Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
2
,
Jun
202
1
,
pp.
772
~
7
82
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
pp
7
72
-
7
82
772
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Detailed
analysis
of grid c
onnecte
d and isla
nded operati
on
modes b
ased on
P/U an
d Q/f
droo
p charac
ter
i
stics
Qusa
y
Sa
le
m
1
, K
h
aled
Alza
areer
2
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Prin
ce
ss
Sumaya
Univ
ersit
y
for
T
ec
hnolo
gy,
Jordan
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Queb
ec
Univer
sity, Montre
a
l
Québ
ec,
Ca
nada
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
30
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
7
,
20
21
Accepte
d
Apr
20
, 20
21
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
thorough
c
ontrol
struc
ture
of
the
distr
ibut
e
d
gene
ra
tors
inside
the
m
ic
r
ogrid
dur
ing
b
oth
gr
id
-
connec
te
d
and
isl
anded
oper
at
ion
mode
s.
The
se
c
ontrol
stru
ct
ur
es
of
the
DG
s
volt
ag
e
sourc
e
in
ver
te
rs
are
im
plemented
in
synchronous
re
fer
ence
fr
am
e
(
SR
F)
and
cont
r
oll
ed
using
li
ne
ar
PI
con
troller
s.
By
im
p
le
m
ent
ing
th
e
cont
r
ol
stru
ct
ure
s
,
the
desir
ed
re
a
l
and
r
eact
iv
e
po
wer
c
an
be
ef
ficien
tl
y
tra
nsferr
e
d
to
th
e
local
lo
ads
and
the
uti
lity
lo
ad
by
the
mi
cro
gr
id
g
ene
ra
ti
ng
un
it
s.
A
modi
f
ie
d
dr
oop
cont
ro
l
te
chn
ique
is
int
r
oduce
d
to
fa
ci
l
itate
th
e
mi
c
r
ogri
d
per
for
ma
nc
e
d
uring
both
mode
s
of
oper
a
ti
on.
The
active
and
re
active
p
ower
sharing
o
f
the
loa
d
dem
and
b
et
we
en
the
u
ti
l
it
y
gr
id
and
the
microgri
d
ca
n
b
e
pe
rfor
me
d
by
thi
s
droop
con
trol
technique
during
t
he
isla
nded
mod
e.
The
sys
tem
p
erf
orma
n
c
e
during
i
nte
n
ti
on
al
isla
nd
ing
event
and
u
ti
l
it
y
lo
ad
inc
re
ase
is
i
nvesti
gated.
The
eff
e
ct
iv
enes
s
of
the
offe
r
e
d
cont
ro
l
stru
ctures
is
conf
irmed
through
simul
ation
r
esults
during
both
mo
des
of
op
era
t
ion.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted Ge
ner
at
or
s
Droop c
ontr
ol
Gr
i
d
c
onnected
an
d Islan
ded
M
odes
M
ic
r
ogrid
Vo
lt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rter
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Qu
sa
y Sal
em
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Eng
i
neer
i
ng
Pr
inces
s S
um
a
ya Un
i
ver
sit
y f
or Tech
nolo
gy
Amm
a
n, J
orda
n
Emai
l:
q
.salem
@p
s
ut.e
du.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
M
ic
r
ogrids
are
ene
rgy
netw
orks
w
hich
ha
ve
small
-
scal
e
a
nd
low
-
vo
lt
a
ge
featu
re.
The
y
are
util
iz
ed
to
guara
ntee
th
e
distrib
utio
n
a
nd
ge
ner
at
io
n
l
ocall
y
in
t
he
a
utonomo
us
or
re
mo
te
s
ociet
ie
s
[1]
. M
ic
r
ogri
ds
ca
n
be
interc
onne
ct
ed
with
la
r
ge
powe
r
sy
ste
ms
thr
ough
powe
r
el
ect
roni
c
conve
rters
and
ca
n
e
ven
work
auto
nomousl
y
[2],
[
3]
.
I
n
t
he
nor
mal
ope
rati
on
w
her
e
the
micro
gr
i
d
is
c
onnected
to
th
e
massive
gri
d
,
D
G
s
in
to
the
powe
r
netw
ork
ca
n
tr
ack
the
gr
i
d
en
ergy
fl
ow
a
nd o
pe
rate
with
ou
t
con
tr
ol
re
qu
i
r
ment
.
In
t
he
ev
ent
of
sh
ort
ci
rc
uit
or
pla
nn
e
d
inte
r
ruptio
n,
the
m
ic
rogr
id
can
be
disco
nnect
ed
from
t
he
la
r
ge
gr
i
d
to
op
e
r
at
e
in
auto
nomous
m
od
e
w
he
re
pro
per
co
ntr
ol
me
thods
a
re
a
pp
li
ed
in
or
der
t
o
ens
ur
e
sta
bili
ty
of
powe
r
[4]
,
[
5]
.
The
a
uton
omo
us
functi
onal
it
y
ca
n
pro
vid
e
more
el
act
ic
it
y
to
t
he
DGs
in
vo
l
veme
nt
a
nd
bri
ng
a
m
or
e
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
powe
r
s
upply
.
Howe
ver,
aut
onomo
us
micr
ogri
ds
mi
gh
t
ha
ve
power
le
ss
c
onditi
on
tha
n
c
onve
ntion
al
m
assive
gr
i
ds
because
of l
imi
te
d
capa
ci
ti
es
of
th
e
D
Gs
[6]
.
The
micr
ogrid
noti
on
ad
voca
te
s
co
ordinate
d
c
on
t
ro
l
w
here
retrie
v
in
g
tr
us
tw
or
t
hy
an
d
high
-
qual
it
y
energ
y
can
be
ens
ur
e
d
to
c
us
tome
rs
by
DG
s
coopera
ti
on
[7]
.
T
he
co
ntr
olled
volt
age
s
ource
co
nverters
-
base
d
powe
r
el
ect
ron
ic
i
nterf
aces
ar
e
util
iz
ed
wi
de
ly
to
c
onnect
t
he
DG
s
to
t
he
po
i
nt
of
c
omm
on
co
upli
ng
of
the
netw
ork.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
tw
o
mai
n
cat
e
gories
of
micr
ogrid
c
ontr
ol
met
hods
are
e
xisted
whic
h
a
re
div
i
de
d
i
nto
ei
ther
ce
ntrali
zed
c
on
t
ro
l
or
de
centrali
zed
c
ontr
ol
meth
ods
[8
]
-
[
10]
.
