In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
309~
3
1
6
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
3
09-
31
6
309
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
In
terp
retation of sweep frequenc
y resp
onse analysis traces on
inter-tur
n
short circuit fault
N.
F
.
M
. Yasid
1
,
A. A
. Alawady
2
,
M
.
F
.
M
. Yousof
3
, S
.
Al-Ameri
4
,
M.
S
.
K
a
m
a
r
u
d
i
n
5
1
,
2,
3,
4,
5
Facu
lt
y o
f
El
ectrical and
Electro
ni
c En
gin
e
erin
g,
U
ni
versiti T
u
n Hu
sse
i
n
On
n
Ma
la
ys
ia
,
Ma
l
a
ysia
2
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f Com
p
uter Techn
i
cal
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
Univ
e
rsit
y, Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jun 27,
2019
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
2
,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 3,
201
9
S
w
eep
f
requ
enc
y
respo
ns
e
anal
ys
is
(
S
F
RA)
i
s
a
reli
a
ble m
e
tho
d
f
or
d
etecti
o
n
and
d
i
ag
no
sis
o
f
f
aults
in
t
he
active
part
o
f
transform
e
rs.
H
o
w
ever,
alt
hou
gh
S
F
R
A
is
w
i
d
ely
em
plo
y
ed
,
th
e
int
e
rpret
a
tio
n
o
f
S
F
R
A
sig
n
at
ure
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
chal
len
g
e
and
requ
ire
ex
perts
to
a
nal
y
s
e
t
hem.
T
his
is
due
t
o
l
ack
o
f
gu
id
eli
n
e
and
s
t
and
a
rd
f
or
S
F
R
A
sig
n
at
ure
interpret
a
ti
on
an
d
cl
arif
i
cati
on.
Th
is
p
aper
p
resent
s
t
h
e
in
terpret
a
ti
on
o
f
S
F
R
A
si
gn
ature
b
y
c
la
ssificati
o
n
and
qu
ant
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on o
n
i
nt
er-tu
r
n sho
r
t ci
rcuit
f
a
ult on
th
e
tra
n
s
f
o
rmer
w
in
di
ng
.
Th
e
sh
ort-c
i
rcuited
t
u
rns
f
a
u
l
t
o
n
H
V
wi
ndin
g
p
hase
“
A
”
w
as
p
ra
cti
c
a
l
ly
sim
u
l
a
ted
o
n
t
h
r
ee
d
i
ff
erent
u
n
its
o
f
t
hree-p
h
as
e
t
r
ansfo
r
m
e
rs
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
sim
u
l
a
ted
f
a
u
l
t
are
p
r
esent
e
d
and
di
scus
sed
.
A
c
on
clu
s
i
on
w
a
s
d
ra
w
n
w
hich
pro
v
i
d
es
t
h
e
i
n
t
erp
r
etat
io
n
o
f
t
he
S
F
R
A
resp
on
se
due
t
o
i
n
ter-t
urn
sh
ort
circu
it f
a
ul
t cas
e by
usin
g
a s
tatisti
ca
l i
ndicator
w
hich i
s
NC
EPRI
a
lgorithm.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
F
r
equenc
y
re
spons
e
S
hort
circu
i
t faul
t
Tran
sf
ormer
Wi
n
d
i
n
g
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Nurul F
a
ra
hwahi
d
a
Md
Y
asid
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
Ele
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia (
U
T
H
M
),
86
4
00, P
ar
i
t
Raja
,
B
a
t
u
P
a
ha
t
, Johor,
Mala
ysia
.
Em
ail:
far
a
hw
ahi
d
a.
yas
i
d@
g
m
a
i
l.
com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
S
F
RA
i
s
a
no
n-i
n
t
r
u
s
i
v
e
ele
c
trica
l
t
es
t
w
h
ich
a
v
oi
d
o
p
e
n
in
g
a
t
rans
fo
rm
er
t
a
nk
to
a
sse
ss
t
h
ei
r
elec
tr
ical
a
n
d
m
echa
n
ic
al
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
.
Open
i
ng
t
h
e
ta
nk
w
i
l
l
caus
e
oi
l
d
e
g
a
si
fi
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
d
e
hyd
rat
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
ch
ca
n
m
i
nim
i
z
e
t
he
i
mpa
c
t
o
n
s
ys
tem
op
er
ati
on
a
n
d
l
o
ss
o
f
s
up
p
l
y
t
o
c
usto
m
e
rs.
Ther
efor
e,
u
sing
SFRA
ca
n
save
m
ill
i
ons
o
f
ri
n
g
g
its
i
n
tim
ely
ma
i
n
te
n
a
nce.
B
es
i
d
es,
it
c
a
n
de
live
r
v
a
l
ua
b
l
e
in
for
m
a
t
io
n
rega
r
d
i
ng
t
h
e
me
cha
n
ic
al
a
s
w
e
ll
as
t
he
e
le
c
t
rica
l
co
n
d
it
i
o
ns
o
f
t
h
e
tra
n
s
f
or
mer
[1
].
S
FR
A
t
e
st
c
an
b
e
t
h
e
k
e
y
i
n
m
ak
ing
dec
i
si
o
n
t
o
scr
a
p
or
r
ee
nerg
iz
e
a
trans
f
or
me
r.
T
o
o
b
ta
i
n
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
from
S
F
R
A
test,
it
is
n
ec
essar
y
t
o
ma
ke
sure
t
he
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nts ar
e
co
rre
ct a
nd a
ccur
a
te in
t
er
pre
t
at
i
on i
s gi
ve
n.
Co
mp
re
h
e
nsive
stu
d
y
of
p
re
vi
ou
s
li
t
e
ra
t
u
re
a
l
o
ng
w
ith
ex
pe
ri
en
c
e
p
e
rfo
rmi
n
g
nu
mero
us
S
F
R
A
t
e
st
ca
n
pro
v
i
de
a
n
u
nder
s
ta
nd
i
ng
t
o
i
nt
e
r
pre
t
t
he
S
F
R
A
re
su
l
t
s.
S
i
n
c
e
S
F
R
A
int
e
rpr
e
t
a
t
i
on
is
b
as
e
d
o
n
expe
r
i
ence
,
su
ch
r
ec
ords
o
f
pr
evi
ous
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nts
are
gr
eat
i
mp
orta
n
c
e
w
h
en
i
n
t
erpre
t
ing
S
F
RA
r
espons
es.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
re
spo
n
se
i
n
t
erpre
t
a
tion
of
f
a
u
l
t
y
tra
n
sform
e
r
w
i
nd
in
g
due
t
o
i
n
t
e
r-turn
shor
t
c
i
rcu
i
t
(
S
C)
f
aul
t
.
Th
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
em
ents
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
dy
we
re
c
ond
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
t
hree
u
n
its
o
f
thr
ee-
pha
se
trans
f
or
me
rs
a
t
a
loca
l
r
e
sea
r
ch
u
t
ili
ty
c
om
p
a
ny.
T
he
e
n
d
-t
o-e
n
d
o
p
e
n
c
ir
c
u
it
tes
t
i
s
pe
rform
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Three
arti
ficia
l
i
n
t
er
-tur
n
S
C
f
a
u
lts
w
er
e
created
b
y
s
hort
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
gs
.
The
fin
d
i
n
gs
i
n
thi
s
s
t
u
dy
ar
e
the
n
com
p
are
d
w
it
h
fin
d
i
n
g
s fr
om
o
the
r
pr
e
vi
o
u
s
liter
a
t
u
res.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
309
–
31
6
31
0
2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
S
URVEY
The
oc
c
u
rre
nc
e
of
S
C
fa
u
l
t
is
q
u
ite
r
a
r
e.
H
ow
ever
,
the
proba
b
i
l
it
y
is
i
ncr
ease
d
d
ur
ing
th
e
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
li
f
e
time
,
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
w
he
n
r
e
a
c
h
i
ng
5
0
y
ea
r
s
[
2]
.
I
n
sp
it
e
of
t
hi
s,
a
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o
[
3
]
a
b
ou
t
4
0
%
o
f
t
he
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
f
a
ul
ts
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
b
y
hu
ge
i
mpa
c
t
o
f
sh
or
t
cir
c
u
i
t
a
n
nua
l
l
y.
R
e
f
er
ence
[
4]
a
l
s
o
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
u
lt
a
t
w
in
d
i
n
g
u
s
u
a
l
ly
i
ni
t
i
at
ed
b
y
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
e
d.
