Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
7, N
o
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
20
16
,
pp
. 22
5
~
23
4
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
2
25
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
A Shunt Active Power Filter fo
r 12 Pulse Converter Using
Source Current Detection Approach
Ra
jesh
T*,
Ni
rmalkum
ar
A
*
*
*Departm
ent
of
Ele
c
tri
cal
and
E
l
ectron
i
cs Eng
i
ne
ering,
IN
FO Institute
of
Engin
eer
ing, Kovi
lpal
a
y
a
m
, Coim
batore
,
Tam
il Nadu
, Ind
i
a
**Karpagam Co
lleg
e
of
Engin
e
ering,
Co
imbator
e
,
Tamil Nadu, I
ndia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Oct 14, 2015
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 16
, 20
15
Accepte
d
Ja
n 10, 2016
A shunt
Active
Power Filter (APF)
with
current
detection at th
e source side
is considered
as
a closed-loop s
y
stem
from the view of th
e w
hole power
distribution s
y
s
t
em
, which is
expect
ed with
better h
a
rm
onics filt
ering
performance
co
mpared with co
nvention
a
l
current detection methods such as
load cu
rrent detection
and open loop
con
t
rol. This pap
e
r in
troduces an
efficient source
current d
e
tection
m
e
thod (direct)
control sch
e
m
e
to m
itigat
e
the grid
curren
t
harmonics gen
e
rated b
y
th
e twelve pulse
co
nverter
. Th
e
proposed s
y
stem uses Contro
l Rect
ifier (12 –pulse conver
t
er) which
efficiently
regu
lates th
e DC voltage
b
y
var
y
ing
the
angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the propo
sed sy
st
em uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during
equal
angles switching
at each six
pulse conv
erter
which
in turn
sim
p
lifies th
e o
p
erat
ion of
the
SAPF. The
proposed s
y
stem is si
mulated
in MATLAB SIMULINK to
evalu
a
te
the
performance of
the proposed
s
y
stem.
Keyword:
1
2
–pu
lse co
nver
t
er
Activ
e p
o
wer
filter
Co
n
t
ro
l rectifier
Cu
rren
t d
e
tectio
n
DC vo
ltag
e
Lo
ad
cu
rren
t
detectio
n
O
p
en
l
o
op
contr
o
l
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Raj
e
sh T,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
and
El
ect
roni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
INFO In
stitu
te o
f
Eng
i
n
e
ering,
Kov
ilp
alayam
,
Co
im
b
a
to
re, Ta
m
il Nad
u
,
India
Em
a
il: raj
e
sh
tsch
o
l
ar@g
m
a
il.
co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
The
Sol
i
d
-St
a
t
e
p
o
we
r el
ect
r
oni
c
co
n
v
ert
e
r
s
are
ge
ner
a
l
l
y
use
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
di
ng
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
po
we
r t
o
electrical
lo
ad
s
lik
e p
e
rson
al co
m
p
u
t
ers; p
r
i
n
ters; h
ea
ting
,
v
e
n
tilatio
n, and
air cond
itio
nin
g
(HVAC) syste
m
s
;
adjusta
b
le s
p
ee
d
dri
v
es, elevat
or dr
ive
,
a
r
c
furnaces
a
n
d arc
welde
r
s. Th
e
s
e
loa
d
s a
r
e c
o
ns
idere
d
as
nonlinear
loads
because of the
fact
that they pull harm
onic curre
nts from
th
e ac m
a
ins along
with their active powe
r
dem
a
nd.
In a
d
di
t
i
on,
wi
t
h
u
n
b
al
ance
d c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
of t
h
ree
-
phase system
s, they draw ne
utral currents i
n
e
x
cess.
The i
n
ject
e
d
h
a
rm
oni
cs, rea
c
t
i
v
e
po
wer
dem
a
nd
, i
m
bal
a
nce, a
n
d
l
a
r
g
e
neu
t
ral
cu
rre
nt
s
po
se m
o
re l
o
a
d
o
n
t
h
e
u
tility p
o
w
er syste
m
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t,
raise th
e
power system
lo
s
s
es, an
d thu
s
deg
r
ad
e t
h
e
p
o
wer system
efficien
cy.
Co
m
p
en
satio
n
tech
n
i
qu
es lik
e p
a
ssi
v
e
o
r
activ
e power
filtering
(APF) are h
e
lpfu
l in
im
p
r
ov
ing
t
h
e
line side powe
r quality for the purpose
of c
o
m
p
lyi
ng with harm
onic guideline
standa
rds like IEEE 519-1992
[1
]. Po
wer quality
issu
es can
b
e
reso
l
v
ed with
p
a
ssi
v
e
filters, alth
oug
h, p
a
ssi
v
e
filters h
a
v
e
th
eir o
w
n
dem
e
ri
t
s
;
whi
c
h com
p
ri
se o
f
t
h
e so
urce i
m
pedance
s
de
pe
ndency, parallel
/
series
reso
na
n
ce, agi
n
g o
f
pa
ssi
ve
com
pone
nts,
unm
anagea
ble
filter current
s
and
reactiv
e
power t
h
at coul
d be
gene
rated [2].
Owi
ng t
o
sem
i
cond
uct
o
r devi
ce de
vel
o
p
m
ent
,
t
h
e APF
t
e
nds
t
o
bec
o
m
e
a
hi
ghl
y
ho
pe
ful
c
o
m
p
ensat
o
r
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n [3]
–
[
6
]
.
B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e
i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
on t
ech
ni
q
u
es, t
h
e A
P
F co
ul
d
be
clas
sified as a se
ries APF, a
hybrid APF, a
nd
a shunt APF.
The se
ries APF is always connecte
d
in se
ries to
th
e grid
b
a
y tran
sfo
r
m
e
r. Al
o
n
g
with
v
o
ltage
p
r
o
t
ectio
n
for lo
ads, it co
u
l
d
also
yield
g
ood
h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs cu
rren
t filtering with
a v
a
riety o
f
co
n
t
ro
l tech
n
i
q
u
e
s
[7
]–[9
]. No
n
e
t
h
eless, th
e availab
ility
o
f
a series-co
n
n
e
cted
tran
sform
e
r hu
g
e
ly in
creases th
e co
m
p
lex
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
1,
Mar
c
h
2
016
: 2
2
5
–
23
4
22
6
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
wi
t
h
desi
g
n
a
n
d dep
l
oym
ent
i
n
pra
c
t
i
cal
appl
i
cat
i
ons
, w
h
i
c
h re
d
u
ce
t
h
e use of
t
h
e
seri
es
A
P
F
.
