In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
530~
5
4
6
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
5
30-
54
6
530
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Electricity market strategies a
ppl
ied to microgrid development
Carlos U. Cassiani Ortiz
1
,
Joh
n
E.
C
and
e
lo-Bec
err
a
2
,
Fred
y E.
H
oyos
V
elasc
o
3
1,
2
D
e
p
a
rt
amen
to de E
n
erg
í
a Eléct
ri
ca y Au
to
m
á
tica,F
acu
lt
a
d
d
e M
i
na
s
,
U
n
i
versidad
Naci
on
al
de
Co
l
o
mb
i
a
-
Sede
Medellín -
C
arrera 80 No 65-223
- Campu
s
Robled
o,
M
edel
lín,
050
0
4
1
,
C
o
l
om
bia
3
E
scu
e
la d
e Física,
F
acu
lt
ad d
e Ci
en
cias,
Un
iv
ersid
a
d N
acio
n
al
d
e
C
o
l
o
m
bia
-
S
e
de
M
ed
e
l
lí
n
-
Carrera
65
No.
59A-1
10,
0
500
34
,
M
edellín,
C
o
l
om
b
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
1
7
,
2
019
Re
vise
d O
c
t
1,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
1
1
,
2
019
Ov
er
t
he
l
ast
d
ecad
e,
t
he
l
ib
eralizat
io
n
of
t
he
e
l
ectricity
m
ar
ke
t
ha
s
b
e
e
n
so
ug
ht.
In
o
rd
er
t
o
fi
ght
t
h
e
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
nt
al
i
m
p
act
cau
sed
by
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
f
ossil
f
u
els,
i
t
i
s
a
im
ed
t
o
ch
ange
t
he
c
urren
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
cent
r
a
l
ized
generat
i
o
n
a
nd
achi
e
ve
a
m
ore
d
i
stri
bu
t
e
d
on
e;
d
istri
b
u
t
ed
r
esources
can
u
se
r
en
ewab
le
o
r
no
n-ren
e
wabl
e
res
ources
a
s
m
a
in
s
ou
rce
o
f
e
nerg
y,
o
n
e
w
ay
t
o
im
ple
m
e
n
t
th
ese
di
st
rib
u
t
e
d
sy
st
em
s
is
t
hroug
h
m
i
cro
electri
cal
g
ri
ds,
si
nce
th
ese
all
o
w
im
p
r
oving
e
nerg
y
ef
fi
ciency
.
T
h
e
w
a
y
t
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
ly
i
m
p
lem
e
nt
t
hi
s
typ
e
o
f
net
w
o
r
k
is
a
n
im
po
rtant
po
int
to
b
e
so
lved
i
n
f
u
ture
r
es
ea
r
c
h
a
nd
e
ve
n
m
o
re
i
f
t
he
w
a
y
o
f
c
o
nd
u
c
ting
a
n
e
l
e
c
tric
ity
ma
rk
e
t
f
o
r
d
iffe
r
e
nt
c
o
mmuni
ties
is
un
kn
own
.
T
hat
is
w
h
y
t
his
tex
t
p
res
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
characteri
s
tics
o
f
microg
rid
s
,
th
e
m
a
nag
e
men
t
o
f
m
i
crog
rid
s
,
and
th
e
w
i
d
e
a
nd
p
rom
i
si
ng
p
ano
r
ama
o
f
fu
t
u
r
e
op
po
rtun
ities
f
o
r
a
great
d
evel
opm
ent
o
f
t
his t
y
p
e
o
f
g
r
id
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
te
d
ge
ner
a
t
i
o
n
Elec
tric
it
y Ma
r
k
et
Marke
t
s
t
r
ate
g
y
M
i
c
r
ogr
id
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gies
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
F
r
edy E. H
oyo
s V
e
lasco
Uni
v
ersi
dad
Nacio
n
a
l
d
e C
o
l
o
mbia,
S
e
de
M
edel
l
í
n
Fa
culta
d de
C
ie
ncia
s,
E
scuela
de
Física
Ca
rre
ra
65 N
r
o
. 59A
–
110,
Mede
l
l
í
n,
0
5
0
0
3
4
,
Co
l
o
m
b
ia
fe
ho
yos
ve
@u
n
a
l
.
edu.
co
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
r
e
is
s
ti
l
l
n
o
clea
r
in
dica
t
i
on
of
s
trate
g
ie
s
po
i
n
t
i
ng
tow
a
r
d
s
a
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
in
t
he
c
om
i
ng
year
s,
a
s
obse
r
ved
i
n
t
he
e
vo
l
u
t
i
on
a
n
d
pro
j
ecti
o
n
o
f
e
ner
g
y
c
o
nsum
pt
ion
from
18
50
to
2
0
5
0
[1]
ene
r
gy
de
m
a
nd
is
e
x
p
ec
t
e
d
t
o
d
o
u
b
le
i
n
2
0
5
0
[2].
E
xc
essive
co
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
h
a
s
le
d
to
a
n
i
n
cr
ease
in
t
h
e
gene
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
ici
t
y
w
i
t
h
a
l
a
r
ge
n
u
m
ber
o
f
e
ne
r
gy
s
o
urce
s
,
whic
h
depe
n
d
m
a
i
nl
y
on
the
e
n
erg
y
resour
ces
a
vai
l
a
ble
to
e
a
c
h c
o
untr
y
[
3].
F
o
ssi
l
f
ue
ls
a
r
e
t
he
m
a
i
n
s
o
urce
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
m
os
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
lan
e
t
[4],
a
nd
t
he
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
nc
e
on
t
he
ir
elec
tr
ical
s
yste
m
is
v
er
y
h
i
gh,
t
hese
c
ur
rent
l
y
s
a
tis
fy
8
0
%
of
t
he
d
em
an
d
[5]
,
[
6].
The
bi
gger
pr
ob
l
e
m
i
s
t
ha
t
foss
il
fue
l
s
hav
e
a
not
i
n
f
i
n
ite
r
ese
r
ve,
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
ans
t
h
a
t
a
t
s
om
e
po
int
th
ey
w
ill
en
d.
I
n
add
iti
on,
t
he
w
a
y
i
n
w
h
ic
h
the
s
e
f
u
e
l
s
ar
e
distri
b
u
t
e
d
o
n
the
pla
n
e
t
i
s
n
o
t
hom
oge
ne
ou
s
a
t
a
l
l
,
whic
h
i
m
p
lie
s
t
h
e
em
erge
nce
of
po
lit
ica
l
c
on
fli
c
ts
b
etw
e
e
n
c
o
untrie
s
[
7]
,
[8],
[
9].
a
n
d
a
s
i
f
t
h
at
w
er
e
no
t
e
n
o
u
gh,
t
he
w
a
y
t
he
y
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
t
o
p
r
od
u
c
e
e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
hi
ghl
y
pol
l
u
ti
n
g
a
s
i
t
p
r
omo
t
es
t
h
e
e
mi
ssi
o
n
o
f
t
o
x
i
c
g
a
ses
t
h
a
t
d
et
eri
o
ra
te
t
he
a
tmo
s
ph
er
e
[1
0]
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
t
her
e
a
re
s
t
i
ll
a
lte
r
n
at
i
v
e
w
a
ys
t
h
a
t
ca
n
be
u
se
d
to
p
rod
u
ce
energ
y
su
st
ai
n
a
bl
y;
o
n
e
o
f
the
s
e
ro
u
t
es
i
s
the
use
of
r
ene
w
able
e
ne
rg
y
s
ource
s,
due
t
o
the
i
r
w
id
e
av
ail
a
bil
ity
i
n
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
,
e
v
e
n
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
tha
n
c
on
ve
nt
io
na
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
ou
r
ces
[
11].
I
t
i
s
of
g
re
at
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
to
i
ncre
as
e
the
use
of
e
n
e
rgy
reso
urc
e
s
base
d
on
r
e
new
a
ble
e
n
er
gie
s
t
ha
t
mi
tiga
t
e
the
ne
ga
tive
e
f
fe
c
t
s
t
h
e
ex
c
e
ss
iv
e
i
n
c
r
ea
se
i
n
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
ity
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
ca
n
bri
ng t
o
t
he
w
orld.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
st
r
a
te
g
i
es a
ppl
ied to m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d deve
lopm
e
n
t
(C
ar
l
o
s U
.
Cassi
a
n
i O
r
t
i
z)
53
1
I
t
i
s
im
por
t
a
n
t
t
o
hi
g
h
lig
ht
t
h
a
t
re
new
a
b
l
e
reso
urc
e
s
do
no
t
i
m
ply
t
h
at
t
here
i
s
a
su
st
aina
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
syste
m
,
henc
e
the
ne
e
d
t
o
m
o
v
e
t
o
new
e
n
erg
y
s
o
u
rc
es,
suc
h
a
s
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
en
e
r
gy
t
h
r
o
ugh
c
omb
u
s
ti
on
eng
i
ne,
ther
ma
l
ene
r
gy
tha
t
b
ec
ome
s
m
ec
hanica
l
th
a
n
ks
t
o
the
s
t
ea
m
en
g
i
ne,
the
use
of
n
at
ural
g
as,
an
d
m
o
re
rec
e
nt
ly,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
[
10
]
.
T
he
se
e
t
h
ica
l
e
nerg
y
tra
n
sit
i
o
n
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
a
r
r
ive
t
o
g
e
t
h
er
a
l
l
over
the
w
o
r
l
d
bu
t
wer
e
given
a
s
the
y
bec
am
e
ne
ce
ssa
r
y in e
ac
h
geogra
p
h
i
c
a
l
l
oca
t
i
on
[1
2
]
.
N
u
c
l
ear
f
iss
i
on
ene
r
g
y
i
s
a g
ood
a
l
t
erna
tive
for
t
h
e
s
u
ppl
y
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
; it is
base
d
on
the
u
s
e
of
u
ran
i
um
a
s
the
m
a
in
m
a
t
eria
l
t
o
p
ro
d
u
ce
it,
b
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
v
e
r
y
hi
gh,
s
o
i
t
i
s
es
tima
t
ed
t
h
a
t
r
e
serve
s
w
i
l
l
not
l
as
t
more
t
ha
n
1
8
0
ye
ars
an
d
it
s
c
o
ns
tan
t
i
nc
rea
s
e
in
p
r
o
duc
t
i
on
cos
t
s
[
1
3
]
,
[1
4]
m
ust
be
t
ake
n
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t,
b
ear
i
n
g
i
n
m
in
d
th
a
t
u
ra
ni
um
c
ontri
b
u
tes
a
n
a
ppr
ox
ima
t
e
am
ou
nt
of
2
.6
%
t
o
w
o
r
l
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
t
h
is
f
ig
ure
be
c
o
m
e
s
ne
g
lig
ib
le
[
5],
[
1
5
].
A
n
ad
di
ti
ona
l,
m
or
e
prom
i
s
in
g
a
l
t
e
rn
ati
v
e
is
nuc
lea
r
f
us
i
on,
w
ith
h
i
ghe
r
proba
bi
l
ities
of
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
use
,
but
t
hi
s
w
a
y
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
e
n
er
gy
is
v
ery
c
o
mp
l
e
x
fo
r
ca
rry
i
ng
i
t
out
a
nd
c
an
o
nly
b
e
d
on
e
in
s
e
c
o
nd-g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
s
e
r
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
sinc
e
t
h
eir
c
o
nstruc
t
i
o
n
i
s
no
t
via
b
le
i
n
t
h
e
fut
u
re
,
c
onsi
d
er
i
ng
t
h
a
t
not
e
ve
n
th
ose
of
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
g
en
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
are
bei
n
g m
a
rke
t
ed [1
6
],
[
17].
O
n
t
he
o
the
r
h
an
d,
i
n
r
e
lat
i
on
t
o
r
enew
a
b
le
e
ner
gy
s
o
urce
s,
i
ts
m
ai
n
c
o
mp
on
en
t
a
s
a
n
en
e
r
gy
resour
ce
i
s
n
o
t
a
l
im
ita
t
i
o
n
.
For
exa
m
ple,
i
f
we
r
efer
t
o
s
o
l
a
r
e
ner
gy,
i
t
s
a
nn
ua
l
flow
over
o
u
r
p
l
a
n
e
t
i
s
1
0
ti
m
e
s grea
ter
t
h
a
n
t
he to
t
a
l
o
f
f
i
ni
t
e
r
e
s
ou
rc
e
re
se
rv
es
a
nd
a
th
ou
s
a
n
d
t
i
m
es
g
rea
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
amou
nt
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
t
h
at
can
b
e
co
nsu
m
ed
a
nnu
al
ly
[
2
]
.
It
i
s
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
t
o
n
o
t
e
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
s
ol
ar
e
ne
rg
y
on
E
a
r
th
w
o
u
l
d
no
t
c
a
u
se
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
a
m
on
g
n
a
ti
o
n
s
a
nd
is
e
nv
i
r
o
n
m
e
nta
l
l
y
f
rien
d
l
y.
O
ve
r
the
ye
ars,
t
h
e
c
os
t
o
f
r
ene
w
able
ene
r
g
y
g
e
n
er
at
i
o
n
ha
s
de
cre
a
s
ed
n
o
ticea
b
l
y
due
t
o
the
e
f
fort
m
a
de
f
or
its
t
ec
hn
olo
g
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
nt
[
5]
,
[1
8],
[1
9],
[2
0].
This
i
nd
ic
a
t
es
t
ha
t
t
h
is
i
s
a
prom
is
in
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
re
so
urc
e
f
or
t
he
f
utur
e,
a
s
lon
g
as
t
he
ent
h
us
i
a
sm
t
o
co
nt
i
nue
i
nv
est
i
ga
t
i
n
g
w
a
y
s
t
o
r
e
d
uce
its
c
os
ts
i
n
ter
m
s
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
a
nd
st
ora
g
e
is
ma
int
a
ine
d
.
The
r
ef
ore,
t
he
b
es
t
curr
ent
a
l
t
e
rnat
ive,
t
ec
hnol
o
g
ica
l
l
y
v
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
s
us
ta
ina
b
le,
is
g
ive
n
b
y
rene
w
a
bl
e
e
n
ergi
e
s
.
Th
e
wa
y
t
o
t
ak
e
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
e
of
r
e
n
e
w
ab
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
r
c
e
s
i
s
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
as
a
n
ece
ssit
y
t
h
a
t
can
not
b
e
pos
tp
one
d
f
o
r
the
s
u
sta
i
na
b
l
e
ener
gy
de
vel
opme
n
t
of
t
he
w
orld
a
nd
as
a
p
r
i
or
it
y
so
lut
i
on
to
t
he
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
gl
oba
l
dem
a
n
d
for
e
l
ectr
i
c
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
i
n
stab
i
l
ity
o
f
o
i
l
a
n
d
oth
e
r
f
ue
l
pr
i
c
e
s
f
oss
ils,
the
dec
r
ea
se
o
f
the
i
r
n
a
tura
l
rese
rves
a
n
d
t
he
eco
lo
g
i
cal
t
hr
eat
t
hat
t
h
e
c
u
rrent
g
l
o
ba
l
e
n
e
r
gy
sc
hem
e
r
e
p
resen
t
s
t
o
e
xc
ee
d
the
l
i
m
i
ts
o
f
t
h
e
pla
n
e
t
's ca
p
ac
it
y to
a
ss
i
m
ila
te
t
he
en
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l im
pac
t
s i
t
c
a
uses.