O
ne
o
f
the
s
o
u
rc
es
w
h
i
ch
c
ont
r
i
b
u
te
s
t
o
S
C
fa
ult
i
s
t
he
br
eak
dow
n
of
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
be
t
w
ee
n
tur
n
s
in
t
he
w
in
d
i
n
g
.
I
n
su
lat
i
o
n
br
ea
kdow
n
usua
ll
y
oc
c
u
r
s
due
t
o
hig
h
vo
l
t
age
w
h
ich
is
a
bo
v
e
t
h
e
r
ated
v
a
l
ue.
Th
e
hu
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
xc
i
t
e
s
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
sive
l
ea
kage
m
agne
tic
f
iel
d
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
ra
t
e
a
huge
d
yn
a
m
i
c
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
ro
ma
gn
e
t
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
o
n
th
e
wi
nd
ing
s
.
At
c
ert
a
in
p
o
i
nt
,
th
e
phy
si
c
a
l
st
re
n
g
th
r
eac
hes
the
po
int
of
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
i
ndi
n
g
i
n
s
u
l
at
i
on
a
nd
u
n
ab
le
t
o
t
o
le
r
a
t
e
t
he
f
or
ce
s.
T
he
b
r
e
ak
d
o
w
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
su
la
tio
ns
c
ou
ld
c
ause
f
lash
over
a
nd
e
v
e
n
t
u
al
l
y
c
a
u
ses
t
h
e
in
t
er-
w
ind
i
n
g
s
hor
t
circ
u
it
fau
l
ts.
B
e
si
des
tha
t
,
a
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
[
5]
,
since
the
w
i
n
d
in
gs
a
r
e
m
ade
of
c
o
ppe
r
,
t
her
m
a
l
l
o
ss
es
o
cc
u
r
.
These
therm
a
l
l
o
ss
es
m
a
k
e
h
o
t
s
po
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
wi
ndi
ng
.
Thi
s
o
ve
r
ti
me
r
ed
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
phy
sic
a
l
s
t
r
e
ngt
h
a
nd
e
v
en
t
u
al
l
y
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
the
br
eak
in
g
o
f
in
su
la
tio
n
i
n
t
he
w
in
d
i
n
g
.
Ultim
ate
l
y
thi
s
c
a
u
se
s
sh
ort
circ
uit
f
a
u
lt
on
the
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
.
A
nothe
r
fa
c
t
or
s
t
o
co
ns
id
e
r
w
hi
ch
c
au
se
t
hi
s
fa
u
lt
are
i
r
re
gul
a
r
r
ep
ai
r,
i
mpro
p
e
r
o
r
l
a
c
k
o
f
m
ai
nt
e
n
an
ce,
d
et
e
r
io
rat
i
on
,
a
n
d
m
a
nufac
t
u
ri
ng
d
efe
c
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
the
tr
ans
f
orm
e
r
s
.
An
ear
ly
d
et
ec
tio
n
of
l
ow
l
e
v
el
S
C
fa
ul
ts
i
s
cr
u
c
ia
l,
b
ec
a
u
se
i
f
no
t
q
u
i
ck
l
y
d
e
t
ecte
d
,
the
y
u
s
u
a
l
ly
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
t
o
m
o
re
s
er
ious
d
a
ma
ge
t
o
the
tr
a
n
sf
or
mer
s
.
S
h
or
t
c
i
r
c
uit
i
s
a
se
r
i
ous
f
au
l
t
w
hic
h
h
a
v
e
in
it
i
a
te
v
ar
i
ous
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
b
r
e
a
kdow
n
s esp
ecially
to
th
ree-p
h
a
se tran
s
f
o
rmers
[6
].
Ther
e
are
thre
e
basic
ca
te
g
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
S
C
f
a
u
lts
on
tra
n
sf
orm
e
r
wi
nd
i
n
g
as
m
ent
i
one
d
i
n
[
7]
.
The
s
e
ar
e
,
wi
nd
ing
-
to
-g
rou
n
d
,
w
i
n
di
ng
-to
-
wi
ndi
ng
,
an
d
t
u
rn
-
t
o
-
tu
rn
f
a
u
lt
s.
T
u
r
n
-
t
o
-tu
r
n
o
r
i
nt
er-t
u
r
n
S
C
f
au
lt
i
s
fo
und
to
b
e
m
o
s
t
l
y
o
c
c
ur
r
i
ng.
F
ig
ur
e
1
show
s
the
in
te
r
-
t
ur
n
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
in
a
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
w
ind
i
ng.
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
1.
I
nte
r
-tur
n
shor
t
cir
c
u
i
t
fa
u
lt
f
o
r
(
a
)
I
n
sula
tio
n
br
e
ak
dow
n
(
b
)
A
n
actua
l
c
a
se
[
8]
B
a
si
ca
lly
,
S
C
i
n
w
i
ndi
ng
c
a
u
s
e
s
th
e
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
e
ngt
h
o
f
t
he
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
to
b
e
r
e
duce
d
.
The
r
ef
o
r
e,
t
he
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
nat
u
r
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
s
h
al
l
e
i
t
h
e
r
c
ha
nge
d
or
r
em
ain
a
l
m
o
st
u
nc
h
a
nge
d
if
t
he
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
occ
u
r
s
.
Th
is
i
s
a
n
i
mpor
t
a
n
t
p
r
oper
t
y
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
s
ig
n
o
f
t
he
w
i
ndi
ng
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
co
re-t
yp
ed
thre
e-p
h
a
s
e
tra
n
sf
orme
rs,
t
h
e
in
terna
l
S
C
fa
u
l
t
wi
ll
ca
use
an
e
x
t
en
si
ve
i
ncr
ease
of
f
i
r
st
a
nt
i
r
eso
n
ance
i
n
t
h
e
low
fr
e
que
nc
y
(
L
F)
r
esponse
[9]
.
T
he
f
ir
st
a
nt
ir
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
fr
e
que
nc
y
is
t
y
p
ica
lly
f
r
o
m
h
u
n
d
r
e
ds
o
f
H
z
up
t
o
f
e
w
kH
z
.
H
o
w
eve
r
,
it
m
ay
i
ncr
e
ase
s
i
gn
if
i
c
a
n
tl
y
de
pe
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
sev
e
rit
y
o
f
t
h
e
SC
f
au
lt
s
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
).
N
eve
r
t
h
eles
s,
t
h
e
i
ncre
ase
of
t
he
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
no
t
t
ot
al
ly
a
n
i
ndi
c
a
tio
n
of
a
S
C
o
c
c
u
rred
j
u
s
t
i
n
the
w
i
nd
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt.
T
h
is
i
s
bec
a
u
se
t
he
s
ce
na
r
i
o
g
i
v
e
eff
e
c
t
t
o
all
fi
rst
a
n
t
i
reso
n
a
n
c
e
re
spo
n
s
e
s
of
w
i
n
d
i
ng
s
o
n
the
sam
e
c
or
e
[1
0]
.
Ref
er
e
n
c
e
[
10
]
pr
ese
n
te
d
b
y
S
.
Lar
i
n
show
s
t
h
a
t
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
i
tin
g
t
h
e
LV
2
gi
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
t
o
t
he
m
ea
sur
e
d
r
e
sp
onse
of
L
V
1
a
s
ill
ustr
a
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
2(
b)
.
Thi
s
i
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
m
u
t
ual
c
o
up
lin
g
be
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
H
V
and
L
V
w
in
di
ng
w
h
e
n
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
i
s
e
n
e
r
gize
d.
T
a
b
l
e
1
pr
ese
n
ts
t
he
b
ib
lio
gr
a
p
h
y
s
ur
ve
y
show
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
in
ter
n
a
l
S
C
f
aul
t
i
n
th
e
fr
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spon
se
.
(
a
)
(b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
SC
f
a
u
lt
o
n
t
h
e
SF
R
A
s
i
g
n
a
tu
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
ed
i
n
(
a)
[
9
]
, (
b
)
[1
0
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Inter
p
re
ta
tio
n o
f
swee
p
f
r
eq
u
e
nc
y re
sp
onse
an
a
l
ys
is trac
es
on inte
r-
tur
n
shor
t
c
i
rc
u
i
t fa
u
lt
(N. F. M. Y
a
si
d)
31
1
Ta
ble
1.
D
om
i
n
a
n
t
fre
q
uenc
y
range
of
S
F
RA
due to
shor
t
circ
u
i
t
f
a
ul
t
f
r
om b
i
b
lio
g
r
ap
hy s
u
rv
e
y
R
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
s
D
om
i
n
a
n
t
fr
e
q
u
e
nc
y
ra
n
g
e
(
H
z
)
[11]
De
va
dig
a
e
t
a
l
.
