In
te
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Elec
tron
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s an
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r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
444~
4
5
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
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ped
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v10
.
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4
44-
45
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444
Jou
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tp:
//i
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score
.
com
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x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Perf
ormance evaluation of st
andal
o
ne doubl
e axis solar
tr
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m w
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m light detection
MLD for
telecommunic
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tion t
owers in Malaysia
Ahme
d Abd
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ula
,
K
a
m
a
r
uzza
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p
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M
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aysia
Art
i
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fo
ABSTRACT
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Re
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pyri
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t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
K
a
m
a
r
u
zza
man S
opi
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n
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S
o
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Ener
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Resea
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S
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RI),
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
K
eb
a
ngsa
a
n Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
,
43
6
00
Ban
g
i
, S
e
lang
or
, Ma
l
a
y
sia
.
Em
ail:
kso
p
i
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km
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I
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TR
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Ma
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9
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1
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here
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CN
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3].
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ourc
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lays
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ec
a
u
se
o
f
its
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ig
h
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te
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o
urce
s.
I
t
is
e
nvir
onm
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t
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as
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ec
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l
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h
as the
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unsh
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W
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m
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[
4],
du
e
to
t
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ea
son
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t
t
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w
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ther
i
s
a
ffe
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olar
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n
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ons
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bruary,
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H
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perfom
ance evaluation of
standal
one double axis
solar
tracking
sys
t
em...
(
A
hmed
Abdulmula)
44
5
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
of
s
olar
e
ner
g
y
syst
e
m
s
is
f
i
n
d
i
ng
a
s
o
l
a
r
system
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
pro
v
ide
s
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
nd
cost-
effec
t
i
v
e
elec
t
r
ical p
owe
r
f
or T
Ts
opera
t
i
o
n
,
su
i
t
s
t
he
we
a
th
er
i
n
Mala
ys
ia.
The
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(P
V
)
s
yst
e
m
is
a
t
ec
hn
olo
g
y
t
ha
t
usin
g
P
V
e
ffe
ct
t
o
con
v
ert
li
g
h
t
t
o
d
i
r
ec
t
c
u
rre
nt
(DC)
e
lec
t
rici
t
y
.
The
critic
a
l
c
r
i
t
e
ri
on
t
h
at
a
ffec
t
s
t
he
p
er
fo
rm
ance
o
f
a
PV
s
ystem
i
s
t
he
l
evel
o
f
so
l
a
r
i
r
radia
n
c
e
,
loca
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
w
e
ather
co
n
d
i
t
ions
[
5],
[6
].
T
h
e
r
efor
e,
t
o
ach
ieve
a
h
ig
h
o
f
P
V
syst
e
m
s
perform
ance
n
ee
d
h
i
gh
e
ff
i
c
i
e
ncy
o
f
t
he
a
c
t
ual
c
e
l
l
c
o
n
v
er
si
on
[7],
u
t
i
l
ity
M
a
x
i
m
um
P
ow
e
r
P
oint
T
r
a
c
k
in
g
(MP
P
T)
c
ontrol
[8]
,
[
9],
a
n
d
i
n
sta
l
l
i
n
g
P
V
pa
ne
l
o
n
t
he
s
olar
t
rac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
trac
k
the
sun
pa
t
h
dur
in
g
d
a
yti
m
e
a
n
d
he
n
c
e
in
cre
a
s
e
i
t
s
e
ffi
ci
e
n
cy
[
10
],
[
11
].
A
s
we
l
l
a
s
st
ore
e
n
e
r
gy
t
o
s
upp
l
y
e
lec
t
r
i
ci
ty
w
he
n
t
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
su
n
l
i
g
ht
a
vaila
b
l
e.
S
o
ba
t
t
er
i
e
s
w
ith
a
h
ig
h
ba
nk
stor
age
c
apa
c
i
t
y
tha
t
c
o
v
ers
the
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
s
um
ed
nee
d
s
[1
2],
[13
]
.
B
y
t
he
se
p
rev
i
ous
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s,
s
olar
P
V
modu
les
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h-effic
i
enc
y
h
ete
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
intr
ins
i
c
thi
n
fi
lms
(H
IT)
coup
le
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
te-of-
t
h
e
-
ar
t
dual-a
x
is
m
ax
i
m
um
lig
ht
d
et
ecti
o
n
(MLD)
so
l
a
r
t
r
acki
n
g
syste
m
w
a
s
propose
d
.
Th
is
s
yste
m
com
b
ine
s
t
he
h
i
g
h
efficie
n
c
y
o
f
solar
c
e
l
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
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o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
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n
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syste
m
,
w
h
ic
h
pla
y
a
s
ig
n
i
fic
a
nt
r
o
l
e
in
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
effic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
M
L
D
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
d
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p
e
n
d
s
o
n
“co
nt
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uous
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ea
su
remen
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mi
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t
h
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in
sta
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P
V
a
dva
nta
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t
t
ha
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fr
o
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obj
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s, a
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s s
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co
u
n
tr
ies
w
i
t
h
d
i
ff
e
r
ent
cl
i
m
at
es
a
nd
g
l
o
b
a
l
sol
a
r
radia
t
i
o
n,
t
he
e
ner
gy
pr
od
uc
tio
n
of
P
V
a
rra
y
s
i
ncr
ease
s
w
i
t
h
th
e
use
o
f
dua
l-ax
is
s
o
l
a
r
t
rac
k
ing
sy
stem
s.