The
i
m
pet
u
s
for
the
use
of
r
ene
w
able
e
n
e
rgy
sour
ces
i
s
a
stra
t
e
gic
e
l
em
ent
for
the
ec
onom
i
c
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
c
ount
ry
,
wh
i
c
h
a
l
l
o
ws
a
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
ed
g
en
era
t
i
on
o
f
el
ec
t
r
i
cal
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
ma
k
e
s
i
t
po
ssi
ble
to
r
edu
c
e
t
h
e
lo
ss
of
e
nerg
y
t
h
rou
g
h
t
ra
nsm
i
ssion.
T
he
i
ntere
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
con
s
um
p
tio
n
o
f
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
nerg
y
source
s
is
d
ue
t
o
the
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
ec
onom
ic
a
n
d
env
i
ro
nm
en
ta
l
impa
ct
s
deri
ved
fr
om
i
ts
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
ion
;
t
hese
have
bee
n use
d
s
ince
t
he
l
as
t m
i
lle
n
n
i
um
t
o
m
eet
e
ner
gy ne
e
d
s
i
n isola
t
e
d
com
m
unit
i
es,
and
so o
n.
C
u
rre
ntly
a
nd
i
n
t
he
c
omin
g
year
s,
r
enew
a
b
le
e
nerg
ie
s
w
i
ll
n
o
t
re
p
l
a
ce
tr
adi
t
io
n
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ces
alt
o
get
h
er,
bu
t it is e
xpec
t
e
d
t
hat the
ne
w
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
tio
ns
m
ade
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
a
i
n
l
y
re
n
ew
able
e
ne
rgy
[
2
1], [22],
[2
3
]
.
F
o
r
20
14
t
he
y
a
ccou
n
t
ed
f
or
58.4
%
of
t
he
i
ns
tal
l
e
d
pow
e
r
capa
c
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
w
orl
d
[
5],
t
h
er
efor
e,
t
he
a
m
o
un
t
o
f
form
er
sourc
e
s
w
i
l
l
dec
rea
s
e i
n
com
par
i
so
n t
o
t
he
t
ota
l
i
nst
a
ll
e
d
s
our
ces as e
x
pecte
d
in a
n
y
trans
i
tio
n [4
].
I
t i
s
prec
ise
l
y
t
h
e
w
a
y
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
new
e
n
ergy
pro
d
u
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
ha
t
i
s
c
ons
ta
n
tly
i
ncr
e
asi
ng,
t
he
m
ain
su
b
j
ec
t
a
d
d
r
ess
e
d
in
t
hi
s do
c
u
me
nt
.
Ea
ch
r
eg
i
on
m
u
s
t
a
da
p
t
t
o
the
c
h
an
ge
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
tow
a
rds
r
enew
able
e
ner
g
i
e
s
i
n
t
he
e
as
ier
w
a
y
f
o
r
the
m
.
In
t
his
w
a
y,
i
t
is
b
el
ie
ve
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
l
arge
st
a
mou
n
t
o
f
elec
t
r
ici
t
y
pr
od
uc
ed
w
il
l
be
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
ble
ori
g
in
[
2
3
].
I
t
w
ill
be
u
se
fu
l
for
t
r
a
n
sp
ort,
h
ea
tin
g,
a
nd
e
v
e
n
f
or
a
ir
c
ond
it
i
o
n
i
ng,
b
e
i
ng
a
ble
t
o
b
e
pr
o
duc
e
d
from
b
iol
o
gica
l
ori
g
in
f
ue
ls
o
r
fr
om
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
r
eso
u
rce
s
[
5].
A
s
f
o
r
ren
e
wa
b
l
e
fu
e
l
s
,
i
t
i
s
e
xp
ect
e
d
t
h
a
t
th
ere
w
ill
be
a
t
ec
hn
ol
o
g
ica
l
t
ra
nsi
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
y
of
p
ro
duc
i
n
g
t
h
em
[
24],
bu
t
t
h
e
w
a
ys
o
f
m
a
nag
i
ng
a
nd
usi
ng
it
w
ill
be
v
e
r
y
s
i
m
i
lar
,
i
f
n
o
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
o
se
u
sed
tod
a
y
[24].
T
he
p
rob
l
em
i
n
the
s
h
ift
tow
a
rds
rene
w
a
ble
ene
r
g
y
s
ourc
e
s
for
the
ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
p
ow
e
r
i
s
no
t
in
t
he
f
orm
o
f
d
oi
n
g
i
t,
nor
i
n
its
u
se
,
bu
t
in
i
t
s
ma
nage
me
nt
[
25].
Cu
rren
t
l
y
,
th
e
wa
y
t
o
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
rat
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
i
s
b
y
co
n
t
rol
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
e
e
d
of
l
a
r
g
e
sy
nc
h
r
oni
z
e
d
gen
e
rat
o
rs
s
e
t
i
n
mo
t
i
o
n
t
h
rough
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
wi
th
a
c
om
m
on
a
x
i
s
.
If
t
here
i
s
a
di
ffere
n
ce
be
tw
e
e
n
the
am
o
u
n
t
of
e
nergy
ge
ne
rated
a
nd
t
h
e
c
ons
um
p
tio
n
i
n
t
he
e
lec
t
rici
t
y
g
rid,
i
t
is
r
esol
ve
d
b
y
w
ork
i
n
g
o
n
ma
chine
s
s
pee
d
,
u
n
t
il
a
s
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
t
r
ol
i
s
ac
hie
v
e
d
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
ne
r
t
i
a
p
res
e
nt
i
n
the
m
.
A
fau
l
t
prese
n
t
a
nd
t
h
a
t
has
sprea
d
i
n
re
new
a
b
l
e
e
n
er
gy
gen
e
rators
i
s
the
lac
k
o
f
in
e
r
ti
a
an
d
ma
na
gea
b
ili
t
y
,
so
t
h
a
t
a
lar
g
e
num
be
r
of
the
ins
t
a
lla
ti
on
s
of
t
hese
s
yst
e
m
s
c
a
u
ses
prob
lem
s
i
n
the
netw
o
rk
i
n
ter
m
s
of
s
ta
b
ili
t
y
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
te
d
and
in
t
e
rm
i
t
te
n
t
f
orm
of
b
o
t
h
the
w
i
n
d
-
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
sourc
e
-
a
nd
the
irra
dia
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
su
n
[2
6],
[27].
T
o
s
o
l
ve
t
h
i
s
pr
ob
le
m,
w
ays
t
o
s
t
o
re
e
nergy
ha
v
e
t
o
b
e
c
r
ea
ted
,
but
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
c
os
t
of
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
fu
lfi
lly
in
g
th
is
f
u
n
ct
i
on
is
h
i
g
h
[2
8]
a
nd
n
o
t
e
a
s
il
y
a
cce
ssi
b
l
e
.
T
hu
s,
n
e
w
n
et
wo
r
k
m
a
n
a
g
emen
t
alt
e
rn
at
iv
e
s
are
ne
eded i
n
o
r
de
r
to ac
h
ie
ve
a
g
r
eater
i
m
p
a
c
t o
f
r
enewa
b
le
e
n
ergie
s
o
n
t
h
e cur
r
en
t
e
l
ec
trica
l
s
ys
t
e
m wit
h
o
u
t
the ne
e
d
f
or la
r
ge-sc
a
le
acc
um
ula
t
io
n sys
t
em
s
[29],
[30]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
530
–
54
6
53
2
S
o
f
ar
,
the
instal
la
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
an
d
s
o
lar
sourc
e
s
were
b
ei
n
g
c
a
rr
i
e
d
out
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
gene
ra
ll
y
t
o
ma
in
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
ase
d
f
u
nda
me
ntal
ly
on
g
e
ne
rat
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
nagea
b
l
e
c
o
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
eg
i
m
e
[31],
[3
2],
in
t
his
w
a
y,
the
p
ow
er ca
n
be
transm
itte
d w
ith
ou
t c
o
nt
r
o
l.
H
ow
e
v
er
,
re
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
ne
rgy so
urc
e
s be
gin
t
o
be
imp
o
rta
n
t
in
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
f
i
e
l
d
in
m
a
ny
n
a
ti
o
n
s,
h
a
v
i
n
g
to
b
e
disc
o
nne
cted
a
t
c
erta
in
t
i
m
es
f
or
r
e
a
so
ns
b
e
y
ond
the
system
[
5
],
[33].
F
r
o
m
a
n
y
poi
nt
o
f
vi
e
w
,
t
h
e
tran
si
t
i
on
t
o
rene
wab
l
e
en
e
r
g
y
so
u
r
c
e
s
is
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
ly
f
eas
i
b
le
[
3
4
].
I
t
is
pro
j
ec
t
e
d
tha
t
a
l
ar
ge
p
ar
t
of
t
he
w
a
y
t
o
ge
n
e
ra
te
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
In
s
i
t
u
a
n
d
m
i
c
r
o,
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
l
oss
e
s
i
n
trans
por
t
a
n
d d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
ti
o
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s,
t
o ma
k
e
t
he
s
yst
e
m m
o
re ef
fic
i
e
n
t
a
nd to su
p
port
t
h
e form
at
io
n of
a m
ore
fle
x
ib
le,
qua
li
ty
a
nd r
e
l
i
ab
le
e
lectr
i
c
a
l s
y
ste
m
[
35].
D
i
stri
b
u
t
e
d
or
I
n
situ
e
ne
r
gy
is
i
ns
tal
l
e
d
a
t
po
i
n
t
s
c
l
o
se
t
o
c
onsum
p
tio
n,
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
ma
nagem
e
n
t
sk
i
l
ls
a
n
d
i
s
co
nnec
t
e
d
a
t
a
si
ng
le
p
oi
nt
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
rk;
i
n
t
h
i
s
wa
y
the
so-c
a
l
l
e
d
m
i
crogr
ids
ar
e
cre
a
te
d
[3
6].
Micr
o
g
r
i
ds
f
unc
t
i
o
n
a
s
the
m
a
in
u
n
i
t
of
a
d
ec
en
tral
ize
d
e
nerg
y
system
.
The
s
e
c
o
u
l
d
be
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
t
o
sma
l
l
in
du
strie
s
,
home
s
,
bui
l
d
in
gs,
urban
a
r
e
a
s
or
o
ffice
s
;
t
h
r
ou
gh
e
n
er
gy
stora
g
e
sys
t
e
m
s,
t
he
y
co
ntr
o
l
the
pow
er
exc
ha
n
g
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
n
et
w
o
rk
[
3
7
].
2.
MICROGRIDS
The
i
m
p
l
em
en
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
te
l
l
i
g
en
t
elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
yste
ms,
c
a
pa
b
l
e
o
f
prov
i
d
i
n
g
the
ne
ces
sar
y
pow
er
t
o
a
gi
ve
n
char
ge
t
hr
ou
g
h
t
he
i
n
t
erc
o
nnec
t
io
n
of
s
e
v
era
l
d
is
t
r
ibute
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
ion
sy
st
ems,
g
en
e
r
a
l
ly
b
ased
o
n
rene
w
a
ble
ene
r
gie
s
,
has a
l
low
e
d
the de
ve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
t
he
m
i
c
rogri
d c
once
p
t
[3
8].
Th
e
un
i
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
a
l
a
r
ch
it
ectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
re
n
t
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
n
et
w
ork,
v
ert
i
ca
l
in
i
ts
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n,
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
a
nd
c
o
nsum
pt
ion
o
p
era
tio
n,
i
s
now
r
e
q
u
i
r
i
ng
drast
i
c
c
h
an
ges
d
u
e
to
a
dva
n
ces
i
n
new
tech
n
o
l
o
gie
s
i
n
gene
ra
ti
o
n
[
39],
als
o
t
he
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
d
yna
mic
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
i
sti
c
s
an
d
sp
eed
i
n
th
e
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
o
f
in
form
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
un
icat
i
ons
[
4
0
]
.
S
m
a
rt
e
nerg
y
gri
d
s
a
llow
t
o
so
lve
r
e
li
a
b
il
it
y
pr
o
b
le
ms
a
nd
imp
l
em
ent
sy
st
ems b
a
se
d
o
n
re
n
e
wa
bl
e
e
n
ergi
es, wi
t
h
a
ll
t
h
e
po
s
it
i
v
e ch
ar
ac
teris
t
i
c
s t
h
ey ha
v
e
sh
ow
n
[4
1].
F
r
om
t
his
co
n
c
e
p
t
,
m
ic
ro
gri
d
a
rise
s
defi
ne
d
a
s
a
p
art
of
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
powe
r
s
y
s
t
e
m,
c
o
m
p
o
se
d
of
di
stri
b
u
te
d
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
es
a
nd
c
o
ntro
l
l
ab
le
l
oa
ds,
w
h
i
c
h
op
era
t
e
in
div
i
du
al
ly
a
nd
a
u
t
ono
mo
usl
y
,
in
para
l
l
e
l
o
r
iso
l
ated
from
the
e
x
ist
i
ng
ne
tw
o
r
k
[36].
A
m
i
crogr
i
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
[
4
2
]
.
F
o
r
a
n
elec
tr
ical s
yste
m
to be
c
onsid
er
ed a
s a
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
,
i
t
m
ust m
e
e
t
c
ert
a
in
t
e
c
hn
i
cal
sp
ecif
i
c
a
ti
on
s [4
3
]
.
S
m
art
m
i
crogrid
s
for
m
e
lectr
i
c
a
l
ne
tw
orks
t
hat
in
te
gra
t
e
t
h
e
be
ha
v
i
or
o
f
c
onsum
er
s
and
ge
ne
rat
o
rs
to pro
vi
de a mor
e econ
o
m
i
ca
l, sus
t
a
ina
b
l
e
e
lectr
i
ci
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
a
t
w
orks
e
ffic
ie
nt
l
y
a
n
d
p
rovides
s
ecurity
[
41].
U
n
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
S
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
,
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
c
a
n
w
o
r
k
b
o
t
h
c
on
nec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
e
le
ctr
i
cal
s
yste
m
and
d
i
s
c
onn
e
c
t
ed
f
ro
m
i
t
,
i
n
ca
se
o
f
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
d
i
st
u
r
b
a
nc
es
o
r
i
f
the
e
n
e
r
gy
dem
a
n
d
a
l
l
ow
s
i
t
[
44].
In
t
h
e
defi
ni
t
i
o
n
o
f
mic
r
ogri
d
n
o
v
o
lta
ges
ar
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
nor
a
re
pow
e
r
l
i
m
i
t
s
s
e
t
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
i
s
h
a
s
a
g
r
e
a
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
on
t
he
a
pp
lica
tio
n
o
f
t
he
m
ic
rogr
id,
o
n
t
he
c
har
g
es
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
sup
p
lie
d
an
d
on
th
e
a
v
a
ila
bi
l
ity
o
f
ene
r
g
y
re
s
ource
s
nea
r
its loca
t
i
o
n [4
4],
[45].
Mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
c
an
b
e
ap
pli
e
d
i
n
d
i
ffe
rent
t
ec
h
nol
ogi
c
a
l
wa
y
s
[
46
];
t
he
y
c
a
n
be
u
se
d
for
rur
a
l,
com
m
e
r
cia
l
,
reside
nt
ial
or
i
nd
us
trial
c
l
ien
t
s
i
n
c
i
v
il
o
r
mil
i
t
a
r
y
in
st
a
lla
ti
on
s
[4
7].
The
c
o
un
t
r
y
th
a
t
h
as
m
ore
me
gaw
a
t
t
s
i
n
sta
l
l
e
d
i
n
m
icro
g
r
i
ds
i
s
t
h
e
U
n
ite
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
[
4
6
]
,
[
47];
h
o
w
e
v
e
r,
t
he
m
icr
o
g
r
ids
i
n
s
t
al
le
d
i
n
r
ural
are
a
s i
n
m
a
ny un
de
rde
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
c
ou
n
t
ries rep
re
sent
a
lar
g
e
r numbe
r of i
n
d
ivi
d
ual
i
ze
d
pro
j
ec
t
s
[4
7
].
