I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
5
~
1
7
9
2
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v8
i
4
.
pp
1
7
8
5
-
1792
1785
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
M
a
x
im
u
m
P
o
w
er P
o
int
Tra
c
k
ing
fo
r a G
ri
d Conne
ct
ed
Photo
v
o
ltaic
Sy
st
e
m
U
sing
Slidi
ng
M
o
de Contro
l
D.
Sa
t
t
ia
na
da
n
1
,
V.
K
a
ly
a
n
a
s
un
d
a
ra
m
2
,
S.
Vi
dy
a
s
a
g
a
r
3
,
Dee
pa
k
K
u
m
a
r
Na
y
a
k
Ro
o
p
a
m
J
ha
4
De
p
a
rt
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
RM
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ju
ly
30
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Oct
2
0
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
6
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
trac
k
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
a
n
iso
late
d
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
ste
m
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
u
se
d
t
o
a
c
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
a
l
is
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
A
h
ig
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
l
y
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
o
rk
in
g
in
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
is
u
se
d
to
b
o
o
st
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
lso
p
ro
v
id
e
s
g
a
lv
a
n
ic
iso
latio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
sid
e
.
A
n
in
v
e
rter
is
u
se
d
to
i
n
v
e
rt
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
o
r
a
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
re
f
o
re
,
th
e
p
rim
a
r
y
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
is
to
d
e
sig
n
a
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
w
h
ich
c
a
n
trac
k
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
d
riv
in
g
a
h
ig
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
l
y
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
it
s
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
li
ty
a
s
a
h
ig
h
ly
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
e
r.
T
h
is
s
y
ste
m
i
s
m
o
d
e
ll
e
d
a
n
d
tes
ted
in
M
A
TL
A
B
S
IM
UL
INK
.
T
o
v
e
ri
fy
th
e
re
su
lt
s
a
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
w
it
h
h
ig
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
l
y
b
a
c
k
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
is
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
in
a
h
a
r
d
w
a
re
se
t
u
p
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Fl
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
Fu
ll b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
D.
Sattian
ad
a
n
,
Dep
ar
t
e
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
SR
M
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
T
am
i
l
Nad
u
.
6
0
3
2
0
3
E
m
ail:
s
a
ttia.n
ad
a
n
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
’
s
e
lectr
icit
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
s
f
u
lf
i
lled
b
y
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
els
an
d
n
u
clea
r
p
lan
t
an
d
v
er
y
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
is
m
et
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
a
s
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
Du
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
lan
t
s
a
n
d
d
ep
let
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
as
led
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
a
s
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
.
B
u
t
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
a
P
V
p
la
n
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
h
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
a
n
d
ch
a
n
g
es
w
it
h
ti
m
e
a
n
d
s
ea
s
o
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
tr
ac
k
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
an
d
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
.
T
h
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
s
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
is
ea
s
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
I
t
tr
ac
k
s
t
h
e
MP
P
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
v
o
lta
g
e
at
ev
er
y
p
o
in
t,
b
ein
g
ze
r
o
at
t
h
e
MP
P
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
th
e
lef
t
o
f
th
e
MP
P
,
an
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t.
B
u
t
it
h
as
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
less
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
ac
k
MP
P
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
MP
P
an
d
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
1
]
.
I
n
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
s
h
o
w
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
P
&
O
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
MP
P
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
a
n
d
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
w
i
th
less
o
s
cil
latio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
MPP
an
d
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
2
]
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
ac
cu
r
ate
m
a
th
e
m
ati
ca
l
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
ca
n
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
in
ex
p
lic
it
i
n
p
u
t.
I
t
ca
n
al
s
o
h
a
n
d
le
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
in
a
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
m
ain
l
y
h
a
s
f
o
u
r
b
asic
s
tep
f
u
zz
y
f
icatio
n
,
r
u
le
b
ase,
in
f
er
e
n
ce
e
n
g
i
n
e
an
d
De
-
F
u
zz
y
f
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
FLC
is
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
w
h
ic
h
is
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
ch
an
g
e
i
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
a
s
a
m
p
lin
g
ti
m
e
K
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
in
t
u
r
n
g
en
er
ate
s
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al,
b
ased
o
n
w
h
ic
h
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
is
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
FLC
is
th
a
t
it
is
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
1
7
8
5
–
1
7
9
2
1786
Fu
zz
y
r
u
les
[
3
]
.