Mo
sta
f
a
m
e
hr
t
a
s
h
e
t
a
l
.
[1
4]
i
n
v
e
s
ti
ga
te
d
t
h
e
dua
l-ax
is
t
ra
ck
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
w
i
t
h
thr
e
e
P
V
a
r
r
ays
tha
t
are
horiz
o
n
ta
l
l
y
fi
xed,
t
i
l
t
e
d
f
i
x
e
d
,
and
sing
l
e
a
z
i
muth
a
x
i
s
t
ra
ck
in
g
i
n
M
o
n
tre
a
l
,
C
a
nada.
The
results
s
h
o
w
e
d
tha
t
t
he
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
ne
rg
y
pro
d
u
ct
ion
of
d
ua
l-
axis
t
ra
c
k
i
n
g
w
a
s
the
m
ost
si
gni
fi
c
a
n
t
com
p
are
d
w
ith
o
t
h
er
syste
m
s.
I
n
Q
e
shm
Island
i
n
I
ran,
B
az
yari
e
t
al.
[15]
a
na
l
y
ze
d
t
h
e
pe
rfor
ma
nce
of
P
V
dua
l
an
d
si
n
g
l
e
-a
xi
s
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
P
V
f
i
x
e
d
-
a
x
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
ra
dia
t
i
o
n
yi
e
l
d.
R
esul
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
that
t
he
ave
r
age
ener
gy
y
i
e
l
d
re
ce
iv
e
d
b
y
the
sing
le-
a
x
i
s
sys
t
em
w
as
1
.
3
5
t
i
m
e
s
large
r
t
ha
n
tha
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
x
e
d
P
V
syste
m
,
and
the
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
ax
is
t
rac
k
ing
sys
t
e
m
w
as
1
.04
ti
m
e
s
gre
a
ter
t
h
a
n
o
f
the
sin
g
l
e-a
x
i
s
s
ystem
.
I
n
S
p
ain,
S
i
m
ón
Ma
rt
í
n
e
t
al.
[1
6]
i
nve
st
iga
t
e
d
t
hree
d
i
f
fere
nt
t
ype
s
of
P
V
i
ns
t
a
lla
t
i
on
system
s,
n
am
ely,
P
V
fi
xe
d
axis,
P
V
hor
i
z
on
t
a
l
axi
s
t
r
ack
in
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
and
P
V
dua
l-a
x
i
s
s
ys
t
e
m
of
fo
ll
ow
-u
p.
A
fter
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
he
r
esul
t
s
,
the
data
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
t
he
p
e
rform
anc
e
r
ati
o
P
R
o
f
P
V
usi
n
g
d
u
a
l
-a
xis
t
r
acki
n
g
wa
s
3
%
g
re
ater
t
ha
n
t
h
e
hor
izo
n
t
al-
a
xis
t
r
ackin
g
and
w
a
s
a
pprox
ima
t
el
y
7.
5%
g
r
eat
er
t
ha
n
the
fi
xe
d
sy
stem
.
In
M
alay
sia,
J.
F
.
Lee
et
al.
[17]
h
ave
i
nve
st
iga
t
e
d
t
he
p
erform
ance
o
f
dua
l
-
ax
is
t
r
acki
n
g
sys
t
e
m
c
om
p
a
red
to
u
si
ng
t
h
e
fi
xed
P
V
syste
m
under
t
h
e
Mala
ys
ian
clim
at
e.
T
he
s
tu
die
d
r
esul
ts
i
nc
ulca
t
e
d
un
de
r
Ma
lays
ia
n
w
eat
he
r,
dual-a
x
i
s
s
o
l
ar
trac
ker
gate
d
m
o
re
e
xc
elle
nt
p
e
r
form
anc
e
t
han
fixe
d
P
V
s
yste
m.
I
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
a
l
s
o
A
h
m
a
d
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
have
i
nve
s
tiga
t
e
d
solar
t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
P
V
system
f
or
t
he
m
o
b
il
e
st
a
t
ion
un
de
r
for
fo
ur
d
ays,
t
w
o
c
l
o
u
d
y
d
ays
in
D
e
c
e
m
b
er,
and
t
w
o
s
u
nny
da
ys
i
n
Jan
u
a
r
y.
A
l
t
ho
u
g
h
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
a
sh
ort
du
r
a
ti
on,
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
c
on
firm
ed
tha
t
t
he
t
ra
ck
in
g
P
V
s
yst
e
m
h
as
h
ig
h
p
o
te
n
tia
l
to
g
e
n
e
r
ate
e
l
e
ctric
i
t
y
f
or
t
he
c
e
l
l
u
lar
base
s
tat
i
o
n
s
a
t
r
em
ot
e
,
rura
l
are
a
G
ive
n
t
he
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
a
l
l
the
a
b
ov
e,
P
V
sola
r
trac
kin
g
sys
t
em
s
ca
n
u
t
i
l
ize
t
h
e
m
a
ximum
a
dva
nta
g
e
of
s
ola
r
e
nergy
to
i
nc
rea
s
e t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
pro
duc
e
d
by
P
V
s
yste
m
s
a
n
d bec
o
me
m
ore
effic
i
en
t.
The
pr
ese
n
t
st
ud
y
aims
t
o
pr
e
s
en
t
t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
of
1
2
K
W
p
d
o
u
b
l
e-
a
x
is
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
acki
ng
system
wi
t
h
M
LD
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
TT
unde
r
t
h
e
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
wea
t
h
e
r
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Ma
la
ys
ia.