E
ve
n
m
o
re
impor
ta
nt
i
s
th
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
g
ro
w
t
h o
f
f
ac
ili
t
i
e
s
in t
h
ese
urba
n
a
re
as, as reve
aled
by
sever
a
l
stu
d
i
e
s [3
7]
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
r
e
:
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
for
a
l
o
n
g
er
tim
e
tha
n
ks
t
o
the
i
n
te
gra
t
e
d
e
ne
r
g
y
de
ma
nd
pr
ofi
l
es
t
h
a
t
ha
v
e
g
r
eat
e
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
i
t
y
[
4
8
]
.
A
s
m
a
l
l
e
r
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
p
e
r
un
it
o
f
p
ow
er
t
ha
n
k
s
t
o
t
he
s
c
a
le
f
ac
t
o
r
i
n
t
he
m
ar
k
e
t
of
c
oge
n
era
t
i
on
un
i
t
s
a
n
d
a
b
sor
p
tio
n
system
,
whi
c
h
fa
vor
s
the
i
n
s
t
alla
t
i
on
o
f
m
o
re
pow
erf
u
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[48].
I
t
i
s
be
cau
se
o
f
t
h
ese
ad
v
a
nta
g
es
t
h
a
t
mi
c
r
o
g
r
id
ma
rketi
ng
a
i
ms
t
o
de
ve
l
op
m
e
tho
d
o
lo
g
i
es
a
nd
the
m
a
in
b
ases
t
o
g
ua
r
a
ntee
e
nergy
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
s
o
t
h
at
a
susta
i
na
bl
e
e
n
er
gy
system
e
nvir
onm
en
tal
l
y
frie
n
d
ly
a
n
d
econ
o
m
i
c
al
l
y
a
c
cessib
l
e
ca
n
be
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
[48]
.
F
i
nal
l
y
,
micr
ogri
d
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
i
e
s
ar
e
f
unda
me
ntal
f
or
i
nt
e
l
l
i
g
en
t
e
ne
rg
y
c
o
nsum
p
tio
n
in
b
ot
h
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
a
n
d
h
o
m
es,
t
h
a
t
i
s
,
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
and
l
o
ad
b
al
a
n
c
i
n
g
,
l
e
v
e
l
i
ng
o
f
co
n
s
um
p
tio
n
peak
s,
m
ot
i
v
at
ed
b
y
t
i
me
-use
r
ates
[4
8]
.
I
n
c
ou
n
t
r
i
e
s
w
ith
h
i
gh
tec
h
nol
og
y,
m
icrogr
id
s
ar
e
prese
n
t
e
d
a
s
a
n
o
p
por
t
u
ni
t
y
t
o
pro
d
u
ce
e
lec
t
r
i
c
ity
in
a
frie
n
dl
y
w
a
y
to
n
a
t
ure
a
nd
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
ble
thr
o
u
g
h
l
oca
l
r
eso
u
rc
es
[
4
9
].
P
rojects
a
r
e
car
ried
o
u
t
t
o
pr
ov
i
d
e
grea
ter
i
n
depe
nde
nce
i
n
t
he
e
ner
gy
sec
t
or
w
hile
g
ua
ran
t
e
e
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
ont
in
uou
s
su
ppl
y
o
f
e
l
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
t
o
th
ei
r
cha
r
ges
[3
7].
M
i
crogr
i
d
s
m
u
st
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
se
lf-s
upp
ly
a
n
d
i
so
lat
e
th
e
m
se
lv
e
s
i
n
th
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
et
wo
rk
f
ai
lu
re,
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
grea
te
r c
onfi
d
e
n
ce
i
n the
s
u
p
p
ly
[
4
9
].
O
n
t
he
o
the
r
h
and,
i
n
u
nde
r
d
evel
o
p
ed
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies,
r
ur
al
a
rea
s
i
n
wh
ich
t
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
acc
ess
t
o
s
our
ces
o
f
elec
tr
ici
t
y
n
o
r
are
t
h
er
e
a
n
y
ap
proa
c
h
es
t
ha
t
impl
y
d
o
ing
s
o
.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
ec
au
se
t
h
e
re
a
re
m
a
n
y
t
e
ch
nical
di
ffic
ul
t
i
e
s
f
or
t
he proj
ects t
o
be car
ried o
ut
and a
l
so
c
os
ts
a
r
e ver
y
hi
gh, le
a
vi
n
g
m
ore th
an 1.2 bi
l
l
i
on p
e
op
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
st
r
a
te
g
i
es a
ppl
ied to m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d deve
lopm
e
n
t
(C
ar
l
o
s U
.
Cassi
a
n
i O
r
t
i
z)
53
3
w
itho
u
t
elec
t
ri
c
i
t
y
[4
9
].F
o
r t
h
e
s
e si
tua
t
io
ns,
m
i
crogr
ids are
p
re
sen
t
ed a
s
a
via
b
le s
olu
t
i
o
n
to pr
o
vide
e
le
ctric
a
l
service
t
o
th
e
s
e
ar
eas,
im
prove
t
he
w
e
l
l-be
in
g
of i
ts i
nha
b
i
t
a
n
ts
,
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
l
th
a
nd
t
he
l
o
cal
e
co
no
my
[
49
]
.
Th
ese
div
e
rs
e
sc
en
a
r
io
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
v
e
ry
l
a
r
g
e
d
iv
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
wa
y
s
t
o
c
onf
igu
r
e
mi
c
r
og
ri
ds,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
the
i
r
ne
tw
ork
de
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
e
v
e
n
t
h
e
o
b
je
c
tiv
e
s
t
o
be
a
ch
ie
ve
d,
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
ter
m
in
in
g
the
best
p
e
rfor
m
ance
o
f
ea
ch
e
lem
e
n
t
c
om
po
sin
g
t
he
m
i
c
rogri
d
,
th
e
pow
e
r
m
axi
m
um
t
h
a
t
th
e
ba
t
t
e
r
ies
ca
n
d
e
l
i
ve
r,
t
he
m
axim
um
pow
er
c
onsum
pt
ion
o
f
t
he
c
h
a
rges,
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
cha
n
ge
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
con
n
e
c
t
ed
n
et
work.
I
d
en
tif
ying
e
ac
h
of
t
he
se
c
hara
cter
i
s
ti
cs
a
llo
w
s
d
esi
g
nin
g
a
goo
d
ma
na
g
e
m
e
nt
s
t
r
a
t
eg
y
th
at
w
o
u
ld
b
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
ab
l
e
t
o
ea
ch
elec
tr
ical
i
ns
ta
ll
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
ac
hi
e
v
e
gre
a
t
e
r
effic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
re
so
u
r
ces.
Thus,
tw
o
form
s
o
f
m
icrogri
d
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
a
re
t
ake
n
i
n
t
o
acc
ou
n
t:
is
ol
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
d
irec
tly
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
ne
tw
ork,
e
a
c
h
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
i
t
s
adva
n
t
a
g
e
s
and
d
isa
dva
n
t
ages.
A
m
i
crogri
d
i
s
o
la
te
d
fr
o
m
t
he
m
ain
gri
d
m
u
s
t
ha
ve
n
o
n
-
m
a
n
agea
bl
e
sou
r
ce
s
and
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
in
a
l
i
m
it
ed
w
a
y
t
h
e
pow
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
ge
ner
a
t
o
rs
t
o
alw
a
ys
r
e
m
a
i
n
in
ope
ra
ti
o
n
i
f
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
e
xc
ess
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
5
0
],
[
51].
D
e
m
a
nd
ma
nage
me
nt
t
ec
hn
ique
s
a
r
e
a
l
so
n
e
cessar
y
i
f
the
r
e
is
a
n
e
n
e
r
gy
d
e
fi
ci
t
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
t
h
ere
are
ma
n
a
g
eable
gene
ra
tors,
the m
a
in
obje
c
t
i
v
e
is to r
e
duce
o
p
e
r
a
ting
cos
t
s t
h
r
ou
gh o
p
tima
l
p
ro
gram
m
i
ng
of
t
he
u
ni
t
s
[
47
].
Whe
n
m
ic
ro
gri
d
s
a
r
e
c
onne
c
t
ed
d
irec
tl
y
t
o
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
rk,
t
h
e
ca
se
i
s
ver
y
d
i
f
fere
nt
from
the
pre
v
ious
one,
si
nce
the e
x
cess
power can b
e se
n
t
t
o t
h
e netw
ork [52]
, [5
3].
I
n
these
c
a
s
e
s
i
t is im
p
orta
nt to c
o
n
s
i
d
er
th
e
val
u
e
of e
lec
t
ri
cit
y
in
t
h
e
m
a
rke
t
,
i
f
t
he o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
is to re
du
c
e
t
h
e
op
era
t
i
o
n
cos
t
[
54
]. Fi
g
u
r
es
2
a
n
d
3
sho
w a
n
exa
m
ple
o
f
a
m
icrogri
d
w
i
t
h
v
a
rio
u
s ty
pes
of ge
n
e
r
at
io
n a
nd
s
t
o
ra
g
e
.
2.1.
A
d
van
tage
s
a
n
d
d
i
sad
van
ta
ge
s
of th
e
micr
ogr
id
A
m
ong t
h
e
m
a
ny a
d
va
nta
g
es
o
f m
i
crogr
ids a
r
e
[55]:
a.
E
n
erg
y
e
fficie
n
cy.
W
ith
p
ro
pe
r
pla
n
ni
ng
a
nd
ope
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
the
ge
ner
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
st
ora
ge
s
yste
ms
o
f
t
h
e
micr
ogri
d
, e
lectrica
l and
the
r
m
a
l ge
nera
tio
n
c
a
n be
c
ombi
n
e
d
t
o
i
n
c
rea
s
e
energ
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
[5
6],
[57]
.
b.
In
cr
ease
i
n
the
u
s
e
of
r
en
ewab
l
e
e
ne
rgy.
M
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
base
d
on
r
ene
w
a
b
l
e
e
nerg
y,
s
i
n
ce
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
nergy
re
sour
ces
a
va
i
l
ab
le
a
re
u
se
d
th
rou
g
h
a
s
y
ste
m
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
e
d
t
o
h
a
ndl
e
t
h
e
s
e t
ech
nol
ogi
e
s
[
56].
c.
E
n
erg
y
c
o
st
red
uction.
A
m
i
c
ro
grid
c
a
n
p
a
r
tic
ipa
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
lec
t
r
i
c
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
a
n
d
se
ll
t
he
e
x
c
ess
en
e
r
gy
gener
a
ted,
w
hi
ch r
educe
s
t
he
g
e
n
era
tio
n
pric
e
of the
ene
rg
y
re
s
ource
[56]
, [5
7
].
d.
Sa
fer
en
e
r
g
y
s
up
pl
y
.
Curre
nt
ly,
e
l
ectr
i
c
a
l
g
r
ids
offe
r
a
n
a
de
qua
t
e
l
eve
l
o
f
sec
u
ri
ty
f
or
t
he
o
pe
rat
i
on
o
f
elec
t
r
i
c
al
c
ha
r
g
es.
How
e
ver
,
i
n
the
ca
se
o
f
di
st
urba
nces
i
n
t
h
e
d
istri
b
ut
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
,
the
m
i
crogri
d
c
a
n
b
e
disc
on
ne
cte
d
f
rom
the
system
and o
p
e
r
ate
au
t
o
n
o
mo
us
ly u
n
t
i
l
p
r
o
per
ma
in
te
nance
i
s
per
fo
rm
ed
[
56].
e.
Minimization
o
f
el
ectri
c
al
l
osses.
I
n
m
i
c
r
o
g
ri
ds,
t
h
e
sour
c
e
s
o
f
g
e
n
era
t
ion
a
r
e
l
o
ca
te
d
nea
r
t
he
cen
te
rs
of c
on
sum
p
t
i
o
n
,
so tha
t
l
o
sse
s
of
pow
er b
y di
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
on a
n
d tra
n
s
p
o
rt a
re
r
educ
e
d
, whic
h
c
an decr
ease
t
h
e
cos
t
of
ener
g
y
by a
si
gn
i
f
i
c
a
n
t pe
rce
n
ta
ge [
5
6
].
I
t
i
s
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
m
en
t
i
on
th
a
t
,
ju
st
a
s
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
can
b
r
i
ng
a
d
van
t
a
g
es
s
uc
h
a
s
t
h
o
se
m
enti
o
n
e
d
abo
v
e,
t
he
y
ca
n
a
l
so
g
e
n
era
t
e
ad
di
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
[5
8].
It
a
ll
de
pe
n
d
s
on
t
he
l
oca
t
i
o
n,
d
im
ens
i
on
in
g
a
n
d
para
me
ters suc
h
a
s
g
ri
d i
m
ba
l
a
nc
e,
b
o
t
h low
and
m
e
d
i
um
v
ol
ta
ge
[1].
T
he
re ar
e
a
lso ec
o
nomic di
s
a
d
va
nta
g
e
s
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
high
c
o
s
t
o
f
t
he
i
ni
tia
l
i
n
ve
s
t
m
e
nt
a
nd
t
he
r
egu
l
at
i
o
n
ga
p
s
t
ha
t
impe
de
t
he
g
row
t
h
o
f
s
uc
h
gene
ra
ti
o
n
[
10
].
A
n
issue
of
c
rucial
i
mp
or
t
a
nce
i
n
t
he
o
per
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
gr
ids
i
s
e
ne
r
gy
st
ora
g
e,
s
i
n
ce
i
t
all
o
w
s
c
ompe
nsa
t
i
n
g
for
i
m
bala
nc
es
b
e
t
w
een
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
o
n
and
c
o
n
s
u
mpt
i
on
,
e
n
abl
i
ng
an
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
supp
ly
qua
l
ity
[
58].
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
re
i
s
n
o
p
e
r
fe
c
t
s
tor
a
ge
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
a
ll
ha
ve
t
he
ir
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
ns
i
n
te
rm
s
o
f
pow
er
/
e
nerg
y
d
e
n
s
it
y,
r
e
s
pon
se
t
i
m
e/a
u
to
no
m
y
time
,
econom
ic c
os
t
and l
i
fe
cyc
le [
56], [5
8
].
H
y
b
r
i
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
l
l
o
w
t
o
c
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
o
f
a
p
pl
ica
t
i
o
ns.
S
t
ora
g
e
offers
t
he
op
p
o
rt
uni
ty
t
o
dec
i
de
t
he
o
p
t
im
al
o
per
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
m
icr
ogr
id,
w
he
ther
it
w
o
rks
in
i
s
l
a
n
d
m
ode
o
r
in
t
he
netw
ork
co
n
n
e
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
,
i
n
w
hic
h
c
ase
t
h
e
op
tim
al
m
om
ent
s
t
o
e
xc
h
a
ng
e
ener
g
y
w
it
h
the
e
x
t
e
rna
l
n
et
work
ca
n
be
m
ana
g
e
d
[
5
9
].
T
he
p
o
ssi
bil
i
t
y
o
f
ha
v
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
ri
d
sy
stem
wit
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
ec
hno
log
i
es
i
s
of
g
re
at
i
n
t
e
r
est
[4
9]
.
2.2.
T
o
p
o
l
o
gy of
m
icr
ogr
i
d
s
The
r
e
are
thre
e w
a
ys of
classi
fy
i
ng m
i
crogr
i
d
s a
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
t
he
ir t
op
o
l
og
y
[5
5],
[60]
:
a.