T
h
e
h
ybrid
APF is in
trodu
ced
with
th
e tho
ugh
t o
f
its econ
o
m
ic feasib
ility to
m
e
rg
e th
e u
s
e o
f
an
APF and
a PF.
By th
is, th
e cap
acity requ
iremen
t o
f
t
h
e APF cou
l
d
b
e
re
duce
d
t
o
a
dra
m
at
i
c
l
e
vel
[10]
–[
1
3
]
.
B
u
t
,
f
o
r m
o
st
n
o
rm
al v
o
ltag
e
lev
e
l co
nd
ition
and
n
o
rm
al
cap
acity requ
ire
m
en
t, th
e h
ybrid
APF is still to
o
co
m
p
lex
to
b
e
tak
e
n
in
t
o
con
s
id
eration
.
In
this situ
atio
n
,
th
e sh
un
t APF is yet th
e
m
o
st e
x
ten
s
i
v
ely e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
k
i
n
d
to
han
d
l
e
harm
onics c
u
rrents. It is
di
rectly connect
ed in s
hun
t between
t
h
e
g
r
id
source an
d lo
ad
s,
with
ou
t any
m
odi
fi
cat
i
on t
o
t
h
e
net
w
or
ks a
l
ready
prese
n
t
,
whi
c
h i
s
eas
ier fo
r i
n
stallatio
n or cu
t off in
t
h
e practical field
.
Also
, th
e aim
o
f
th
e
shun
t APF system
is t
o
b
e
ab
le to b
a
lan
ce th
e h
a
rmo
n
i
cs curren
t
fro
m
th
e load
sid
e
, t
h
u
s
ensuring
th
at t
h
ere is no
d
i
stortio
n
in
th
e curren
t
i
n
th
e so
urce si
d
e
.
Fi
gu
re 1.
The
B
a
si
c
Sh
unt
A
c
tive Powe
r Fil
t
er Architecture
Fig
u
re
1
illu
strates th
e
b
a
sic
Shu
n
t
activ
e po
wer
f
ilter arch
itectu
r
e con
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
grid,
VSI,
APF and
l
o
ad c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
t
ect
i
on ba
sed
cont
rol
sc
hem
e
. Thi
s
c
o
nve
n
t
i
onal
sy
st
em
m
a
kes use
o
f
t
h
e t
h
ree
pha
se
di
o
d
e
bri
dge
rect
i
f
i
e
r
desi
g
n
re
ga
rd
ed as
no
n l
i
n
ea
r l
o
a
d
p
r
o
d
u
ci
ng
u
n
re
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
out
put
. B
u
t
i
n
case, i
f
t
h
e i
n
dust
r
y
n
eeds a regu
lated
ou
tpu
t
fo
r
an
y of th
e applicatio
n
s
, th
is
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l syste
m
d
e
sig
n
may n
o
t
b
e
a su
itab
l
e
opt
i
o
n.
I
n
ad
di
t
i
on, i
f
t
h
e
out
put
of t
h
e
unc
ont
rol
l
e
d
rect
i
f
i
e
r i
s
gre
a
t
e
r t
h
an
8
0
0
V
,
t
h
i
s
sy
st
em
i
s
not
agai
n
ap
pro
p
riate. Th
u
s
, con
t
ro
lled rectifier
will be a d
e
si
red choice for
h
a
nd
ling
th
e abov
e m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
scen
ari
o
s.
Co
n
t
ro
lled rectifiers are usually e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
in
h
i
gh
po
wer ap
p
lication
s
, p
a
rticu
l
arly
at m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
(M
V)
lev
e
ls b
ecau
s
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
reliab
ility, rob
u
s
t
n
ess, lower co
mp
lex
ity, an
d lesser
po
wer losses.
In
ad
d
ition
to th
e v
a
riab
le
p
o
wer fact
o
r
, th
e ch
ief
d
i
sadv
an
tag
e
is the h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs p
r
o
d
u
c
es resu
lts in
a po
wer
q
u
a
lity
issu
e at
th
e
co
nv
erter ac-sid
e
[1
2
]
, [14
]
,
[15
]
.
The
basi
c co
nt
rol
sc
hem
e
of
t
h
e sh
u
n
t
AP
F
coul
d
be t
h
e l
o
ad c
u
rre
nt
de
t
ect
i
on ki
nd
.
Hence
,
f
r
o
m
th
e pu
rv
iew of th
e who
l
e pow
er
distribution system
and
with re
spect
t
o
th
e so
urce cu
rren
t
b
e
ing
th
e
co
n
t
ro
l
targ
et, th
e contro
l sch
e
m
e
with
lo
ad
cu
rrent d
e
tecti
on is
always treated as an
ope
n l
o
op sy
st
em
, wi
th t
h
e
cont
rol
t
a
r
g
et
bei
n
g i
n
di
rect
l
y
cont
r
o
l
l
e
d,
a
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1.
The i
m
port
a
nt
o
b
ject
i
v
e of t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
i
s
t
h
e
in
trodu
ctio
n
o
f
an
efficien
t clo
s
ed
lo
op
con
t
ro
lling
sch
e
m
e
fo
r th
e purpose o
f
eli
m
in
ati
n
g
th
e
g
r
id
curren
t
harm
oni
cs pr
o
duce
d
by
t
h
e
t
w
el
ve p
u
l
s
e
c
o
nve
rt
er.
2.
PR
OPOSED
1
2
–PU
L
SE
C
O
N
V
E
R
TER
FOR
R
E
GU
LA
TES DC
V
O
LTAGE BY
V
ARYING
THE ANGLE
S
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
syste
m
arch
itectu
r
e is illu
strated
in
fi
g
u
re
2
.
