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UCT
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ab
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d
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to
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v
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m
e
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t
[
1
]
.
So
lar
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g
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t
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m
o
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t
p
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2
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[
3
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4
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it [
5
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6
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.
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m
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m
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ar
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m
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s
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as
:
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P
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an
d
Ob
s
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v
e"
(
P
&
O)
[
7
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
"
I
n
cr
e
m
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n
tal
co
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I
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[
1
1
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3]
w
h
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s
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t
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"
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[
1
4
]
,
Fra
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p
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cir
cu
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t
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ltag
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
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N:
2
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694
I
mp
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Mu
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Fra
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m
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1
5
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[
16]
,
th
e
tech
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iq
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es
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ar
tif
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telli
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1
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19]
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[
2
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[
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[
23]
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Am
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iq
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t
h
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"
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m
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2
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e
ex
h
ib
it
io
n
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
.
2.
T
E
ST
B
E
NCH
A
ND
M
E
ASURE
M
E
NT
2
.
1
.
T
est
benc
h
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
c
h
ai
n
co
n
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
o
u
r
tes
t
b
en
c
h
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
a
to
r
(
P
VG)
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
DC
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
latter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
n
MP
P
T
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ty
p
e
"
P
&
O"
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
P
VG
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
is
il
lu
s
t
r
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
S
y
n
o
p
tic
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
lized
P
V
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
c
h
a
in
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
tes
t
b
en
ch
,
is
to
tak
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
pv
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
P
VG
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
b
et
w
e
en
it
s
ter
m
i
n
als.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
I
p
v
a
n
d
V
pv
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
an
alo
g
d
ig
i
t
al
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
ar
d
ty
p
e
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
.
T
h
is
latter
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
n
ac
q
u
is
it
io
n
ca
r
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
i
n
r
ea
l
ti
m
e,
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
v
a
lu
e
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
(
I
pv
,
V
pv
)
to
a
co
m
p
u
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
R
S2
3
2
/
USB
s
er
ial
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
b
elo
w
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
ea
lized
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
t
o
v
al
id
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ea
lized
test
B
en
c
h
L
o
a
d
Dri
ve
r
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
nverte
r
A
r
d
ui
no
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
4
3
4
–
4
4
3
436
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
u
n
it,
we
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
Ma
tlab
-
Si
m
u
li
n
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
th
at
e
n
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
(
I
pv
,
V
pv
)
th
at
w
ill
s
er
v
e
as
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
t
h
at
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
pv
f
o
r
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
ar
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
P
W
M
s
ig
n
a
l
(
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
lat
io
n
)
t
h
is
latter
attac
k
a
d
r
iv
er
a
m
p
li
f
y
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
MO
S
FET
tr
an
s
is
to
r
o
f
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e,
ar
ch
i
v
in
g
a
n
d
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
pv
an
d
V
pv
s
izes,
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
h
at
w
e
h
av
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
u
n
d
er
Ma
tlab
-
Si
m
u
li
n
k
.
T
h
is
al
lo
w
s
u
s
to
v
is
u
alize
i
n
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
I
pv
=
f
(
t
)
,
V
pv
=
f
(
t
)
,
I
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
an
d
th
e
e
v
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
P
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
cq
u
i
s
itio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
ar
d
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
d
er
Ma
tlab
-
Si
m
u
lin
k
2
.
2
.
P
V
M
o
du
le
T
h
e
P
VG
u
s
ed
in
o
u
r
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
s
is
B
P
So
lar
MSX
-
6
4
.
T
h
eir
elec
tr
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
[
2
5
]
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
S
T
C
(
Stan
d
ar
d
T
est
C
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
G
=
1000
W
/m
2
,
A
M
1
.
5
,
T
=
2
5
°C
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
P
VG
u
s
in
g
m
an
y
m
o
d
el
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licat
io
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
lectr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
MS
X
-
6
4
i
n
ST
C
[
2
5
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
P
max
64
W
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
max
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
V
mp
p
1
7
.
5
V
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
I
mp
p
3
.
6
6
A
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
sc
4
A
O
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
o
c
2
1
.
3
V
2
.
3
.