A
c
om
puter
d
a
t
a
ac
qui
si
tio
n
syste
m
w
ith
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
data
l
o
g
g
er
w
er
e
use
d
t
o
l
o
g
t
h
e
act
ua
l
on
e
-
seco
nd
d
at
a
fi
eld
me
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
re
al
-t
i
m
e
us
i
n
g
a
p
propr
i
a
te
s
ens
o
rs.
The
re
qui
r
e
d
m
easur
ed
d
a
t
a
a
r
e
a
v
era
ge
d
to
e
l
i
minate
t
he
d
a
i
ly
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
s
of
d
ata
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
t
o
p
rovi
d
e
a
n
a
c
c
u
rat
e
e
st
ima
t
i
o
n
of
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
p
erforma
n
ce
.
T
he
nove
l
t
y
in
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
is
summ
ar
i
z
ed
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
:
(
i)
t
h
e
a
c
t
ua
l
da
ta
m
ea
surem
e
nts
fo
r
var
i
o
us
f
actors
a
re
u
sed
for
analysi
s
t
o
o
b
tain
ac
cura
t
e
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
tio
n
resu
lts.
(ii)
C
om
par
e
d
to
[
18],
th
e
lo
gg
e
d
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
it
s
ana
l
ys
is
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
one
f
or
a
lo
ng
tim
e,
f
or
f
o
u
r
m
o
n
t
h
s
unde
r
di
ffe
ren
t
w
ea
ther
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
s
(
J
a
nuary
a
nd
F
e
br
uary
w
e
r
e
r
a
infal
l
n
ort
h
ern
mons
oo
n
seas
on,
a
n
d
J
une
a
nd
J
u
ly
w
ere
sou
t
her
n
m
o
n
so
o
n
s
e
a
s
on
ch
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
zed
b
y
c
l
e
a
r
s
ky
o
r
a
n
d
some
tim
es c
loudy
w
ith
m
ini
m
al r
ainfa
l
l
)
. (iii) The
PV
syst
e
m
pe
r
f
orm
a
nce
w
a
s appr
aised usi
ng t
h
e
fo
ll
ow
in
g
in
dic
e
s,
t
he
a
c
t
ua
l
y
i
e
l
d
o
f
s
olar
P
V
modu
les
an
d
t
h
e
st
a
t
es
o
f
c
harge
and
d
i
sc
ha
rge
of
b
a
t
terie
s
(
S
O
C%)
w
h
ic
h a
r
e
si
gn
i
f
ic
a
n
t in
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
tha
t
refl
e
c
t t
h
e
level o
f
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
per
f
ormance
[1
9
]
.
2.
SY
S
T
E
M
D
ESCRIPTIO
N
The
prim
ary
p
u
r
pose
of
D
o
u
b
le
A
x
i
s
S
o
lar
Tr
ackin
g
S
y
st
e
m
w
ith
M
LD
w
as
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
a
nnu
a
l
incre
a
se
i
n
op
e
r
a
t
i
ona
l c
o
sts
i
n
curre
d by
Ce
l
c
om t
e
l
ec
om
m
unic
a
t
io
n t
o
w
e
rs, w
h
ic
h w
a
s pr
ev
io
usly
d
e
p
ende
n
t
on d
i
ese
l
ge
n
er
ators a
n
d re
duc
e th
e em
i
ssi
o
n
of t
oxic
ga
se
s ass
oc
iate
d w
i
t
h
the u
ti
liza
t
io
n of t
hese ge
n
e
r
a
t
ors.
F
i
gure
1
show
s
the
pho
t
ogra
ph
of
t
he
s
tan
d
a
l
o
ne
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
s
ys
t
e
m
is
l
oc
ate
d
a
t
the
G
r
een
T
ec
hno
lo
gy
an
d
In
no
v
a
ti
on
P
ark
,
UKM
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
i
n
Ba
ng
i
,
S
e
l
a
ngo
r,
M
al
a
y
si
a
(l
ati
t
ude
:
2°
5
6
'0
6.7"
N
,
Lo
ng
itu
de
:
101
°4
6
'
5
3
.3"
E),
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
44
4
–
453
44
6
F
i
gur
e
1.
P
hot
ogr
a
p
h
o
f
12
k
w
p
stan
da
l
o
ne
d
o
u
b
le
a
x
i
s
so
la
r
tr
a
ckin
g sys
t
em
with m
l
d
F
i
gur
e
2.
L
oca
tio
n
o
f
t
he
i
ns
ta
lle
d
sys
t
em
Th
is
d
e
s
ig
n
w
a
s
the
f
i
r
s
t
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
an
d
cou
l
d
bec
o
m
e
a
pote
n
t
i
a
lly
m
a
ssi
v
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
fo
r
hi
gh
ly
ef
fi
c
i
e
n
t
HIT
P
V
w
i
t
h
M
L
D
s
o
l
a
r
t
ra
ckin
g
sy
st
em
i
n
t
e
l
ecommu
n
i
c
a
tio
n
t
o
w
e
r
s
t
hr
o
u
g
h
out
t
he
A
si
a
n
r
egi
o
n.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
di
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
hi
s
syste
m
,
and
F
i
gur
e
4.
s
how
s
t
he
e
le
ctr
i
ca
l
d
i
agr
a
m
.
T
he
s
ta
nda
l
one
sys
t
em
w
a
s
d
e
s
i
gne
d
base
d
on
the
f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g
pr
inc
i
pa
l
elem
ent
s
:
a.