A
high
band
width
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
li
nk
is
employe
d
i
n
c
entrali
zed
co
nt
ro
l
meth
ods
t
o
tra
ns
fe
r
fee
dback
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
sig
nals
bet
ween
the
ce
ntr
al
iz
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Detaile
d a
na
ly
sis of
gr
id
con
nected
and i
sla
nd
e
d o
per
ation m
od
es
base
d o
n
P/
U
…
(
Q
usay
Sa
le
m
)
773
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
the
D
Gs.
Ce
nt
rali
zed
co
ntr
ol
le
rs
are
fou
nd
to
be
le
ss
reli
able
since
s
ys
te
m
instabil
it
y
migh
t
app
ea
r
due
to
an
y
co
mm
un
i
cat
ion
i
nter
rup
ti
on
besi
de
t
he
co
mm
un
ic
at
i
on
s
ys
te
m
hi
gher
c
os
ts
[11
]
-
[
14]
.
That’s
why
de
centrali
zed
co
ntr
ol
met
hods
are
c
onside
red
m
or
e
fea
sible
as
pe
rformi
ng
t
he
sy
ste
m
on
li
ne
mainte
na
nce
a
nd
ac
hieving
sel
f
-
orga
nizing
ca
n
be
ac
com
plishe
d
easi
ly
[15
]
,
[
16]
.
T
he
methods
of
decen
t
rali
zed
c
on
t
ro
l
em
ploy
−
&
−
dro
op
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
to
re
gula
te
the
flo
w
of
real
a
nd
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
in
t
he
micro
gr
i
d
.
Th
ese
dro
op
ch
a
racteri
sti
cs
are
base
d
on
hi
ghly
i
nductive
netw
orks
w
he
re
the
decou
pling
of
real
an
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
flo
w
equ
at
io
ns
ca
n
be
ap
plied
.
Slo
w
dy
namics
a
nd
volt
age
dr
i
fts
with
load
c
hange
a
re
some
featu
res
of
these
dro
op
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
wh
ic
h
are
com
pat
bile
with
the
ne
twork
impeda
nce
hi
gh
/
rati
o
an
d
la
rg
e
ine
rtia
in
c
onve
ntion
al
po
wer
syst
ems
[
17
]
,
[
18]
.
H
oweve
r,
since
li
ne
impeda
nces
in
micr
ogrids
ar
e
resist
ive
at
mo
st
,
D
Gs
ha
ve
s
mall
ine
rtia
an
d
pe
rsiste
nt
loa
d
va
riat
ion
s
ma
y
happe
n
.
The
/
rati
o
in
mic
rogri
ds
is
no
t
la
r
ge
li
ke
the
ca
se
i
n
c
onve
ntion
al
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
s.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntl
y,
the
act
ive
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
flo
w
is
de
pe
nd
e
nt
on
a
nd
as
the
y
are
highly
co
uple
d.
T
hat’s
w
hy
t
he
tradit
ion
al
dr
oop
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
wh
ic
h
em
ploy
s
decou
pled
−
&
−
dro
ops
bri
ng
ou
t
wea
k
pe
rformance.
Diff
e
re
nt
co
ntr
ollers
ha
ve
bee
n
pr
opos
e
d
in
t
his
co
ntext
where
[
19]
int
rod
uces
a
virtu
al
r
esi
sta
nce
so
t
ha
t
the
sy
ste
m
act
s
in
a
resist
ive
man
ner
w
her
e
and
mig
ht
be
regulat
ed
by
res
pe
ct
ively
droopi
ng
an
d
.
[
20
]
and
[
21]
hav
e
introd
uced
a
vi
rtual
reacta
nc
e
an
d
a
virtu
al
P
Q
met
hod,
r
especti
vely
to
mimi
c
the
in
duct
ive
sy
ste
m
by
inc
r
easi
ng
the
/
rat
io.
T
he
−
&
−
dro
op
sche
me
ha
s
t
he
disad
va
ntag
e
of
ex
hib
it
ing
powe
r
qual
it
y
pro
blems
in
te
rms
of
f
reque
nc
y
a
nd
volt
a
ge
de
viati
on
s
.
Re
placi
ng
the
−
dr
oop
by
−
dro
op
ca
n
el
i
minate
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
dev
ia
ti
on
s
pro
blem
wh
e
re
a
globa
l
po
sit
io
ning
s
ys
te
m
is
int
rodu
ce
d
t
o
sy
nc
hro
nize
th
e
DG
unit
s
[
22]
.
E.
R
okr
ok
and
M.
G
ols
ha
n
[
23]
ha
ve
int
rod
uced
a
n
a
da
ptive
vo
lt
age
dro
op
method
for
im
pro
ving
the
r
e
gu
la
ti
on
of
vo
l
ta
ge
at
PCC
and
mit
igati
ng
t
he
co
upli
ng
be
tween
and
dro
op
con
t
ro
ll
ers
.
I
n
[24]
,
sync
hro
ni
zi
ng
the
globa
l
fr
eq
ue
ncy
t
o
a
nominal
val
ue
with
bette
r
di
sturb
a
nce
reject
ion
pro
per
ti
es
has
been
reali
zed
by
c
on
si
de
ri
ng
a
finite
-
ti
me
c
on
t
ro
l
protoc
ol
for
fr
e
quenc
y
resto
rati
on,
ba
sed
on
feedbac
k
li
nea
rizat
ion
.
D
G
s
el
f
-
f
reque
ncy
r
est
or
at
io
n
c
ontrol
has
c
orrect
ed
the
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
dev
ia
ti
on
by
dro
op
com
pensat
ion
without
t
he
ne
ed
of
util
iz
ing
a
seco
ndar
y
co
ntr
oller
[25]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
resist
ive
li
ne
im
ped
a
nce
i
n
low
volt
age
mi
crogr
i
ds
ca
us
e
s
po
wer
co
upli
ng
in
−
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
w
hich
ha
sn
’t
bee
n
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
nd
wa
s
on
l
y
a
pp
li
e
d
to
h
ig
h o
r
me
dium v
oltage
net
works.