B
ench
m
ea
s
ure
m
e
nt
o
f
m
et
e
o
ro
lo
g
ica
l c
o
nd
it
io
ns
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
th
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
G
an
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
T
,
u
n
d
er
w
h
ic
h
th
e
q
u
a
n
titi
e
s
(
I
pv
,
V
pv
)
ar
e
r
e
co
r
d
ed
,
th
e
Fig
.
4
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
test
b
en
c
h
in
s
talled
i
n
o
u
r
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
E
S
T
Ag
ad
ir
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
G
an
d
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
C
a
mb
ell
ac
q
u
i
s
i
tio
n
u
n
it
o
f
C
R
1
0
X
k
i
n
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
G
an
d
T
ar
e
c
o
llected
ev
er
y
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
u
n
it [
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
in
A
r
d
u
in
o
o
f
MPP
T Usin
g
V
a
r
ia
b
le
S
tep
S
i
z
e
P
&
O
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
.
.
.
(
Mu
s
ta
p
h
a
E
lya
q
o
u
ti)
437
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tati
o
n
w
ith
it
s
C
a
mb
ell
ce
n
tr
al
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
C
R
1
0
X
3.
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
B
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
c
er
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
MP
P
T
co
n
tr
o
ls
,
w
e
w
ill
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
G
P
V
an
d
th
e
DC
lo
ad
.
3
.
1
.
B
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
i
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
is
t
h
e
B
o
o
s
t
t
y
p
e.
I
t
allo
w
s
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
V
s
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
V
pv
.
T
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
m
o
d
eli
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ile
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes t
h
e
v
al
u
es o
f
th
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
to
m
a
k
e
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ch
e
m
e
T
ab
le
2
.
Valu
es o
f
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
elem
e
n
t
s
El
e
me
n
t
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
Ce
2
2
0
0
µF
B
o
b
b
i
n
L
pv
1
mH
C
o
n
d
e
n
sa
t
e
u
r
d
e
so
r
t
i
e
C
s
2
2
0
µF
L
o
a
d
R
28
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
M
o
sF
ET
f
1
K
H
z
Fro
m
th
e
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
F
ig
u
r
e
5
an
d
th
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
,
o
u
r
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
e
q
u
atio
n
s
:
1
L
p
v
p
v
p
v
p
v
s
di
V
L
V
dt
(
1
)
1
ss
s
p
v
L
p
v
d
V
V
Ci
d
t
R
(
2
)
W
ith
pv
is
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
.
I
ts
v
al
u
e
is
b
et
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ee
n
0
an
d
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
4
3
4
–
4
4
3
438
3
.
2
.
M
P
P
T
m
o
del
ing
MP
PT
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
e
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
P
VG.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
w
e
d
escr
ib
e
b
elo
w
t
h
e
p
r
in
c
ip
les
an
d
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
o
f
t
w
o
co
m
m
an
d
s
"
P
&
O"
w
it
h
f
i
x
ed
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
(
PO
F
)
an
d
w
it
h
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
(
PO
V
)
.
T
h
en
w
e
test
t
h
eir
v
al
id
it
y
e
x
p
er
im
en
tall
y
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
pri
ncipl
e
o
f
t
he
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
PO
F
Gen
er
all
y
,
PO
F
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
i
s
ts
in
p
er
tu
r
b
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
V
pv
w
it
h
f
ix
ed
lo
w
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e,
o
r
w
i
th
a
f
i
x
ed
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
α
pv
,
ar
o
u
n
d
its
in
itial
v
a
lu
e
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
o
f
r
esu
lti
n
g
p
o
w
er
P
pv
.
As
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6
,
if
th
e
f
i
x
ed
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
lead
s
i
n
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
P
pv
,
th
e
n
t
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
allo
w
s
to
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
MP
P
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
PO
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
tr
o
u
b
le
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
w
it
h
th
e
s
a
m
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
if
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
ca
u
s
es
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
,
t
h
e
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ev
er
s
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
to
th
e
MP
P
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
o
f
th
i
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
7.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
r
in
cip
le
r
esear
ch
o
f
MP
PT
b
y
"
P
&
O"
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
pri
ncipl
e
o
f
t
he
t
ec
hn
ica
l
PO
V
T
h
e
PO
F
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
f
i
x
ed
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
h
as
t
w
o
m
a
j
o
r
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ti
m
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
a
n
d
o
s
ci
llatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
MP
P
g
en
er
ated
in
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
r
e
g
i
m
e.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
s
tep
m
i
n
i
m
izes
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
ti
m
e,
b
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
MPP
,
w
h
ile
a
lo
w
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tep
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
ca
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
b
u
t
s
lo
w
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
MP
P
.