It ch
iefly consists o
f
1
2
pu
lse con
v
e
rter
mad
e
o
f
con
t
ro
lled
rectifier, th
ree
phase three
winding trans
f
orm
e
r, activ
e power filt
er and the ass
o
ciated
co
n
t
ro
l scheme. Th
e pro
p
o
s
ed
syste
m
is b
u
ilt with
a
th
ree-wi
n
d
i
n
g
tran
sform
e
r (s
tar/tap
p
e
d
star/delta) and
one S
A
PF c
o
n
n
ect
ed t
o
seco
nda
ry
t
a
ps whi
c
h pr
o
v
i
d
es fi
l
t
er si
de vol
t
a
g
e
reduct
i
o
n
,
w
i
t
hout
t
h
e nee
d
for a
hi
g
h
ba
nd
wi
dt
h st
ep d
o
w
n
t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
r. Thi
s
aut
o
—t
ra
ns
f
o
rm
er t
y
pe con
f
i
g
urat
i
o
n l
i
m
i
ts t
h
e vol
t
a
ge ra
t
i
ng of
th
e SAPF switch
e
s, th
ereb
y,
in
creasi
ng th
e
switch
i
ng
frequ
en
cy
li
m
it. Th
is arran
g
e
m
e
n
t
help
s i
n
m
i
t
i
g
a
tin
g
th
e n
e
t am
p
-
turn
s
with
in
t
h
e tran
sfo
r
m
e
r win
dow area
fo
r
the curre
nt ha
rm
onic co
m
ponents that is ge
nerated
by each 6-puls
e
conve
rter, al
ong with
t
h
e net
harm
onics balanced by
t
h
e SAPF.
In
o
r
d
e
r to
b
e
ab
le to
con
t
ro
l th
e SAPF, a so
urce d
e
tection
con
t
ro
l sch
e
me h
a
s b
een
broug
h
t
in
to
u
s
e in
th
is
work wh
ich
is
ex
p
l
ain
e
d
clearly in
th
e section
s
b
e
low.
Gri
d
L
o
ad
cu
rr
e
n
t
C
ont
r
o
l
schem
e
N
on
lin
ear lo
a
d
Unc
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
rectifie
r
DC
lin
k
APF
VSI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A Shu
n
t
Active
Po
wer Filter f
o
r
1
2
Pu
lse Con
verter
Using
S
o
u
r
ce Cu
rrent Detectio
n App
r
oa
ch
(Ra
j
esh.
T)
22
7
Impor
t
ance of
Contr
o
l Recti
f
ier in the Pr
oposed Syste
m
The t
h
ree
p
h
a
s
e f
u
l
l
y
cont
r
o
l
l
e
d
bri
dge
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
has
been
probably t
h
e m
o
st extensively use
d
po
we
r el
ect
r
o
n
i
c con
v
e
r
t
e
r t
o
be
em
pl
oy
ed
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
di
u
m
t
o
hi
g
h
p
o
we
r
ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons.
Three
phase
ci
rcui
t
s
are prefe
rre
d i
n
the case
of l
a
rge
powe
r
being i
n
vol
v
ed
. T
h
e co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
r
ect
i
f
i
e
r can
of
f
e
r co
nt
r
o
l
l
a
bl
e
out
put
dc
volta
ge in a
single unit in
place
of t
h
ree
pha
se a
u
to
tra
n
sform
e
r and a
diode
bri
dge
re
ctifier. T
h
e c
o
ntrolled
rectifier is g
o
t
b
y
su
bstitu
tin
g th
e d
i
o
d
e
s o
f
t
h
e un
con
t
ro
lled
rectifier with th
yristo
rs. C
o
n
t
ro
l o
v
e
r th
e o
u
t
p
u
t
dc v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s
g
o
t
by
ap
pl
y
i
ng
a cont
r
o
l
o
n
t
h
e con
d
u
ct
i
on i
n
t
e
r
v
al
of eac
h
t
h
y
r
i
s
t
o
r. T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod i
s
refe
rre
d t
o
as phase c
o
ntrol and c
o
nve
rt
ers a
r
e also
kno
wn
as “p
h
a
se
co
n
t
r
o
lled conv
er
ters”.
Signific
ance
of twelve
pulse
convert
er
and three
winding
transformer
In t
h
i
s
prese
n
t
e
d arc
h
i
t
ect
ure
,
t
w
el
ve
pul
se
co
nverte
r and the three
wind
i
n
g t
r
an
sf
orm
e
r pl
ay
a
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
ove
ral
l
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em
. For
i
n
st
a
n
ce, t
w
el
ve-
pul
se
co
n
f
i
g
urat
i
o
n c
o
m
p
ri
ses
o
f
two
sets
o
f
co
nv
erters con
n
ected
in
series
as illu
strated
i
n
Figu
re 2.
Th
e resu
ltan
t
ac cu
rren
t is ob
tain
ed
b
y
th
e su
m
o
f
the two Fourier se
ries of the sta
r
connection
(eq
u
at
i
o
n
1) a
n
d
del
t
a
co
nn
ect
i
on t
r
ans
f
orm
e
rs (
e
q
u
at
i
o
n
2):
i
√
I
cos
ω
t
cos
5ωt
cos
7ωt
cos
11ωt
⋯
.
(
1
)
i
√
I
cos
ω
t
cos
5ωt
cos
7ωt
cos
11ωt
⋯
.
(
2
)
i
2
√
I
cos
ω
t
cos
11ωt
cos
13ωt
cos
23ωt
…
.
(3
)
Fi
gu
re
2.
The
pr
o
pose
d
s
o
urc
e
cu
rre
nt
det
e
c
t
i
on
base
d S
A
PF
Arc
h
i
t
ect
ur
e
The
seri
es
o
n
l
y
has
t
h
e
harm
oni
cs
of
o
r
der
12
1
. T
h
e
harm
oni
c
cu
rre
nt
s
o
f
o
r
ders
6
1
(W
ith
k o
d
d
), i
.
e. 5t
h,
7t
h,
1
7
t
h
,
1
9
t
h
, et
c., ci
rc
ul
at
es bet
w
ee
n t
h
e t
w
o c
o
nve
rt
er t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
rs but
does
n
o
t
ent
e
r
s
t
h
e
ac n
e
twork. The resu
ltin
g
lin
e cu
rren
t
for th
e twelv
e
-pu
l
se
rectifier is as sh
o
w
n
in
Figu
re
3
,
wh
ich
is similar
to a sinusoi
d
al wave
form
than earlie
r l
i
n
e cu
r
r
ent
s
.