I
n
liter
at
u
r
e
[
4
]
,
MPP
w
as
tr
ac
k
ed
u
s
in
g
A
N
N
alo
n
g
w
it
h
h
ill
cli
m
b
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
i
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
o
s
ci
ll
atio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
MP
P
an
d
g
en
er
ates th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
f
o
r
a
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
liter
atu
r
e
[
5
-
6
]
t
w
o
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
o
n
e
is
Ge
n
etic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
i
s
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
t
h
e
MP
P
in
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
o
w
c
o
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
et
w
ee
n
b
o
th
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
S
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
7
-
9
]
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
a
n
d
d
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
h
i
g
h
er
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
g
r
ea
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
D
u
e
its
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
SMC
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
r
o
b
o
tics
,
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
0
]
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
1
-
1
2
]
.
Fl
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
D
C
li
n
k
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
First
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
D
C
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
in
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
DC
-
DC
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
lev
els
co
m
p
atib
le
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
an
i
n
v
er
ter
.
B
u
t
t
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
cr
ea
tes
p
r
o
b
lem
in
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
1
3
-
1
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
li
ter
atu
r
e,
S
MC
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
MP
P
f
r
o
m
a
P
V
p
an
el
w
h
ich
ca
n
d
r
iv
e
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
S
MC
w
h
ic
h
d
r
iv
es
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
n
in
v
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
co
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
am
o
n
g
i
s
o
lated
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
s
in
ce
it
u
s
es
lea
s
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
eli
m
i
n
a
tes
t
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
b
u
lk
y
a
n
d
co
s
tl
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
in
g
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
r
esu
lt
s
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
s
t
an
d
s
ize
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
o
o
s
tin
g
t
h
e
d
c
v
o
ltag
e
u
p
to
1
0
-
2
0
tim
es
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
n
o
o
f
tu
r
n
s
ch
o
s
en
w
h
ich
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
a
B
OO
ST
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
o
o
s
tin
g
o
n
l
y
t
w
ice
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SCH
E
M
E
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
P
V
p
an
el
as
an
in
p
u
t.
T
o
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
s
l
id
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
i
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
an
y
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
A
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
i
s
u
s
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el.
Fl
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
b
o
th
C
C
M
a
n
d
DC
M
m
o
d
e
an
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
th
e
m
o
d
e
is
s
elec
ted
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
o
f
DC
M
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
lik
e
it
h
a
s
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t
tu
r
n
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
w
it
ch
es,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
er
y
f
a
s
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
a
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
in
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
r
ev
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
h
en
ce
co
m
p
licat
io
n
s
l
ik
e
n
o
is
e,
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
s
s
e
s
ar
e
eli
m
i
n
ated
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
a
n
y
tu
r
n
o
n
lo
s
s
es
a
n
d
also
DC
M
m
o
d
e
lead
s
to
s
m
all
s
iz
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
D
C
M
m
o
d
e
is
t
h
at
it
i
m
p
o
s
e
s
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
es
s
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lts
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
m
a
k
e
s
f
ilte
r
d
esi
g
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
er
ea
s
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
h
as
h
i
g
h
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
ea
s
y
f
ilter
d
esi
g
n
,
lo
w
er
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
r
m
s
cu
r
r
en
t
f
ac
to
r
,
s
m
aller
s
i
ze
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
l
o
w
er
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t,
p
ea
k
m
o
s
f
et
an
d
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
W
h
en
co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
i
n
al
D
C
M
m
o
d
e
i
s
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
an
d
wh
en
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
th
e
b
asic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t sid
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
h
en
ce
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
in
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
th
is
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
SM
C
an
d
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Ma
ximu
m
P
o
w
er P
o
in
t Tr
a
ck
i
n
g
fo
r
a
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ec
te
d
…
(
D.