W
e
m
u
s
t
f
i
n
d
a
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
to
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
u
s
e
t
wo
s
tep
s
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
.
I
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
P
pv
is
les
s
th
a
n
a
ce
r
tain
th
r
es
h
o
ld
V
a
l
,
th
en
w
e
u
s
e
th
e
C
1
s
te
p
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e
C
1
=
0
.
0
1
an
d
V
a
l
=
±5
W
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
C
2
w
i
ll
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
C
2
=
0
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
v
al
u
es
w
er
e
s
elec
te
d
to
h
av
e
a
r
ap
id
it
y
in
i
tiall
y
a
n
d
lo
w
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
P
P
M
in
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
r
eg
i
m
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
f
lo
w
c
h
a
r
t
ass
o
ciate
d
to
th
is
PO
V
me
th
o
d
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
latter
is
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ar
y
to
t
h
e
f
lo
w
c
h
a
r
t o
f
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
in
A
r
d
u
in
o
o
f
MPP
T Usin
g
V
a
r
ia
b
le
S
tep
S
i
z
e
P
&
O
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
.
.
.
(
Mu
s
ta
p
h
a
E
lya
q
o
u
ti)
439
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
o
f
PO
F
m
eth
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
ar
tial a
lg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
PO
V
Me
a
s
ure
:
V
pv
(
k
)
,
I
pv
(
k
)
P
pv
(
k
)
=
V
pv
(
k
)
.
I
pv
(
k
-
1)
Δ
P
pv
(
k
)
=
P
pv
(
k
)
-
P
pv
(
k
-
1)
Δ
V
(
k
)
=
V
pv
(
k
)
-
V
pv
(
k
-
1)
Δ
P
(
k
)
=
0
Δ
P
(
k
)
>
0
Δ
V
(
k
)
>
0
Δ
V
(
k
)
>
0
α
pv
=
α
pv
-
C
α
pv
=
α
pv
+
C
α
pv
=
α
pv
-
C
α
pv
=
α
pv
+
C
k
=
k
+
1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
k
=
0
Sta
rt
No
ΔV
pv
(
k
)
=
V
pv
(
k
)
-
V
pv
(
k
-
1)
|Δ
P
|
>
V
al
Δ
P
(
k
)
=
0
C
=
C
1
C
=
C
2
Yes
No
Yes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
4
3
4
–
4
4
3
440
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
RE
SUL
T
S
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
test
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ci
ted
in
P
ar
t
3
.
2
,
w
e
ar
e
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
p
lo
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
I
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
a
n
d
P
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
o
f
o
u
r
P
VG
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
G
an
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
T
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
w
e
v
ar
y
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
pv
o
f
5
%
to
9
5
%
w
ith
a
f
i
x
ed
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
allo
w
u
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
P
max
g
en
er
ated
b
y
o
u
r
P
VG.
A
n
d
th
e
n
P
max
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
P
mpp
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
b
y
ei
th
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
PO
F
a
n
d
PO
V
.
W
e
n
o
te
th
at
G
an
d
T
v
alu
e
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
w
ea
t
h
er
s
tatio
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
n
s
tan
t th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
allo
w
u
s
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
I
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
an
d
P
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
f
o
r
G
=
982
W
/m
2
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
n
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
r
ec
ei
v
ed
o
n
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
I
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
et
P
pv
=
f
(
V
pv
)
o
f
P
VGM
SX6
4
ty
p
e
f
o
r
G
=
982
W
/m
2
et
T
=
2
5
.