2018
L
o
w
a
n
d
m
e
d
i
um
f
r
e
q
u
e
nc
y
(S
ignifica
nt
r
e
duc
t
i
on
in
i
m
p
e
da
n
c
e
a
nd a
s
h
ift
in
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
p
e
a
k
s
towa
rds
high
f
r
e
que
nc
i
e
s
)
[12]
M
.
Gutt
e
n
,
R
i
cha
r
d
Ja
nura,
M
il
a
n
S
e
bok,
D
a
n
i
e
l
K
o
r
e
nc
i
a
k
,
2016
Low
to m
e
d
iu
m
fr
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
(up
to
100kHz
)
[13]
Alj
oha
ni
&
A
bu-
S
i
a
d
a
,
2015
Hi
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
S
C
ha
v
e
a
v
isi
b
le
i
m
p
ac
t a
l
ong
the
e
n
ti
r
e
f
r
e
que
ncy
r
a
nge
a
n
d
i
nflue
n
c
e
th
e
re
s
ona
n
c
e
fre
que
n
c
i
e
s
in
h
igh
fre
que
n
c
y
ra
ng
e
.
[14]
Pa
ndy
a
&
P
a
r
e
kh,
2014
Low
fr
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
nge
(
1kHz
–
10kHz
)
[15]
B
a
gh
e
r
i
,
N
a
d
eri,
B
l
a
c
kburn,
P
hung,
&
L
iu,
2012
Low
fr
e
que
n
c
y
r
e
gion
(
2
0H
z
–
40kH
z
)
[16]
I
l
a
m
poor
na
n,
Vi
k
a
s
h,
&
Ne
w
ton
,
2012
L
ow
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
e
gion,
[17]
Fir
ooz
i,
K
h
a
re
z
i
,
Ra
hi
m
pour,
&
Sham
s
,
2
0
1
1
low
fre
que
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
(be
t
w
e
e
n
50Hz
a
nd
2kH
z
)
[18]
B
e
hj
a
t
,
Va
h
e
d
i
,
S
e
t
aye
s
h
m
e
h
r,
Borsi,
&
G
o
c
k
e
nbac
h
,
2011
l
ow-f
r
e
que
n
c
y
d
e
via
tion
(f
re
que
n
c
y
ra
ng
e
b
e
low
1
kH
z
)
[19]
C
ontin,
R
a
b
ac
h,
B
or
ghe
tto,
&
N
i
gris,
201
1
Low
fr
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
nge
(
up
to
10kHz
)
[20]
B
i
gde
l
i
,
V
a
k
il
ia
n,
&
Ra
h
i
m
pour
,
2011
l
ow
fre
que
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
of
(
10
-100
kH
z
)
[21]
Pic
h
e
r
200
8
Low
fr
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
nge
Ta
b
l
e
1
cle
a
r
l
y
s
how
s
t
h
e
m
a
in
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
i
nt
e
r
nal
S
C
i
s
t
h
e
s
h
i
ft
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
res
ponse
i
n
t
h
e
l
o
w
fre
que
nc
y
(LF
)
r
egio
n.
A
cco
r
d
ing
t
o
[
1
8
],
t
he
k
e
y
p
oin
t
t
o
un
de
rsta
n
d
t
he
L
F
dev
i
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
u
se
d
by
s
hor
ted
tur
n
s
c
a
n
be
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
ex
pl
anat
i
on
o
f
F
araday’
s
l
aw
i
n
sh
ort
e
d
t
urns.
Th
e
law
sta
t
es
t
ha
t
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
tr
om
oti
v
e
forc
e
(em
f)
ind
u
ced
i
n
a
t
u
r
n
i
s equa
l
to t
he r
ate
of va
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e el
ect
roma
g
n
e
ti
c
fl
ux
in
s
i
d
e it
[
17
].
3.
T
R
ANSFOR
M
ER
U
SED I
N
E
XPE
R
IM
ENTA
L
WORK
Thr
ee
uni
ts
o
f
thre
e-p
h
a
s
e,
c
o
r
e-
t
ype
d
trans
f
or
me
rs
w
er
e
u
s
ed
i
n
thi
s
s
t
udy.
T
he
f
irst
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
i
s
a
n
op
en
t
e
r
min
a
l
t
r
an
sfo
r
me
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
c
onn
ect
ed
a
s
D
yn1
1
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
c
o
nfigur
a
tio
n.
T
he
s
eco
nd
and
thir
d
ex
pe
rime
nt
a
l
t
ra
nsfor
m
e
r
s
a
r
e
D
yn1
1,
5
00
kV
A
and
1
0
0
k
V
A
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
tra
n
sforme
r.
T
he
se
t
w
o
tes
t
ed u
ni
ts
a
re
oil-t
y
ped trans
f
or
me
r
w
h
ic
h w
e
re t
a
k
en o
ut of
se
r
v
ice
.
In t
h
i
s
pa
p
e
r
, the focu
s
is on t
h
e D
e
lta-
W
y
e
c
onn
e
c
t
i
on
w
hi
ch
i
s
most
f
re
qu
e
n
tl
y
use
d
f
o
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
io
n
t
ransfor
m
er
s
.
A
ccording
to
[
5],
wi
nding
S
C
usu
a
l
l
y
oc
c
u
rs
t
o
di
strib
u
t
i
o
n
trans
f
or
me
rs.
Th
is
i
s
beca
u
s
e
,
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
f
low
i
n
t
he
p
ri
m
a
ry
s
ide
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
the
transfor
me
r
un
der
g
o
e
s
e
l
ec
t
r
oma
g
net
i
c
in
duc
ti
on
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
s
t
ep
pe
d
d
o
w
n
.
The
c
u
rre
nt
i
s
t
h
e
n
st
e
ppe
d
u
p
i
n
t
h
e
se
co
n
d
ary
w
i
n
d
i
n
g.
D
ue
t
o
t
h
is,
the
w
i
n
d
i
n
gs
ha
ve
t
o
t
o
lera
t
e
d
iel
e
c
t
r
i
c
,
t
her
m
a
l
a
n
d
also
me
cha
n
ic
al
s
t
r
ess.
T
hi
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
fa
c
t
or
s
t
h
at
c
o
n
t
ri
bu
te
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
rt
c
i
r
cu
it
fa
ul
t
in
t
he
L
V
w
i
nd
in
g
o
f
the tra
n
sform
e
r.
Ta
b
l
e
2,
Tabl
e
3 a
nd Tab
l
e
4 show
t
he
ba
s
ic
d
e
ta
i
l
s o
f
t
he
tra
nsf
o
rm
ers
use
d
i
n th
is st
u
d
y
.
Tab
l
e
2.
D
etail
s
of
36
0V
A
tra
n
sf
orm
e
r
Att
r
ibute
s
D
et
a
ils
M
ode
l
K
T
S
10MT
-
3/360
VA
Ca
pac
i
t
y
T
h
ree
-
pha
s
e
,
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
t
r
a
nsform
e
r
o
f
360VA
Hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
wi
nd
i
n
g
240
V
D
e
lt
a
c
onne
c
t
e
d
L
o
w
volta
g
e
w
inding
3
×
60
V
S
t
a
r
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
2
A
Tabl
e 3.
D
e
ta
il
s
o
f
5
00k
VA t
r
a
n
sfo
r
me
r
Att
r
ibute
s
D
et
a
ils
M
ode
l
ONA
N
T
R
AN
S
F
OR
ME
R
D
R
G.
N
o.
M
TM
11/3/
1
-
D
Se
r
i
a
l
N
o.
T
/84/
5
16
8
Ma
nufac
ture
d
d
a
te
21/
0
6
/
1984
Ca
p
a
c
i
t
y
T
hree
-
pha
s
e
,
50
Hz,
500
kV
A
T
o
ta
l
m
a
ss
2668
K
g
Tabl
e 4
.
Det
ai
ls o
f 1
00k
VA t
r
a
n
sfo
r
me
r
Attribute
s
D
e
t
a
ils
Mo
d
e
l
MT
M T
R
ANS
F
O
RM
E
R
Se
ri
a
l
N
o.
1
/44/1
16
0
Ma
nufa
c
t
ure
d
d
a
t
e
05/09/
199
4
Ca
p
a
c
ity
T
hree
-
pha
s
e
,
50
Hz,
100
kV
A
T
o
ta
l
m
a
ss
620
K
g
4.
TEST
METH
ODOL
OGY
Thr
ee
tran
sform
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
cre
a
t
i
ng
artific
i
a
l
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
pur
pose
is
t
o
stu
d
y
t
he
v
ar
ia
t
i
o
n
t
hat
m
i
g
h
t
o
cc
ur
i
n
t
h
e
tr
ans
for
m
e
r
f
re
quenc
y
res
p
o
n
s
e
d
ue
t
o
t
h
i
s
f
a
u
l
t
.