S
a
ttia
n
a
d
a
n
)
1787
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Fly
b
a
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
m
e
tal
–
o
x
id
e
–
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
MO
SF
E
T
)
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
in
g
at
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
id
e,
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
an
d
a
d
io
d
e
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
also
in
clu
d
es
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
t
er
an
d
a
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
w
it
h
th
e
g
r
id
[
19
].
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it sc
h
e
m
atic
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
h
a
s
5
s
w
itc
h
e
s
o
n
e
s
w
itc
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
4
s
w
itc
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
a
Fu
l
l
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
S1
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
s
lid
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
s
w
itc
h
es
co
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
is
atio
n
an
d
s
i
g
n
al
g
en
er
atio
n
b
lo
ck
w
h
ic
h
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
SP
W
M
ta
k
es
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
g
en
er
ate
s
s
i
g
n
al
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
S
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
.
R
e
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
t
h
e
g
r
id
f
r
o
m
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
o
p
er
atin
g
at
5
0
Hz
is
tak
e
n
a
n
d
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
tr
ia
n
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
e
w
h
ic
h
g
e
n
er
ates
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
ter
s
w
itc
h
es.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
is
1
0
KH
z.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
ir
cu
it r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
cir
c
u
it
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
le
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
w
ith
a
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
t
h
o
u
g
h
a
s
w
itc
h
S.
T
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
s
w
itc
h
is
o
n
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ap
p
lie
d
to
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Hen
ce
,
V
P
=V
DC
(1
)
Sin
ce
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
ar
e
o
f
ap
p
o
s
ite
p
o
lar
it
y
,
w
h
en
s
w
itc
h
i
s
o
f
f
V
P
=
-
V
0
/
n
(2
)
W
h
er
e
V
0
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
n
is
t
h
e
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
.
No
w
,
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
is
al
w
a
y
s
ze
r
o
,
h
en
ce
V
P
(
t)
=
0
(3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
1
7
8
5
–
1
7
9
2
1788
V
DC
*T
ON
-
0
*T
OFF
=
0
(4
)
W
h
er
e
T
ON
an
d
T
OFF
is
th
e
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
.
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
in
g
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
T
ON
an
d
T
OFF
V
DC
*
D
*
T
S
–
0
(
1
–
D)
*
T
S
=
0
(5
)
W
h
er
e
D
is
th
e
D
u
t
y
c
y
cle
a
n
d
T
S
is
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ti
m
e
p
er
i
o
d
.
V
0
=
∗
∗
1
−
(6
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
la
w
o
f
C
o
n
s
er
v
a
tio
n
o
f
E
n
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t p
o
w
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
to
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
P
in
=
P
o
u
t
(7
)
R
PV
=
(
1
−
D
)
2
2
2
*
R
out
(8
)
3.
CO
NVER
T
E
R
DE
S
I
G
N
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
i
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
witch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
Hig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
w
itc
h
in
g
le
ad
s
to
a
lo
w
er
p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
s
m
aller
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
lo
w
er
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
h
i
g
h
er
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
h
a
s
s
e
v
er
al
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
lik
e
it
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
es
lead
i
n
g
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
ak
i
n
g
all
t
h
i
s
p
o
in
t
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
s
e
lecte
d
t
o
b
e
5
0
KHz
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
w
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
tu
r
n
s
r
at
io
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
tu
r
n
s
r
at
io
is
s
elec
ted
s
o
as
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
to
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
5
0
%
(
D
lim
)
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
li
m
iti
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
is
th
at
t
h
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
th
e
r
ec
ti
f
y
in
g
d
io
d
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
u
r
n
s
r
atio
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
,
)
1
(
)
(
lim
lim
m
i
n
D
V
V
D
V
N
D
o
u
t
IN
PS
(9
)
W
h
er
e
NP
S
is
th
e
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
,
V
I
N
min
i
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
out
is
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
V
D
is
th
e
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
t
if
y
in
g
d
io
d
e.