F
i
ft
y
u
n
i
t
s
o
f
P
a
nas
o
n
i
c
sola
r
pa
ne
l
(
V
BH
N
2
40S
J2
5)
,
Max
P
o
w
e
r
P
m
ax
=
2
4
0
W
p
(
t
o
t
al
=
6
3.
0
42
m
2
,
12
K
W
p)
H
I
T
s
olar
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
(
s
u
i
ta
ble
f
o
r
Ma
la
ysia
n
w
e
a
t
he
r
a
n
d
re
d
u
ci
n
g
the
are
a
o
f
the
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
s
o
lar
ce
ll)
.
The
PV
s
yst
e
m
cons
ists
o
f
si
x
a
r
r
a
ys,
n
a
m
e
l
y,
A
r
r
a
ys
1
a
nd
2
(
4
.
32
K
W
p)
,
A
r
r
a
ys
3
a
nd
4
(
3
.
84
K
W
p)
,
a
nd
A
r
r
a
ys
5
a
nd
6
(
3
.
84
K
W
p
)
.
b.
Tw
o
MLD
se
nsor
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
s
mou
n
t
ed
o
n
P
V
m
odule
s
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
a
s
s
m
a
r
t
l
i
g
h
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
(
one
M
LD
s
e
n
sor
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
he
a
zimut
h
,
and
t
h
e
othe
r
c
o
n
t
r
ol
s
t
h
e
el
ev
ati
o
n
t
i
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ol
a
r
tr
a
c
ker
)
.
I
n
tel
l
i
ge
n
t
l
i
g
h
t
s
e
n
sor
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
s
oper
a
t
e
w
it
h
a
s
ol
a
r
t
ra
cki
n
g
system
t
o
sen
s
e
the
br
igh
t
es
t
po
i
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
’
s
r
adiat
i
on
a
n
d
aut
o
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
m
ove
t
he
s
o
l
ar
t
r
ack
er to
w
ard
it in
r
eal
-
t
i
me.
c.
24
u
n
its
o
f
2
V
/
2
0
0
0
A
h
hi
g
h
-
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
va
l
v
e-
r
e
gu
lat
e
d
le
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
s
b
a
n
k
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
.
I
t
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
to
s
up
p
l
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ci
ty
w
he
n
the
r
e
is
no
sun
l
ig
h
t
a
va
ila
b
l
e
.
d.
Thr
ee
un
i
t
s
of
s
olar
c
ontr
o
l
l
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
ma
xi
m
u
m
pow
er
poi
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng
(MP
P
T)
t
ha
t
ha
ve
48
V
/
6
4
A
t
o
gi
ve
m
or
e
pote
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
pr
od
uc
e
m
a
ximum
outp
u
t
pow
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rfo
m
an
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
tio
n
of
stan
dal
on
e do
uble
a
x
i
s
sol
a
r
t
r
ack
i
ng
sy
st
e
m
.
..
(
A
h
m
e
d
Abd
u
lmu
l
a
)
44
7
F
i
gur
e
3.
B
l
o
c
k
d
ia
gr
a
m
o
f
th
e
12K
Wp
s
ta
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
hi
g
h
e
ff
icie
nc
y
HI
T
m
o
dul
es with
MLD so
lar
tr
ack
in
g
sys
t
e
m
a
nd
batt
er
y
ban
k
f
or
t
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
unica
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
sta
t
i
on
2.
1.
Hi
t
solar
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
S
o
lar
c
e
lls
a
r
e
s
t
i
l
l
a
ctive
l
y
deve
l
o
pe
d
a
s
a
n
alter
n
at
i
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
.
“
H
I
T
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
dva
nce
d
c
om
me
r
c
ia
l
te
ch
no
lo
gy”
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
tech
n
i
q
u
e
h
a
s
been
w
i
d
e
l
y
use
d
i
n
ma
ny
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
b
ec
aus
e
of
its
h
ig
h
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
[
21]
.
The
des
i
gne
d
sys
t
e
m
i
s
base
d
o
n
a
n
a
dv
ance
d
sol
a
r
ce
ll
t
ec
hno
l
o
g
y
th
at
u
se
s
hi
g
h
l
y
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
m
u
lti-
ju
nc
ti
o
n
P
V
ce
ll
s
t
h
at
can
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
nd
h
i
g
h
am
bi
ent
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
i
n
M
ala
y
s
i
a.
T
he
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
H
I
T
solar
module
s
i
s
19.
4%
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
he
h
i
g
hes
t
am
ong
uppe
r
c
o
mm
er
cial
p
r
o
duc
t
i
on
sola
r
m
odu
les.
T
he
h
ig
h
ef
fic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
H
I
T
solar
modu
les
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
so
l
a
r
cell
are
a
.
Thi
s
i
ss
ue
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
r
e
fore
,
HIT
sola
r
c
e
lls
h
a
v
e
a
low-
tem
p
er
at
ure
c
o
effic
i
e
n
t
of
−
0
.
29%°
C
,
and
they
c
a
n
m
ain
t
ain
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
ff
ic
ienc
y
th
an
a
c
on
ve
n
tio
n
a
l
si
li
con
so
lar
c
e
ll,
e
spe
c
ial
l
y
a
t
e
l
e
v
at
ed
t
em
per
a
t
u
res.
T
he
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
ia
gr
am
o
f
the
12
kw
p
st
a
nda
l
one
p
v
sys
t
em
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4.
F
i
gur
e
4.