The i
n
st
ant
a
ne
ou
s dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge al
so
bec
o
m
e
s sm
oot
her
wi
t
h
th
is conn
ectio
n. Th
e twel
v
e
-pu
l
se
was
g
o
t
with
a 30
° phase
-
shi
f
t bet
w
een
the tw
o sec
o
nd
ary
t
r
an
sf
orm
e
rs.
,
,
C
B
A
6-
pulse conver
t
er
T
h
r
ee-
phase thr
e
e-winding tr
ansform
e
r
Pri
m
a
r
y
Secondar
y
6-
pulse
conver
t
er
3-
phase supply
PWM
gener
a
tor
Cur
r
e
nt Contr
o
l Loo
p
DC-
voltage Regulation
Contr
o
l Schem
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
1,
Mar
c
h
2
016
: 2
2
5
–
23
4
22
8
Fig
u
re
3
.
Th
e resu
lt lin
e cu
rren
t
fo
r th
e t
w
elve-pu
l
se
rectifier
2
.
1
.
Co
ntro
lling
Scheme
of
the
Pro
p
o
s
ed Sy
stem
Th
e in
ten
tion
o
f
th
is wo
rk
is fo
cu
sing
on
th
e co
n
t
ro
lling sch
e
m
e
to
b
e
ab
le to
co
n
t
ro
l th
e activ
e
p
o
wer filter.
Th
e im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
b
j
ectiv
e is co
m
p
en
satin
g
t
h
e grid
cu
rrent. Th
e sign
ifican
t op
eration
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
ro
lling
sche
m
e
is th
e eli
m
in
atio
n
of th
e
distu
r
b
a
n
ces
or
h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs in th
e
g
r
id curren
t
th
at is g
e
n
e
rated
b
y
the non linear load (twelve pulse conv
erte
r) by m
eans of injecting of cu
rren
t fro
m
APF. Th
is way, th
is
i
n
ject
i
o
n o
f
cu
rre
nt
has t
o
be
i
n
a cont
rol
l
e
d m
a
nner t
h
r
o
ug
h ef
fi
ci
ent
cont
rol
schem
e
. The sect
i
on b
e
l
o
w
pr
o
v
i
d
es a
di
sc
ussi
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e t
w
o co
n
v
en
t
i
onal
co
nt
r
o
l
l
i
ng m
e
t
hod
s an
d i
n
fl
ue
nced
b
y
t
hose co
n
v
e
n
t
i
onal
co
n
t
ro
lling
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s, an
effectiv
e con
t
ro
llin
g
sch
e
m
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wh
i
c
h
is cap
ab
le
o
f
o
v
e
rco
m
in
g th
e
li
mitatio
n
s
of t
h
e co
nv
en
tion
a
l co
n
t
ro
lling
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s.
2.1.1. Conventional
Controll
ing Sc
hemes
Th
is section
o
f
fers t
o
d
i
scu
s
s
ab
ou
t th
e
conven
tio
n
a
l con
t
rollin
g
techn
i
qu
es th
at are
reg
a
rd
ed as th
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce
fo
r t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
i
ng sc
he
m
e
.
1.
Lo
ad
cu
rren
t
detectio
n
m
e
th
o
d
2.
O
p
en
l
o
op
contr
o
l m
e
th
o
d
2.
1.
1.
1.
Load Current De
tection
Me
thod
The co
nt
r
o
l
l
o
op a
r
chi
t
ect
u
r
e
of t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
onal
L
o
ad c
u
r
r
ent
det
ect
i
on m
e
t
hod i
s
i
l
l
u
st
rat
e
d i
n
Fi
gu
re
4.
The
gene
rat
i
o
n
of
c
o
m
p
ensat
i
n
g
si
gnal
by
t
h
e l
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
det
e
c
t
i
on m
e
t
hod
i
n
vol
ves t
h
ree
co
nt
r
o
l
stages,
which a
r
e; re
fere
nce e
x
traction, c
u
rre
nt
con
t
ro
l,
and
th
e PW
M [3
],
[6
],
[11
]
–
[
13
].
Fi
gu
re
4.
The
c
ont
rol
l
o
o
p
a
r
c
h
i
t
ect
ure
o
f
t
h
e
co
nve
nt
i
o
nal
Loa
d
c
u
r
r
ent
d
e
t
ect
i
on m
e
t
hod
Wh
ere id an
d iq are i
n
stantan
e
ou
s activ
e
a
n
d reactive
c
u
rrents
re
spectively, (
V
An
d
V
∗
den
o
t
e
s t
h
e
ch
ange
i
n
dc l
i
n
k
vol
t
a
ge an
d
re
fere
nce
dc l
i
n
k
vol
t
a
ge res
p
ec
t
i
v
el
y
,
id1h
a
n
diq1h
refe
rs
to
th
e first h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
activ
e
cu
rren
t of p
o
s
itiv
e
sequ
en
ce
and
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c reactiv
e curren
t
o
f
po
sitiv
e seq
u
e
n
ce.
Owi
ng t
o
t
h
e
f
eedbac
k
o
f
l
o
a
d
cu
rre
nt
, t
h
e
del
a
y
t
h
at
i
s
prod
uce
d
i
n
t
h
e r
e
fere
nce si
g
n
al
s and/
or t
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al inj
ected
curren
t
d
e
lays h
a
v
e
an
effect o
n
th
e
APF co
m
p
en
sation
qu
ality, p
a
rticu
l
arly at ti
m
e
s wh
en
the s
w
itching
freque
ncy is low.
These
ki
nds of c
ont
rolling techni
ques
a
r
e
known as i
n
direct m
e
thods
. As a
resu
lt, t
h
e co
mp
ensated
m
a
in
s curren
t
THD can
b
e
g
r
eater th
an
th
e stand
a
rd
s allowed
.