1
°C
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
to
1
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
p
o
w
er
P
pv
,
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
an
d
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
I
pv
u
n
d
er
PO
F
a
n
d
PO
V
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
et
h
o
d
PO
F
,
w
e
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
t
w
o
r
es
p
o
n
s
es,
o
n
e
w
it
h
a
f
i
x
ed
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
tep
C
=
0
.
0
1
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
an
d
an
o
th
er
w
ith
C
=
0
.
0
0
1
w
h
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
v
ar
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
PO
V
,
w
e
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
i
g
u
r
es
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
l
r
esp
o
n
s
es
P
pv
,
V
pv
a
n
d
I
pv
with
a
s
tep
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
C
1
=
0
.
0
1
o
r
C
2
=
0
.
0
0
1
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
P
pv
0
5
10
15
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
V
p
v
[
V
]
I
p
v
[
A
]
0
5
10
15
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
P
p
v
[
W
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[1
]
M
.
A
.
El
-
Ha
k
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m
,
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[2
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.
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.
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so
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.
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k
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N.
Ku
m
a
r,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
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se
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telli
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ter
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[4
]
R
.
K
.
Tara
i
a
n
d
P
.
Ka
le,
“
De
v
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p
m
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ter
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[5
]
A
.
A
.
M
e
rro
u
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e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
P
V
in
th
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M
o
r
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c
c
a
n
b
u
il
d
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n
g
:
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im
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latio
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sta
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ter
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[6
]
K.
K
.
Ku
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
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ic
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ll
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p
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rt
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c
ircu
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e
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o
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n
d
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n
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m
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tal
c
o
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d
u
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ta
n
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m
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th
o
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,
”
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ia
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[7
]
J
.
A
h
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e
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a
n
d
Z
.
S
a
la
m
,
“
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n
i
m
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ro
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se
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m
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T
)
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ig
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ff
icie
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e
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y
,
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l.
1
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p
p
.
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.
[8
]
S
.
F
a
rh
a
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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&
O
a
n
d
In
c
r
e
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
M
P
P
T
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Rev
ie
w
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IRE
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,
v
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/i
ss
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:
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1
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p
p
.
1
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2
,
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0
1
5
.
[9
]
A
.
K.
A
b
d
e
lsa
la
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
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e
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
P
e
rtu
r
b
a
n
d
O
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se
rv
e
M
P
P
T
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
Ba
se
d
M
icro
g
rid
s,
”
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E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
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tro
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,
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.
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0
]
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.
S
.
D'
S
o
u
z
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
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ra
ti
v
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stu
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riab
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p
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se
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x
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m
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in
t
trac
k
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f
o
r
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sy
ste
m
s,
”
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e
c
tric
Po
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r S
y
ste
ms
Res
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a
rc
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,
v
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ss
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p
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.
2
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0
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[1
1
]
P
.
S
.
K
u
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
se
a
n
d
e
n
h
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n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
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V
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f
f
icie
n
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y
w
it
h
In
c
re
m
e
n
tal
Co
n
d
u
c
ta
n
c
e
M
P
P
T
tec
h
n
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e
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n
d
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o
n
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li
n
e
a
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lo
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d
in
g
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o
n
d
it
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o
n
s,
”
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wa
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le E
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e
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y
,
v
o
l.
8
1
,
p
p
.
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5
5
0
,
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0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
K
.
Ish
a
q
u
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
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e
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rb
a
n
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se
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d
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it
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s,
”
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En
e
rg
y
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5
]
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Re
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p
p
.
5
6
7
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1
6
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7
]
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.
Be
n
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,
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l.
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S
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rv
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P
P
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9
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3
]
M
.
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,
“
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Ne
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ter
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4
]
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.
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n
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E
.
S.
Ha
sa
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n
,
“
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n
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a
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s
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ste
m
s
,
”
Ai
n
S
h
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ms
En
g
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n
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e
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o
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rn
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l
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l.
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5
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b
site:
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tt
p
s://
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f
[2
6
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M
.
El
y
a
q
o
u
ti
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Et
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d
e
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7
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S
.
F
a
rh
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t,
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a
l.