I
n
order
t
o
d
ia
gno
se
s
h
o
rt
c
irc
u
i
t
fau
l
t
,
S
F
R
A
me
asure
m
e
n
t
i
s
p
er
f
orm
e
d be
for
e
a
n
d
a
fter
t
he
f
a
u
lt
ha
s
oc
c
u
rre
d.
The
com
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
re
spo
n
se
s
be
fore
a
nd
a
f
ter
fau
l
t
is
t
he
n
obse
rve
d
a
n
d
a
na
lyz
e
d.
T
hi
s
is
c
ond
uc
te
d
pe
r
pha
se
u
s
i
ng
e
nd-
to-
e
nd
ope
n
circu
it
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
on.
A
s
the
t
e
r
m
all
ude
t
o,
p
er
phase
m
ea
surem
e
nt
a
im
e
d
f
or
a
part
icu
l
ar
phas
e
a
t
o
n
e
t
i
m
e
.
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per,
S
F
R
A
m
easurem
ent
i
s
per
f
o
r
m
e
d
on
pha
se
A
o
nly
w
h
ic
h
is
t
he
sam
e
p
ha
se a
s the
S
C
fau
l
t
i
s
app
l
ied.
F
igure
4 show
s
S
C
fa
u
lt
whi
c
h wa
s
cr
eated
o
n the
firs
t transfor
me
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
309
–
31
6
31
2
(a
)
(
b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
simu
lat
e
d
on
p
h
a
s
e
A
of
L
V
w
i
nd
i
n
g
,
(
b)
S
c
hem
a
t
i
c
diagr
a
m
of
S
C
fa
ult
The o
p
e
n
t
e
r
m
i
na
l
tr
ans
f
or
me
r
h
a
s
tw
o w
i
n
d
in
gs
(
H
V
and
LV
)
pe
r
p
h
a
s
e.
T
he LV
w
i
n
d
i
ng
i
t
sel
f
ha
s
thre
e
se
para
te
d
an
d
i
d
en
t
i
ca
l
wi
n
d
in
gs.
S
i
nc
e
these
wi
ndi
n
g
s
ar
e
not
c
o
n
n
e
ct
e
d
,
SC
f
aul
t
i
s
c
re
a
t
ed
b
y
shor
ti
n
g
t
he
m
i
d
d
l
e
se
c
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
L
V
w
i
n
d
i
ng.
F
i
g
ur
e
3(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
a
shor
t
a
n
d
thi
n
c
a
b
le
c
o
nnec
t
in
g
th
e
LV
w
i
n
d
i
n
gs.
This
c
a
u
se
s
1
/
3
of
t
he
t
ota
l
L
V
w
i
nd
i
ng
to
b
e
shor
t
e
d
.
F
i
gur
e
3
(
b)
s
how
s
t
h
e
sc
hem
a
t
i
c
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
th
e
SC fault
o
n p
h
a
s
e
A
o
f
LV win
d
i
ng
.
Th
e
se
cond
s
ho
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
it
w
a
s
s
i
m
ul
a
t
ed
o
n
th
e
50
0k
VA
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4(
a)
a
nd the
las
t
sh
o
rt c
i
r
cu
it fa
ult
i
s
s
im
u
l
a
t
e
d
on
1
0
0kVA t
r
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
4(
b)
.
(
a
)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
C
f
aul
t
s
imu
l
a
t
e
d
o
n
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
tap
3-
4
p
h
ase
A
(
a
)
500kV
A
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
,
(
b) 10
0
k
V
A
trans
f
or
me
r,
(
c
)
S
chem
atic
d
ia
gram
o
f the
SC fau
l
t
A
s
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
4(
a)
,
t
h
e
S
C
f
a
u
lt
w
a
s
cr
eate
d
by
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
w
ire
ca
bl
e
t
o
t
he
e
x
p
o
s
ed
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
tap
in
t
he
H
V
w
i
nd
ing.
T
he
e
xp
ose
d
t
a
p
i
s
la
b
e
lle
d
a
cco
rding
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
t
ap
r
e
f
ere
n
ce
s.
T
hi
s
ca
u
s
e
s
sh
o
r
t
f
a
ult
a
nd
t
h
e
tot
a
l
tu
rns
o
f
t
h
e
HV
w
i
ndi
ng
o
f
th
a
t
p
h
a
se
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
.
O
n
t
h
e
othe
r
hand,
F
igur
e
4
(
b)
show
s
t
h
e
S
C
f
au
lt
i
s
cr
e
a
t
e
d
b
y
c
on
ne
c
tin
g
a
c
a
b
l
e
to
t
he
t
r
a
n
sf
or
me
r
ta
ps
i
n
t
h
e
H
V
w
ind
i
ng
o
f
10
0
k
V
A
t
r
ans
f
or
m
e
r
.
F
igur
e
4(
c)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
s
c
h
em
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
o
f
w
i
nd
i
n
g
wi
th
s
h
o
rt
c
ircu
it
a
t
t
a
p
3-4
fo
r b
o
th
tran
s
f
o
rmers.
5.
S
F
RA
R
E
S
P
O
N
S
E DUE TO S
C
FA
U
LT
The resu
lts of t
h
e thre
e artific
i
a
l SC
f
au
l
t
s ar
e p
r
esent
e
d in
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n.
Th
e
SF
R
A
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ents
o
n
H
V
w
i
nd
i
n
gs
o
f
thr
e
e
teste
d
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
s
a
r
e
show
n
i
n
F
igur
e
5,
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
a
nd
Fi
g
u
re
7
.
Each
o
f
t
h
e
fi
g
u
r
e
show
s
tw
o
t
r
ac
es
m
e
a
sur
e
d
dur
ing
n
o
r
m
al
a
nd
f
a
ul
ty
o
pe
r
a
ti
n
g
c
o
nd
it
io
ns
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
sfor
me
rs.
Th
e
re
s
p
onse
i
s
d
i
v
i
d
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
ree
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
regi
on
s.
A
s
ref
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
[22
]
,
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
i
x
a
t
a
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
b
u
t
sho
u
l
d
be
d
ef
ine
d
acc
or
di
n
g
to
t
he
s
ha
pe
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
pons
e
.
T
he
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
r
e
s
po
nse
w
i
l
l
b
e
di
ff
er
e
n
t
de
pe
n
d
i
n
g
on
the
str
u
ct
ur
e
,
c
onf
ig
u
r
ati
on,
w
in
din
g
t
y
pe
a
n
d
p
ow
er
r
a
t
in
g
o
f
t
he
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
.
F
r
om
t
he
m
e
a
sur
e
d
r
e
sp
o
n
ses
of
a
l
l
t
hr
ee
t
r
ansf
or
m
e
r
s
(
F
i
gur
e
5
,
F
i
gur
e
6
an
d
F
i
gur
e
7
)
,
the
m
a
in
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
the
s
h
if
t
of
r
e
s
ponse
a
t
t
he
l
ow
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(LF
)
r
eg
ion
t
o
w
a
rd
s
higher
freq
u
e
n
c
ies.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Inter
p
re
ta
t
i
o
n
of s
weep
fre
q
u
e
ncy
resp
on
se
an
aly
s
is tr
ace
s
on in
ter-t
u
r
n
shor
t circ
u
it
fa
u
l
t
(N.
F.
M
.
Y
a
si
d)
31
3
sh
if
ti
n
g
i
s
mor
e
o
bv
i
o
u
s
a
t
L
F
r
egio
n
a
n
d
e
a
r
l
y
par
t
o
f
m
e
di
um
fr
e
q
ue
n
c
y
(
M
F
)
r
egi
o
n.
C
lea
r
l
y
,
the
fa
u
l
t
y
tr
a
ces
f
or
t
h
e
t
este
d
tr
ansf
or
m
e
r
s
s
how
a
s
im
i
l
ar
s
hi
ft
ing
or
d
e
v
iat
i
on.
F
i
gur
e
5.
F
R
A
r
espo
nse
of
n
o
r
ma
l
and
shor
t
cir
c
u
i
t
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
of
3
6
0
V
A
tr
ansfor
m
e
r
F
i
gur
e
6.
F
R
A
r
e
s
po
nse
of
n
o
r
ma
l
and
shor
t
cir
c
u
i
t
wi
nd
ing
o
f
500k
V
A
t
ran
s
f
o
rme
r
F
i
gur
e
7.