Few so
l
u
tio
ns h
a
v
e
b
een
p
r
esen
ted fo
r so
lv
i
n
g
a
p
r
ob
lem o
f
th
is k
i
nd
.
Man
y
trad
ition
a
l APF tech
n
i
qu
es mad
e
u
s
e
o
f
l
o
w-p
a
ss
filters (LPF) for ex
traction
of th
e cu
rren
t
h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs an
d
classical co
n
t
ro
llers fo
r th
e curren
t co
n
t
ro
l lik
e PI or
hy
st
eresi
s
[1
4]
. Thi
s
res
u
l
t
s
i
n
harm
oni
c m
i
s-cancel
l
a
t
i
on beca
use o
f
pha
se shi
f
t
s
a
nd re
fer
e
nce t
r
acki
ng
erro
rs wh
ich in tu
rn
d
e
teriorat
e filtering
p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce.
To
VSI
to
Transform
a
tion
(Load
current)
(Grid
voltag
e
)
LP
F
LP
F
Transform
ation
PWM
generator
∗
PI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A Shu
n
t
Active
Po
wer Filter f
o
r
1
2
Pu
lse Con
verter
Using
S
o
u
r
ce Cu
rrent Detectio
n App
r
oa
ch
(Ra
j
esh.
T)
22
9
2.
1.
1.
2.
Open
L
o
op Control Method
The fundam
ental co
m
p
ensation
prin
ci
pl
e o
f
t
h
e ope
n-l
o
o
p
co
nt
rol
l
e
d shu
n
t
SAP
F
fo
r
a nonl
i
n
ea
r
lo
ad
is illu
strated
in
Fig
u
re
5
.
By u
n
d
e
rstan
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
n
l
in
ear lo
ad
op
eratin
g
co
nd
ition
s
, th
e fi
ring
d
e
lay
angl
e,
an
d t
h
e
l
o
ad
cu
rre
nt
whi
c
h i
s
s
u
pp
ose
d
t
o
be
ri
p
p
l
e
f
r
ee, t
h
e
n
t
h ha
rm
oni
c c
u
r
r
ent
t
h
at
has
t
o
be
injecte
d
at the
PCC can
be c
o
m
puted
. This
c
u
rrent ca
ncels
the res
p
ectiv
e nt
h harm
oni
c
s
u
p
p
l
y
cu
rre
nt
. These
fav
o
ra
bl
e com
p
en
sat
i
ng
har
m
oni
c curre
nt
vect
o
r
s can
be
deci
de
d by
fi
xi
ng t
h
e co
rrect
m
a
gni
t
ude
s an
d p
h
ase
-
shift angles of the harm
oni
c contents
. A Phase Lo
c
k
e
d
Lo
op (
P
LL
)
i
s
em
pl
oy
ed for t
h
e p
u
r
p
o
se o
f
syn
c
hron
izing th
e co
m
p
en
satio
n
pro
cess. Th
e
d
c
-link
cap
acito
r
vo
ltag
e
is con
t
ro
lled
to
ob
tain
a p
o
wer
b
a
lan
ce
b
e
tween
th
e filter and
th
e m
a
in
s b
y
mean
s o
f
a separa
te co
n
t
ro
l loo
p
. It is co
n
t
ro
l
l
ed
at a lev
e
l j
u
st fo
r
avoi
ding
ove
r
m
odulation a
f
ter the
add
ition
of the
harm
oni
c m
odulating s
i
gnals.
Fi
gu
re
5.
The
f
u
n
d
am
ent
a
l
co
m
p
ensat
i
on
pri
n
ci
pl
e
of
t
h
e
o
p
en
-l
o
o
p
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d s
h
unt
SA
PF
W
i
t
h
a
n
aim
to
gene
ralize the
algorithm
and
acco
m
p
lish
current harm
onic com
p
ensation on
t
h
e basis
of t
h
e k
n
o
wl
e
dge
o
f
I
,α
,
and
α
under eve
r
y possi
ble loadi
n
g conditio
ns; table
s
of
ha
rm
onic m
odulating
sig
n
a
l info
rm
atio
n
are bu
ilt,
o
f
f-lin
e. Two
k
i
nd
s
o
f
h
a
rmo
n
i
c tab
l
es are n
e
ed
ed
: tab
l
es for th
e am
p
lit
u
d
e
m
and tables
for the
pha
se a
n
gles
θ
. Th
ese tab
l
es are u
tilized
as l
o
o
k
-
up tab
l
es in which
th
eir d
a
ta is
interpolated
for ge
ne
rating a
n
y neces
sary
values of
m
and
θ
,
whi
c
h rem
ove
s t
h
e sel
ect
ed
harm
oni
c o
r
de
rs
as illu
strated
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
5
.
To
ach
iev
e
t
h
e requ
ired
ou
tp
u
t
vo
ltag
e
fro
m
th
e 12
pu
lse co
nv
erter, th
e
firi
ng
d
e
lay
angle of each
six pulse converter has to
be
varie
d
in
a continuous m
a
nne
r. Howeve
r, this offline c
ont
rolling
schem
e
i
s
not
pr
o
poe
r
fo
r t
h
e
dy
nam
i
c fi
ri
ng
del
a
y
an
gl
e vari
at
i
o
n
of
t
h
e 1
2
pul
se
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r. T
h
e
abo
v
e
men
tio
n
e
d fact
o
r
d
e
teri
o
r
ates
th
e ov
erall p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce of the APF in th
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c v
a
ryin
g
co
nd
itio
n.
2.
2. Propose
d
Source
Curre
nt Detec
t
ion Method
On th
e b
a
sis
o
f
th
e inv
e
stigatio
n
o
f
th
e afo
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
co
n
t
ro
lling
sch
e
m
e
s, th
e sou
r
ce curren
t
d
e
tectio
n
sch
e
me h
a
s b
een
presen
ted. Th
e
propo
sed
sch
e
me p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s th
e b
e
n
e
fits o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e trad
ition
a
l lo
ad
cur
r
ent
det
ect
i
on a
n
d o
p
en l
o
o
p
c
ont
r
o
l
sc
hem
e
s and,
at the sam
e
time, elim
inat
es t
h
eir limitat
i
o
n
s. Th
e
pr
o
pose
d
c
ont
r
o
l
schem
e
i
s
sim
p
l
e
r i
n
st
ruc
t
ure a
nd
d
o
es
not
need
a ha
r
m
oni
cs ext
r
act
i
on al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
.