Du
t
y
c
y
cle
i
n
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
9
)
as
:
PS
D
OUT
IN
PS
D
o
u
t
C
C
M
N
V
V
V
N
V
V
D
)
(
)
(
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
n
ex
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
p
ec
if
icati
o
n
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
W
h
e
n
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
t
h
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
t
wo
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
th
e
R
HP
Z
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
h
e
n
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
alu
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
lead
in
g
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
E
MI
an
d
n
o
is
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
w
i
th
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
H
en
ce
,
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
v
al
u
e
o
n
e
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
lim
it
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
to
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
w
i
n
d
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
n
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
it
ch
.
A
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
ize
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
w
it
h
a
r
ip
p
le
p
er
ce
n
t
(
R
I
P
%)
b
et
w
ee
n
6
0
%
to
9
0
%.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
:
m
i
n
m
a
x
%
D
V
I
V
R
i
p
p
I
IN
out
out
P
a
v
g
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Ma
ximu
m
P
o
w
er P
o
in
t Tr
a
ck
i
n
g
fo
r
a
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ec
te
d
…
(
D.
S
a
ttia
n
a
d
a
n
)
1789
W
h
er
e
V
out
a
n
d
I
out
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
D
m
i
n
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
c
u
r
r
en
t p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
as:
sw
P
a
v
g
IN
P
f
I
D
V
L
m
i
n
m
a
x
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e
f
S
W
is
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
an
d
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
as
:
2
PS
P
S
N
L
L
(
1
3
)
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
elec
ted
tak
i
n
g
t
w
o
p
o
in
ts
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
n
e
i
s
th
e
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
th
er
is
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
lar
g
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
w
itc
h
is
o
n
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
f
lo
w
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t c
ap
ac
ita
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
:
o
ut
C
>
sw
r
i
p
p
l
e
out
f
V
D
I
m
a
x
(
1
4
)
4.
SL
I
DIN
G
M
O
DE
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
T
h
e
SMC
-
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
s
tep
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
est
i
m
a
te
th
e
ac
t
u
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
(
VM
P
P
)
v
alu
e
at
w
h
ic
h
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
r
ea
ch
its
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t.
A
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
is
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
P
V
v
o
lt
ag
e
at
t
h
e
VM
P
P
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
e.
Hen
ce
,
s
lid
i
n
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
as
b
asicall
y
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
.
On
e
is
t
h
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
is
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tep
lead
to
a
P
V
MP
P
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
e
s
ti
m
ato
r
g
en
er
ates
a
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
f
ee
d
s
it
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ich
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
w
o
r
k
at
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
(
MP
P
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
an
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
th
e
esti
m
ated
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
VP
-
Vr
ef
)
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
al
S
MC
g
e
n
er
at
es
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
i
tch
.
Sli
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
u
ch
t
h
at
i
f
s
y
s
te
m
s
tate
is
o
n
s
lid
i
n
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
it is
d
r
iv
e
n
to
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
u
s
t
b
in
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
e
m
ai
n
o
n
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
s
lid
in
g
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
th
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
:
S=e=
VP
V
–
Vr
ef
(
1
5
)
U=
1
2
(
1
+
s
ign
(
s
)
)
(
1
6
)
U
=
1
w
h
e
n
S >
0
=0
w
h
e
n
S
<0
(
1
7
)
Stab
ilit
y
o
f
SM
C
ca
n
b
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
u
s
i
n
g
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
t
h
eo
r
y
.
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
:
V
=
1
2
S2
>
0
(
1
8
)
T
ak
in
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
eq
(
3
6
)
,
w
e
g
et
:
dt
dV
PV
=S
*
(
1
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
1
7
8
5
–
1
7
9
2
1790
T
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
eq
(
1
9
)
,
w
e
g
et
:
dt
dV
dt
de
dt
dS
PV
(
20
)
B
ased
o
n
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
th
eo
r
y
wh
en
V
i
s
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
n
d
its
ti
m
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
is
p
o
s
iti
v
e
s
e
m
i
d
ef
in
ite,
t
h
e
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
as
y
m
p
to
ticall
y
s
tab
le.