AC
.
Wh
ere
sy
st
e
m
s
a
r
e
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
th
ro
ugh
a
n
A
C
con
n
ect
i
o
n
sy
st
em,
in
w
h
i
c
h
t
he
e
nerg
y
exc
h
a
n
g
e
t
a
ke
s
place
.
T
h
e
di
stri
b
u
ti
on
o
f
e
n
ergy
w
i
t
hin
t
h
e
m
i
cro
g
r
i
ds
i
s
in
A
C
.
S
ome
imple
m
ente
d
w
ith
t
his
sys
t
em
a
re
[
59
]:
volta
ge
tra
nsfo
rma
tio
n,
cir
cui
t
b
rea
k
er
p
ro
tec
t
i
on [
61]
.
b.
DC
.
Th
e
e
n
ergy
i
s
d
i
st
ribu
t
e
d
wi
thi
n
t
h
e
m
icro
g
r
id
i
n
DC
.
Th
e
en
e
r
g
y
e
x
cha
n
ge
i
s
do
ne
t
hro
u
g
h
a
D
C
con
n
ec
t
i
o
n
s
ys
tem
co
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
the
ne
tw
ork
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
D
C
/
A
C
i
n
v
e
rt
er.
Th
e
i
n
v
e
rt
ers
a
l
so
f
eed
t
h
e
A
C
char
ges
[5
9].
Som
e
i
mp
lem
e
n
t
ed
w
it
h
th
is
s
y
s
t
e
m
ar
e
[6
2]:
i
n
cor
porat
i
on
o
f
r
e
n
ew
ab
le
e
n
e
rgy
r
e
so
urce
s,
grea
t
e
r r
e
liab
i
l
i
ty.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
530
–
54
6
53
4
c.
Mixed
.
In
t
h
i
s
c
a
se,
t
h
e
D
C
c
on
nec
t
i
o
n
s
y
ste
m
a
nd
t
h
e
A
C
s
ys
tem
c
o
ex
is
t
,
a
n
d
i
t
ca
n
be
t
he
s
am
e
grid
.
Ea
c
h
e
l
e
me
nt
i
s
con
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
rre
s
pon
din
g
c
onn
e
c
ti
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
acc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
its
n
ature
[5
9
]
.
S
o
m
e
i
m
plem
e
n
te
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
i
s sy
ste
m
a
r
e
[
59]: in
t
e
gra
tio
n,
sync
h
r
on
iza
ti
on,
v
o
l
t
a
ge tra
nsform
ati
on.
2.3.
E
l
e
m
en
ts of
a m
i
c
r
ogr
id
The
m
icro
gr
id
p
r
o
vide
s
be
nef
its
t
o
user
s
in
q
ua
li
ty
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
se
rv
ice,
a
s
well
as
t
o
the
elec
tr
ifica
t
i
o
n
com
p
an
y,
i
n
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
v
erl
o
a
d
p
ro
blem
s
[1].
T
he
m
a
i
n
c
o
r
e
o
f
a
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
s
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
a
con
t
ro
l
s
y
stem
;
th
is
s
y
s
tem
all
o
w
s
t
he
e
le
ctr
i
c
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
o
be
m
a
n
a
g
ed
a
s
a
s
i
ng
l
e
e
nt
i
t
y
base
d
o
n
a
n
adva
nc
e
d
m
easur
em
ent
sys
t
em
f
or
t
he
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
of
t
he
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
i
n
t
e
rna
l
c
ons
um
p
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
netw
ork
[6
3].
The
ene
r
gy
fl
o
w
i
s
b
i
d
i
rec
t
i
o
nal
:
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
bri
n
g
s
t
he
e
le
c
t
r
i
cal
e
nergy
from
the
ge
ne
rat
o
rs
t
o
t
h
e
u
s
ers, t
h
a
nk
s
to
t
h
e
d
i
g
it
al
t
ech
nol
ogy
t
hat
a
l
l
o
ws
t
o
con
t
r
o
l
t
h
e ne
e
d
s
of t
he con
sum
e
rs a
nd con
t
ri
b
u
te
s to
ene
r
g
y
s
av
in
g,
c
ost
re
d
u
ct
io
n,
e
ffic
ie
nt
a
n
d
r
a
t
i
o
nal
e
n
e
r
gy
us
e
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
gree
nho
use
gas
em
issi
on
s [57]
,
[64].
I
n
a
dd
i
tio
n
t
o
t
he
m
a
i
n
co
ntr
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
the
m
i
crogr
id
i
s
c
o
mpo
s
ed
o
f
d
i
st
r
i
bu
te
d
p
o
w
e
r
ge
nera
tio
n
syste
m
s,
w
hic
h
u
se
r
enew
a
b
l
e
e
ner
gy
[6
5].
G
e
nera
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
fo
r
micr
ogri
d
s
o
f
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
nt
er
est
a
r
e
th
ose
o
f
low
e
r
g
e
ner
a
t
i
on
(
10
0
k
W)
w
i
t
h
e
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
s
[
6
3
].
T
he
se
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
m
i
c
r
o
-
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
[
6
6
]
,
so
l
a
r pa
nel
s
[6
7
]
, w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
[
68],
fuel c
e
lls
[
6
9
],
a
nd
t
h
e
y ar
e
l
o
c
a
te
d
near
cons
um
pti
on s
ites [
4
4].
A
m
i
crogri
d
i
s
bas
i
ca
l
l
y
form
ed
f
r
o
m
hy
b
r
id
s
ys
tem
s
,
w
ith
a
c
on
fi
gu
rat
i
o
n
th
a
t
c
on
sid
e
rs
s
ev
eral
rene
w
a
ble
ene
r
gy
s
o
urce
s,
a
nd
a
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
o
n
e,
w
it
h
s
t
ora
g
e
fo
r
i
s
o
l
a
t
ed
p
l
ace
s
wi
t
h
c
ont
ro
l
a
nd
regu
la
ti
on
sys
t
em
s
[70]
.
T
h
e
struc
t
ure
of
t
he
m
icr
o
g
r
id
a
ls
o
c
o
nta
i
ns
D
C
ac
c
u
mula
tors
o
r
ba
tte
ries,
cha
r
ge
regu
la
tors,
v
o
lta
ge
i
n
v
erter
s
f
or
t
he
c
on
ver
s
i
o
n
o
f
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
t
o
A
C
,
a
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
e
ce
ssa
ry
p
ro
tec
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
p
r
ov
id
e
se
cu
ri
t
y
t
o
th
e
el
ect
ri
c
ity
n
e
tw
ork
be
f
o
re
a
n
y
d
is
tur
b
anc
e
or
u
ne
x
p
e
c
te
d
varia
t
i
o
n of w
e
a
ther
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
shor
t
circ
uit
or e
quipm
en
t f
a
i
lu
re
s [70
]
.
The
fo
l
l
ow
in
g desc
ri
b
e
s im
po
r
t
a
n
t
elem
ent
s
tha
t
ma
ke up
mic
r
ogr
id
s [
71]:
a.
D
i
strib
u
ted
gen
erat
i
on
s
yst
e
ms:
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
n
e
tw
or
k
or
t
ha
t
can
o
pe
rate
a
ut
o
nom
ous
l
y
.
G
e
ner
a
ll
y,
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
ne
rg
y
s
o
u
rce
s
s
uch
a
s
s
o
l
a
r
,
w
i
nd
,
m
i
cro
tur
b
i
n
es,
fue
l
cell
s
a
n
d
c
o
g
e
n
era
tio
n
sc
he
m
e
s.
T
he
i
ns
ta
ll
a
tio
n
a
nd
im
plem
en
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
eac
h
of
t
he
s
e
sy
st
ems wi
l
l
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
t
h
e ge
o
g
r
ap
hi
cal
l
o
cat
i
o
n
of t
he
m
ic
rogri
d
[71]
.
b.
C
h
arge
r
egu
l
ator
s:
T
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
b
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
he
c
ha
rge
be
t
w
e
e
n
so
lar
pane
l
s
a
nd
bat
t
erie
s;
t
hi
s
i
s
t
he
r
eg
u
l
at
or
w
hos
e
fu
nc
ti
o
n
i
s
t
o
pr
olo
ng
t
h
e
life
o
f
t
he
b
a
tter
i
e
s
,
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
c
h
a
rg
e
an
d
ov
er
d
i
s
ch
arg
e
.
Th
e
re
gul
at
o
r
p
a
r
ti
ci
pa
tes
in
b
o
t
h
proc
esses,
a
n
d
guar
a
ntee
s
bo
t
h
s
u
f
fic
i
e
n
t
bat
t
e
r
y
c
h
arg
e
a
nd
no
o
v
erloa
d
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
s
.
I
t
a
lso
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
the
ne
ce
ssa
r
y
su
pp
l
y
a
n
d
avo
i
ds si
t
ua
t
i
o
n
s of e
xce
ssi
ve
ba
t
te
r
y
disc
h
a
r
ge.
c.
Ac
cumulators
o
r
b
a
tte
ries:
T
o
s
t
ore
t
h
e
c
h
arge
g
ener
a
t
ed
i
n
so
lar
pa
nel
s
,
w
i
n
d
t
ur
bi
nes
a
nd
o
th
er
so
u
r
c
e
s
d
e
p
e
nd
e
n
t
on
v
a
r
ying
c
ondi
tio
n
s
,
ac
cu
mu
l
a
to
rs
o
r
b
a
tt
er
ie
s
are
c
o
mm
onl
y
use
d
.
Wi
th
t
he
se
y
o
u
ca
n
b
u
i
l
d
s
m
a
l
l
s
ize
sy
ste
m
s.
G
ener
ally,
t
h
e
use
of
s
pec
i
al
b
at
teries
t
ha
t
m
a
ke
it
p
o
ssib
l
e
t
o
r
e
duc
e
th
e
cha
r
ge
b
y
up
to
60
%
w
ith
ou
t
dam
a
ge
i
s
pre
f
e
rred.
I
ts
l
i
f
e
s
p
a
n
is
5
t
o
7
yea
r
s
de
pen
d
i
ng
on
t
h
e
m
a
nufa
c
t
urer
a
nd t
h
e ope
rat
i
o
n
o
f
the sys
tem
[7
2].
T
h
e
c
o
nfig
urat
i
on of ba
tter
i
es is de
si
g
n
ed so t
h
at t
he
oper
a
tin
g
vo
lt
age
c
a
n
b
e
m
a
in
t
a
ine
d
w
h
i
l
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
ng
t
h
e
p
ow
er
n
ece
s
s
ary
for
the
o
p
era
tio
n
of
t
h
e
cha
r
ge,
w
i
t
h
out
e
xce
e
d
in
g
th
e
m
i
ni
m
u
m
s
t
or
age
l
i
m
i
t
s
o
f
ba
t
t
eri
es
,
ac
c
o
rd
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
t
eri
s
ti
cs
def
i
ne
d
by
the
ma
nufac
tur
e
rs.
The
to
ta
l
n
u
mbe
r
o
f
ba
t
t
e
r
ies
w
i
l
l
depe
n
d
o
n
the
a
v
era
g
e
c
ons
ump
t
io
n
i
n
am
per
e
s-hour
a
nd t
h
e
n
u
mbe
r
of da
y
s
o
f a
u
ton
o
m
y
c
o
n
side
r
e
d
con
v
en
ie
nt
[72
]
.
d.
Inverters:
T
hey
ar
e
used
t
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
the
d
i
re
c
t
c
urrent
(
D
C
)
gene
rated
by
wi
nd
t
u
r
bi
n
e
s,
s
ol
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
o
r
bat
t
er
i
e
s
i
n
a
l
t
erna
tin
g
cur
r
en
t
(AC),
for
it
s
use
e
i
t
h
er
i
n
th
e
e
l
e
c
tric
i
t
y
n
e
tw
ork
or
i
n
iso
l
ate
d
e
le
ctri
ca
l
in
st
a
lla
ti
on
s.
I
n
iso
l
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
t
h
e
si
ne
w
ave
in
ve
rter
i
s
u
se
d,
capa
b
l
e
o
f
prod
uc
ing
al
ter
n
a
t
i
n
g
cur
r
ent of
s
i
n
e w
a
ve
s
imi
l
ar to
t
h
at of
t
h
e
ne
tw
or
k
.
A
noth
e
r
ty
pe of i
n
ve
rte
r
s are
a
u
to-
s
w
i
tch,
w
h
i
c
h
u
s
e
the
i
r
in
ter
n
a
l
c
irc
u
it
t
o
pro
d
u
c
e
elec
tric
ity
c
om
pat
i
ble
w
i
th
t
hat
o
f
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
u
t
o
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
ve
rter
s
ar
e use
d
i
n mic
r
o
g
r
i
ds d
ue to t
h
is ab
ili
ty to prod
uce an e
lec
t
r
i
c
al si
gna
l c
o
m
p
at
ible
w
it
h
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e gri
d
.
Th
us,
w
h
en
n
e
c
e
ssary,
the
m
a
in
p
ow
e
r
g
ri
d
c
a
n
be
d
isc
o
n
n
e
cted
a
n
d
t
he
i
nver
t
e
r
can
p
ro
vi
de
t
he
p
ow
e
r
re
qu
i
r
ed
b
y
th
e
cha
r
ge,
w
i
t
hou
t
st
o
p
p
i
n
g
t
he
s
u
p
p
l
y.
A
n
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
f
e
a
t
u
re
i
n
t
h
e
op
e
r
at
i
on
of
a
n
in
verter
i
s
i
t
s
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
nt
i
nue
o
pera
t
i
ng
i
n
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
G
r
i
d
-
t
i
e
d
i
n
v
ert
e
rs
g
e
n
e
r
at
e
a
si
n
e
w
a
v
e
m
a
tchi
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
ge,
pha
se
a
n
d
f
re
que
nc
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
g
ri
d
s
i
gna
l
.
T
o
opera
t
e
t
hey
nee
d
t
his
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
.
G
r
id-tie
d
i
nver
t
er
s
c
e
a
s
e
to
o
pe
rate
once
an
e
lec
t
ric
netw
o
r
k
f
a
i
l
u
re
o
cc
u
r
s.
T
hese
i
nver
t
e
r
s
are
use
d
i
n
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
i
sola
te
d
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om
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
rk
o
r
w
h
ere
th
e
en
t
i
r
e
syst
e
m
s
t
ops
i
t
s
o
p
e
rat
i
on
i
f
t
h
e
v
olt
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com
i
n
g
f
rom
t
h
e
ne
tw
ork
s
h
ow
s
an
y
fai
l
ur
e.
G
rid-off
i
nve
rters
g
en
e
r
at
e
a
p
u
r
e
si
nu
soi
d
al
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g
n
a
l;
t
h
e
y
have
i
n
t
erna
l
con
t
ro
l
circ
ui
try
to
m
ai
nta
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vo
l
t
age
a
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fre
que
nc
y
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nges
w
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t
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p
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m
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T
h
i
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y
p
e
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f
in
ver
t
e
r
o
pera
t
e
s
w
ith
o
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t
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d
o
f
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h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
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w
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c
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yst
IS
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N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
st
r
a
te
g
i
es a
ppl
ied to m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d deve
lopm
e
n
t
(C
ar
l
o
s U
.
Cassi
a
n
i O
r
t
i
z)
53
5
pow
er
g
rid,
s
o
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate
in
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s
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la
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i
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n
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be
c
a
use
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is
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x
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e
c
te
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
i
s
o
ne
o
f
th
e
oper
a
tin
g
char
acte
r
ist
i
cs
o
f t
h
e
mic
r
ogrid [5
9
]
.
e.