The
c
urre
nt
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
-
le
ss
micr
ogrid
co
ntr
ol
meth
od
s
ha
ve
util
i
zed
−
&
−
dro
op
char
act
e
risti
cs.
A
n
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
appr
oach
is
pro
po
se
d
in
th
is
pap
e
r
wh
e
re
a
−
an
d
−
droop
con
t
rol
te
chn
iq
ue
is
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
a
micro
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ed
to
th
e
util
it
y
or
main
gri
d.
The
c
on
trol
st
ru
ct
ur
es
that
are
impleme
nted
t
o
e
xecu
te
the
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
an
d
isl
an
de
d
op
e
rati
ons
of
DG
s
are
in
vest
igate
d
.
A
n
i
ntention
al
isl
and
in
g
c
on
diti
on
is
pe
r
f
ormed
to
i
nv
est
igate
the
pe
rformance
of
the
micr
ogrid
c
on
t
ro
l
struc
tures.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
a
st
ep
cha
nge
in
t
he
util
it
y
loa
d
has
been
pro
pose
d
to
prov
e
the
co
ntr
ol
str
uctu
res
pe
rfo
r
mance
.
The
propose
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gies
can
c
on
t
ro
l
the
volt
age
a
nd
po
wer
of
the
DGs
in
a
dd
it
i
on
t
o
s
har
i
ng
t
he
loa
d
dema
nd
durin
g
al
l
modes
of
op
e
rati
on.
T
he
main
co
ntri
buti
on
of
this
w
ork
is
acc
ompli
sh
e
d
by
co
ns
i
de
r
ing
the abo
veme
ntion
e
d
iss
ues
.
The
orga
niz
at
ion
of
the
pa
per
is
div
i
ded
i
nto
five
sect
i
on
s
.
At
first
is
t
he
i
ntr
oductio
n,
t
he
n
sect
io
n
2
pr
ese
nts
the
ge
ner
al
sc
hema
ti
c
diag
ram
of
the
pro
po
se
d
micr
ogri
d
m
od
el
.
T
he
re
al
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
in
r
el
a
ti
on
to
the
pro
posed
dr
oop
con
t
ro
l
meth
odology
is
int
rod
uced
in
sect
ion
3.
Sect
io
n
4
s
ho
w
s
the
s
im
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
w
hich
a
re
perf
or
me
d
t
o
c
onfir
m
t
he
a
pp
li
cabil
it
y
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
ro
l
structu
res
.
Fin
al
ly,
sect
io
n 5 prese
nts t
he
c
oncl
us
i
o
n
of the
prop
os
ed
wo
r
k.
2.
T
HE PR
OPO
SED
NETWO
RK
D
ES
CRIP
TIO
N
Figure
1
s
how
s
a
sin
gle
-
li
ne
diag
ram
of
th
e
pro
posed
mi
crogr
i
d
m
odel
wh
ic
h
ca
n
op
e
rate
in
gr
i
d
connecte
d
a
nd
isl
an
ded
m
od
es
.
All
the
distrib
uted
ge
nerat
or
s
ar
e
s
uppos
ed
t
o
i
nject
th
e
re
quired
act
i
v
e
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
to
suppo
rt
the
ir
own
loa
ds
a
nd
t
he
util
it
y
load
t
hen
t
he
r
emna
nt
of
po
wer
m
oves
ou
t
to
the
main
util
it
y
gri
d.
A
ci
rcu
it
breake
r
is
place
d
in
t
he
s
ys
te
m
ei
ther
t
o
ma
intai
n
the
mic
r
ogrid
onli
ne
w
it
h
the
main
gr
id
or
to
isol
at
e
the
f
aulty
sect
io
ns
from
th
e
micr
ogrid
i
n
case
of
s
hort
ci
rc
ui
ts
.
A
util
it
y
load
is
connecte
d dire
ct
ly
to
the
p
oi
nt
of
c
ommo
n
c
ouplin
g
(P
CC
)
to
be
sup
porte
d
by
real
an
d
r
eact
ive p
ower
i
n
both
modes
of ope
r
at
ion
.
2.1.
Model
ing
and
co
n
tr
ol of
grid
-
c
on
nec
ted D
C/A
C vo
lt
age
so
urce
inver
te
r
Var
ia
bles
in
s
ynch
r
onous
ref
e
ren
ce
f
rame
(SR
F)
a
re
us
e
d
f
or
the
c
ontr
ol
of
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
i
nv
e
rters
in
w
hich
the
y
descr
i
bed
as
DC
qu
a
ntit
ie
s.
Fig
ure
2
de
pi
ct
s
the
ci
rc
uit
diag
ram
of
the
three
-
ph
ase
volt
ag
e
so
urce
i
nv
e
rter
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
gr
i
d.
,
,
are
t
he
inv
e
rter
outp
ut
volt
ages
,
,
,
ar
e
the
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
s
of
th
e
gri
d
.
T
he
in
du
ct
a
nce
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r
is
denoted
by
a
nd
is
the
in
duct
ance
of
the
gr
i
d
.
,
,
are the
inj
ect
ed
cu
rrents i
n
the
main
gr
id
.
The
e
quat
ion o
f
the
dia
gr
a
m
de
picte
d
i
n
Fi
g
ure
2
is
form
ulate
d diff
e
re
ntial
l
y
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
7
72
–
78
2
774
[
]
=
[
]
−
[
]
−
[
]
(1)
Wh
e
re,
the
tot
al
inducta
nce
of
the
in
ve
rter
i
s
de
note
d
by
,
wh
ic
h
mean
s
=
+
.
