
).
[1
8
]
S
.
Biry
u
k
o
v
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
stu
d
y
o
f
p
a
rti
c
u
late
c
o
n
ta
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
n
s
o
lar
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
su
rf
a
c
e
s,”
Sol
a
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
6
6
(
5
),
3
7
1
-
3
7
8
(1
9
9
9
).
[1
9
]
D.
G
o
o
ss
e
n
s
a
n
d
E.
V
a
n
Ke
rsc
h
a
e
v
e
r,
“
Ae
o
li
a
n
d
u
st
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
lar
c
e
ll
s:
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
w
in
d
v
e
lo
c
it
y
a
n
d
a
irb
o
rn
e
d
u
st co
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
o
n
c
e
ll
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
S
o
la
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
6
6
(4
)
,
2
7
7
-
2
8
9
(
1
9
9
9
)
.
[2
0
]
M
.
S
a
i
d
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
n
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
ls
in
d
e
se
rt
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
9
2
,
4
9
9
–
5
0
5
(2
0
1
6
)
.
[2
1
]
M
.
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
n
P
V
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
1
0
3
,
3
4
8
-
3
5
8
(
2
0
1
5
)
.
[2
2
]
G
h
o
la
m
i,
A
.
,
S
a
b
o
o
n
c
h
i,
A
.
,
&
A
le
m
ra
jab
i,
A
.
A
,
"
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
f
fa
c
to
rs
a
ffe
c
ti
n
g
d
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
th
e
ir
e
f
fe
c
ts o
n
th
e
tran
sm
issio
n
c
o
e
ff
icie
n
t
o
f
g
las
s
f
o
r
so
lar ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
1
1
2
,
4
6
6
-
4
7
3
(2
0
1
7
).
[2
3
]
G
h
o
la
m
i,
A
.
,
A
le
m
ra
jab
i,
A
.
A
.
,
&
S
a
b
o
o
n
c
h
i,
A
,
"
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
y
o
f
se
l
f
-
c
l
e
a
n
in
g
p
ro
p
e
rty
o
f
t
it
a
n
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
sp
ra
y
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s in
so
lar ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
1
5
7
,
5
5
9
-
5
6
5
(2
0
1
7
).
[2
4
]
G
h
o
la
m
i,
A
.
,
Kh
a
z
a
e
e
,
I.
,
Eslam
i,
S
.
,
Zan
d
i,
M
.
,
&
A
k
ra
m
i,
E,
"
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
u
st
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
e
ffe
c
ts o
n
p
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
lt
a
ic o
u
t
p
u
t
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
"
S
o
la
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
1
5
9
,
3
4
6
-
3
5
2
(2
0
1
8
)
.
[2
5
]
Y.
T
su
n
o
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
a
n
d
I
rra
d
ian
c
e
De
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
I
-
V
Cu
rv
e
s
o
f
V
a
rio
u
s
Kin
d
s
o
f
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
PV
S
EC
-
1
5
)
,
4
2
2
-
4
2
3
(
2
0
0
5
)
.
[2
6
]
I.
P
.
P
a
rk
in
a
n
d
R
.
G
.
P
a
lg
ra
v
e
,
“
S
e
lf
-
c
l
e
a
n
in
g
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
ter
ia
ls Ch
e
mistry
,
1
5
(1
7
),
1
6
8
9
-
1
6
9
5
(
2
0
0
5
)
[2
7
]
He
.
G
a
o
fa
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
S
e
lf
-
Cle
a
n
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
A
rra
y
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
1
6
,
6
4
0
–
6
4
5
(
2
0
1
1
)
[2
8
]
Y.B.
P
a
rk
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
l
f
-
c
lea
n
in
g
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
h
ig
h
l
y
w
a
t
e
r
-
re
p
e
ll
e
n
t
m
icro
sh
e
ll
stru
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
so
lar
c
e
ll
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
ter
ia
ls C
h
e
mistry
,
2
1
(3
),
6
3
3
(
2
0
1
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.