C
h
arge
t
r
a
n
s
fe
r
syst
ems:
P
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
o
r
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
C
T
S
)
a
r
e
t
h
e
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
re
sp
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
fo
r
co
ordi
na
t
i
n
g
pow
er
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
c
ha
rg
e.
T
he
y
are
t
h
e
c
e
nt
ra
l
axi
s
o
f
th
e
mi
crog
ri
d
,
bec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
r
func
tio
n
goe
s
b
e
yo
n
d
c
oor
d
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
t
he
pow
er
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y.
T
hi
s
eq
u
i
pme
n
t
m
u
st
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
nec
e
ssary
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
f
ra
st
r
u
c
t
ure
to
t
ra
ns
fer
t
h
e
pow
e
r
o
f
a
c
r
i
t
ica
l
c
har
g
e
to
a
ny
of
t
he
gene
ra
ti
o
n
s
ys
te
ms
(
or
t
he
e
le
ctrica
l
netw
ork)
t
ha
t
m
a
ke
u
p
the
m
i
c
ro
gri
d
a
nd
g
uar
a
n
t
e
e
t
h
e
c
on
sta
n
t
and
sta
b
l
e
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
p
h
ase,
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
f
r
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que
nc
y.
C
urre
nt
c
h
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r
ge
t
ransfer
devices
h
ave
t
h
e
ability
t
o
expa
n
d
t
he
n
u
m
ber
of
s
o
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r
ces
o
f
dis
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
ge
nera
ti
on
s
y
ste
m
s
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
.
T
h
i
s
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
is
p
o
ssib
l
e
to
m
ake
a
c
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nfi
gur
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w
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t
h
m
ore
simi
lar
eq
u
i
pm
en
t
t
o
gua
r
a
ntee
t
he p
ow
er
r
e
quire
d
b
y
t
he
cha
r
ges.
T
his
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
mus
t
guara
nte
e
t
he
c
om
ple
t
e
se
par
a
ti
on
o
f
t
he
g
e
n
era
tio
n
s
y
ste
m
s,
s
o
that
i
f
a
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
r
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
ms
i
s
d
e
t
e
ct
ed
,
it
i
s
i
s
o
l
at
ed
f
ro
m
the
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
a
nd
t
h
e
o
pera
ti
on
c
on
t
i
nues
nor
ma
l
l
y.
T
he
C
T
S
h
a
s
i
nt
er
nal
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
for
m
e
a
s
uring
t
h
e
par
a
m
e
ters an
d
qua
l
i
t
y
va
r
ia
bl
es o
f t
h
e e
l
ec
tr
ical
e
nergy
s
u
p
p
l
ie
d,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l s
o
ftw
a
re
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
tio
ns
pro
t
oc
o
l
s suc
h
a
s RS
23
2,
RS
485
an
d re
m
o
te
m
onit
o
ri
ng c
a
p
a
bi
l
ity
v
i
a
Et
h
e
r
net [5
9]
.
f.
S
m
art
re
gu
lat
o
rs:
T
he
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
m
e
te
ring
i
n
f
ra
st
r
u
c
t
ure,
o
r
A
M
I,
i
s
com
p
o
s
ed
o
f
s
oli
d
-sta
te
d
ig
ita
l
m
e
ters
w
ith
t
w
o
-w
ay
c
omm
unica
t
i
on,
c
apab
le
o
f
pr
o
v
id
in
g
para
me
t
er
v
al
u
e
s
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
zi
ng
t
he
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
.
P
a
ram
e
ters
s
uc
h
a
s
v
o
lta
ge,
c
u
rre
nt
,
fre
q
ue
ncy,
phas
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
c
onsu
m
ed
by
the
c
h
ar
ge
s,
a
l
lo
w
to
k
no
w
t
h
e
ch
a
n
gi
n
g
be
h
a
vi
o
r
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
gy
p
rodu
ced
b
y
t
he
l
o
cal
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n
sys
t
em
s,
a
nd
h
o
w
th
is
e
ne
rg
y is d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
w
i
t
hi
n the
s
y
st
e
m
.
g.
Prot
ect
i
o
n
s
:
T
he
p
rotec
tio
ns
u
se
d
for
t
h
e
c
o
nnec
tio
ns
d
eri
v
ed
f
r
o
m
i
n
verte
r
s
i
n
a
lter
n
a
t
ing
cur
r
en
t,
a
re
the
o
n
es
c
omm
onl
y
use
d
i
n
ele
c
tr
ica
l
i
nst
a
lla
t
i
ons.
T
o
p
rotec
t
a
g
a
i
nst
over
v
o
l
tage,
d
e
vi
c
e
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
arrest
e
r
s
o
r
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
v
ari
s
t
o
rs
a
re
p
l
a
c
e
d
ne
ar
t
h
e
gener
a
tio
n
sys
t
em
s.
T
he
f
unc
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
dev
i
ce
i
s
to
d
e
t
ect
s
urges
i
n
a
g
ive
n
s
pa
ce
-t
im
e
and
to
d
eri
v
e
t
h
em
t
o
e
a
rt
h.
F
or
s
ol
a
r
p
ane
l
p
ro
te
ct
ions
it
i
s
rec
o
mm
ende
d
t
o
u
se
t
herm
al
m
agne
to
p
rotec
t
i
o
ns
o
r
d
i
sco
n
n
ec
t
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
c
hes.
T
he
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
ons
m
u
s
t
re
sp
o
nd
t
o
t
he
t
w
o
b
a
s
ic
s
truct
u
re
s
tha
t
m
a
k
e
u
p
t
he
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
id;
e
lec
t
ri
cit
y
n
etw
o
rk
a
nd
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
ed
g
e
n
e
rat
i
on
s
y
s
te
ms.
If
t
h
e
f
a
ul
t
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
el
e
c
t
r
i
cal
n
et
wo
rk
,
the
desired
response
o
f
the
sys
t
em
i
s
that
i
t
i
s
o
l
at
e
s
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
n
et
wo
rk
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
rk
,
a
s
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
a
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
ary
to
p
rot
ect
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
l
o
ads.
If the fa
u
l
t is w
it
h
i
n t
h
e micr
ogr
id,
the c
oord
i
na
t
i
n
g
s
ys
tem
m
u
s
t
is
ol
at
e
a
s
l
itt
l
e
as p
ossi
bl
e
of
t
h
e
m
i
c
ro
netw
ork
to
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
t
h
e
po
ssi
b
le
f
a
ilur
e
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
pro
t
e
c
t
i
on
sys
t
em
s
st
a
r
t
from
m
easurin
g
th
e
shor
t-cir
c
u
i
t
c
u
rre
nt
o
f
the
s
y
ste
m
.
The
c
oord
i
na
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
i
s
t
he
ref
o
re
a
d
es
ign
c
o
mpo
n
e
nt
o
f
gre
a
t
imp
o
r
t
a
n
ce.
F
or
t
h
i
s,
i
t
sho
u
l
d
be
born
e
i
n
m
i
nd
t
ha
t
cur
r
e
nt
ly
d
i
s
tri
b
u
t
i
o
n
sys
t
em
s
are
des
i
g
n
e
d
base
d
o
n
a
f
ee
der
fr
om
w
h
i
c
h
t
he
p
ha
se
s
a
nd
sys
t
em
l
oa
ds
a
re
b
r
a
n
che
d
;
be
i
n
g
a
stat
ic
s
ys
t
e
m,
it
is
re
l
a
t
i
ve
ly
e
a
s
y
to
s
iz
e
t
h
e
e
s
t
i
m
a
ted
c
u
rr
ents
a
n
d
p
ow
e
r
s,
a
s
w
el
l
as
t
he
d
i
ffe
ren
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
fa
u
lt
c
u
r
r
ents
.
In
a
m
icrogri
d
,
the
c
o
m
p
le
xi
ty
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
oo
r
d
ina
t
i
o
n
ma
y
inc
r
ea
s
e
a
s
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
re
confi
gura
t
i
o
ns,
w
h
ic
h
i
m
pl
ies
di
ffere
n
t
sc
e
n
ari
o
s.
T
he
c
oor
di
na
t
i
o
n
,
th
ere
f
ore
,
s
ho
uld
pro
v
i
d
e
for
t
h
is
ty
pe o
f pos
sib
i
li
ties,
thro
u
gh
pr
ope
r pla
n
n
i
n
g
of t
h
e
micr
og
rid
.
h.
C
o
nt
r
o
l
a
n
d
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
:
C
o
n
t
rol
l
i
n
g
the
m
i
crogr
id
i
s
in
c
ha
rge
of
t
he
c
ha
rge
trans
f
er
s
yste
m
o
r
C
TS,
be
cause
t
h
i
s
eq
ui
pme
n
t
fu
lfi
l
l
s
the
fu
n
c
tio
n
of
c
entra
l
a
xi
s
o
f
p
ow
er
t
ransf
e
r
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
ed
g
en
era
t
ion
sy
st
e
m
s
o
r
t
h
e
p
ubl
i
c
s
ervi
ce
n
e
t
wo
rk.
T
h
e
CTS,
d
ue
t
o
th
e
i
n
t
e
rnal
m
ete
r
s
it
ha
s,
i
s
a
b
le
t
o
pe
rform
a
n
a
n
al
ys
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
di
ffere
n
t
o
p
er
ati
ng
par
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
re
dun
da
n
t
s
o
u
rce
s
,
and
of
t
he
ope
ra
t
i
ng
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
he
l
oa
d,
i
n
or
der
to
d
e
c
i
de
w
he
t
h
er
t
he
p
ri
ori
t
y
so
u
r
c
e
p
rovi
des
th
e
bet
t
er
ope
rati
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
tio
ns
f
or
t
he
c
orr
ect
oper
a
tio
n
of
t
he
l
o
ad
o
r
i
t
i
s
n
e
ce
ssa
ry
t
o
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
bac
k
u
p
s
o
u
rc
e.
H
ow
e
v
er,
to
s
tren
gt
he
n
co
ntr
o
l
of
a
l
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
tio
n
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
,
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
use
sm
art
re
gula
t
ors.
T
hese
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
ors
are
c
a
pa
ble
of
p
ro
vid
i
n
g
,
t
h
rou
g
h
d
i
ffe
ren
t
c
om
munica
t
i
on
pro
t
oc
o
l
s,
t
he
r
e
a
l-time
va
l
u
e
s
o
f
the
o
p
er
at
i
n
g
co
n
d
i
tio
ns
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
gener
a
t
i
on
s
y
stem
s
.
A
ll
t
h
i
s
in
te
grat
io
n,
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
m
ea
surem
e
nt
a
n
d
c
om
munica
ti
on
sys
t
em
s,
a
ll
ow
s
th
e
struc
t
uri
n
g
o
f
a
g
r
i
d
ca
pa
bl
e
of
opera
ti
n
g
a
uto
nom
o
u
sl
y
a
nd
w
i
t
h
h
igh
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
in
o
rder
t
o
guar
a
nt
ee
t
h
e
fl
ow
o
f
pow
er
t
ow
ard
s
the
l
o
a
d
,
bu
t
hav
i
n
g
a
s
prio
rit
y
t
he
u
se
o
f
e
n
erg
y
p
r
odu
c
e
d
thr
oug
h
the
in
st
all
e
d
re
newa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
sys
t
ems.
2.4.
Micr
o
g
r
i
d
control m
e
th
ods
The
r
e
a
r
e
ma
inl
y
t
w
o
t
ype
s
of
c
o
n
t
ro
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
m
icr
o
gri
d
s:
O
n
e
th
at
r
equi
re
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
cati
o
n
betw
ee
n
ge
nera
t
o
r
s
o
r
a
c
e
n
t
ralize
d
c
o
n
tr
ol
,
and
the
othe
r
t
h
a
t
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
e
sta
b
l
i
s
h
t
he
n
ece
ssa
r
y
act
iv
e
and
rea
c
ti
ve
p
ow
er
a
uto
nom
ou
sl
y
[73].
a.
Mi
c
r
og
ri
d
Ce
ntra
l
Co
ntr
o
l
e
r:
G
ener
ati
o
n
co
ntr
o
l,
d
is
p
a
tc
h,
c
ha
rge
disc
o
nnec
t
io
n
a
nd
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
ry
ser
v
ic
es
m
a
n
a
g
em
ent
ar
e
pe
rforme
d
t
hr
ou
g
h
a
c
e
n
tra
l
c
on
tro
l
ler.
M
e
d
ia
n
ee
d
to
b
e
place
d
be
t
w
ee
n
source
s t
h
ro
ug
h w
i
re
d or
w
ire
l
e
s
s.
This c
o
n
t
rol
sc
hem
e
is
more
a
l
i
gne
d
w
ith
t
he c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f m
i
c
r
ogri
d
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
530
–
54
6
53
6
b.
Micr
o
g
r
i
d
wit
h
A
u
t
on
omou
s
C
o
ntr
o
l:
U
nde
r
t
h
is
c
o
n
tr
ol
s
c
h
e
m
e
,
t
he
d
em
and
is
s
har
e
d
be
t
w
e
e
n
gene
ra
tors
i
n
pro
port
i
on
t
o
t
h
eir
re
spe
c
t
i
v
e
“
d
rops”
of
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
r
eac
ti
ve
pow
e
r
,
a
s
i
n
a
t
r
ad
iti
ona
l
pow
er
syst
e
m
.
2.5.
Micr
o
g
r
i
d
comm
unic
a
tions
system
The
com
m
u
n
i
c
a
tio
n
sy
stem
o
f
a
m
i
crogr
id
i
s
m
a
de
up
of
t
he
d
e
p
lo
yme
n
t
of
I
CT
(
In
for
m
atio
n
a
n
d
Com
m
uni
c
a
t
ion
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
)
dev
i
c
e
s
a
nd
to
o
l
s
in
t
he
f
un
da
me
nt
a
l
e
l
ectri
c
a
l
co
nt
ex
t
for
t
h
e
ach
i
e
v
e
men
t
o
f
all t
h
e
ex
pec
t
e
d
fu
n
c
t
i
o
nal
i
t
y
of
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
7
3
],
[74
]
.
I
n
a
g
ene
r
ic
w
ay,
the
com
m
u
n
ic
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
ste
m
o
f
a
m
i
c
r
ogrid
c
a
n
b
e
de
fin
e
d
i
n
t
he
f
or
m
of
l
a
y
ers
o
r
sub
n
e
t
s,
a
mong
w
h
ic
h thre
e stan
d
o
u
t
[7
5]:
•
U
s
er
e
nv
ironm
ent,
c
a
n
b
e
ho
me
g
r
i
ds
o
r
H
o
me
A
r
ea
N
e
tw
or
k
(H
A
N
),
b
uil
d
in
g
g
r
i
d
s
o
r
B
ui
ldi
n
g
A
r
ea
N
e
t
w
o
rk (BA
N
)
, ind
ustr
ial
ne
t
w
or
ks
o
r I
ndustria
l
A
r
ea N
e
tw
ork (
I
AN
)
[74].
•
En
vi
r
onm
en
t
of
a
s
e
t
o
f
us
ers,
a
nd
w
i
t
h
in
t
h
i
s,
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
rh
oo
d
ne
tw
or
ks
o
r
N
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
hood
A
r
e
a
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
NAN)
,
o
r
wi
d
e area n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
r
Fi
el
d
Area
N
et
wo
rk
(FA
N). L
o
c
al
Area
Net
w
o
r
k
(
L
AN)
can
a
ls
o be
c
on
si
dere
d her
e
[7
4
].