If
=
2
,
wh
e
re
is t
he
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of the
gr
i
d
, t
hen (
1) can
b
e
form
ulate
d
i
n
s
yn
c
hro
nous re
f
eren
ce
frame a
s:
,
=
+
(
+
)
+
(2)
Figur
e 1:
The
propose
d
microgr
id
model
Figur
e 2:
Thr
ee phase
D
C/A
C voltage so
urce
converter
conne
cted to
grid
The
n
the
r
eal
pa
rt
an
d
t
he
ima
gin
a
ry p
a
rt of
(
2) can
b
e
writ
te
n
as
,
=
+
−
+
(3)
,
=
+
+
+
(4)
Dep
e
ndin
g
on (
3)
an
d
(
4)
t
he
arr
a
ng
e
ment
of
the
gr
i
d
co
nne
ct
ed
volt
age
source
in
ve
rter
c
urren
t
c
on
tr
ol
in
dq
-
ref
e
ren
ce
f
ram
e
is
il
lustrate
d
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
3.
W
her
e,
,
,
,
are
the
dq
re
f
eren
ce
c
urren
ts
.
A
PL
L
is
us
ed
for
tra
ckin
g
th
e
ph
a
s
e
ang
le
of
t
he
gr
i
d
to
be
synch
r
on
iz
e
d
wit
h
D
Gs.
PI
c
on
trolle
rs
are
use
d
to
com
pensat
e th
e volt
age
dro
p ca
us
e
d by the l
ine impe
da
nce.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Detaile
d a
na
ly
sis of
gr
id
con
nected
and i
sla
nd
e
d o
per
ation m
od
es
base
d o
n
P/
U
…
(
Q
usay
Sa
le
m
)
775
Figure
3
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
VSI c
urre
nt cont
ro
l
The
c
ontrol
eq
uations f
or
,
an
d
,
are as
the
f
ollow
in
g:
,
=
−
+
(
+
)
(
,
−
)
(5)
,
=
−
+
(
+
)
(
,
−
)
(6)
Hen
ce
, th
e
f
ormulas
of
act
ive
and
reacti
ve p
ow
e
r
a
re
wr
it
te
n
in
s
yn
c
hro
nous
ref
e
ren
ce
fr
ame as:
=
3
2
(
,
+
,
)
(7)
=
3
2
(
,
−
,
)
(8)
It
can
be
seen
from
(
7)
an
d
(8)
that
a
m
utu
al
co
uple
d
volt
age
e
xists
be
tween
t
he
d
and
q
axis
qu
antit
ie
s
.
Howe
ver,
t
his
couplin
g
will
no
t
cau
se
i
nd
e
pende
nt
c
on
t
rol
of
P
a
nd
Q
.
I
n
oth
e
r
w
ords
,
if
the
delive
re
d
real
powe
r
cha
ng
e
s
,
the
reacti
ve
power
will
change
acc
ordi
ng
l
y
.
T
he
el
imi
na
ti
on
of
th
is
mu
tual
co
upli
ng
is
achieve
d by c
onside
rin
g
,
=
0
.
He
nc
e,
the
modifie
d real
an
d react
ive po
wer
can
be writt
en
as
:
=
3
2
,
(9)
=
3
2
,
(10)
Con
se
quently
,
the
d
-
axis
cu
rr
e
nt
m
onit
or
s
directl
y
the
a
ct
ive
po
wer
a
nd
the
q
-
a
xis
current
m
on
it
ors
t
he
reacti
ve powe
r
.
2.2.
Contr
ol
of
D
C
/AC v
olt
ag
e
s
ou
rce i
n
ver
ter
in isl
anded m
od
e
On
ce
t
he
main
util
it
y
gri
d
is
seper
at
e
d
f
rom
the
mic
rogr
i
d,
eve
r
y
DG
i
ns
i
de
t
he
micr
ogr
id
will
lose
sta
bili
ty
in
te
r
ms
of
very
high
values
of
c
urren
t
or
volt
age
tran
sie
nts.
I
n
isl
and
m
ode,
t
he
g
rid
fee
ding
powe
r
conve
rters
ca
n
not
w
ork
unle
ss
if
a
gr
i
d
f
ormin
g
or
gr
i
d
suppo
rting
po
wer
c
onve
rter
is
existe
d
s
o
t
hat
the
vo
lt
age
a
mp
li
tud
e
a
nd
freq
ue
ncy
of
t
he
ac
micro
gr
i
d
can
be
adj
us
te
d
[26]
.
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
a
po
wer
c
onve
rte
r
wh
ic
h
is
gri
d
f
ormin
g
one
is
act
ivate
d
at
P
CC
w
hen
the
micro
gr
i
d
bec
ome
s
isl
an
de
d.
The
ci
rcu
it
dia
gr
a
m
of
the grid
formi
ng
powe
r
c
onve
rter in i
sla
nded
mode is
d
e
picte
d
in
Fig
ure
4.
T
he
ref
e
re
nce
values
of
t
he
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
a
nd
volt
age
is
deter
mined
by
a
re
f
eren
ce
sine
wa
ve
gen
e
rato
r
.
This
is
becau
s
e
the
micr
ogri
d
has
no
phys
i
cal
connecti
on
with
the
main
gr
i
d.
T
hus,
t
he
DG
re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
age
in isla
nded
m
ode
is e
xtracte
d
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
7
72
–
78
2
776
{
=
sin
(
)
=
sin
(
−
2
3
)
=
sin
(
+
2
3
)
}
(11)
Figure
4
.
Ci
rcui
t diagr
a
m
of grid
formi
ng po
wer co
nverter
in
isl
an
de
d
m
od
e
The
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
c
ontrol
ci
rcu
it
f
or
the
gr
i
d
f
or
m
ing
power
c
on
ver
te
r
i
n
isl
a
nded
mode
is
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
5.
I
n
t
he
isl
a
nd
e
d
mode,
th
e
existi
ng
c
on
t
ro
l
act
s
as
vo
lt
age
c
on
t
ro
l
t
hroug
h
c
ompen
s
at
ion
of
current.
The co
ntr
ol
unit
emp
l
oy
s
volt
age
re
gula
tors
to
e
xtra
ct
the d
esi
red
c
urren
t
ref
e
re
nc
es.
A
fter t
hat,
us
in
g
pro
per
PI
c
ontrolle
rs,
an
d
will
su
ccess
f
ully
trac
k
thei
r
re
fer
e
nces.
The
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
re
fer
e
nce
s
,
and
,
are
com
pa
red
with
an
d
,
an
d
the
dif
fere
nce
is
in
serte
d
to
an
oth
e
r
P
I
co
ntro
ll
er
.