The
pr
o
pose
d
c
ont
r
o
l
schem
e
i
s
deri
ve
d ba
sed
o
n
t
h
e em
pl
oy
m
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
vect
or
res
ona
nt
(
V
R
)
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r, a
nd i
t
i
s
got
t
h
ro
u
gh a
seri
es o
f
t
r
ans
f
orm
a
t
i
ons t
h
at
are ap
pl
i
e
d t
o
t
h
e co
nve
nt
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
ad cu
rre
nt
det
ect
i
on sc
he
m
e
is
sho
w
n i
n
fi
gu
r
e
6.
The co
nt
r
o
l
schem
e
chi
e
fl
y
com
p
ri
ses of t
h
ree
part
s:
p
h
a
se-l
oc
ked l
o
o
p
(PLL
),
dc l
i
nk
vol
t
a
ge
regu
latio
n, and cu
rren
t con
t
rol lo
o
p
. Th
e PLL lin
k
is h
e
lpfu
l for track
i
ng th
e real-tim
e
p
h
a
se in
fo
rm
atio
n
o
f
gri
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
VGa
bc
fo
r
o
n
l
i
n
e ad
ju
st
m
e
n
t
of t
h
e
reso
n
a
nt
f
r
eq
ue
ncy
of
res
o
nant
c
ont
rol
l
e
rs;
dc-
vol
t
a
g
e
regu
latio
n
is ap
p
lied fo
r m
a
i
n
tain
ing
th
e
dc v
o
ltag
e
; a
n
d
the cu
rre
nt c
ont
rol lo
o
p
f
o
rm
s the core
part t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs filterin
g
.
Mo
du
latin
g sign
al
Lo
ad
ing
co
nd
itio
n
,
,
Lo
ok
-u
p t
a
bl
es
Mo
du
latin
g
si
gnal
s
PW
M
gene
rat
o
r
To
VSI
PLL at PCC
∗
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
1,
Mar
c
h
2
016
: 2
2
5
–
23
4
23
0
Fi
gu
re
6.
The
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
nt
r
o
l
sc
hem
e
usi
ng t
h
e
em
pl
oym
ent
o
f
t
h
e
vect
or
res
o
nant
(V
R
)
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
Al
so,
t
h
e
gai
n
ef
fect
of
p
u
l
s
e wi
dt
h
m
odul
at
i
on c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
VS
I
K
is ind
i
cated
as un
ity fo
r th
e
p
u
rp
o
s
e
o
f
sim
p
l
i
fyin
g
th
e an
alysis, with
its in
flu
e
n
ce in
th
e co
n
t
ro
ller tak
e
n
in
to
co
n
s
i
d
eration
.
Th
e lin
e
in
du
ctor is the
syste
m
co
n
t
ro
l
p
l
an
t, and
it cou
l
d
b
e
realized
as
P
s
1
sL
R
(4
)
Whe
r
e
L
and
R
are the
equivale
nt induct
ance
and resistance
of
L
, respectively.
Th
e cu
rren
t con
t
ro
ller is
n
e
cessary for th
e
cu
rren
t
con
t
ro
l lo
op
, and
t
h
e VR co
n
t
ro
ller is u
s
ed
for
each control s
c
hem
e
that is
discusse
d in
this pa
per.
The VR controller kee
p
s all the adva
ntages
of the
reso
na
nt
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r, l
i
k
e
ef
fi
ci
ency
i
n
c
o
m
put
at
i
o
n a
n
d z
e
ro steady-state errors
fo
r t
h
e re
gul
at
i
o
n
of
t
h
e a
c
sig
n
a
l. Also
, in
co
m
p
arison
with
th
e PR co
n
t
ro
ller, th
e
VR co
n
t
ro
ller
h
a
s an
am
azin
g
feature o
f
selectiv
ity.
As s
h
ow
n i
n
[
1
9]
, t
h
e
ex
pre
ssi
on
f
o
r
VR
co
nt
rol
l
e
r c
o
ul
d
be
gi
ve
n as
VR
s
k
ss
R
L
s
n
ω
(5
)
Whe
r
e
k
is th
e
gain
of t
h
e co
n
t
ro
ller, and
nω
i
s
t
h
e co
rres
p
on
di
n
g
reso
na
nt
f
r
eq
uency
.
In
add
itio
n
t
o
th
is, th
e
VR co
n
t
ro
ller t
h
e co
n
t
ro
l
p
l
an
t tak
e
s in
t
o
acco
u
n
t
, an
d its go
od
selectiv
ity
rend
ers it q
u
ite ap
t for th
e selectiv
e APF,
with
wh
ic
h the restricted de
vice capac
i
t
y
coul
d be rea
s
o
n
abl
y
placed for com
p
ensating the m
o
st ha
rm
ful harm
onics, and
the
potent
ial
resona
nce in power distributi
on
n
e
two
r
k
s
cou
l
d
b
e
avo
i
d
e
d
with
flex
i
b
ilit
y. Selectiv
e h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs co
mp
ensatio
n
co
u
l
d
b
e
realized
b
y
th
e
im
ple
m
entatio
n
of cascade
VR controllers
.
VR
i
n
t
h
e c
u
rre
nt
co
nt
rol
l
o
o
p
.
Su
bscri
p
t
n
de
not
es t
h
e sel
e
ct
ed ha
rm
oni
cs o
r
de
r.
As s
h
ow
n i
n
Figure 3,
VR
i
s
t
h
e supe
r
posi
t
i
o
n
of eac
h VR
c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r, wi
t
h
e
v
ery
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
une
d o
n
one
harm
oni
cs o
r
d
e
r.
In th
is co
nd
ition
,
t
h
e
referen
c
e track
i
n
g ab
ility o
f
t
h
e cu
rrent co
n
t
ro
l l
o
op
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
3
cou
l
d
b
e
d
e
fi
n
e
d as
is
i
s
P
s
.
∑
VR
s
1
P
s
.