•
En
vi
r
onm
en
t
be
yo
n
d
the
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
h
ood,
w
id
e
are
a
n
etw
o
rk
s (
W
A
N
)
[
74].
The
m
a
in
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
nt
t
ha
t
a
m
i
crogri
d
i
n
relat
i
on
to
I
CT
s
is
s
e
lf-c
on
fi
g
u
ra
tio
n,
t
ha
t
is
,
it
m
u
st
b
e
able
t
o
au
t
o
ma
ti
c
a
l
ly
m
ana
g
e
the
a
d
dre
s
s,
t
he
d
escr
ipt
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
tw
ork
dev
i
ce
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
he
ir
r
egist
r
a
tio
n
and
loc
a
t
i
o
n
[7
4].
2.6.
E
xamp
l
e
s
o
f m
i
c
r
ogr
id
s
M
i
cr
o
g
r
i
ds
a
r
e
s
ub
jec
t
o
f
c
onsta
n
t
s
tud
y
a
nd
t
est
i
ng
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
orl
d
u
n
d
e
r
t
he
s
t
a
nda
r
d
t
h
a
t
deter
m
i
n
es
t
he
oper
a
t
i
on
an
d
in
tegra
t
i
o
n
of
i
so
l
a
te
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
te
d
re
so
u
r
ces.
Li
s
t
ed
b
e
l
ow
a
re
s
o
m
e
e
x
amp
l
e
s
fo
u
nd i
n
t
he
lit
e
r
ature
[6]
.
The
r
e ar
e
tw
o i
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
:
B
C H
ydro Cana
da -
B
ost
on Bar [59].
Wher
e a
m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d is in
t
erc
onne
c
t
e
d
to
a
69
kV
f
e
e
d
er
t
hro
u
g
h
a
6
9
/
25
k
V
s
u
bsta
ti
on
c
om
p
o
se
d
of
t
hr
e
e
r
a
d
ia
l
f
eede
r
s.
I
t
w
a
s
b
u
il
t
as
a
s
o
l
u
tio
n
aga
i
ns
t
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
b
la
c
k
ou
t
s
.
This
m
icr
ogr
id
h
a
s
t
w
o
h
y
d
r
o
e
l
ect
r
i
c
ge
n
e
rators
o
f
8.7
5
M
V
A
e
ach
a
n
d
t
he
con
n
ec
ted
pea
k
l
oad
is
3
M
W.
I
t
de
pe
nds
on
the
de
ma
n
d
a
nd
t
h
e
w
a
t
er
l
eve
l
o
f
re
serv
oirs.
Th
is
s
yste
m
does
no
t
ha
ve
s
t
o
r
a
ge
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
Hydr
o
Q
u
e
b
ec
-
B
or
ale
x
p
la
n
n
ed
i
sl
a
n
d
in
g
is
a
n
o
t
h
er
m
i
c
rogri
d
b
ui
lt
t
o
pow
er
30
0
0
c
ons
um
ers.
T
he
s
ubs
tat
i
on is co
n
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
1
20 kV
w
ith a 40
km
tra
n
sm
issi
o
n
line.
T
he
g
e
n
era
t
or
o
f th
i
s
M
G
i
s
a
st
eam
g
en
e
r
at
o
r
.
Th
e
p
e
ak
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
s
7
M
W
a
n
d
th
i
s
M
G
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
t
e
l
e
co
mmu
n
i
cati
o
n
s
syste
m
,
nor
s
t
o
r
a
ge
[
76].
Nea
r
C
ol
u
m
bus,
Oh
i
o
,
a
mi
cro
g
r
i
d
c
all
e
d
CER
T
S
Te
st
B
e
d
w
a
s
bui
l
t
[5
9].
It
c
on
si
s
t
s
of
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
or
s
ource
s
ba
se
d
o
n
s
ta
t
i
c
con
v
er
t
e
r
s
(
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
)
o
f
6
0
k
W
p
o
w
e
red
by
n
at
u
r
a
l
g
as
.
It
h
as
a
l
arg
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
ys
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
pera
tor
,
w
hich
a
llow
s
t
h
e
d
i
s
pat
c
h
of
t
h
e
g
ene
r
at
in
g
uni
t
s
i
n
th
e
mic
r
ogri
d
w
he
n
t
h
e
sys
t
em
i
s
disc
on
nec
t
e
d
f
rom
the
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
t
t
he
U
ni
v
e
rsit
y
of
W
i
s
c
ons
i
n
-
Ma
dis
on there
is
t
he
m
icro
gri
d
c
a
l
led
U
W
m
icr
o
grid, i
m
p
l
e
m
ented
t
o
inv
e
st
i
g
at
e
th
e
model
i
ng
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
die
s
el-ba
s
e
d
d
i
s
tri
bute
d
g
e
n
e
r
ators
;
it
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
lu
des
a
s
our
ce
base
d
o
n
s
t
a
tic
c
o
nve
rters
(i
nver
t
er
s)
a
n
d
h
a
s
t
he
pos
si
b
i
l
ity o
f u
s
i
ng t
h
em
as
a
st
ora
g
e
sys
t
em
[77].
I
n
t
he N
et
herla
n
ds,
ther
e is th
e
Bro
nsbe
rge
n
H
ol
i
d
a
y
P
ark
micr
o
gri
d
[5
9
],
w
hic
h
i
s one
o
f t
h
e
large
s
t
p
r
oj
e
c
t
s
i
n
th
e
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
U
ni
on
.
Th
e
mi
c
r
og
ri
d
f
e
e
d
s
208
h
o
m
e
s
,
and
the
ene
r
g
y
c
ome
s
f
r
o
m 10
8 so
lar pane
ls
w
ith
a
p
e
a
k
ge
nera
tio
n
of
3
1
5
k
W.
T
his
mi
cr
ogri
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
1
0kV
n
e
t
w
o
rk
t
han
k
s
t
o
a
4
0
0
kV
A
trans
f
or
me
r.
T
he
s
yste
m
has
a
stora
g
e
ce
nt
er
c
onsis
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
w
o
ba
tter
y
b
an
ks.
T
h
e
s
y
st
e
m
i
nc
lu
des
c
e
ntra
l
con
t
ro
l
t
o
h
a
n
dle
t
h
e
da
t
a
s
e
n
t
t
o
t
he
d
i
s
pa
tc
h,
m
ea
surem
e
nt
a
n
d
m
o
nit
o
ri
ng
c
e
n
ter
of
a
l
l
s
yst
e
m
var
i
a
b
les,
and
an a
u
t
om
at
io
n sys
t
em
for
oper
a
tio
n
of t
h
e
m
ic
rogrid i
n
d
epe
n
de
n
t
o
f
or
conne
c
t
ed
t
o
the ne
t
w
o
r
k [7
8]
.
M
i
cr
o
g
r
i
ds
i
n
r
u
ral
are
a
s
o
f
fe
r
bene
fits
b
y
r
e
plac
in
g
l
o
w
qua
li
t
y
e
ner
g
y
so
urc
e
s
as
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
us
e
d
w
ith
f
ue
ls
a
nd
tec
h
nol
o
g
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
o
ffer
t
he
s
a
m
e
ene
r
gy
ser
v
ice
s
a
s
co
mmu
n
it
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
acce
ss
to
h
i
g
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
ene
r
g
y
,
an
d
e
n
able
n
ew
s
erv
i
ce
s
o
n
t
he
w
h
o
le.
Be
nef
its
i
ncl
u
de
impr
ov
in
g
h
e
a
l
th,
sa
fety,
pro
duc
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
educ
a
t
i
o
n.
E
le
c
t
r
i
c
l
i
g
h
t
i
s a
vita
l rep
l
ac
em
ent
f
o
r l
i
g
h
tin
g b
a
s
e
d
o
n
keros
e
ne
in
a
n
d, w
h
e
n s
u
p
p
l
em
en
t
e
d w
i
th
ot
her
ena
b
l
e
d
se
rvice
s
,
it
c
a
n
i
mpro
ve
p
r
o
duc
t
i
v
i
ty
o
n
t
h
e
loca
l
sc
a
l
e
a
nd
he
lp
i
ncre
ase
w
e
ll
-
b
e
i
ng.
O
n
a
nat
i
ona
l
sca
l
e
,
t
he
e
le
c
t
ric
i
t
y
s
ervi
ce
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
c
orr
e
la
ted
w
i
th
i
m
p
r
ove
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
he
hum
an
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
in
de
x,
w
hic
h
s
how
s
tro
ng
ma
rgi
n
al
d
e
c
re
asi
ng
be
nefi
ts.
In
o
the
r
w
ords,
o
n
l
y
a
f
ew
k
Wh
can
g
re
at
l
y
i
m
p
ro
ve
the na
tio
na
l
ele
c
tric
i
t
y se
rvice
[79].
The
ha
rm
fu
l
e
f
fec
t
s
o
n
he
a
l
th of
us
ing
kerose
ne
i
n
c
l
u
de
s
tru
c
tu
ra
l fires
a
n
d
sever
e
b
ur
ns,
r
e
spirat
ory
di
se
ases,
po
ssi
b
le
lin
ks
t
o
t
uberc
ulos
is
a
n
d
c
atar
ac
ts,
and
c
h
i
l
d
ho
o
d
p
o
i
s
o
ni
n
g
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
in
vo
l
u
n
t
ary
in
ges
tio
n
of
k
erosene
.
T
he
l
ow
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
l
igh
t
,
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
k
e
r
o
s
e
n
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
profe
s
si
o
n
al
s f
ace
, cre
ate a se
ri
es of
c
h
all
e
nges, such
as
r
is
k
s i
n
c
hil
d
b
i
rt
h
in r
ura
l
a
re
as a
nd i
n
fec
tio
ns c
ause
d
by
d
i
ffic
u
l
t
y
o
f
m
ainta
i
n
i
ng
s
a
ni
ta
t
i
o
n
.
The
supp
l
y
o
f
e
l
ec
tr
ic
l
i
g
h
t
a
l
o
n
e
d
r
a
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
s
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
effec
t
s
o
n
h
ea
lt
h a
nd safe
t
y
[60]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
st
r
a
te
g
i
es a
ppl
ied to m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d deve
lopm
e
n
t
(C
ar
l
o
s U
.
Cassi
a
n
i O
r
t
i
z)
53
7
Th
ere
are
a
l
so
u
n
e
x
p
e
ct
e
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
of
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
b
eyo
nd
t
h
e
s
e
cases.
I
n
rural
areas
in
I
ndia,
f
o
r
exa
m
ple,
t
her
e
a
re
v
enom
o
u
s
snake
b
i
te
s
and
de
a
d
l
y
c
la
she
s
w
i
t
h
t
ig
e
r
s
,
w
it
h
the
in
tr
od
uc
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
m
e
stic
and
pu
b
l
i
c
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
li
gh
t,
v
i
l
l
a
g
ers
w
e
re
a
bl
e
t
o
s
e
e
p
oiso
n
ous
s
na
kes
i
n
t
h
e
ir
b
e
d
ro
om
s
or
a
vo
id
s
t
e
pp
ing
on
one o
n
a dar
k
r
oa
d
;
to
g
e
t
h
e
r w
ith refri
gera
ti
on for ant
i
-
p
o
i
son
s
a
n
d ot
her m
e
dica
ti
o
n
s, micr
o
grid o
per
a
t
o
rs
o
n
the
s
e
isla
n
d
s
c
l
aim
t
h
a
t
t
he
i
nj
uries
a
n
d
dea
t
hs
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
t
hes
e
t
h
rea
t
s
decr
ease
d
d
ra
ma
t
i
ca
lly
a
fter
t
h
e
in
t
r
od
uc
ti
on
of
e
l
e
ctric
lig
h
t
[60]
.
S
t
udie
s
h
a
v
e
s
how
n
a
var
i
e
t
y
of
s
oc
ia
l
bene
fits
a
n
d
i
nc
ome
ge
ne
ra
tio
n
o
ppor
tu
ni
t
i
es
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
w
i
t
h
mi
cro
g
r
id
s
in
t
h
e
se
a
rea
s
.
A
de
t
a
il
ed
c
ase
st
ud
y
i
n
a
r
u
r
al
t
ow
n
in
K
e
nya
r
evea
l
s
s
i
gnif
i
c
a
nt
i
m
p
rovem
e
nt
s
in
w
o
rke
r
p
rod
u
c
t
i
v
ity,
i
n
com
e
a
nd
sa
les
pr
ic
es
i
n
sm
all
m
i
c
r
o-bus
iness
e
s,
s
uch
as
c
of
fee
shops,
c
a
r
pentry
w
o
rksh
o
p
s
an
d
sew
i
ng
c
o
m
p
a
n
ie
s.
T
he
s
am
e
stu
dy
re
vea
l
s
impr
o
v
em
ent
s
i
n
e
duca
t
io
n
se
rvice
s
b
y
redu
c
i
n
g
the
t
i
m
e
spe
n
t
in co
l
l
ec
ti
ng w
a
ter i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s thr
o
u
g
h
w
ater pum
p
i
ng
a
n
d
h
om
e i
m
pro
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
I
n B
huta
n
,
r
u
ral
mic
r
o
hy
droe
le
ctric
ne
tw
ork
s
a
llow
ho
use
h
o
l
ds
t
o
c
ook
w
it
h
ele
c
tric
r
i
c
e
coo
k
er
s,
s
a
v
e
t
i
m
e
a
nd
a
voi
d
expe
nse
s
an
d
t
he
use
o
f o
i
l,
c
oa
l
an
d w
o
o
d
f
or
c
oo
ki
n
g
[6
0
]
.
A
stu
d
y
b
y
Ra
nga
ra
ja
n
an
d
G
u
g
g
en
ber
g
er
e
xp
l
o
res
t
h
e
p
r
ofi
t
a
b
il
i
ty
o
f
us
ing
m
i
c
r
o
g
ri
ds
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
rene
w
a
ble e
n
e
r
gy
f
o
r
pow
e
r
g
ener
at
i
o
n i
n
r
u
r
a
l
e
nviro
nm
en
ts
[
80
]. The stu
dy i
n
v
o
l
v
es the
f
easi
b
i
lit
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
w
i
n
d,
p
h
o
t
ovo
l
t
aic
s
a
n
d
b
i
o
ma
ss
a
s
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
sour
ces
t
o
ge
ne
ra
te
e
ne
r
gy
o
n
f
a
r
m
s
i
n
M
i
ss
o
u
ri,
O
h
io
a
n
d
N
e
br
aska
a
nd
pro
v
i
d
es
d
ec
is
i
on s
t
rateg
i
es
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e s
u
sta
i
nab
l
e
ener
g
y
m
anage
m
e
n
t
solu
ti
o
n
s.
3
.
M
IC
ROG
R
I
D
M
ANA
G
E
MENT
The
e
n
viro
nm
enta
l
a
n
d
ec
on
omic
b
ene
f
i
t
s
of
m
ic
rogr
ids
and,
c
on
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
ly
,
th
ei
r
ac
c
e
p
t
a
b
i
lity
a
nd
degre
e
o
f
dis
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
in
t
he
e
lectr
i
c
pow
er
i
nd
us
t
r
y,
a
re
m
ain
l
y
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
b
y
t
he
i
r
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
c
apa
b
il
iti
es
and
ope
rat
i
ona
l c
h
ara
c
ter
i
s
t
ic
s [81
]
.