F
R
A
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
n
o
r
m
a
l
and
shor
t
cir
c
uit
w
i
nd
i
n
g
of
1
00k
VA t
r
a
n
sfo
r
me
r
I
t
i
s
c
l
e
a
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
s
r
esponses,
the
m
a
g
n
i
t
ude
(
dB)
i
nc
rea
s
es
a
nd
the
firs
t
reson
a
nces
a
t
LF
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
h
i
f
te
d
t
o
wa
r
d
s
high
e
r
f
r
e
qu
en
ci
e
s
.
Th
e
k
e
y
p
o
in
t
to
und
e
r
sta
n
d
t
h
e
L
F
d
e
v
ia
ti
ons
c
a
n
b
e
f
o
un
d
i
n
the
e
x
pla
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
han
g
e
i
n
t
he
m
a
gne
t
i
zi
ng
c
h
ar
a
c
ter
i
st
ics
of
t
he
t
ra
n
s
for
m
e
r
i
n
itia
t
e
d
b
y
s
h
o
rte
d
t
ur
ns.
Bas
ica
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
i
m
pe
d
a
nce
of
w
in
din
g
i
s
sm
all,
m
ea
n
w
hile
t
he
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
cor
e
i
s
extr
e
m
e
l
y
hi
gh.
T
his
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
go
ve
r
n
s
t
h
e
LF
r
egi
on
[
22]
.
The
r
efor
e,
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
si
gn
a
l
i
s
d
o
m
i
nate
d
by
t
h
e
cor
e
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
a
s
the
SC
i
s
add
e
d
,
c
h
a
ng
es
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
re
a
re
d
e
t
e
c
t
ed
.
It
c
a
u
se
s
th
e
ef
fe
ct
o
f
c
o
re
s
atu
r
at
ion
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
a
n
d
sig
n
i
f
i
c
an
tly
d
ec
rea
s
e
d
t
h
e
m
ag
n
e
ti
z
i
ng
i
ndu
c
t
an
ce
.
Du
e
to
t
hi
s
r
eason,
t
he
r
e
s
po
n
s
e
of
t
he
L
F
r
e
gio
n
r
ises
o
r
shi
f
t
e
d
t
o
w
a
rds
hi
gh
e
r
fre
qu
en
ci
es,
a
n
d
i
t
h
a
s
hi
gh
e
r
s
t
a
r
t
ing
d
B
va
l
u
e
t
ha
n r
e
sp
on
se o
f
he
alt
h
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g.
T
his
c
o
n
d
it
i
on
ca
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
by
usi
n
g
(
1
)
.
Φ
∝
NI
(1
)
The
(
1
)
r
e
pr
ese
n
ts
t
he
a
moun
t
of
f
l
ux,
Φ
w
hic
h
i
s
dir
e
ct
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
to
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
the
numbe
r
of
t
ur
n
s
,
N
a
nd
the
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
l
o
w
in
t
he
w
i
n
d
i
ng,
I
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
a
l
,
t
he
i
n
t
er
na
l
shor
t
cir
c
u
it
le
a
d
s
t
o
a
r
educ
tio
n
o
f
the
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
l
eng
t
h
of
t
he
w
in
din
g
,
me
anin
g
r
e
du
ct
i
on
in
t
he
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
u
r
n
s
[1
0]
.
This
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
pr
ope
r
t
y
t
h
a
t
c
an
b
e
used
a
s
one
o
f
the
ma
in
s
i
g
ns
o
f
the
in
ter
na
l
s
h
ort-circ
u
it
fa
ul
t
i
n
t
he
w
in
di
n
g
.
As
t
h
e
num
ber
o
f
t
ur
n
s
r
educe
s
,
the
f
l
ux
pr
od
uc
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
co
i
l
a
ls
o
r
e
d
uc
e
d
s
i
g
ni
fi
ca
ntl
y
.
Ther
efo
r
e,
dur
in
g
this
f
au
l
t
,
the
m
a
gne
tizi
n
g
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
the
r
i
g
h
t
-
side
l
im
b
(
P
hase
A
)
is
dr
as
ti
c
a
l
ly
r
educe
d
a
n
d
c
a
u
se
d
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
de
o
f
th
e
re
s
pon
se i
n
LF re
g
i
o
n
to
i
n
c
re
as
e. The l
arg
e
a
mount
o
f
s
hi
ft
i
s af
f
e
ct
e
d
by
th
e
re
duct
i
on
o
f
ma
gn
et
i
z
in
g
i
ndu
c
t
an
ce
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
re
l
i
m
b
.
W
hi
ch
i
s
c
a
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
SC
f
au
lt
i
n
t
he
s
ec
on
da
r
y
w
i
n
din
g
o
f
th
e
sam
e
pha
se
a
s
th
e
SF
R
A
m
ea
su
remen
t
con
du
ct
e
d
.
6.
FAILURE INTE
R
PRETATI
ON
U
SING
N
C
E
PRI
AL
GORITHM
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
n
al
yse
a
n
d
in
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
th
e
fr
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
s
e,
a
m
a
t
hem
a
ti
c
a
l
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
is
a
pp
li
e
d
.
Usua
ll
y,
m
athe
ma
t
i
c
a
l
o
r
sta
tist
i
ca
l
in
d
i
ca
tor
is
a
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
spo
n
se
s.
T
hi
s
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
r
ather
t
h
a
n
b
y
vis
u
a
l
l
y
c
o
m
par
i
n
g
fr
om
t
he
f
igur
es
o
nl
y.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
a
s
ing
l
e
va
lue
o
n
t
he
e
xte
n
t
of
t
h
e
v
ar
iat
i
o
n
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
m.
T
o
ac
hie
v
e
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
in
d
i
a
g
nosi
n
g
the
re
q
u
enc
y
r
e
s
p
onse
,
m
an
y
st
a
tist
i
ca
l
a
n
d
m
a
them
at
ica
l
i
nd
i
c
e
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
pr
op
ose
d
i
n
t
h
e
li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
or
S
F
RA
a
ppl
ica
tio
n.
F
or
e
xample,
cor
r
ela
t
i
on
coe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
(
C
C
)
,
a
b
s
o
lut
e
s
u
m
o
f
log
a
ri
th
mi
c
e
r
ro
r
(A
SLE),
min
-
max
(MM)
r
ati
o
a
nd
r
o
o
t
mean
s
qu
are
er
ro
r
(RM
S
E).
In
t
his
s
t
u
dy,
a
n
al
gor
ithm
pr
o
pos
ed
i
n
[2
3]
w
hic
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
309
–
31
6
31
4
is
N
or
th
C
h
i
n
a
E
le
c
t
ric
Po
w
e
r
Resea
r
ch
I
nst
itu
te
(
N
C
EPRI)
alg
o
r
i
t
hm
h
as
b
e
e
n
u
se
d
t
o
a
na
lyse
t
he
respo
n
ses.
T
hi
s
a
l
g
o
r
ithm
is
p
ro
pose
d
b
y
a
gr
oup
o
f
rese
a
r
c
h
er
in
[
2
4
]
a
s
a
m
a
t
he
ma
t
i
c
a
l
ind
i
c
e
s
t
o
a
nal
y
s
e
the freq
u
e
n
cy r
esp
onse
s
.
6.1.
NCEPRI a
l
gori
t
h
m
The
N
C
EP
RI
a
l
g
or
it
hm
e
st
i
m
a
t
e
s
t
he
c
orre
sp
on
de
nc
e
of
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
re
sp
on
se
s
by
c
alc
u
l
a
ti
ng
t
h
e
effec
t
i
v
e
de
v
i
a
t
i
o
n (ED
)
of
tw
o trans
f
er
f
unc
t
i
o
n
s
us
ing
(2).
∑
(
2
)
Where
a
nd
a
re
t
he
r
efe
r
enc
e
and
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
ransfer
func
t
i
ons
o
r
fre
q
uen
c
y
r
e
s
po
nse
s
.
N
is
the
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
data.
Ta
ble
5
s
how
s
the
i
n
ter
p
r
e
ta
ti
o
n
c
riter
i
a
f
or
N
CEP
R
I
algorit
h
m
.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
N
CEPRI
st
a
ndard
p
ro
p
o
se
d
i
n
[
2
3
],
t
he
frequency
r
anges
r
e
quired
for
th
e
wind
i
n
g
a
sse
ssmen
t
f
act
o
r
,
E
12
can
b
e
dev
i
ded
in
t
o
t
hree
a
s
show
n
in
T
ab
le
6
.
The
y
a
re
t
h
e
h
i
g
h-v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
H
V
)
,
lo
w
-
vol
ta
ge
(
L
V
)
and
t
e
rt
iary
vo
lta
ge (
TV
).