∑
VR
s
P
s
.V
R
s
1
P
s
.V
R
s
(6
)
,
,
VSI
PI
PW
M
m
odul
at
or
PW
M
Grid
Filter
12
-P
ul
se
Co
nv
erter Based
Non Linear
L
o
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A Shu
n
t
Active
Po
wer Filter f
o
r
1
2
Pu
lse Con
verter
Using
S
o
u
r
ce Cu
rrent Detectio
n App
r
oa
ch
(Ra
j
esh.
T)
23
1
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ONS
The pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce of t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
se
d so
urce c
u
rre
nt
det
ect
i
o
n
based
SA
PF f
o
r a
12
-P
ul
se
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r i
s
si
m
u
lated
in
MATLAB/Simu
lin
k en
v
i
ronmen
t u
s
ing th
e Si
m
Power
-
S
y
st
em
t
ool
bo
x.
The
res
u
l
t
i
s
e
v
al
uat
e
d
base
d o
n
t
h
e st
eady
st
at
e and t
h
e dy
nam
i
c perf
orm
a
nce of
t
h
e pr
o
pose
d
s
y
st
em
and t
h
e achi
e
ve
d si
n
u
s
o
i
d
al
current
with m
i
nim
a
l THD
obtained at t
h
e
grid.
Param
e
t
e
rs such as gri
d
vol
t
a
ge (V
Gab
c
),
gri
d
cu
rre
nt
(
I
Ga
bc)
,
St
ar con
n
ect
ed sec
o
nda
ry
out
pu
t
cu
rren
t (ISab
c
), Delta conn
ected
s
econd
ary
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
rrent (IDab
c), Filter
curren
t
(IFab
c
)
o
f
t
h
e prop
o
s
ed
sy
st
em
are eval
uat
e
d t
o
dem
onst
r
at
e i
t
s
pr
o
p
e
r f
unct
i
o
ni
n
g
.
M
o
re
ove
r, T
o
t
a
l
Harm
oni
c
Di
st
ort
i
o
n
(TH
D
)
o
f
g
r
i
d
cu
rren
t is
an
alyzed
for
determin
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity at g
r
i
d
sid
e
.
3.
1.
1
2
– P
u
l
s
e C
o
n
v
erter
Re
sul
t
s
Val
i
d
ati
o
n o
f
Pr
op
ose
d
Sys
t
em
Th
e resu
lt ob
tain
ed
sh
ows th
e sig
n
i
fican
ce of th
e 12
-pu
l
se co
nv
erter u
s
ed in
th
e p
r
op
osed
system
. It
is clearly observed from
th
e
r
e
sul
t
s
t
h
at
,
f
o
r
equal
fi
ri
ng
de
l
a
y
angl
es
o
f
e
ach
6-
p
u
l
s
e c
o
nve
rt
er,
f
o
r e
x
am
pl
e
(A
_1=
α
_
2
=3
0°
) as s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
7 a
nd
(
A
_
1
=
α
_
2
=
0
°
)
as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
8. T
h
e ac
hi
eve
d
gri
d
cu
rre
nt
IGa
b
c wa
vef
o
r
m
s
wi
t
hout
c
o
m
p
ensat
i
on fo
r bot
h
sce
n
ari
o
s
a
r
e near
si
n
u
soi
d
al
wi
t
h
m
i
nim
u
m
THD.
T
h
e
THD
o
b
tained
for the
firin
g
delay
an
gles (A
_1=
α
_2=
30
°) a
nd (
A
_
1
=
α
_2
=0°)
is 1
0
.
89
% and 6
.
07%
respect
i
v
el
y
.
Thi
s
i
s
due t
o
fact
t
h
at
, 1
2
-
p
ul
se co
nve
rt
er
red
u
ces t
h
e
ha
rm
oni
c or
ders
suc
h
as 5t
h
,
7t
h, 1
7
t
h
,
1
9
t
h
,
etc. Hen
c
e, on
ly li
m
ited
in
j
ection
b
y
the
SAPF is enou
gh
t
o
m
a
in
tai
n
th
e op
tim
al o
u
t
pu
t.
A
1
=a2
=
30 A
1
=a2
=
0
Fi
gu
re
7.
The
r
e
sul
t
f
o
r
eq
ual
fi
ri
n
g
del
a
y
an
gl
e
A
α
30°
of
1
2
-
p
ul
se c
o
nve
rt
er
Fi
gu
re
8.
The
r
e
sul
t
f
o
r
eq
ual
fi
ri
n
g
del
a
y
an
gl
e
A
α
0
°
of
1
2
-
p
ul
se c
o
nve
rt
er
3.2. Different Firing
Delay Angles
The ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al
resul
t
s
o
b
t
ai
ned f
o
r eac
h 6
-
p
u
l
s
e co
n
v
ert
e
r
wi
t
h
di
ffe
rent
fi
ri
ng
del
a
y
angl
es
with
ou
t co
m
p
en
sation
,
fo
r exa
m
p
l
e (A_1
=53
°
;
α
_2=
1
0
°) a
nd (
A
_1=
1
0
°;
α
_2=
53
°) as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
9 a
n
d
10 re
spectively
.
Respective Star co
nnected s
econda
r
y out
put
current wa
veform
(ISabc)
and
delta connected
seco
nda
ry
out
put
cu
rre
nt
w
a
vef
o
rm
s (IDa
b
c) an
d m
o
reove
r, g
r
i
d
v
o
l
t
age V
G
abc i
s
sho
w
n f
o
r b
o
t
h
t
h
e
scenari
o
s i
n
Fi
gu
re 9
(
d
)
an
d
Fi
gu
re 1
0
(
d
)
.
It
i
s
cl
earl
y
observe
d f
r
om
t
h
e resul
t
s
t
h
at
, f
o
r
vari
ed
fi
ri
n
g
del
a
y
angl
es
, t
h
e
obt
ai
ned T
H
D wi
t
h
o
u
t
com
p
ens
a
t
i
on i
s
hi
gh
.