E
lect
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
agr
a
m
of
t
h
e
1
2
kw
p
st
anda
l
one
p
v
sy
stem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
44
4
–
453
44
8
2.
2.
D
u
al
-
axis
M
L
D
solar
t
r
ac
kin
g
s
yst
e
m
The
so
la
r
tra
c
k
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
r
acks
the
s
u
n
t
o
m
inim
ize
t
h
e
i
n
ci
de
n
c
e
a
n
g
l
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
i
nc
omi
n
g
su
nli
g
ht
a
n
d
PV
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
el
s
u
rfa
ce
i
s
d
i
r
ec
tly
f
a
c
i
ng
t
h
e
sun,
a
nd
so
lar
ir
r
a
di
a
t
i
o
n
r
eac
hes
the
pane
l
i
n
a
v
e
r
ti
c
a
l
ang
l
e
of
9
0
°
o
r
c
l
ose
t
o
i
t.
I
n
M
al
ay
si
a,
t
h
e
i
n
t
en
si
ty
o
f
sol
a
r
ra
d
i
at
io
n
i
s
pr
i
m
ar
i
l
y
in
fl
u
e
nce
d
b
y
c
l
ou
ds.
Thi
s
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
con
s
i
d
er
e
d
w
hen
dep
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
s
mar
t
c
ontr
o
l
system
to resp
o
nd to t
he
sta
tes in a r
ea
l
-
tim
e
sit
u
a
t
i
on.
T
he
a
dva
n
c
e
d
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
gy o
f
t
h
e
du
a
l
-
axi
s
M
LD
s
ol
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
ing
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
.
I
t
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
cki
n
g
sys
t
e
m
t
ha
t
tr
ac
ks
t
he
a
ctua
l
co
nd
i
tio
ns
o
f
the
s
ky.
T
he sm
a
r
t
c
ontr
o
l m
o
d
u
l
e
co
nt
inua
l
l
y m
e
a
s
ur
es
t
h
e
in
t
e
ns
i
t
y
a
nd
i
n
c
o
mi
ng
li
g
h
t
ang
l
e
an
d
mov
e
s
the
in
sta
l
l
e
d
sola
r
modul
es
i
n
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
eo
us
p
osit
io
ns.
The
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
sol
a
r
sens
or
s
and
co
ntr
o
l
sys
t
em
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
s
ola
r
i
r
r
a
di
a
tio
n
an
d
a
l
so
t
he
l
ig
ht
r
e
f
lec
t
e
d
by
the
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
o
o
f
a
n
d
f
l
o
o
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
flec
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
t
hi
s
ca
se
,
solar
r
a
di
a
t
i
o
n
obsc
u
r
e
s
and
gener
a
te
s
di
ff
use
d
l
i
g
h
t
u
n
d
er
c
lo
u
dy
co
nd
i
tio
ns.
Th
us,
the
MLD
se
ns
or
c
anno
t
de
term
ine
t
h
e
br
ig
h
t
es
t
li
gh
t
p
o
i
n
t
be
cau
se
it
is
i
n
t
er
cep
ted.
M
L
D
p
r
ovi
des
t
h
e
signa
l
to
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
sola
r
tra
c
k
e
r
s
y
s
tem
in
t
o
a
h
o
r
izo
n
ta
l
pos
iti
o
n
.
Th
i
s
p
osit
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
to
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
t
he
di
ff
use
d
l
igh
t
t
hat
pen
e
t
r
ate
s
t
he
c
l
ouds,
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igu
r
e
5
a
nd
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
[23]
.
The
dua
l-
ax
is
M
L
D
s
ol
a
r
tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
s
ys
te
m
r
e
c
o
r
d
ed
a
47%
i
ncr
ease
in
e
ne
r
g
y
gener
a
ti
on
ou
t
p
u
t
c
ompa
r
e
d
w
ith
t
he
f
ix
e
d
P
V
in
sta
l
l
a
t
i
on.
M
or
e
over
,
M
LD
t
ec
hn
o
l
o
g
y
r
ecor
d
ed
2
7%
h
ig
her
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
o
nve
nti
ona
l
a
s
tr
on
om
ic
a
l
so
lar trac
k
i
ng
s
y
ste
m
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
D
ua
l
-
axi
s
m
ld
s
olar
t
r
acki
ng
sy
stem
[
23
]
F
i
gur
e
6.
D
ual-
a
x
is
m
ld
s
olar
t
r
a
c
k
er
w
ith
t
h
e
opt
im
i
z
e
d
p
os
it
i
on
f
o
r
high
e
n
er
g
y
y
ie
l
d
[
2
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rfo
m
an
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
tio
n
of
stan
dal
on
e do
uble
a
x
i
s
sol
a
r
t
r
ack
i
ng
sy
st
e
m
.
..
(
A
h
m
e
d
Abd
u
lmu
l
a
)
44
9
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ON
T
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
te
d
d
a
ta
t
h
a
t
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
d
a
t
a
lo
g
g
e
r
,
a
l
l
d
a
t
a
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
P
V
s
ys
tem
s
a
n
d
b
a
tter
i
es,
ambie
n
t
site
t
e
m
pe
rature
,
si
te
g
l
oba
l
s
o
l
ar
i
r
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n,
a
l
o
ng
w
ith
t
he
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
sol
a
r
rad
i
at
i
on
ca
pt
u
r
ed
b
y
Du
al
-Axi
s
M
L
D
so
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
ing
sy
st
e
m
.