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P
P
T
Ef
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&
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Rev
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f
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En
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ra
l
in
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
s
to
o
k
p
lac
e
i
n
t
h
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
T
e
a
m
in
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
ies
(ERT
A
IER)
Ag
a
d
ir,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
S
a
d
i
k
F
a
r
h
a
t
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
(2
0
0
1
)
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
w
it
h
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
(1
9
9
6
)
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
Hig
h
e
r
No
rm
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(ENS
ET
),
Ra
b
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
a
n
d
a
p
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
te
d
e
g
re
e
in
(2
0
0
7
)
,
o
f
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(ENS
A
)
o
f
A
g
a
d
ir,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
,
in
th
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
o
c
to
ra
l
t
h
e
sis,
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
th
e
m
a
ti
c
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
ies
.
T
h
e
d
o
c
to
ra
l
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
s
to
o
k
p
lac
e
in
t
h
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
Tea
m
in
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
ies
(ERT
AIER)
La
h
o
u
ss
in
e
B
o
u
h
o
u
c
h
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
th
e
E
S
T
A
(Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
o
f
Ag
a
d
ir),
Ib
n
Zo
h
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ag
a
d
ir,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
.
P
h
D
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
t
th
e
Na
n
c
y
I
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
F
ra
n
c
e
in
1
9
8
8
a
n
d
st
a
te
d
o
c
to
ra
te
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
in
2
0
0
7
.
Re
sp
o
n
sib
le
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
tea
m
ERT
A
IR
(Re
s
e
a
rc
h
Tea
m
in
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
ies
).
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
to
p
ics
re
late
d
to
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
in
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
(EM
C)
Ahm
e
d
I
h
la
l,
w
a
s
b
o
rn
a
n
d
b
ro
u
g
h
t
u
p
i
n
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
.
He
stu
d
ied
P
h
y
sic
s
a
n
d
Ch
e
m
i
str
y
a
n
d
h
o
l
d
s,
in
1
9
8
4
,
h
is
BS
c
d
e
g
re
e
(
L
ice
n
c
e
Es
-
S
c
ien
c
e
s
P
h
y
siq
u
e
)
in
S
o
li
d
S
tate
P
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
V
,
Ra
b
a
t
-
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
th
e
n
jo
i
n
e
d
P
a
ris
VII
Un
iv
e
rsity
–
F
ra
n
c
e
,
w
h
e
re
h
e
g
o
t,
i
n
1
9
8
5
,
a
M
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
(DEA
:
Dip
lo
m
e
d
e
s
Et
u
d
e
s
A
p
p
ro
f
o
n
d
ies
)
i
n
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
.
He
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
th
e
stu
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
g
o
t,
i
n
1
9
8
8
,
a
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
e
n
Ba
ss
e
No
r
m
a
n
d
ie
-
F
ra
n
c
e
.
Dr.
A
.
Ih
lal
sta
rted
h
is
tea
c
h
in
g
c
a
re
e
r
o
n
I9
8
8
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
f
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ib
n
Zo
h
r
.
T
h
e
n
h
e
h
o
ld
s
a
"
Do
c
to
ra
t
d
'
Et
a
t"
th
e
s
is
in
1
9
9
5
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
F
u
ll
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
iv
e
rsity
Ib
n
Zo
h
r,
A
g
a
d
ir
-
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
He
is
h
e
a
d
o
f
th
e
g
ro
u
p
w
o
rk
in
g
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
s
t
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
CIG
S
a
n
d
CZT
S
a
b
so
rb
e
r
lay
e
rs,
b
u
ff
e
r
la
y
e
rs
a
n
d
T
COs
.
H
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
o
n
P
V
a
n
d
CS
P
sy
ste
m
s
a
s
we
ll
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
6
0
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
p
a
p
e
rs,
a
n
d
a
c
ted
a
s
a
re
f
e
r
e
e
f
o
r
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls.
He
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
t
o
th
e
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
w
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
sc
i
e
n
ti
f
ic
c
o
m
m
it
tee
s
f
o
r
se
v
e
ra
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
is
s
u
p
e
rv
isin
g
P
h
D,
M
S
c
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
BS
c
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
P
V
a
n
d
CS
P
.
He
is
a
n
e
x
p
e
rt
o
f
th
e
C
NRST
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
b
le e
n
e
rg
ies
.
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