Fi
na
ll
y,
the
resu
lt
ant
outp
ut
of
the
c
urre
nt
lo
op
pe
rforms
a
s
a
vo
lt
a
ge
ref
e
re
nce
si
gn
al
w
hich
is
de
li
ver
ed
to
the
gating
sign
al
s
of the
three
-
phase
po
wer co
nverter
.
3.
REAL
A
ND
REA
CTIVE
P
OWER
BASE
D
O
N D
ROOP C
ONT
ROL
TE
CHNIQ
U
E
Giving
c
onsid
er
at
ion
to
t
he
conve
rter
as
a
volt
age
s
ourc
e
w
hich
is
co
ntr
ollable
an
d
ta
king
i
nt
o
account
that
t
he
co
nverte
r
is
at
ta
ched
to
the
mai
n
gr
i
d
via
a
li
ne
impe
da
nc
e
as
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fig
ure
6
(
a),
the
n
the tra
ns
mit
te
d real
a
nd r
eact
i
ve powe
r
to
th
e
main
gri
d
ca
n be
form
ulate
d
as:
=
2
+
2
[
(
−
)
+
]
(12)
=
2
+
2
[
−
(
)
+
(
−
)
]
(13)
Wh
e
re,
t
he
r
ea
l
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
pa
ssin
g
to
the
gr
i
d
f
rom
the
powe
r
c
onve
rter
are
de
no
te
d
by
and
,
the
volt
ag
es
of
the
tw
o
powe
r
c
onver
t
ers
a
re
denote
d
by
,
,
the
phas
e
an
gle
diff
e
re
nce
betwee
n
bo
t
h
c
onve
rter
volt
ages
is
de
no
te
d
by
,
th
e
li
ne
impe
da
nc
e
is
denoted
by
=
+
an
d
the
im
ped
a
nce
ang
le
is
de
no
te
d
by
.
T
hus,
a
s
=
.
an
d
=
.
,
t
he
vect
or
re
presentat
ion
of
the
gi
ve
n
model
can
be
represe
nted
i
n
Fi
g
ure
6 (b).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Detaile
d a
na
ly
sis of
gr
id
con
nected
and i
sla
nd
e
d o
per
ation m
od
es
base
d o
n
P/
U
…
(
Q
usay
Sa
le
m
)
777
Figure
5
.
V
oltage a
nd curre
nt
con
t
ro
l
of the
pow
e
r
c
onve
rter
in
the
isl
an
ded mode
(a)
(b)
Figure
6
.
Mo
de
ll
ing
of
powe
r
conv
e
rter c
on
nected t
o
t
he dist
ribu
ti
on
netw
ork.
(a)
Eq
uiv
al
e
nt
ci
rcu
it
(b) p
has
or d
ia
gr
am
I
n
low
-
volt
age
netw
orks
,
t
he
impeda
nce
of
the
gr
i
d
is
pri
ncipall
y
resist
ive
an
d
th
us
t
he
inducti
ve
par
t
can
a
ppr
oximat
el
y
be
ne
glect
ed.
I
f
we
assume
a
small
val
ue
of
t
he
phase
an
gle
,
t
he
n
(
12)
a
nd
(
13)
ca
n
be rew
ritt
en
as
:
=
(
−
)
=
≫
−
≈
(14)
=
−
.
=
≫
=
−
(15)
Ba
sed
on
the
pr
e
vious
t
wo
e
qu
at
io
ns,
it
ca
n
be
no
ti
ced
that
the
volt
age
mag
nitu
de
in
low
-
volt
age
distrib
ution
ne
tworks
an
d
t
he
real
powe
r
are
dep
e
ndent
to
eac
h
oth
e
r
.
Als
o,
the
re
act
ive
po
wer
and
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
re
inf
l
uen
ce
d
by
eac
h
oth
e
r
.
Fr
om
(14)
an
d
(
15)
,
the
ex
pr
essi
ons
of
t
he
dro
op
co
nt
ro
l
a
re
dem
onstrat
ed
a
s:
−
=
−
(
−
)
(16)
−
=
(
−
)
(17)
The
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
propose
d
dr
oop
con
t
ro
l
are
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fig
ure
7.
T
he
ch
aracte
risti
cs
dem
onstrat
e
th
at
the
volt
age
mag
nitud
e
a
nd
the
act
ive
po
wer
are
mai
nly
de
pe
nd
e
nt.
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
it
i
s
cl
ear that the
fr
equ
e
nc
y
a
nd th
e
reacti
ve p
ower
are
also
d
e
pe
nd
e
nt
on eac
h othe
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
7
72
–
78
2
778
Figur
e 7
.
P/U
and Q/f
droop
control
character
i
stics
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON OF
SIMUL
A
TION
RES
UL
TS
Re
al
iz
at
ion
an
d
r
obust
ness
of
the
pro
posed
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies
i
n
the
mic
rogr
i
d
model
ha
ve
been
ass
essed
in
ste
ad
y
sta
te
an
d
tra
ns
ie
nt
operati
ng
c
onditi
ons
e
mpl
oy
in
g
‘
SimP
owerS
ys
te
m
s’
l
ibrary
too
lb
ox
i
n
M
at
la
b
/Si
mu
li
nk.
The
pa
rameter
s
of
the
sin
gle
li
ne
diagr
a
m
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1
a
re
gi
ven
i
n
Table
1.
T
wo
sce
nar
i
os
ha
ve
bee
n
e
valuated
t
hrough
sim
ulati
ons
to
e
xami
ne
t
he
s
ys
te
m
be
ha
vio
r
.
T
he
fir
st
sc
enar
i
o
is
wh
e
n
a
n
i
ntention
al
isl
a
nding
c
onditi
on
t
akes
place
.
T
he
oth
e
r
sce
nar
i
o
is
wh
e
n
t
he
util
it
y
load
i
nc
reases
durin
g
the
isl
and
i
ng
per
i
od.
The
sig
nifica
nc
e
a
nd
novel
a
sp
ect
s
of
the
re
su
lt
s
a
re
ob
vious
by
the
op
e
r
at
ion
of
the
pro
pose
d
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
w
her
e
the
D
Gs
s
hare
the
real
power
to
f
ulfill
t
he
total
load
dema
nd
f
or
bo
t
h
sce
na
rios.