Fo
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
h
e
n
S
=
0
th
en
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
tab
le
a
n
d
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
lta
g
e
is
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
W
h
en
S
>
0
,
s
w
i
tch
S1
is
o
p
en
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
dt
dV
PV
<
0
an
d
dt
dS
<0
,
h
en
ce
S
*
dt
dS
<
0
W
h
en
S <
0
,
s
w
itc
h
S1
is
clo
s
ed
an
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
I
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
d
e
cr
ea
s
es,
R
P
V
in
cr
ea
s
es a
n
d
th
u
s
I
PV
d
ec
r
ea
s
es a
n
d
V
PV
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
As th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
v
o
lta
g
e
is
i
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
g
et
:
dt
dV
PV
>
0
an
d
dt
dS
>
0
,
h
en
ce
S
*
dt
dS
< 0
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
S RE
SU
L
T
S
A
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
at
r
ate
d
p
o
w
er
w
as
b
u
ilt,
to
ev
al
u
ate
it
s
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ica
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
s
etu
p
ar
e
lis
ted
i
n
A
p
p
en
d
i
x
.
T
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
u
s
ed
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
to
t
h
e
s
etu
p
w
as
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
2
0
V
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
6
A
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
in
a
b
r
ig
h
t
s
u
n
n
y
d
a
y
w
it
h
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
t
e
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
t
h
e
to
tal
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
is
1
2
0
W
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
As
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
atin
g
in
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
ar
e
s
q
u
ar
e
p
u
ls
es.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
2
0
V
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
T
h
e
tim
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
is
2
0
µsec
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
at
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
KHz
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ab
l
e
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
3
0
0
V
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
h
av
in
g
v
er
tical
s
ca
le
o
f
1
0
V/d
iv
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
1
0
V/d
iv
w
it
h
a
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
6
%.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
is
n
o
t
a
s
q
u
ar
e
p
u
ls
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
lo
s
s
e
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
i
n
v
er
ted
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
m
o
d
el.
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
f
ilt
er
h
av
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
lev
e
l
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
i
lter
ed
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
ich
i
s
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
a
p
o
w
er
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
0
.
9
9
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
A
C
v
o
lta
g
e
is
3
2
0
V
an
d
A
C
cu
r
r
en
t
is
0
.
8
A
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
h
e
n
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
r
m
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
2
0
V
an
d
r
m
s
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
0
.
5
A
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
9
0
%.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l set
u
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Ma
ximu
m
P
o
w
er P
o
in
t Tr
a
ck
i
n
g
fo
r
a
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ec
te
d
…
(
D.
S
a
ttia
n
a
d
a
n
)
1791
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Ver
tical
s
ca
le:
1
0
V/d
iv
a
n
d
2
0
A
/d
iv
.
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
s
ca
le
: 1
0
m
s
ec
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
(
a)
p
r
im
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
lta
g
e,
v
er
tical
s
ca
le:
1
0
V/d
iv
a
n
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
ca
le:
2
0
µsec
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
(
a)
Gr
id
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
o
u
t f
il
ter
(
b
)
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
f
ilter
.
Ver
tical
s
c
ale:
1
0
V/d
iv
an
d
1
A
/d
i
v
.
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
s
ca
le:
5
m
s
e
c
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
s
in
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
te
d
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
f
l
y
b
ac
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
lo
w
p
o
w
er
P
V
p
a
n
el
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
6
V
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
ac
k
ed
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
u
s
in
g
S
MC
w
it
h
an
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
7
%.
Fl
y
b
ac
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
o
o
s
ted
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
an
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
6
%.
Har
d
w
ar
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
b
tain
ed
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
in
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
an
d
w
as
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
is
ed
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
i
th
a
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
0
.
9
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
1
7
8
5
–
1
7
9
2
1792
AP
P
E
NDI
X
D
e
si
g
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
V
mo
d
e
l
2
3
0
W
p
–
2
4
v
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m PV
p
a
n
e
l
2
3
0
W
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4
3
.