Ta
ble
5.
F
a
i
lure
inter
pr
eta
t
i
o
n
criter
i
a
of N
C
E
P
R
I
a
l
gor
it
hm
D
i
stortion
le
ve
l
F
a
c
t
or
(
dB
)
N
o
r
m
a
l
c
ondi
tion
E
12
˂ 3
.
5
3.
5
˃
E
12
≥ 7.
0
S
light dist
o
rti
o
n
Se
r
i
ou
s
d
i
stortio
n
E
12
˃ 7
.
0
Tab
l
e 6.
F
reque
ncy r
a
n
g
e
define
d
i
n
[2
2
]
Winding
F
r
e
que
n
c
i
e
s
HV
10kH
z
-
5
15kH
z
L
V
10kH
z
-
6
00kH
z
T
V
10kH
z
-
7
00kH
z
H
o
w
e
ver,
[
22]
h
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
ha
t
us
in
g
lar
g
e
fr
eque
nc
y
ra
n
g
e
s
for
t
he
a
nal
y
s
i
s
reduc
es
t
h
e
s
e
n
sit
i
v
i
ty
and
ma
kes
the
fai
l
ur
e
cla
ssi
fi
cati
o
n
d
i
ffi
c
u
l
t
.
The
fr
eq
uenc
y
r
eg
i
ons
d
o
n
o
t
fi
x
a
t
a
c
e
r
ta
in
fre
que
nc
y
o
n
l
y
b
ut
sho
u
l
d
b
e
de
fine
d
ac
cor
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
s
ha
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
freq
u
e
nc
y
resp
o
nse
.
D
uring
eva
l
uat
i
ng
t
h
e
fre
q
u
e
nc
y
respo
n
se,
use
r
s
ho
ul
d
m
odif
y
a
nd
a
d
jus
t
t
he
f
reque
nc
y
regi
on
ac
c
o
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
he
r
espo
nse
sha
p
e
.
I
t
can
a
lso
be
gene
ra
ll
y assoc
i
a
t
e
d
w
it
h a
mu
c
h
na
rrow
e
r freque
nc
y ra
nge
t
o
ac
hie
v
e h
i
g
h
er
s
ensi
tiv
i
t
y.
6.2.
R
e
sp
onse
a
nalys
i
s
using
N
C
EPR
I
a
lg
or
ithm
V
i
sua
l
ly
c
om
pa
rin
g
a
l
l
t
hre
e
m
e
a
sure
me
nt
s,
F
igure
5,
F
i
g
ur
e
6
a
n
d
F
ig
ure
7
clea
rl
y
r
e
vea
l
s
om
e
impor
ta
nt
f
e
a
t
ures.
The
i
n
t
e
r
-
turn
S
C
fa
u
l
t
cause
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
v
aria
ti
o
n
s
i
n
l
ow
a
n
d
b
eg
i
n
n
i
ng
of
t
he
m
e
d
ium
fre
que
nc
y
r
e
g
i
on.
N
CEP
R
I
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
i
s
a
p
p
lie
d
t
o
m
eas
ure
t
h
e
si
mi
lar
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
n
orm
a
l
a
n
d
fa
u
lty
w
i
n
d
in
g
resp
o
n
ses.
T
ab
le
7
s
how
s
t
h
e
fre
q
u
enc
y
r
a
n
ges
def
i
ne
d
a
cc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
resp
ons
e
fea
t
ur
es.
O
n
t
he
ot
her
h
a
n
d
,
T
a
ble
8
re
ve
als
th
e
fa
u
l
t
as
se
ssm
ent
fa
ct
or
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
nd
i
n
g
de
f
o
rma
tion
i
n
t
e
r
m
of
e
ffect
i
v
e
dev
i
a
t
i
o
n be
tw
e
e
n the
re
sp
on
ses.
Ta
ble
7.
T
hre
e
freque
nc
y r
a
ng
es a
cc
ordi
n
g
t
o
size
Tr
an
s
f
o
r
me
r
F
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
nge
LF
M
F
HF
360V
A
20Hz
–
1.
5kH
z
1.
5kHz
–
1.
6MH
z
1
.
6
M
H
z
–
2MHz
500kV
A
20Hz
–
9kH
z
9kHz
–
1.
5MH
z
1
.
5
M
H
z
–
2MHz
100kV
A
20
Hz
–
1
kHz
1kHz
–
1MH
z
1
M
H
z
–
2MHz
Tabl
e 8
.
Fau
l
t
a
sse
ssme
n
t
ac
co
rdi
n
g
to
N
C
EPRI a
l
g
or
ithm
Tr
an
s
f
o
r
mer
Fa
ult a
s
s
e
ssment Fac
t
or
,
E
12
in
d
B
LF
M
F
HF
360V
A
33.
846
9
.
942
0
.
046
5
00kV
A
27.
867
5
.
162
0
.
135
1
00kV
A
35.
598
6
.
653
1
.
173
The
fre
que
nc
y
r
a
nges
are
d
i
ffe
re
n
t
a
s i
t
is de
fine
d
ac
cord
i
n
g
t
o the
res
p
o
n
s
e
sha
p
es.
O
b
v
i
o
u
sl
y,
t
he
y
w
ill
be
d
i
f
fer
e
nt
b
eca
use
the
tra
n
s
f
orme
r
ha
s
a
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
p
o
w
e
r
r
atin
g.
T
he
f
re
que
ncy
ra
nge
s
ca
n
be
r
e
f
er
red
as
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
7
a
nd
i
l
l
u
s
t
rate
d
a
s
i
n
F
i
gure
5,
6
a
n
d
7
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
F
r
o
m
T
a
b
l
e
8
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
assessm
ent
fac
t
or
f
or
t
he
l
ow
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
(
LF
)
r
e
gio
n
i
s
ver
y
h
i
g
h.
C
le
arl
y
,
all
t
h
e
va
lues
a
re
a
b
ove
b
e
y
on
d
7.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
L
F
re
gi
on
is
c
on
side
red
as
s
erio
us
d
i
s
tor
t
ed
a
s
re
fer
r
ed
t
o
Ta
b
l
e
5.
M
eanw
h
ile,
E
12
o
f
M
F
regi
on
for
10
0
k
V
A
and
5
00k
V
A
i
s
con
s
ide
r
ed
a
s
s
lig
ht
d
i
s
tor
t
i
o
n
.
This
i
s
di
ffere
n
t
l
y
t
o
36
0V
A
w
h
ic
h
show
s
a
ser
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gio
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s
co
nside
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norma
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on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
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2088-
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Inter
p
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eq
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y re
sp
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shor
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7.
CONCL
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S
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I
t
w
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w
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shor
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ACKNOW
LEDG
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MEN
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S
The
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k
e
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Rese
arc
h
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for
the
pr
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o
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t
f
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por
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e
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is w
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p
p
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d
f
ina
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g
ra
nt
PRG-IUNAJAF-
2019
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M.
F
.
M
.
Y
o
u
sof
,
"
F
r
equ
e
ncy
resp
ons
e
anal
ys
is
f
or
t
ransf
o
rmer
w
inding
c
ondition
mon
i
tor
i
n
g
,"
Un
iver
sit
y
of
Queensl
and
,
2
015.
[2]
G.
D
.
Hermann,
"
Short
-
circui
t
wi
t
h
stand capability
of power
t
r
a
n
s
fo
r
m
e
r
s,"
20
15
.
[3]
D.
Z
hou,
Z
.
Li
,
C.
K
e
an
d
Z.
H
ao,
"S
im
ulation
of
t
ransfo
rm
er
w
i
n
d
i
ngs
m
echan
ical
c
h
a
r
acte
r
isti
cs
d
urin
g
t
h
e
external
s
hort
-c
i
r
cuit
f
a
ul
t,"
IEEE co
nfer
ence on
Elect
ri
c Utili
t
y
Der
e
gu
la
tion a
nd R
e
st
ruc
t
ur
in
g an
d
Po
wer
T
e
ch
no
lo
gies
,
p
p
.
1
06
8
-
10
73
,
2
0
15
.
[4]
G
.
M
.
K
e
n
n
e
d
y
,
A
.
J
.
M
c
g
r
a
i
l
,
J.
A
.
L
a
p
w
o
r
t
h
a
n
d
D
.
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
, "
T
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
r
sw
eep
f
req
u
ency
resp
o
n
s
e
an
aly
s
is
(SFRA
)
,"
Energ
i
ze
,
pp
.
28
-33
,
2
0
0
7.
[5]
S
.