Mo
reover
,
t
he
obta
ine
d
res
ults
ref
le
ct
t
he
st
abili
ty
an
d
so
li
dity
of
the
DG
VS
I
c
on
t
ro
l
str
at
egy
durin
g b
oth
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
a
nd isl
an
de
d op
e
r
at
ion
m
odes.
Table
1
.
Para
m
et
ers
of t
he pr
opose
d m
od
el
Grid
=
230
,
=
50
DG 1
=
12
,
=
4
DG 2
=
14
,
=
6
DG 3
=
16
,
=
8
DG 4
=
18
,
=
10
Utility
L
o
ad
=
30
,
=
5
DGs Load
s
=
5
,
=
0
Line im
p
ed
an
ce
=
0
.
5
,
=
0
.
8
4.1.
Int
en
tional
isl
an
din
g
sc
enar
io
T
he
micr
ogrid
is
assu
med
to
work
in
gri
d
-
c
onnected
m
ode
at
(
0
≤
≤
1
)
and
the
n
di
sconnected
from
t
he
util
it
y
fo
ll
owin
g
a
n
i
ntentio
nal
isl
and
i
ng
co
ndit
ion
at
PCC
w
hic
h
is
pr
opos
e
d
a
t
=
1
and
la
sts
for
1000
(
1
≤
≤
2
)
.
Af
te
r
that
the
syst
em
re
gain
s
it
s
op
e
rati
on
to
relat
e
t
o
t
he
main
gr
i
d
at
(
2
≤
≤
3
)
.
Fi
gure
8
(a
)
-
(
d)
dep
ic
ts
th
e
micr
ogri
d
pe
rformance
c
oncer
ning
the
r
eal
powe
r,
rea
ct
ive
power,
r
ms
vo
lt
age
an
d
frequ
e
nc
y
wh
il
e
subfigu
res
(e
)
-
(h)
de
pict
th
e
gr
i
d
pe
rfo
r
mance
i
n
te
rm
s
of
real
pow
er,
r
ms
vo
lt
age
, c
urre
nt
an
d f
reque
nc
y.
It
is
noti
ced
from
the
res
ults
th
at
t
he
pro
posed
dro
op
c
ontrol
strat
egies
a
r
e
functi
onin
g
eff
ect
ivel
y
durin
g
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
a
nd
is
la
nd
e
d
m
odes.
Further
more,
it
can
be
no
ti
c
ed
that
wh
e
n
i
sla
nd
i
ng
occ
urs,
the
DG
s
sh
a
re
the
real
powe
r
to
f
ulfill
the
total
load
dema
nd
si
nce
the
powe
r
su
ppl
y
o
f
the
main
gri
d
is
lo
st.
As
a
resu
lt
,
the
r
ms
volt
age
of
th
e
D
Gs
in
ve
rters
is
inc
rease
d
ba
sed
on
t
he
dro
op
c
har
act
e
risti
cs.
T
he
re
act
ive
powe
r
an
d
fr
e
quenc
y
of
D
Gs
inv
e
rters
s
how
a
li
tt
le
transient
at
the
ti
me
of
isl
an
ding
an
d
recon
necti
on
du
e
to
the
ci
rc
u
it
br
e
aker
op
e
rati
on.
At
the
gri
d
si
de,
it
can
be
noti
ced
t
hat
th
e
syst
em
is
co
mp
le
te
ly
isl
a
nded
at
(
1
≤
≤
2
)
as
t
he
gri
d
re
al
powe
r
an
d
current
reac
h
zero
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
it
is
al
so
no
ti
ced
that
a
small
fluctuati
on
on
gr
i
d
fr
e
quenc
y
is
existe
d
at
t
he
ti
me
of
isl
an
ding
a
nd
rec
onnecti
on
c
on
diti
on
s
.
E
ve
r
y
DG
in
the
micro
gr
i
d
is
e
quip
ped
with
id
entic
al
dro
op
c
har
act
erist
ic
is
app
li
ed
f
or
w
he
re
the
D
Gs
re
al
powe
r
are
s
har
e
d
equ
al
ly
to sa
ti
sfy the l
ocal loa
ds
a
nd the
u
ti
li
ty loa
d durin
g
t
he
isl
an
ding
pe
rio
d
(
1
≤
≤
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Detaile
d a
na
ly
sis of
gr
id
con
nected
and i
sla
nd
e
d o
per
ation m
od
es
base
d o
n
P/
U
…
(
Q
usay
Sa
le
m
)
779
Figur
e 8
.
Mic
rogr
id
and gr
id
perf
ormance
during
intentional
is
landing
scenari
o
4.2.
Ut
il
ity
lo
ad
in
crease sce
na
ri
o
Fig
ure
9
(a
)
-
(d)
sho
ws
the
be
hav
i
or
of
t
he
micro
gr
i
d
w
he
n
the
util
it
y
load
inc
reases.
T
he
util
it
y
loa
d
has
bee
n
inc
re
ased
f
rom
30
to
50
in
order
to
i
nvest
igate
the
pe
rformance
of
r
eal
an
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
sh
ari
ng
bet
wee
n
the
gr
i
d
a
nd
micro
gr
i
d
es
pe
ci
al
ly
wh
e
n
th
e
sy
ste
m
is
isl
and
e
d.
It
is
cl
e
arly
s
how
n
tha
t
the
real
powe
r
of
DG
s
i
nv
e
rters
in
isl
an
ding
m
od
e
have
i
ncr
e
ased
to
co
mpe
ns
at
e
t
he
short
age
of
ge
ner
at
i
on
from
the
main
gri
d
i
n
orde
r
to
s
upport
the
dema
nd
of
util
it
y
l
oad.
A
gai
n,
ide
ntica
l
dro
op
cha
ra
c
te
risti
cs
are
a
pp
li
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
7
72
–
78
2
780
for
eac
h
D
G
t
o
sat
isf
y
the
in
crease
i
n
t
he
ut
il
i
ty
loa
d
duri
ng
the
isl
an
ding
per
i
od.