The
P
V
s
ystem
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
a
ppr
a
i
sed
us
in
g
t
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
i
n
g
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
in
dice
s,
t
he
s
t
a
te
s
of
cha
r
ge
a
nd
d
i
sch
a
rge
of
b
a
tte
ries
(
S
O
C
%
)
and
the ac
t
u
a
l
e
ne
r
gy yie
l
d of D
u
a
l-
A
x
is MLD
sol
a
r
t
r
ack
i
ng sys
t
em
.
I
n our case
,
t
o ac
cura
te
l
y
asses
s the
sys
t
em
,
the
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
w
e
r
e
c
ollec
t
e
d
d
ur
i
ng
the
selec
t
e
d
f
our
m
ont
hs
und
e
r
d
if
fe
r
e
nt
w
ea
ther
c
on
dit
i
o
n
s.
J
anua
r
y
a
nd
F
e
br
ua
r
y
a
r
e
r
ai
n
f
a
ll
n
o
r
t
her
n
m
onsoo
n
se
aso
n
,
and
June
a
nd
Jul
y
ar
e
sout
her
n
m
onso
o
n
s
easo
n
c
hara
ct
er
i
z
ed
by
clea
r
sk
y
or
a
nd
some
tim
es
c
lo
ud
y
w
i
t
h
m
i
n
im
a
l
r
ainfa
ll
(
l
e
s
s
r
a
i
n
f
a
ll
t
ha
n
t
h
e
nor
th
m
onsoo
n)
.
3.
1.
Th
e
ad
va
n
t
ages
gain
e
d
of
s
o
l
ar
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
wit
h
M
LD
t
ec
hn
ol
o
gy
Th
e
Adop
tin
g
t
h
e
du
a
l
-
a
xi
s
so
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
te
c
h
nol
ogy
w
it
h
M
L
D
s
en
so
r
en
ab
l
e
s
th
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng
o
f
sun
a
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
g
l
e
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
a
nd
hence
i
n
cr
easi
ng
t
h
e
am
oun
t
o
f
so
l
a
r
r
a
di
a
tio
n
f
a
l
l
i
ng
o
n
PV
a
rra
y
s
c
o
n
s
e
q
ue
nt
ly
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
am
ount
o
f
ene
r
gy
pr
o
d
u
ct
i
o
n
.
F
igur
e
s
7
a
n
d
8
sh
ow
t
he
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
d
at
a
r
ecor
d
ed
o
f
gl
oba
l
s
o
lar
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
he
s
i
t
e,
s
olar
r
a
d
ia
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
tur
e
d
b
y
D
ua
l-Ax
is
M
LD
S
olar
T
rac
k
in
g
Sy
st
em,
t
h
e
av
era
g
e
ambi
en
t
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
Ja
nu
a
r
y
,
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
,
a
n
d
J
une,
Ju
l
y
.
Th
i
s
r
e
a
l
e
x
per
i
m
e
nta
l
in
ves
t
iga
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
o
ffe
r
e
d
t
h
e
pos
i
t
i
ve
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
obt
a
i
ne
d
fr
om
t
h
e
use
o
f
t
he
D
ual-
A
x
is
M
LD
S
ola
r
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
S
ince
t
he
e
ffic
i
enc
y
o
f
P
V
a
r
r
ays
are
di
r
ect
l
y
p
ro
p
o
rt
io
na
l
t
o
t
he
a
moun
t
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
tio
n
f
a
lli
ng
on
the
P
V
a
r
r
a
ys.
Thus
t
he
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
o
f
t
he
P
V
system
h
as
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
si
gn
i
f
ica
n
tl
y.
Figure
7.
T
he
m
e
a
surem
e
nt
d
ata
rec
o
rded
o
f
glo
b
a
l
so
l
ar
radi
a
ti
o
n
on
t
h
e
site,
so
lar
r
a
diat
io
n
c
a
p
t
ur
e
d
b
y
dua
l-
ax
is
M
LD
s
ol
a
r
t
r
acki
n
g
sys
t
em
,
and
ambie
n
t
tem
p
er
a
t
ur
e
f
o
r
ja
nua
r
y
a
nd
fe
br
uar
y
Figure
8.
T
he
m
e
a
surem
e
nt
d
ata
rec
o
rded
o
f
glo
b
a
l
so
l
ar
radi
a
ti
o
n
on
t
h
e
site,
so
lar
r
a
diat
io
n
c
a
p
t
ur
e
d
b
y
dua
l-
ax
is
m
ld
s
olar
t
r
ack
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
,
and
a
m
bie
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
f
o
r j
u
n
e
a
nd
j
uly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
44
4 –
45
3
45
0
3.2.
P
V ar
ray
e
n
er
gy p
r
odu
c
t
i
on
D
i
ffere
n
t
w
e
a
t
her
c
o
nd
iti
o
n
s
suc
h
a
s
hi
gh
te
m
p
era
t
ur
e,
t
he
pur
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
s
ky,
a
n
d
t
he
f
og
gy
w
e
a
t
her
sign
ifica
n
tl
y
t
h
e
P
V
a
rr
ay
e
ne
rgy
y
i
e
l
d.
I
n
o
u
r
c
a
se,
t
h
e
pe
rfo
r
m
a
n
ces
o
f
P
V
a
r
r
ay
y
iel
d
v
al
ues
a
r
e
a
n
a
l
yze
d
rega
rdi
ng
t
h
e
K
W
h
/
K
W
p
prod
uce
d
.