Fo
r i
n
stan
ce, th
e THD
ob
tain
ed
with
firing
d
e
lay
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
1,
Mar
c
h
2
016
: 2
2
5
–
23
4
23
2
angl
e of
(
α
_1=
53
°;
α
_2=
1
0
°) and (
α
_1
=10
°
;
α
_
2
=
53°)
is 23
.2
8% and
20
.7
5% r
e
sp
ectively. Th
is in
cr
ease in
THD is
becaus
e
of the
im
p
act of the
ha
rm
onic orde
rs s
u
c
h
a
s
5t
h, 7th, 11t
h,
13th, 17t
h, 19th
etc.
5
3
°
;
1
0
°
1
0
°
;
5
3
°
Fi
gu
re
9.
The
r
e
sul
t
f
o
r
di
f
f
er
ent
fi
ri
ng
del
a
y
an
gl
es
A
53°
;
α
1
0
°
withoutco
m
p
e
nsation
of
1
2
-
pul
se
co
n
v
ert
e
r
Figu
re 1
0
.
T
h
e
res
u
lt
f
o
r dif
f
e
r
ent firin
g
dela
y
angles
A
10°
;
α
5
3
°
without
co
mp
ensat
i
on
of
1
2
-
pul
se
co
n
v
ert
e
r
3.
3.
E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
o
f
Af
ter C
o
mpens
a
ti
on
The e
x
perim
e
ntal res
u
lts for each 6-pul
se conver
ter
with
diffe
re
nt firing delay
angles a
f
ter
com
p
ensation, for
(A_1=
53°;
α
_2=
10
°) a
n
d
(A
_1=
1
0
°;
α
_2=5
3
°)
as sh
own
in
Figu
r
e
11
an
d 12
r
e
sp
ecti
v
ely.
Du
e to th
e
v
a
ried
firing
d
e
lay
an
g
l
es, th
e ob
t
a
in
ed THD
with
ou
t co
m
p
en
satio
n
is
h
i
gh
. Thu
s
, co
m
p
en
sati
o
n
is
requ
ired
. Th
e resu
lts sh
ow the in
j
ected
waveform
(IF
abc) for
harm
onic minimizati
on. For instance, t
h
e THD
o
b
t
ain
e
d
after co
m
p
en
satio
n with
fi
ring
delay an
g
l
e of
(
α
_1
=53
°
;
α
_
2
=
10
°) a
n
d (
α
_1
=10
°
;
α
_2=
5
3
°
)
i
s
3.
03
% and
2.
7
6
% res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Thi
s
m
i
nim
i
zat
i
on i
n
TH
D
i
s
achi
e
ved m
a
i
n
l
y
due t
o
i
n
ject
ed cu
rre
nt
IFa
b
c
whi
c
h c
o
m
p
ensat
e
s t
h
e
harm
oni
c
o
r
de
rs s
u
c
h
as
5t
h,
7t
h
,
1
1
t
h
,
1
3
t
h
,
17t
h,
1
9
t
h
et
c.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A Shu
n
t
Active
Po
wer Filter f
o
r
1
2
Pu
lse Con
verter
Using
S
o
u
r
ce Cu
rrent Detectio
n App
r
oa
ch
(Ra
j
esh.
T)
23
3
5
3
°
;
1
0
°
1
0
°
;
5
3
°
Figu
re 1
1
.
T
h
e
res
u
lt
f
o
r dif
f
e
r
ent firin
g
dela
y
angles
53°
;
1
0
°
af
t
e
rco
mpensa
t
i
on
of
1
2
-
pul
se
co
n
v
ert
e
r
Figu
re 1
2
.
T
h
e
res
u
lt
f
o
r dif
f
e
r
ent firin
g
dela
y
angles
10°
;
5
3
°
af
t
e
rco
mpensa
t
i
on
of
1
2
-
pul
se
co
n
v
ert
e
r
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Thi
s
pa
per
pr
o
pos
ed a
n
effi
ci
ent
so
urce c
u
r
r
e
nt
det
ect
i
on
b
a
sed S
A
PF
fo
r a 12
-P
ul
se C
o
nve
rt
er. T
h
e
resul
t
i
s
e
v
al
u
a
t
e
d
based
on
t
h
e st
ea
dy
st
at
e an
d t
h
e
dy
nam
i
c perf
orm
a
nce
of
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
sy
st
em
. T
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce o
f
t
h
e sy
st
em
has be
en e
v
al
uat
e
d
base
d o
n
t
h
e a
ngl
es
(
α
_1 a
nd
α
_2
)
of t
h
e t
w
el
ve
pul
se
conve
r
ters. Three sce
n
ari
o
s
nam
e
ly (
α
_1=
α
_2
), (
α
_1
≠
α
_2
), a
n
d s
u
dde
n c
h
an
ge i
n
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
a
ngl
e
s
ha
v
e
b
een ev
alu
a
ted in
t
h
e sim
u
latio
n and
t
h
e correspo
n
d
i
ng
resu
lts are
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d.
It is
ob
serv
ed
fro
m
th
e
resu
lts
that during equal angle scenario,
be
t
t
e
r TH
D i
s
obt
ai
n
e
d
base
d o
n
t
h
e p
h
as
e shi
f
ting
of the three
pha
s
e three
wind
ing
tran
sfo
r
m
e
r u
s
ed
in
th
e propo
sed
syste
m
. Ho
we
ver
,
dur
ing
d
i
ff
er
en
t an
g
l
e co
nd
itio
n
at th
e
12
pu
lse
con
v
e
r
t
e
r,
t
h
e THD
gene
rat
e
d
at
t
h
e gri
d
si
de has bee
n
m
i
nim
i
zed
us
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
se
d SAP
F
. The
dy
nam
i
c
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
ce of
th
e
pr
opo
sed syste
m
h
a
s al
so
b
e
en
an
alysed
b
y
sudd
en
v
a
r
i
ation
o
f
t
h
e 12
p
u
l
se
conv
er
ter
angl
e i
n
whi
c
h
t
h
e t
i
m
i
ng respo
n
se
of t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
sy
st
em
i
s
obse
r
ve
d t
o
be si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
.
Thu
s
, t
h
e
pr
o
pos
e
d
syste
m
clearly
satisfies th
e
IEEE
519
-19
9
2
po
wer qu
ality
st
an
d
a
rd
.
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