This
was
done
by
s
har
i
ng
the r
eal
powe
r of al
l D
Gs
s
uc
h
that t
he uti
li
t
y
loa
d
i
ncr
eas
e
is d
i
vid
e
d on the
four D
Gs eq
ually.
Con
se
quently
,
the
DG
s
rm
s
volt
age
ha
s
dec
reased
base
d
on
the
droop
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
T
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
a
nd
f
re
quenc
y
of D
G
s r
emai
n
as b
e
fore w
it
h
a
li
tt
le
t
ran
sie
nt
at
the
ti
me
of
isl
an
din
g
a
nd
rec
onne
ct
ion.
Howe
ver,
it
ca
n
be
see
n
f
rom
s
ubfig
ur
e
s
(e)
-
(
h)
that
the
m
ai
n
gr
i
d
real
p
ow
e
r
an
d
c
urre
nt
a
ppr
oach
e
s
zero
as
a
res
ult
of
t
he
isl
and
i
ng
c
onditi
on
w
hile
th
e
volt
age
an
d
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
rem
ai
n
within
t
hei
r
permi
ssible
l
imi
ts
durin
g b
oth
gr
i
d
c
onnected
a
nd isl
an
de
d
m
od
es.
Figur
e 9
.
Mic
rogr
id
and gr
id
perf
ormance
during
utility
load i
ncrease
sc
e
nario
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Detaile
d a
na
ly
sis of
gr
id
con
nected
and i
sla
nd
e
d o
per
ation m
od
es
base
d o
n
P/
U
…
(
Q
usay
Sa
le
m
)
781
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
s
ys
te
m
ef
f
ic
acy
a
nd
be
ha
vior
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
ha
ve
be
en
in
vestigat
ed
du
rin
g
both
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
an
d
isl
an
ded
modes
by
pro
posin
g
an
inte
ntion
al
isl
a
nd
i
ng
co
ndit
ion
at
P
CC
an
d
by
i
ncrea
sing
of
t
he
util
it
y
load.
Tw
o
c
ontr
ol
interface
s
are
em
ploye
d
to
desig
n
t
he
co
ntr
ol
str
at
egies,
the
first
one
represe
nts
t
he
gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
m
ode
a
nd
the
ot
her
one
re
presents
the
isl
and
e
d
m
ode.
T
he
simulat
io
n
resu
lt
s
confirme
d
that
the
res
pons
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
egi
es
an
d
t
he
dro
op
c
on
tr
ol
ca
n
mainta
in
t
he
s
ys
te
m
par
a
me
te
rs
within
acce
ptabl
e
li
mit
s
du
ri
ng
bot
h
m
od
e
s
of
operati
on.
The
a
ddit
ion
of
a
nti
-
isl
an
ding
al
gorithms
or t
echn
i
qu
e
s to
th
e co
ntr
ol unit
s
of the
micro
gri
d
is a
prope
r p
at
h
of t
he
f
ut
ure w
ork.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
C.
-
S.
Ka
rav
as,
G.
Kyria
k
ara
kos
,
K.
Arvan
it
is
an
d
G.
Papad
aki
s,
“A
mu
lt
i
-
age
nt
dec
en
tra
l
ized
en
erg
y
ma
nag
eme
nt
sys
te
m
base
d
o
n
distri
but
ed
intell
ig
ence
for
th
e
design
and
co
ntrol
of
aut
ono
mous
polyge
ner
at
ion
mi
cro
gr
ids,
”
Ene
rgy
Con
ve
rs
i
on
and
Manag
e
ment
,
v
ol
.
103
,
pp.
166
-
179
,
20
15
,
DO
I:
10
.
101
6/j
.
enc
onm
an.
20
15.
06.
021
.
[2]
J.
Li
,
Y
.
Li
u
and
L.
Wu
,
“Opt
imal
Opera
ti
on
for
Comm
unit
y
-
B
ase
d
Multi
-
Par
ty
Microgr
id
in
Gri
d
-
Connec
t
ed
an
d
Islande
d
Mode
s,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Smar
t
Gr
id,
vol.
9
,
no
.
2,
pp
.
756
-
76
5,
2018
,
DO
I
:
10.
1109/T
SG
.
20
16.
2564645
.
[3]
H.
Ali,
A
.
Hus
sain,
V.
Bu
i
and
H
.
Kim
,
“Consens
us
Algorit
hm
-
Ba
sed
Distribut
ed
Opera
ti
on
of
Mi
cro
grids
During
Grid
-
Connec
t
ed
and
Island
e
d
Modes,”
I
EE
E
A
ccess
,
vol
.
8
,
p
p.
78151
-
7816
5,
2020
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/ACCESS
.
2020.
2989457
.
[4]
C.
Dou,
Z
.
Zha
n
g,
D.
Yue
and
H.
Gao
,
“An
Imp
r
oved
Droop
Con
trol
Str
at
egy
Ba
sed
on
Ch
angea
ble
R
efe
r
ence
in
Low
-
Volta
ge
Mi
cro
grids,
”
En
ergie
s ,
vol
.
10
,
pp
.
1
-
18,
2017
,
DO
I:
10.
3390
/e
n100
81080
.
[5]
Q.
Sal
em,
L.
L
i
u
and
J.
Xie
,
“
Dual
Oper
at
ion
Mode
of
a
Tr
a
nsf
orme
rle
ss
H
-
Bridge
Inve
rt
er
in
Low
-
Volta
ge
Microgr
id,”
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
on
s
on
Industry
Applications,
vol.
55
,
no.
5
,
pp
.
5289
-
52
99,
2019
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/T
IA.20
19.
2917807
.
[6]
X.
Wa
ng
,
F.
Blaabje
rg
and
Z.
C
hen,
“Autonom
o
us
Control
of
In
ver
te
r
-
In
te
rf
aced
Distribut
e
d
Gen
era
t
ion
Units
for
Harm
onic
Curre
nt
Fil
te
ring
and
Resonanc
e
Dam
ping
in
an
Islan
ded
Microg
rid,”
IEEE
Tr
ansactions
on
Industr
y
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons,
vo
l.
50
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
4
52
-
461
,
2014
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/TI
A.2013.
2268734
.
[7]
M.