The
co
n
t
rol
a
nd
oper
a
tio
n
stra
t
e
gi
e
s
o
f
a
m
i
crogri
d
m
ay
b
e
si
gn
ifica
n
t
l
y
di
ffe
re
nt
f
r
o
m
th
ose
o
f
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
e
n
erg
y
s
ys
t
e
ms,
de
pe
nd
i
n
g
o
n
the
t
y
pe
a
n
d
d
e
p
th
o
f
i
nsert
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
t
ribu
te
d
e
n
erg
y
r
esourc
e
un
its,
cha
r
ge
c
ha
rac
t
eris
tic
s,
e
nerg
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
re
stric
t
i
ons,
a
n
d
m
a
r
ke
t
part
ici
p
a
t
io
n
s
t
rate
gie
s
[
81].
T
h
e
m
a
in
rea
s
ons
a
r
e
the
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
:
•
Th
e
ch
a
r
a
c
t
eris
ti
c
s
o
f
st
a
t
i
o
n
a
ry
a
n
d
dynami
c
st
at
e
s
o
f
di
st
rib
u
t
e
d
e
nerg
y
re
sour
ce
u
n
i
t
s,
i
n
part
icu
l
ar
e
lec
t
r
onic
a
l
l
y
c
o
u
p
le
d
un
i
t
s,
a
r
e
d
i
f
fere
nt
fro
m
tho
se
o
f
l
a
rg
e
conv
en
ti
o
n
al
g
en
e
r
ati
n
g
tu
r
b
i
n
e
s
.
•
A
mi
c
r
o
g
ri
d
i
s
i
nh
ere
n
t
l
y
subj
e
c
t
t
o
a
s
i
gni
fic
a
n
t
d
eg
re
e
of
i
m
bala
nc
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
p
re
se
nce
of
s
i
n
gle-
pha
se
l
oa
ds
a
n
d
/
o
r dis
t
ri
bu
t
e
d ene
r
g
y
r
esou
rce
uni
ts.
•
A
no
ta
ble
part
o
f
t
h
e
of
fer
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
m
icr
ogr
i
d
c
a
n
b
e
from
"
unc
on
trol
la
bl
e"
s
our
ces;
for
e
x
am
p
l
e
,
wi
n
d
-
b
ase
d
u
n
i
ts (w
i
nd
ener
gy)
.
•
The
shor
t
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
t
er
m
ene
r
gy
st
ora
g
e
uni
ts
c
an
p
l
a
y
a
n
i
m
port
an
t
rol
e
i
n
t
h
e
cont
rol
an
d
op
e
r
at
i
o
n
of
a m
icrogrid.
•
The
ec
o
nom
y
often
di
cta
t
e
s
t
ha
t
a
m
i
crogr
id
m
ust
e
a
s
ily
a
c
c
o
m
m
o
da
t
e
t
h
e
c
on
nec
t
i
on
a
n
d
disc
on
ne
ct
i
o
n
of
u
n
its a
nd
l
o
a
d
s of
d
istri
b
u
t
ed e
nerg
y
resourc
e
s w
h
ile
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
ng
its o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
.
•
A
mic
r
ogri
d
m
ay
b
e
r
e
q
u
i
red
t
o
p
ro
vi
de
p
r
e
-spec
i
fie
d
e
ne
r
g
y
q
u
a
lity
l
eve
l
s
or
p
refere
ntial
services
t
o
s
ome
cha
r
ges
[81].
•
In
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
to e
lectr
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
, a
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
i
s o
f
te
n
r
e
sp
on
si
b
l
e
fo
r
g
e
n
e
ra
t
i
ng
a
nd
s
up
pl
y
i
ng
h
eat
t
o
all or
p
art o
f
it
s
c
ha
rges [8
1
].
F
o
r
the
co
nce
p
t
o
f
m
icrogr
i
d
,
t
h
e
c
oor
di
na
te
d
o
p
era
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
trol
o
f
t
h
e
ener
gy
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
sourc
e
s
di
stri
b
u
te
d
w
i
t
h
s
tora
ge
d
ev
i
c
e
s
i
s
e
s
se
n
t
ia
l
;
f
or
e
xam
p
l
e
,
ca
p
ac
i
t
ors
a
n
d
e
n
erg
y
b
at
te
ries,
a
nd
co
n
t
rol
l
a
b
le
cha
r
ges [59].
A
m
i
c
r
oente
r
pr
ise c
a
n o
p
era
t
e
aut
o
n
o
m
o
usl
y
, if d
i
sc
on
ne
c
t
e
d
fro
m
the ma
i
n
ne
t
work,
in c
ase of
exter
n
al
b
r
eak
dow
ns,
or
c
an
b
e
i
n
t
e
rco
nne
c
t
ed
t
o
the
m
a
i
n
d
i
s
tr
i
b
uti
o
n
ne
tw
ork.
T
h
i
s
i
s
how
a
m
i
c
ro
gr
id
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
t
ha
t
can
f
unc
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
si
ng
l
e
a
g
g
re
ga
te
l
oa
d
[7
9]
a
n
d
,
g
i
ve
n
a
n
a
t
t
ra
c
t
i
v
e
re
muner
a
ti
o
n
,
as
a
s
m
a
l
l
s
our
ce
o
f
ene
r
gy
o
r
aux
i
li
a
r
y
servic
e
s
t
h
a
t
su
pp
ort
th
e
netw
ork.
F
rom
the
user
's
p
er
spe
c
t
i
v
e,
m
icrogr
ids
s
i
mi
lar
to
t
ra
d
i
ti
ona
l
di
stri
b
u
ti
on
ne
tw
orks
p
ro
v
i
d
e
t
he
i
r
therm
a
l
an
d
e
l
e
c
trica
l
n
e
e
d
s,
b
u
t
a
ls
o
i
m
pr
ove
l
oc
a
l
r
el
ia
bi
l
i
t
y,
r
educe
em
i
ssi
on
s,
i
mpr
o
v
e
e
ne
rg
y
qua
l
i
t
y
thr
o
u
g
h
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sup
port
an
d r
e
duce
fa
lls of v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
and
p
o
te
nt
ia
lly pr
o
d
u
c
e
l
ow
e
r
e
nergy
suppl
y
cos
t
s
[41].
A
sma
l
l
e
n
ergy
ma
rket
c
an
oper
a
te
w
i
t
h
i
n
the
m
i
crogr
i
d
.
The
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
r
u
n
i
t
s
a
n
d
a
t
w
h
a
t
l
e
v
e
l
a
r
e
regu
la
t
e
d, an
d
th
i
s is the re
s
ul
t
o
f
a
n o
p
t
i
m
iz
ati
o
n
pr
o
c
ed
ure
tha
t
a
ims t
o
m
aximiz
e the
val
u
e of the
m
i
c
rogri
d
[8
2]
.
3.1.
Ener
gy mar
k
e
ts
The
l
ac
k
o
f
m
anage
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
as
w
el
l
as
t
he
p
e
n
a
l
ty
f
or
d
e
v
i
a
ti
o
ns
i
n
th
e
ma
t
c
h
i
ng
m
arke
t,
h
i
nder
s
t
h
e
ec
onom
ic
c
om
pet
i
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
rgie
s
i
n
t
he
e
nerg
y
ma
rket
[
8
2
].
E
nergy
s
t
or
a
g
e
sys
t
e
m
s
ar
e
a
tech
n
o
l
o
gic
a
l
so
lu
tio
n
t
o
t
he
c
on
tro
lla
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
re
new
a
b
l
e
ener
gi
e
s
b
y
a
llow
i
n
g
t
he
ir
i
ntr
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
in
t
o
t
he
dai
l
y
e
ner
g
y
ma
rket
t
hro
u
g
h
m
ic
rogri
d
s
[82
]
.
Wi
th
t
he
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
m
i
c
rogri
d
,
a
di
ffe
re
nt
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
530
–
54
6
53
8
the e
n
erg
y
ma
r
ket sho
u
l
d
be
c
onsi
d
e
r
ed [8
2
].
A
m
ong the sp
ecial
c
h
ar
acte
r
i
s
t
i
cs cha
n
g
i
n
g the d
ynam
i
cs
o
f t
h
e
ma
rket
i
n
micr
ogr
i
d
s,
it
is
t
ha
t
the
pro
x
i
m
i
ty
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
d
em
and
a
nd
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
c
a
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
ute
to
t
he
r
e
duc
tio
n
of
l
o
s
s,
r
esul
ting
i
n
a
n
impr
ove
me
nt
i
n
re
l
i
a
b
i
l
ity
a
nd
se
c
u
rit
y
in
s
u
p
p
ly
w
he
n
i
t
i
s
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
tw
or
k
or w
hen a
phys
ical
i
sla
n
d
i
s
p
resen
t
e
d
[
42].
C
o
m
p
le
me
n
t
a
r
y
service
s
c
an
b
e
pr
ov
i
d
e
d
w
ith
p
re
c
i
sion,
a
g
ili
ty
and
re
mu
n
e
rati
on
s
in
c
e
th
e
o
p
e
ra
t
i
o
n
ch
ang
e
s
ma
rk
et
dyn
ami
c
s
a
n
d
all
o
ws
n
ew
a
g
e
nt
s
to
p
rov
i
d
e
t
h
ese
su
pp
ort
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
ne
tw
ork
[8
3].
A
d
d
iti
on
all
y
,
t
h
e
a
g
e
n
t
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
ma
rk
et
i
ncr
e
a
s
e
an
d
it
is
p
o
s
si
ble
t
o
r
e
duc
e
t
h
e
ma
rket
s
u
p
r
e
m
acy
o
f
the
larg
e
ge
nera
tin
g a
g
ent
s
[3
6
].
A
s
f
or
t
he
i
n
v
e
stm
e
n
t
i
n
net
w
ork
e
x
pa
nsio
n,
it
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
bor
ne
i
n
m
i
nd
tha
t
t
he
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
opera
tin
g
i
n
m
icro
grid
w
o
u
l
d
p
o
s
tp
one
l
arg
e
i
nve
s
t
m
e
n
t
s
in
g
e
n
e
rat
i
on
a
nd
tra
n
sm
issio
n
.
In
e
a
c
h
m
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
there
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
ce
nt
r
a
l
c
o
ntr
o
l
t
h
at
a
ll
ows
i
t
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate
b
o
t
h
tech
n
i
ca
ll
y
and
ec
on
omic
a
l
l
y
.
W
h
en
t
a
l
kin
g
abo
u
t
m
icr
o
gri
d
s,
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
ed
g
ener
a
tio
n
c
a
n
b
e
co
ns
idere
d
a
s
a
no
the
r
s
ource
o
f
ge
nera
tio
n,
m
ov
in
g
a
w
ay
from
subs
id
y s
c
he
me
s
tha
t
in
m
a
ny
cou
n
t
ries
a
re
p
art
of the
r
at
e
of
e
nd u
s
e
r
s [28]
.
I
t
i
s
imp
o
rta
n
t
to
n
o
t
e
tha
t
,
regar
d
l
e
ss
of
i
ts
p
oss
i
bi
l
itie
s,
the
defi
ni
tio
n
of
a
m
icr
o
gri
d
h
as
n
o
t
bec
o
me
g
e
n
er
a
l
a
nd
ha
s
b
e
en
l
im
i
t
e
d
t
o
re
mote
r
e
g
io
n
s
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
cu
rren
t
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
s
erv
i
c
e
i
s
n
o
t
ac
cessi
ble
for
year
s.
I
t
is
kno
wn
t
ha
t
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
no
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
f
o
r
the
im
plem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
i
c
r
ogr
ids,
bu
t re
gula
t
or
y,
le
g
is
la
ti
ve a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
mic
d
i
ffi
cul
t
i
e
s
[8
4
]
.
Tha
t
is
w
hy c
u
rre
nt
l
aw
s proh
ibi
t
the
e
c
o
no
mic ac
cessi
b
ili
ty o
f
re
n
ew
ab
l
e
e
ne
rg
y
ge
nera
tio
n de
v
i
ce
s
t
o
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
i
t
,
o
r
s
t
o
r
e
i
t
[
8
4
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
e
u
s
er
c
an
c
onn
e
c
t
o
r
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
ct
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
mai
n
n
et
wo
rk
a
cc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
t
h
ei
r
i
n
t
e
rest
s.
H
en
c
e
th
e
n
e
ed
t
o
so
lve th
ese
p
r
ob
lem
s
a
nd
a
d
apt leg
i
s
l
a
tio
n to th
e
conc
e
p
t
o
f
m
ic
rogr
id.
A
ccord
in
g
to
q
ua
li
fie
d
o
p
i
n
i
on
s,
t
he
d
e
f
i
ni
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
sta
nda
rd
f
or
t
he
s
peci
fic
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
i
n
t
e
r
co
n
n
e
c
t
i
on
t
o
the
pub
lic
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
d
i
ffere
n
t
s
o
urc
es
o
f
gener
a
ti
on
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
ne
r
g
y
h
a
s
bee
n
pending for
years [84].
O
n
t
he ot
h
er
h
and,
a
nd re
c
o
g
n
iz
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
nica
l
fea
s
ib
i
lit
y of
m
icro
gri
d
s, it
is a
f
ac
t t
h
at the
y ca
n
be
perfec
t
e
d
.
Th
is
w
ou
ld
i
nvo
lve
the
i
n
tr
od
uc
ti
on
o
f
m
od
ifica
t
i
o
ns
i
n
t
h
re
e
m
a
in
a
re
as:
i
n
t
he
c
urr
e
n
t
s
ystem
o
f
me
ter
bo
xes,
p
ro
tect
i
ons,
l
a
nd
a
n
d
com
m
un
ica
tio
ns
[
3
5
]
,
in
a
c
h
i
ev
i
ng
t
h
e
ba
la
nce
of
g
ener
a
t
i
on
an
d
con
s
um
pt
io
n
a
t
t
he
l
oc
al
l
ev
el,
a
nd
in
t
he
i
nc
orp
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rgy
s
our
ce
s
t
h
a
t
f
a
vor
a
c
cess
to
e
lec
t
ric
ity
ma
rket
t
r
a
nsac
tio
ns a
n
d
fa
c
i
l
it
ate
the pr
ov
i
s
i
on o
f
c
om
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
r
y
s
e
r
vice
s
[35].
Th
e
mi
crog
rid
mark
e
t
i
s
evol
vi
n
g
rap
i
dl
y
,
w
i
t
h
o
r
d
e
r
s
ex
ec
u
t
ed
th
ro
ugho
ut
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
i
n
di
v
e
rse
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
segm
ent
s
[
2
6
].
M
ic
rogr
ids
are
leav
in
g
beh
i
n
d
t
he
p
i
lo
t
d
e
mons
tra
t
i
o
n
pr
ojec
t
s
o
f
tech
no
l
o
g
y
,
repla
c
e
d
b
y
c
o
mm
e
r
cial
p
ro
je
cts
dri
v
e
n
b
y
sou
n
d
e
co
nom
ic
a
nal
y
s
is
[
2
6
].
A
r
e
c
e
n
t
N
a
vi
ga
nt
R
e
s
ear
ch
r
epor
t
has ide
n
tifie
d m
o
re t
ha
n
4
0
0
micr
ogri
d
p
ro
j
e
c
t
s i
n
o
per
a
t
i
on or
in deve
lop
m
ent w
o
rldw
i
d
e
[26]. In t
h
i
s
stu
d
y
,
the a
n
n
u
a
l
g
lo
bal c
a
p
ac
i
t
y o
f
m
icrogr
i
d
s
i
s
expec
t
e
d
t
o inc
r
ea
s
e
from 685
MW i
n
2
0
13 t
o
4,
0
00 MW
i
n 20
20.