T.
Jan
,
R.
A
f
zal
an
d
A
.
Z
.
K
han,
"T
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
,
cau
s
es & im
p
act,"
Int
e
rn
at
ion
a
l
Confer
ence D
a
t
a
M
i
n
i
ng,
Civil
an
d
M
echa
n
i
c
al En
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
(
I
CDM
C
M
E
'2015
)
,
Vo
l. 4
, No
.
4, p
p
. 49
-
52
, 20
1
5
.
[6]
H.
Z
h
a
ng,
et
a
l
.
,
"Dy
n
am
ic
d
efo
r
matio
n
analy
s
i
s
o
f
po
wer
t
r
an
s
f
orm
e
r
w
i
n
d
i
ngs
i
n
sh
ort
-
circuit
f
a
u
l
t
by
F
EM
,
"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
io
n
s
on Appli
e
d S
u
p
e
rco
ndu
cti
v
it
y
,
V
ol. 2
4,
No
. 3
, p
p
. 1-4
, 2
01
4
.
[7]
B.
K
a
s
zten
ny
,
M
.
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
a
n
d
N.
F
isch
er,
"F
un
dam
e
nt
als
of
s
hor
t
-
circuit
protect
ion
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
rs,"
20
10
6
3
r
d
Ann
u
a
l
Co
nf
ere
n
ce
for
P
r
o
t
ecti
v
e Rel
a
y
E
n
g
i
neer
s
,
Vo
l.
2,
No
.
3
,
pp
.
4
-7
, 2
01
0
.
[8]
R.
M
u
r
ug
a
n
a
nd
R
.
Ra
ma
sa
my
,
"
U
n
d
e
r
sta
n
d
i
n
g
t
he
p
owe
r
t
ra
ns
forme
r
com
p
o
n
en
t
f
a
ilures
f
o
r
healt
h
i
nd
e
x
-bas
e
d
mai
n
t
e
nan
ce
pl
anni
ng
in
e
l
ect
ric u
tili
t
i
e
s,
"
En
gi
ne
er
ing
F
a
il
ur
e
Anal
ysis
,
V
o
l
.
9
6,
N
o.
Ju
l
y
20
18
,
pp.
2
74
-28
8
,
2
019.
[9]
A
.
R
.
A
b
b
a
s
i
,
M
.
R
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
i
a
n
d
Z
.
A
v
a
z
z
a
d
e
h
,
"
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
c
lus
t
eri
ng
of
p
o
w
er
t
ransform
er
w
i
ndi
ng
f
a
u
l
t
types
by
c
ross
-correl
a
tion
and
cl
us
teri
ng
analys
i
s
o
f
FR
A
resu
l
ts
,"
IET G
e
ner
a
ti
o
n
,
Tr
ans
m
i
ssion
&
Distribution
,
vol
.
1
2
(1
9),
p
p
.
43
01
-430
9,
2
0
1
8.
[10]
V.
S
.
Lar
i
n,
"
Internal
s
hort-cir
cuits
f
au
lt
s
l
o
cali
z
ati
o
n
in
t
r
ansf
orm
e
r
win
d
in
g
s
u
sin
g
F
RA
a
nd
n
a
tu
ral
f
r
eq
uenci
e
s
devi
ati
on
patterns
,
"
CIG
R
E Study
Comm
itt
ee A2
COLLO
QUIUM,
N
o
. Oct
o
b
er
, p
p
. 1-1
4,
2
01
7.
[11]
A.
A
.
Devadiga,
N.
H
arid,
H.
G
ri
ffi
ths,
N
.
Al
S
ay
ari,
B
.
Bark
at
a
nd
S.
J
a
y
a
r
a
m
,
"
W
in
d
i
ng
t
urn
-
to-
t
ur
n
sho
r
t-ci
rcuit
diag
no
sis
u
s
i
ng
F
R
A
m
e
t
hod:
S
ensit
i
vit
y
o
f
m
eas
ur
em
ent
conf
ig
ura
t
ion,
"
IET
Sc
i
e
nce,
M
e
as
ur
ement &
T
ech
nol
og
y
, 2
01
8.
[12]
M.
K
.
M.
G
utten
,
R
i
c
hard
J
an
ura,
M
il
an
S
eb
ok
,
D
a
niel
K
oren
c
i
ak,
"
Me
as
ur
em
ent
o
f
s
h
o
rt
c
ircu
it
e
ff
ects
on
transf
orm
e
r
windi
ng
w
it
h
S
F
RA
m
e
t
ho
d
a
n
d
im
p
act
t
est,
"
M
e
tr
o
l
o
g
y an
d
M
e
a
s
ur
emen
t Syst
em
,
Vol.
2
3,
N
o.
4
,
pp.
5
2
1
-5
29,
2016
.
[13]
O.
A
lj
ohani
an
d
A.
A
bu-S
i
a
da,
"M
ini
m
um
d
e
t
ection
o
f
p
ower
t
rans
f
o
rm
er
s
ho
rt
c
ircui
t
f
au
lt
u
sin
g
f
req
u
en
cy
r
e
s
p
on
se
a
n
a
ly
si
s
,
"
IEEE
,
2
015.
[14]
A
.
A
.
P
a
n
d
y
a
a
n
d
B
.
R
.
P
a
r
e
k
h
,
"
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
w
e
e
p
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
ons
e
an
al
ys
is
(
SFRA
)
t
races
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
e
n
circui
t
and
sh
ort
circu
i
t
wind
in
g
fault
d
a
m
a
ges
of
t
he
p
o
w
er
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r,"
Int
e
rn
at
io
nal
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Elect
ri
cal
Po
wer
and
En
erg
y
System
s
, Vo
l
. 62
,
p
p
. 8
90
-89
6
,
2
01
4
.
[15]
M.
B
agheri
,
M
.
S
.
N
a
deri
,
T.
B
lackb
u
rn
,
B.
T
.
P
h
u
ng
an
d
Z
.
L
i
u
,
"
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
spo
n
se
a
na
ly
si
s
to
r
e
c
og
niz
e
ind
u
ct
ance
varia
t
io
n
in
t
rans
f
o
rmer
d
ue
t
o
i
n
tern
al
s
h
o
rt
c
i
r
c
u
it,"
1
0
t
h
Int
e
r
nati
onal Po
wer an
d En
ergy Con
f
er
enc
e
,
IPEC
201
2
, p
p.
6
7
7
-
68
1, 2
01
2.
[16]
M
.
K
.
Ila
m
po
or
n
a
n,
M
.
Vika
sh
a
nd
F
.
B.
I
.
L.
N
e
w
ton
,
"
Tra
n
sfo
r
m
er
f
au
lt
det
ecti
on
by
f
requ
ency
r
esp
o
n
s
e
analy
s
i
s
,"
IO
SR Jou
r
na
l of Elect
ri
cal an
d
Elect
r
o
n
i
c Engin
eering
(
I
OSR
J
EEE)
, v
ol
.
1
,
N
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
27-
3
2
,
201
2
.
[17]
H
.
F
i
r
o
o
z
i
,
M
.
K
h
a
r
e
z
i
,
H
.
R
a
h
i
m
p
o
u
r
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
a
m
s
,
"
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
a
u
lt
dia
g
n
o
sis
us
ing
fre
qu
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
po
nse
analy
s
i
s
-
p
ract
ical
s
tudies,"
Po
wer an
d
E
n
er
gy Eng
i
n
eering Con
f
er
e
n
ce
(
A
PPEEC)
,
2
0
11 Asia-Pac
ifi
c
,
pp.
1
-4
,
2
011
.
[18]
V.
B
e
h
ja
t
,
A
.
Vahed
i
,
A
.
S
e
t
ay
eshm
eh
r,
H
.
Bo
rsi
and
E
.
G
ock
e
n
b
a
ch
,
"Di
a
gn
os
ing
s
h
o
r
ted
tu
rns
on
t
h
e
wi
ndi
ngs
o
f
pow
er
t
ran
s
f
o
rmers
b
a
sed up
on
o
n
l
i
n
e
F
R
A u
s
in
g
cap
aciti
ve and i
n
duct
i
v
e
c
ou
pl
ings,
"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
sact
io
ns
on
Po
we
r
Deli
very
, Vo
l
. 2
6
,
N
o
.
4
,
p
p
. 2
12
3-2
1
3
3
, 2
01
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
309
–
31
6
31
6
[19]
A
.
C
o
n
t
i
n
,
G
.
R
a
b
a
c
h
,
J
.
B
o
r
g
h
e
t
t
o
a
n
d
M
.