S.
Golsorkhi
and
D.
D.
C.
Lu,
“A
Control
Met
hod
for
Inve
rt
er
-
Based
Isl
ande
d
Microgr
ids
B
ase
d
on
V
-
I
Droop
Chara
c
te
rist
ic
s,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
Delive
ry
,
v
ol.
30
,
no
.
3
,
pp.
1196
-
120
4,
2015
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/T
PWR
D.2014.
2357471
.
[8]
E.
Espina,
J.
L
l
anos,
C
.
Burgos
-
Mell
ado
,
R
.
C
á
rde
nas
-
Dobs
on
,
M.
Martí
n
ez
-
Gó
me
z
and
D.
S
áez,
“Distri
bu
te
d
Control
Stra
te
gi
es
for
Microgr
i
ds:
An
Overvi
ew,
”
I
EE
E
Acc
ess,
vol.
8
,
pp
.
193412
-
19344
8,
2020
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/ACCESS
.
2020.
3032378
.
[9]
Q.
Sal
em
and
J.
Xie
,
“De
c
ent
r
alize
d
power
con
t
rol
m
ana
g
ement
with
seri
es
tra
n
sforme
rle
ss
H
-
b
ridge
inve
r
te
r
in
low
-
volt
ag
e
sm
art
microgrid
b
ase
d
P/V
droop
cont
ro
l,”
In
te
r
nati
onal
Journa
l
of
E
lectric
a
l
Powe
r
&
En
erg
y
Syste
ms
,
vol
.
99
,
pp.
500
-
515,
20
18
,
DO
I:
10
.
101
6/j
.
i
je
p
es.
2018.
0
1.
047
.
[10]
Q.
Sal
em
a
nd
K.
Alz
aa
r
ee
r
,
“
Fault
ride
-
throu
gh
c
apa
bi
li
ty
wi
th
mut
ua
l
inductance
in
low
-
vo
lt
ag
e
sing
le
-
ph
a
se
mi
cro
gr
id
,
”
IET
E
Journal
of
Re
s
earc
h,
2020
,
DO
I:
10.
1080
/0377
2063.
2020.
1800
524
.
[11]
Y.
K.
e
.
al
,
“On
the
Second
ary
Control
Arch
itec
ture
s
of
AC
Mic
rogrids:
An
Ov
e
rvie
w,"
in
I
EEE
Tra
ns
ac
t
ions
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Power
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
35
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
6
482
-
6500,
2020
.
[12]
Q.
Xu,
J.
Xiao
,
P.
Wa
ng
and
C.
We
n,
“A
De
ce
n
t
ral
i
ze
d
Con
trol
Strat
egy
for
E
co
nomi
c
Opera
t
ion
of
Autonomous
AC,
DC,
and
H
ybrid
AC/DC
Microgr
ids,”
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ene
rgy
Co
nve
rs
ion,
vol
.
3
2,
no
.
4,
pp.
13
45
-
1355,
2017
,
DO
I:
10.
1109
/T
EC
.
2
017.
2696979
.
[13]
J.
Wa
ng
,
C
.
Ji
n
and
P.
Wa
ng
,
“A
Unifor
m
Control
Stra
te
g
y
for
th
e
Int
erlinking
Conver
ter
in
Hi
era
rch
ica
l
Control
le
d
Hybr
id
AC/DC
Micr
ogrids,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
I
ndustrial
Elec
tronic
s,
vo
l.
65
,
no.
8,
pp.
6188
-
6197,
2018
,
DO
I:
10.
1109
/T
IE
.
2
017.
2784349
.
[14]
S
.
Ans
ari
,
A.
Chande
l
and
M.
T
ari
q
,
“A
Co
mpre
hensiv
e
R
e
vie
w
on
Pow
er
Converters
Co
ntrol
and
Con
tr
ol
Strat
egies
of
AC/DC
Microgr
id
,
”
IEEE
A
cc
ess,
vol.
9
,
pp
.
17998
-
18015,
2021
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/ACCESS
.
2020.
3020035
.
[15]
I.
U.
Nutkani,
P.
C.
Loh,
P.
Wa
ng
and
F.
B
la
ab
je
rg,
“De
centra
lized
E
cono
mi
c
Dispatc
h
Scheme
W
it
h
Online
Pow
er
Reser
ve
for
Microgr
ids,”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Smar
t
Gr
id,
vol
.
8,
n
o.
1
,
pp.
139
-
1
48,
2017
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/T
SG
.
20
15.
2451133
.
[16]
A.
Vac
ca
ro
,
V.
Loi
a
,
G
.
Form
ato,
P.
Wa
l
l
a
nd
.
V.
T
erz
i
ja,
“
A
Self
-
O
rga
n
iz
in
g
Archi
te
c
ture
f
or
Dec
ent
r
al
i
ze
d
Smart
Microgr
id
s
Synchroniz
atio
n,
Control,
and
Monitori
ng,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
I
nformatic
s
,
vol
.
11,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
28
9
-
298,
2015
,
DO
I:
10.
1109
/T
II
.
2
014.
2342876
.
[17]
M.
A.
Aw
al,
H
.
Yu,
H.
Tu
,
S.
M.
Lukic
and
I
.
Hus
ai
n,
“Hie
r
ar
chi
c
al
Con
trol
f
or
Virtual
Os
cill
at
or
B
ase
d
Grid
-
Connec
t
ed
and
I
slande
d
Mi
cro
gr
ids,”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs,
v
ol.
35
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
988
-
1001,
2020
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/TP
EL
.
2019.
29121
52
.
[18]
M.
Nade
ri
,
Y
.
K
haya
t
,
Q.
Shafi
e
e,
T.
Dragi
ce
vi
c
,
H.
Bevra
n
i
an
d
F.
Bl
aa
bj
erg
,
“In
te
r
connect
ed
Autonomous
A
C
Microgr
ids
vi
a
Bac
k
-
to
-
Ba
ck
Converters
—
Part
I
:
Sm
al
l
-
Si
gnal
Mode
li
ng
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics,
vol
.
35,
no.
5,
pp.
47
28
-
4740,
2020
,
DO
I:
10.
1109/TP
EL
.
2019.
29439
96
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.