The
ca
l
c
u
l
a
tio
n
for
dai
l
y
a
nd
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
a
r
r
a
y
y
i
e
l
d
s
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
the f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g (1):
Y
a
.
1
Where
;
the
Ya
i
s da
i
l
y
a
rray y
i
el
d in k
Wh
/
k
Wp.
d
,
E
p.
d
is d
a
i
l
y a
v
er
age
ne
t o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ower
of PV arr
ay
in
k
W/d,
h
i
s
a
v
e
r
age
h
our
s
of
s
un
sh
i
n
e,
Po
i
s
pe
a
k
p
ower
a
t
ST
C
(12
KWp)
.
The
d
a
il
y
a
v
era
g
e
for
th
e
pow
er
outp
u
t
v
al
ues
for
(Januar
y
,
F
e
brua
ry
,
June,
and
Jul
y
)
201
5
was
mea
s
u
r
ed
a
nd
a
n
alyze
d
.
The
a
n
aly
s
is
resul
t
s
a
r
e
pl
ot
ted i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
9.
T
he
g
r
a
ph
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
po
w
e
r
o
u
t
put
i
n
K
W
o
f t
h
e
se
lec
t
e
d
m
o
n
t
h
s
ove
r
day
h
o
u
rs.
F
r
o
m
t
he
c
har
t
c
a
n
s
ee
t
ha
t
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
i
s
gra
d
u
a
lly
i
ncr
ease
d
a
nd
w
he
n
re
ache
d
t
o
8:
00
a
m
,
or
l
at
er
i
s
stea
d
ily
r
i
s
i
ng
u
n
t
il
arr
i
v
e
d
near
ly
1
7
K
W
,
16
K
W
,
13
.5
K
W,
a
nd
13
K
W
i
n
Jul
y
,
June
,
Jan
u
ar
y,
a
nd
F
e
brua
ry
2
0
15
r
e
spe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
A
nd
the
n
t
he
c
u
r
ve
i
s
pro
g
re
ssive
ly
d
e
c
re
ase
d
u
nt
i
l
t
he
s
un
set
s
.
If
w
e
l
oo
k
the
four
f
ig
ures
o
v
e
r
time
,
w
e
ca
n
see
t
h
at
J
u
l
y
20
1
5
h
a
s
t
he
h
i
g
he
st
a
v
e
r
a
ge
pow
er
o
ut
p
u
t
ac
cou
n
tin
g
of
9
.29
K
W
p
er
d
ay
a
m
ong
ot
hers,
this
i
s
due
m
ost
of
t
he
d
ays
have
p
rope
r
sola
r
i
r
ra
dia
t
io
n.
F
o
ll
ow
ed
by
Jun
e
2
01
5
ac
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
o
f
8
.62
K
W
p
er
d
ay,
th
en
J
a
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
5
a
n
d
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
015
w
h
ic
h
ac
co
u
n
t
i
ng
for
7.1
K
W
p
er
d
a
y
a
n
d
6
.88
K
W
p
er
d
a
y
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
H
ence
b
ased
on
(1)
,
t
he
P
V
arr
a
y
yie
l
d
o
f
J
u
l
y,
J
une,
F
e
br
uary,
and
Jan
u
a
r
y
w
e
re
a
s
foll
ow
s
:
6
.
19
K
W
h
/
K
Wp
,
5
.
74
KW
h
/
KWp
,
4
.7
3
K
W
h
/
K
W
p,
a
nd
4.
5
K
W
h/K
W
p
re
spec
t
i
ve
l
y
.
This
r
esu
l
t
refl
e
c
t
s
the
e
ffe
ct
o
f
vari
ou
s
w
eathe
r
co
nd
i
tio
ns
o
f
the
ty
p
i
ca
l
c
l
i
m
ate
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
sia
(
s
unn
y,
c
lo
ud
y,
a
nd
ra
i
n
y
)
.
The
r
e
s
ul
ts
o
f
the
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
w
e
d
u
p
t
ha
t
un
t
i
l
in
rain
y
m
ont
hs
s
uch
a
s
J
an
uar
y
a
n
d
F
ebr
u
ary,
t
he
P
V
a
r
ra
y
yie
l
d
w
a
s
r
ec
orded
at
4
.
5
K
Wh/
K
Wp
and
4.73
K
Wh/K
W
p
.
These
r
e
su
l
t
s
ar
e
rela
ti
vel
y
h
i
g
h
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
a
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
i
n
t
e
r
m
o
f
arr
a
y
yie
l
d
an
d
un
de
r
diffe
r
ent
M
a
la
ys
i
a
n
w
e
ather
con
d
itio
ns,
T
he
M
L
D
s
ol
a
r
t
ra
cker
s
ystem
desi
gn
h
ad
a
very
p
osit
ive
e
f
fec
t
on
t
h
e
pe
r
f
orm
a
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
syste
m
y
i
e
ld
pr
od
uc
ti
o
n
.
F
i
gure
9.
G
rap
h
s
how
i
n
g
the
m
ont
h
l
y
pow
er
outp
u
t a
v
era
g
e in
K
W
pe
r da
y of
t
he 1
2kw
p
M
L
D
dual
ax
i
s
so
lar
trac
king
sys
t
em
for Ja
n
ua
ry 20
15,
F
ebrua
r
y 2
0
1
5
,
Jun
e
201
5,
and
d J
u
l
y
2
01
5
3.3.