D
e
N
i
g
r
i
s
,
"
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
-response
a
nalysis
of
p
ow
e
r
t
rans
f
o
r
m
ers
by
m
eans
o
f
f
uzzy
t
o
o
ls,"
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
ions
on
Di
elect
rics
a
n
d
Electr
i
cal
In
sula
tio
n
,
Vo
l.
1
8
,
N
o.
3
,
pp
.
9
00-9
0
9
,
20
11
.
[20]
M
.
B
i
g
d
e
l
i
,
M
.
V
a
k
i
l
i
a
n
a
n
d
E
.
R
a
h
i
m
p
o
u
r
,
"
A
n
e
w
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
e
t
ecti
o
n
and
ev
aluat
i
o
n
o
f
w
i
nd
in
g
mech
ani
cal
f
a
ults
i
n
trans
f
orm
e
r
th
rou
gh
tra
n
sf
er
f
un
ctio
n
meas
urem
ent
s
,"
Ad
van
ces i
n
El
ectr
i
ca
l an
d Computer
En
gi
neeri
n
g
,
v
o
l. 1
1,
No.
2,
p
p
.
2
3-
30
, 2
01
1.
[21]
P.
P
i
c
her,
"
M
e
chani
cal
c
onditio
n
assess
ment
o
f
trans
f
or
mer
w
i
nd
in
gs
u
sin
g
fre
q
u
en
cy
r
es
po
ns
e
anal
ys
is
(
F
R
A),"
Cig
r
e,
n
o
.
A
pril.
p
p
.
3
0
-
34,
2
008.
[22]
J
.
C
.
G
o
n
z
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
E
.
E
.
M
o
m
b
e
l
l
o
,
"
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
ncy
rang
e
s
o
f
po
wer
t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
r
tran
sf
er
f
u
n
c
ti
on
s
f
o
r eval
uatio
n b
y
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cal
i
ndicat
ors
,
"
T
r
a
n
sm
is
si
on an
d D
i
strib
u
tion:
L
a
tin
A
m
eri
c
a
Co
nf
eren
ce
an
d
Expos
i
tion (
T
&
D
-LA),
I
E
E
E
,
vol.
97
8,
N
o.
1
,
pp.
1
-8
,
2
012.
[23]
OM
ICRO
N
, "FRAn
aly
zer
u
s
e
r m
a
nual
- S
F
R
A anal
yzer f
or
p
o
w
er t
ran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
wi
ndi
ng
diagn
o
s
i
s,
"
20
06.
[24]
NCEPRI
, "
App
lic
a
t
io
n g
u
i
de
l
i
n
e
f
or
tra
ns
fo
r
m
e
r
w
ind
i
n
g
d
is
to
rt
i
o
n
test tech
no
l
o
gy
,"
19
9
9
.
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Nuru
l
F
a
rahw
ahid
a
b
t
M
d
Yas
i
d
rec
e
iv
ed
h
er
b
ach
elor’s
d
egr
e
e
in
E
lectri
cal
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
Uni
v
ersiti
Tun
Hussein
Onn
M
a
lays
ia
(
U
T
H
M
)
in
2
017.
S
he
i
s
curr
ent
l
y
p
u
rsuin
g
h
er
M
as
ter
degree
in
E
l
ectr
i
cal
E
ngineering
at
U
n
i
vers
iti
Tun
Hussein
Onn
M
a
lay
s
ia.
Her
research
i
n
t
eres
t
incl
ud
e
h
i
gh
voltage
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
o
ndi
ti
on
m
o
n
i
t
o
rin
g
o
f t
r
an
sfo
r
m
e
r
usin
g F
R
A
.
Ahm
e
d
All
a
wy
M
o
h
am
m
e
d
Alaw
ady
rec
e
iv
ed
B
.E
ng.
i
n
Elect
rical
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
K
u
fa
,
I
r
a
q
in
2
00
7.
H
e
rec
e
i
v
ed
M
.
E
ng.
i
n
El
ectrical
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
r
om
(
S
H
UATS)
,
In
di
a
in
2
01
2.
H
e
is
a
lectu
r
er
a
t
the
Departm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
ut
er
T
echni
ca
l
En
g
i
neerin
g,
C
o
l
l
a
ge
o
f
Tech
nical
E
ng
in
eering
at
I
s
l
a
m
ic
U
niversit
y
,
Iraq
s
i
n
c
e
2
007
.
Cu
rrently
h
e
i
s
p
u
r
s
u
i
n
g
Ph.
D
.
Degree
in
U
niver
s
iti
Tun
Hus
s
ei
n
O
nn M
a
lay
s
i
a
. H
i
s
res
ear
ch i
s
on m
o
to
rs fau
lt
s d
e
tect
io
n
u
s
i
ng
F
R
A.
Dr.
M
o
hd
F
airo
u
z
M
o
h
d
Yo
us
of
o
bt
ain
e
d
D
i
p.
E
n
g
,
B.
E
ng
a
nd
M
.
E
ng
f
ro
m
Univ
ersiti
T
e
knol
ogi
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia. He
comple
t
e
d
his
Ph
.D.
stud
y
in
2
0
1
5
f
ro
m Th
e Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
y o
f
Qu
eens
l
and
,
A
us
trali
a
an
d
current
ly
i
s
a
le
ct
urer
a
t
t
h
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
El
ectri
cal
P
o
w
er
E
n
g
ineer
i
n
g,
U
niversi
t
i
T
un
Hussein
Onn
M
a
laysia
(
UT
H
M
).
H
e
w
a
s
a
v
i
si
tin
g
r
es
earch
er
f
o
r
a
y
ear
w
i
t
h
T
N
B
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
2
0
1
8
.
H
i
s
mai
n
r
esearch
i
s
con
d
i
tio
n-b
a
sed
m
o
nitori
ng
a
n
d
a
ss
ess
m
en
t
o
f
p
owe
r
t
ra
nsfo
rm
e
r
a
n
d
r
ota
t
ing
mach
in
e.
H
e
is
a
cti
v
ely
i
nvolv
e
d
wit
h
p
ro
j
ects
f
r
o
m
l
ocal
a
nd
i
nternational indust
r
i
e
s.
S
a
l
e
m
M
g
a
m
m
a
l
Aw
adh
Nas
s
er
A
l-Am
eri
recei
v
e
d B.En
g
in M
echatro
n
ic
s
En
gine
e
r
in
g
fro
m
A
sia
P
a
ci
fic
Univers
i
t
y
(
A
P
U)
i
n
2
0
1
2
.
He
r
ecei
ved
M
.
E
ng
in
E
lectric
al
P
o
w
er
f
rom
Un
i
v
ersiti
Tun
Hus
s
ei
n
On
n
Malays
ia
(
UTHM
)
f
r
om
2
01
4
to
2
01
6.
C
urren
t
l
y
h
e
is
p
u
rsuin
g
P
h.D.
D
eg
ree
in
Uni
v
ersiti
T
un
Hussein Onn
Ma
l
a
ys
i
a
.
His research is on
t
rans
f
o
r
m
e
r
m
on
itoring
u
sin
g
FRA
.
\
Ass
o
ci
a
t
e
Pr
of
es
s
o
r
Ir.
D
r.
M
uha
m
ma
d
Sa
u
f
i
K
a
ma
rud
i
n
ob
ta
ine
d
h
is
B
.E
ng
.
an
d
M
.
En
g
.
D
eg
rees
in
E
lect
rical
E
n
g
in
eeri
n
g
(P
ower)
f
r
o
m
U
n
i
versit
i
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
ays
i
a
(UT
M
)
in
2
00
3
an
d
20
05,
respect
iv
ely,
a
nd
a
P
h
.D.
i
n
H
igh
Vo
ltag
e
Engin
eerin
g
f
r
om
C
ard
i
ff
Univers
i
ty,
UK,
i
n
2014.
Current
ly
,
h
e
i
s
an
a
ss
oci
a
te
p
rof
e
s
s
o
r
i
n
th
e
F
acu
lty
o
f
Elect
rical
&
E
lect
ron
i
c
Eng
i
n
eerin
g
at
Uni
v
ersiti
T
u
n
Hussein
Onn
M
a
lays
ia
(
UTHM)
.
H
is
r
esearch
i
nte
r
e
sts
inc
l
u
d
e
ga
s
disc
h
a
rg
e
s
,
high
vol
tag
e
s
urge
a
rr
est
e
rs,
d
i
electri
c
s
a
nd
e
lect
rical
i
nsu
l
atio
n
sy
s
t
em.
He
i
s
regi
st
ered
w
it
h
th
e
Bo
ard
of
E
ngineers
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
BEM
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.