9
7
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
7
.
1
4
A
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
5
.
4
0
V
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
7
.
1
4
A
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
6
V
-
3
6
V
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
5
0
V
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
5
0
k
H
z
T
i
me
p
e
r
i
o
d
2
0
µ
se
c
T
o
n
8
µ
se
c
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
S
u
ry
a
Ku
m
a
ri
a
n
d
Ch
.
S
a
ib
a
b
u
.
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
S
y
ste
m
”
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
D
S
).
V
o
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
4
~
4
3
7
[2
]
Zak
z
o
u
k
NE,
A
b
d
e
lsa
la
m
AK
A
,
He
lal
A
,
W
il
li
a
m
s
B
W
.
“
M
o
d
if
ied
v
a
riab
le
-
ste
p
i
n
c
re
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s
”
.
3
9
th
An
n
u
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
in
d
u
stri
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ics
so
c
iety
.
IECON;
2
0
1
3
.
p
p
.
1
7
4
1
–
8.
[3
]
Na
r
e
n
d
iran
.
S
,
S
a
ra
t
Ku
m
a
r
S
a
h
o
o
,
Ra
ja
Da
s,
A
sh
w
in
Ku
m
a
r
S
a
h
o
o
.
“
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
in
g
f
o
r
P
V sy
ste
m
”
.
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICEE
S
)
2
0
1
6
.
pp
.
29
-
3
4
.
[4
]
K.
Ra
n
jan
i,
M
.
Ra
ja,
B.
A
n
it
h
a
.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
b
y
AN
N
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
f
o
r
a
S
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
y
st
e
m
:
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
Co
m
p
u
ter,
En
e
rg
e
ti
c
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Vo
l:
8
,
No
:
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
Af
e
f
Ba
d
is,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Ne
ji
b
M
a
n
so
u
ri,
A
n
is
S
a
k
l
y
.
“
P
S
O
a
n
d
GA
-
b
a
se
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
sh
a
d
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
st
e
m
s
”
:
7
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
g
re
ss
(
IRE
C)
2
0
1
6
.
pp.
1
-
6.
[6
]
A
.
H.
AL
Qa
h
tan
i,
V
.
I.
Utk
in
.
“
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
y
ste
m
P
o
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tr
o
l”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
POW
ER
CON)
2
0
1
2
.
p
p
.
1
-
12
[7
]
M
a
issa
F
a
rh
a
t
,
Os
c
a
r
Ba
ra
m
b
o
n
e
s
,
L
a
s
sa
a
d
S
b
it
a
.
“
A
n
e
w
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
”
T
h
e
7
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
ICAE
2
0
1
5
.
p
p
.
3
6
1
–
3
6
6
[8
]
Ya
n
P
i
n
g
Jia
o
a
n
d
F
a
n
g
L
in
L
u
o
.
“
A
n
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
in
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
”
.
4
th
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s ICIE
A
2
0
0
9
p
p.
8
0
5
-
8
1
0
.
[9
]
B.
Kh
iarp
,
A
.
S
e
ll
a
m
p
,
R.
A
n
d
o
u
lsp
,
R.
M
h
iri
a
n
d
M
.
Ks
o
u
ri
.
“
Di
sc
re
te
c
o
n
tro
l
b
y
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
o
f
a
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
st
e
m
”
.
Fi
rs
t
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
2
0
0
4
.
p
p
4
6
9
-
4
7
4
.
[1
0
]
Ja
g
a
t
J
y
o
ti
Ra
th
,
S
u
m
a
n
S
a
h
a
a
n
d
Ha
n
u
m
a
th
P
ra
sa
d
Ik
k
u
r.
“
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
S
c
h
e
m
e
F
o
r
S
p
e
e
d
A
n
d
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
Of
Bru
sh
les
s
DC
(BLDC)
M
o
t
o
r”
.
IEE
E
-
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
In
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
ien
c
e
A
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
(
ICAE
S
M
)
2
0
1
2
.
p
p
.