N
o
rth
A
m
e
r
ica
w
i
l
l
co
n
tin
ue
t
o
lea
d
t
he
m
i
c
ro-gr
i
d
m
a
rke
t
a
nd
t
he
A
sia
P
a
cific
re
gio
n
w
il
l
pr
oba
bly
e
m
e
r
ge
in
2
0
2
0
a
s
a
n
o
t
her
ar
ea
of
g
r
o
w
t
h
bec
a
u
s
e
of
t
he
e
n
o
rm
ous
n
ee
d
to
s
up
pl
y
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
p
op
ula
t
i
o
ns,
uns
erve
d b
y
tr
a
dit
i
o
n
a
l
ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
nfra
str
u
c
t
u
r
e
[26].
3.2.
De
mand man
age
me
nt
Ec
o
nomic
g
r
o
w
t
h
is
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
ie
d
b
y
t
he
i
n
c
rea
s
e
i
n
e
ner
gy
de
ma
n
d
,
b
u
t
it
i
s
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
tha
t
t
h
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
en
ta
il
s
a
dep
l
e
t
i
o
n
of
n
a
t
ural
r
eso
u
rc
es
a
n
d
a
n
e
nvir
onm
en
tal
impa
ct,
s
o
d
e
m
and
ma
nage
me
nt a
i
m
s,
among
ot
h
er
th
i
ngs,
to de
c
ou
p
l
e
t
h
is pre
mise t
hro
u
g
h
e
ne
rg
y sa
vin
g
a
nd
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
a
c
tio
ns
[
6
],
[79].
D
e
ma
nd
ma
na
gem
e
nt
i
s
t
h
e
pla
n
nin
g
an
d
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
m
e
a
s
u
re
s
t
h
at
i
nfl
u
en
ce
dem
a
nd
b
e
hav
i
or.
These
m
easure
s
a
r
e
a
ime
d
a
t
red
u
c
i
n
g
c
on
sump
t
i
on
t
h
r
ou
gh
t
h
e
p
romo
t
i
on
o
f
e
ffi
ci
e
n
cy
and
e
n
erg
y
s
a
v
i
n
gs,
by
r
ed
u
c
i
n
g
c
o
nsum
p
t
i
o
n
dur
in
g
pe
a
k
h
ours,
ho
url
y
d
isc
r
imi
n
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
t
h
e
resp
ons
e
t
o
ma
rket
p
rices
a
nd s
t
ora
g
e te
c
h
no
log
i
es
e
n
t
eri
ng pa
r
tic
i
p
ate
in
an a
cti
v
e de
ma
nd m
a
rke
t
[33].
D
e
ma
nd
m
a
nage
me
nt
p
r
o
gram
s
are
desig
n
e
d
t
o
e
nc
o
u
rage
c
o
n
s
u
me
rs
to
m
od
ify
the
i
r
elec
t
r
i
c
ity
dem
a
nd
a
n
d
c
ons
ump
t
io
n
pa
tt
e
r
n,
i
n
or
de
r
to
r
e
s
p
o
nd
to
e
c
o
n
o
mic
a
nd
relia
b
i
lit
y
si
gna
ls.
Thi
s
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
is
n
o
t
r
ela
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
ges
in
d
em
an
d
der
i
ve
d
from
t
he
nor
ma
l
oper
a
t
i
ons
t
h
a
t
oc
c
u
r
in
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s.
I
t
seeks
to
h
el
p s
o
l
v
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
fluc
t
ua
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d so t
hat t
h
e
ge
n
e
rat
i
on su
p
p
ly
h
as gr
eate
r
c
o
m
pe
t
i
t
i
on
[36].
I
n
t
he
f
ut
ure,
d
e
m
a
nd
m
a
y
pla
y
a
m
ore
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
o
l
e
i
n
e
lectr
i
c
i
t
y
m
ar
ket
s
b
a
s
e
d
on
po
licie
s
an
d
new
tec
h
nol
og
ies
tha
t
a
l
l
ow
t
he
m
to
i
nt
er
act
w
i
t
h
the
ne
tw
ork
o
pera
tor.
T
he
d
ec
rea
s
e
i
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
de
rive
d
from
t
he
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
ana
g
em
en
t
p
r
ogra
m
s
ca
n
le
a
d
t
o
a
si
g
n
if
ic
ant
de
cre
a
se
i
n
ma
rgina
l
c
os
t
s
f
or
pow
er
gene
r
at
i
on [3
6].
A
m
ong t
h
e
ad
va
nta
g
es of
ac
tive
dem
a
n
d
m
a
n
agem
en
t a
r
e
[1]:
•
Re
du
c
t
i
o
n
in
p
rice
vo
lat
ili
t
y
.
•
M
a
r
k
et
p
o
w
e
r
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
.
•
Incre
a
se
i
n net
w
ork
reliab
i
l
ity.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
ity
m
a
r
k
e
t
st
r
a
te
g
i
es a
ppl
ied to m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d deve
lopm
e
n
t
(C
ar
l
o
s U
.
Cassi
a
n
i O
r
t
i
z)
53
9
•
Incre
a
se
i
n
a
v
a
i
la
bi
li
ty
a
n
d
t
ra
ns
fer
ca
paci
ty
i
n
tra
n
sm
is
sion
netw
orks,
w
h
ic
h
tra
n
s
l
a
t
e
s
i
n
t
o
a
n
opt
im
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
exi
st
ing
i
n
frastruc
t
ur
e.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
e
x
i
s
t
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
dv
a
n
ced
m
ea
su
ri
ng
d
e
v
i
c
es
to
ge
ther
w
ith
a
ut
oma
tio
n a
n
d c
ontro
l
so
t
ha
t ene
r
g
y
m
ana
g
e
m
ent
ca
n
b
ecome
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
nt
.
3.3.
Micro mar
k
ets
A
m
i
cro
m
a
rket
i
s
the
un
i
on
o
f
l
oc
a
l
g
e
n
er
at
ors
a
n
d
de
ma
n
d
s
o
f
a
co
mmu
n
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
al
lo
ws
t
o
re
sol
v
e
the
re
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
ns
o
f
t
h
e
grid
l
o
c
ally.
In
a
d
d
it
i
on,
a
m
ic
ro
m
ark
e
t
c
an
b
oos
t
t
h
e
p
u
rc
hase
a
nd
sa
le
o
f
e
n
ergy
i
n
the w
h
ole
s
a
l
e
m
a
rke
t
cons
i
d
e
r
in
g
n
e
tw
ork r
e
stric
tio
ns.
The
ma
t
c
hin
g
p
roce
dures
f
or
t
he
se
m
ar
kets
c
oul
d
be
:
c
o
op
er
ative
,
cos
t
-ba
s
e
d
,
or
c
om
pe
t
iti
ve,
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
buy
-s
el
l
o
ffe
r.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
co
st
-b
a
s
ed
p
ro
cedu
r
es
i
s
tha
t
t
he
m
icro-m
ar
ket
ma
nager
(
a
ggr
e
g
at
or)
cou
l
d
ea
s
i
l
y
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
m
ini
m
um
oper
a
t
i
n
g
c
on
fi
gur
ati
o
n
,
b
ut
w
it
h
the
d
i
sa
dva
n
t
age
t
h
a
t
i
f
t
h
ere
ar
e
sever
a
l
ge
nera
t
i
n
g
o
w
n
ers,
t
he
s
yste
m
ca
n
be
e
a
s
il
y
ma
nip
u
la
te
d
i
f
a
n
y
o
f
t
he
g
e
n
er
ators
de
clar
e
c
o
s
t
s
di
ffe
re
nt from
the r
eal
o
nes.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
t
h
a
t
e
ach
g
en
era
t
o
r
w
o
u
ld
n
ot
n
e
e
d
t
o
dec
l
a
r
e c
o
st
s a
nd
the
p
o
i
n
t
of
opera
t
i
o
n
w
oul
d be de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d ba
s
e
d
o
n
p
u
r
c
h
a
s
e, s
al
e
a
n
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
onne
ct
i
on
po
int
offe
rs,
if
t
he
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ne
t
are
c
onsi
d
e
r
ed.
Th
e
d
i
sa
d
v
an
t
a
ge
o
f
a
com
p
eti
t
i
v
e
sys
t
em
i
s
t
h
a
t
there
is a
g
ene
r
ator
w
i
t
h
grea
t
ma
rket
s
ha
re
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
i
ng
the
p
artic
ipa
t
io
n o
f
t
he
re
s
t
of
t
he
par
t
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s.
I
n
s
umm
a
ry,
coo
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
sy
s
t
em
s
see
m
t
o
be
m
or
e
ap
pr
opr
i
a
te
f
or
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
o
w
n
e
r
s
a
n
d
com
p
et
i
tive
s
y
stem
s
wou
l
d
b
e
m
or
e
s
u
itable
for
systems
with
s
ev
e
r
al
o
wn
ers
wi
t
h
s
u
ffi
ci
en
t
p
a
rti
c
ipa
t
ion
to
avo
i
d pre
d
omi
n
an
t
pos
it
ions.
The
s
t
ruc
t
ur
e
of
m
icr
o
m
ar
k
e
ts
h
a
s
t
he
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
o
f
a
llow
i
ng
t
h
e
in
te
gr
at
i
o
n
of
d
i
f
fe
rent
o
w
n
ers
w
ith
t
o
t
a
l
p
ri
va
cy,
unl
i
k
e c
e
n
t
ralize
d
con
tro
l
s
ys
tem
s
.
Li
kew
i
se
, the
b
ene
f
i
t
s
of m
icro
m
a
r
kets in
d
i
stri
bu
tio
n
sys
t
e
m
s
are
[
59]:
•
I
m
plem
enta
ti
o
n
of o
p
t
i
m
al
l
o
a
d fl
ow
s to
r
ed
uce
c
o
sts a
nd l
o
ss
es.
•
S
t
orage
u
n
i
t
s
can
b
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
al
ly c
ons
ider
i
n
g
eco
no
m
i
c
a
nd tec
h
n
i
c
a
l c
onstra
i
n
t
s.
•
The
y
have
gre
a
ter
re
silie
nce
,
b
ei
n
g
able
to e
a
s
ily
a
da
p
t
to u
ne
x
p
ec
ted
s
i
t
u
ati
o
ns.
•
The
q
u
al
i
t
y o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y c
a
n
be i
ncr
ease
d
w
it
h l
o
ca
l
co
n
t
ro
ls.
Th
e ch
a
r
ac
t
e
rist
i
c
s o
f
t
h
e
mi
c
ro
mark
e
t
s
are
:
The
y
s
t
i
m
u
la
t
e
c
o
m
pe
ti
t
i
o
n
a
nd
a
r
e
n
ot
d
i
s
c
r
imina
t
or
y.
T
he
s
ys
t
em
c
an
p
ar
t
i
c
i
pa
t
e
i
n
wh
ole
s
al
e
ma
rket
t
hr
o
ugh
a
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
m
arket
agen
t.
The
o
bj
e
c
t
iv
es of
b
u
y
ers
a
nd se
ller
s
ar
e
stric
tly e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
.
Th
e
g
e
n
e
ral
au
ct
io
n
t
h
a
t
m
us
t
b
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
w
hol
e
s
al
e
ma
rk
et
m
ay
i
n
c
l
u
de
m
ar
k
e
t
re
st
r
i
c
tio
ns
i
n
order
t
o
e
ns
ure
a
fe
a
s
i
b
le
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
ap
pe
a
l
.
Th
e
dem
a
n
d
r
es
p
ons
e
c
a
n
b
e
imple
m
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
he
m
icro
m
a
r
ket
a
n
d
market
a
gents can
s
e
nd offe
rs to
t
h
e
m
i
cro
ma
rkets.
M
i
cr
o
m
a
rke
t
s
depe
n
d
on:
•
The
co
n
f
i
g
urat
io
n
of
l
oca
l
p
o
w
er
s
ystem
s
.
The
o
b
je
ct
ive
o
f
t
he
sh
a
r
ehol
ders
i
nv
olv
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
eatu
r
e
s
of par
tic
ip
a
t
i
n
g
m
a
r
k
ets.
•
The
fa
ct
ors to
c
on
side
r for th
e
desi
gn o
f
t
he
m
icro
m
arkets a
re
:
•
D
e
gree
o
f
c
o
m
p
eti
t
i
ve
nes
s
:
a
large
pa
rt
i
c
ipa
n
t
ca
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
pr
i
c
e
o
f
e
nergy
w
i
tho
u
t
t
a
k
i
ng
in
to
ac
c
o
unt
t
he res
t
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ti
ci
pa
n
t
s.
•
Tr
adi
ng
h
o
r
i
zo
n:
t
he
d
a
ily
m
ar
ket
req
u
ire
s
g
r
e
a
t
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
on
i
n
f
or
eca
s
t
s,
o
n
the
o
t
he
r
ha
nd,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
a
r
k
ets, on
a minu
te
s
c
a
le,
a
r
e
a
ba
lanc
i
ng
m
e
c
h
ani
s
m.
•
Tr
ansfe
r
in
t
erv
a
l
s
: shor
t
t
r
ans
f
er
inter
va
l
s
r
educ
e de
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
from
expe
cte
d
e
nerg
y.
•
C
o
st o
f
the
stru
cture
for
t
h
e
p
a
rtic
ipa
n
ts.
•
The
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
oor
din
a
t
e
d
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
ca
n
be
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
o
ri
en
t
e
d
to
a
chi
e
v
e
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
ob
jec
t
i
v
e
s
,
su
c
h
a
s:
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
l
eve
l
s
u
p
p
o
rt.
F
r
equenc
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
P
r
ovis
i
o
n
o
f
a
c
t
ive
power
r
e
serve.
C
o
m
p
le
me
n
t
a
r
y se
rvices.
3.4.
Micr
o
g
r
i
d
econ
o
my
Thi
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
ad
d
r
e
sse
s
so
me
o
f
t
h
e
ec
onomi
c
i
s
s
u
e
s
re
la
t
e
d
t
o
m
i
c
ro
gri
d
s.
T
h
e
e
c
o
no
my
,
o
r
t
he
com
m
e
r
cia
l
c
ase
of
t
he
m
i
c
rogr
ids,
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
s
its
c
on
fig
u
r
a
tion
a
nd
ope
ra
t
i
on.
T
he
i
ss
ue
s
of
t
he
e
c
o
nomic
s
of
m
icr
ogr
id
s
c
a
n
be
d
iv
ide
d
i
nt
o
thre
e
cate
gor
i
e
s [85]
:
a.
The
firs
t
c
onc
er
ns
t
he
b
a
s
ic
e
c
o
n
o
my
o
f
o
p
t
i
ma
l
i
n
ve
st
m
e
nt
a
n
d
t
h
e
ope
rati
on
o
f
the
tec
h
n
o
lo
gi
es
a
v
ai
la
b
l
e
for
mic
r
o
gri
d
s
[8
6].
These
are
pro
b
lem
s
t
ha
t,
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
on
t
h
e
sca
l
e
o
f
t
he
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
sys
t
em
,
have
r
ece
i
v
e
d
i
n
t
e
n
s
e
a
c
a
de
mic
scr
u
t
i
ny.
A
s
a
resul
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
t
o
o
l
s
to
g
ui
de
oper
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
e
ffe
c
t
ive,
w
it
h
some
a
da
pt
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
p
ec
ific
it
ies
o
f
m
icrogr
ids
[8
5].
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
w
ords,
m
u
ch
o
f
our
acc
umu
l
a
t
e
d
know
le
d
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
pera
tio
n
of
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
c
a
l
e
sys
t
em
s ca
n be
appl
ie
d to
t
he
s
e
system
s
.
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