4
5
0
-
4
5
5
.
[1
1
]
Ha
f
iz
Ka
sh
i
f
Iq
b
a
l
a
n
d
Dr.
G
h
u
la
m
A
b
b
a
s.
“
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
S
M
C
f
o
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
O
rd
e
r
DC
-
DC
F
ly
b
a
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rter”
1
7
t
h
IE
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
M
u
lt
i
T
o
p
ic Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
2
0
1
4
.
p
p
5
3
3
-
5
3
8
.
[1
2
]
A
m
ir
Hu
ss
a
in
,
A
v
a
n
ish
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
L
a
x
m
id
h
a
r
Be
h
e
ra
.
“
S
li
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
o
f
a
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l”
IEEE
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Con
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Con
tr
o
l
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
CC
A)
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2013
.
p
p.
6
6
1
-
6
6
6
.
[1
3
]
L
a
ll
u
m
o
l
K
Jo
h
n
y
,
Jo
se
S
e
b
a
stian
T
.
K.
“
A
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
DC
M
DC
-
A
C
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
P
V
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
.
A
n
n
u
a
l
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
me
rg
in
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
Are
a
s
a
n
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
2
0
1
3
.
p
p
1
-
6.
[1
4
]
Bu
n
y
a
m
in
T
a
m
y
u
r
e
k
a
n
d
Bil
g
e
h
a
n
Kirim
e
r.
”
A
n
In
terle
a
v
e
d
Hig
h
-
P
o
w
e
r
F
ly
b
a
c
k
In
v
e
rt
e
r
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
IEE
E
tra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
V
o
l.
3
0
,
NO
.
6
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
Ka
i
YA
O,
a
n
d
X
iao
y
o
n
g
F
U
Jia
n
g
u
o
L
v
.
“
DCM
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
P
F
C
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
Op
ti
m
u
m
Util
iza
ti
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
Cy
c
les
”
IEE
E
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
C
o
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
sit
io
n
(
ECCE
)
,
2
0
1
5
.
p
p
.
2
4
4
5
-
2
4
5
2
.
[1
6
]
A
.
Ch
.
Ky
rit
sis
,
E.
C.
Tata
k
i
s
a
n
d
N.
P
.
P
a
p
a
n
ik
o
lao
u
.
“
Op
ti
m
u
m
D
e
sig
n
o
f
th
e
Cu
rre
n
t
-
S
o
u
r
c
e
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
In
v
e
rter
f
o
r
De
c
e
n
tralize
d
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
s”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
V
o
l
.
2
3
,
No
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
8
.
p
p
.
2
8
1
-
2
9
3
.
[1
7
]
S
.
Ho
w
ima
n
p
o
m
a
n
d
C.
Bu
n
lak
sa
n
a
n
u
so
m
.
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
(CCM
)
a
n
d
Disc
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
(DCM)
F
ly
b
a
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rters
”
T
h
e
F
if
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
3
.
PE
D
S
2
0
0
3.
p
p
.
1
4
3
4
-
1
4
3
8
.
[1
8
]
S
im
o
n
A
n
g
a
n
d
A
leja
n
d
ro
O
li
v
a
.
“
P
o
w
e
r
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
Co
n
v
e
rters
”
.
T
a
y
lo
r
&
F
ra
n
c
is
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
in
2
0
0
5
.
[1
9
]
Ha
ib
in
g
H
u
,
S
o
u
h
i
b
Ha
rb
,
De
h
u
a
Zh
a
n
g
,
Qia
n
Zh
a
n
g
,
Z.
Jo
h
n
S
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
Iss
a
Ba
tars
e
h
.
“
A
T
h
re
e
-
p
o
rt
F
ly
b
a
c
k
f
o
r
P
V
M
icro
in
v
e
rter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
W
it
h
P
o
w
e
r
P
u
lsa
ti
o
n
De
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
Ca
p
a
b
il
it
y
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
V
o
l
.
2
7
,
NO
.
9
,
S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.