S
OC%
Th
e
SOC
%
h
as
a
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
ff
ect
o
n
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
o
f
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
an
d
a
l
s
o
reflects
t
he
l
e
v
el
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
perform
ance
i
n
ge
nera
l
.
Tota
l
o
f f
our m
on
th
s’
data
on the
st
ate
o
f c
h
ar
ge
(
S
O
C)
of
the
ba
tter
i
es was c
ol
le
cted
and
ana
l
yz
ed.
The
r
e
su
lts
o
f
the
a
n
al
ys
is
a
re
p
l
o
t
t
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
0.
T
he
c
h
a
rts
sh
ow
e
d
t
h
a
t,
d
ur
i
n
g
a
l
l
mont
hs,
the
M
L
D
so
lar
trac
ki
n
g
s
ys
t
e
m
onl
y
to
o
k
a
p
p
ro
xima
t
e
ly
a
bou
t
4
h
o
u
rs
t
o
fu
l
l
y
c
h
arge
d
t
h
e
bat
t
eries.
A
n
d
t
he
bat
t
eries
w
e
re
r
em
aine
d
c
h
ar
ged
for
tw
o
t
o
t
hree
h
o
u
r
s
i
n
Ja
n
u
a
ry
a
n
d
F
ebr
u
ary
an
d
st
a
y
ed
f
r
o
m
4
to
5
h
ours
in
J
u
n
e
a
nd
J
u
l
y
.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
t
he
a
na
ly
si
s
als
o
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
th
e
mo
n
t
hl
y
a
v
e
r
ag
e
o
f
S
OC
%
fo
r
all
an
a
l
y
zed
mont
hs
d
id
n
ot
d
ro
p
be
l
o
w
90%.
This
r
e
s
u
l
t
w
a
s
a
ve
ry
posit
i
v
e
in
d
i
c
a
t
or
o
f
t
h
e
le
vel
of
p
e
rform
anc
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m.
H
our
KW
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
2
015
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2
0
1
5
J
u
n
e
2015
J
u
l
y
201
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rfo
m
an
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
tio
n
of
stan
dal
on
e do
uble
a
x
i
s
sol
a
r
t
r
ack
i
ng
sy
st
e
m
.
..
(
A
h
m
e
d
Abd
u
lmu
l
a
)
45
1
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
Gr
aph
sh
ow
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
onth
l
y
ave
r
age
of
s
oc
%
for
j
a
n
u
ar
y
2
015,
f
ebr
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
5
,
ju
ne
2
01
5,
a
nd
j
u
l
y
2
015
4.
CONCLUSION
Th
is
s
tu
dy
pr
e
s
e
n
ted
t
h
e
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tanda
l
o
ne
1
2
K
W
p
h
igh
-
ef
fi
c
i
en
c
y
H
IT
P
V
mo
du
le
do
u
b
le-
a
xis
solar
tr
ac
kin
g
system
w
ith
M
LD
i
nt
ell
i
ge
n
t
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
t
ec
hni
q
u
e
un
der
diffe
r
e
n
t
w
e
ather
c
o
n
d
it
io
ns
i
n
Mala
ys
ia
dur
i
n
g
lo
ng-
te
r
m
i
nvest
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
.
B
a
sed
on
the
o
b
ta
i
n
ed
r
e
s
ults
t
he
dua
l-
a
x
is
s
ola
r
t
r
a
ck
in
g
sys
t
em
w
it
h
MLD
sig
n
i
f
i
cant
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
ve
t
he
e
ff
icie
nc
y
of
P
V
syste
m
s
and
a
l
l
o
w
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
ve
the
bes
t
e
ner
g
y
pr
o
duc
t
i
on
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
The
r
eal-
tim
e
e
xper
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
e
st
ig
at
ion
res
u
lt
s
indi
c
a
t
ed
t
h
a
t
the
sys
t
em
h
as
h
igh
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
a
nd
su
i
t
a
b
le
f
or
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
w
ea
t
h
e
r
,
w
hic
h
w
as
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
by
c
l
ouds.
T
he
incr
eas
in
g
m
o
bile
a
pp
lic
at
io
n
i
n
t
he
m
ar
ket
r
e
quir
e
s
mo
r
e
t
he
c
o
n
str
u
c
tio
n
o
f
t
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
unica
tio
n
t
o
w
e
r
s
.
The
r
ef
or
e,
the st
a
nda
l
one
h
i
g
h-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
H
I
T
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
M
LD
do
u
b
l
e-
ax
is so
l
ar t
racki
n
g sys
t
em
can b
e
r
e
pl
i
c
ate
d
t
o
all
t
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
on
tower
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
loca
te
d
i
n
o
f
f
the
uti
l
i
t
y
gr
i
d
.
I
n
s
um
,
unde
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
Ma
la
ysia
n
w
e
ather
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
The
M
L
D
solar
tr
a
c
ke
r
system
d
esi
gn
h
ad
a
v
e
r
y
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
e
f
f
ect
on
the
per
f
o
r
m
anc
e
of
t
he
P
V
s
ystem
pr
oduc
t
i
on
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The
au
t
h
o
r
s
tha
nk
t
h
e
a
s
soc
i
a
t
ed
p
e
r
so
nne
l
in
a
ny
r
e
fe
re
n
c
e
tha
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
p
ur
pos
e
o
f
t
his
st
ud
y.
T
h
e
a
uthor
s
ack
n
o
w
l
e
dge
t
he
f
ina
n
c
i
al
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
g
r
a
n
t
f
r
o
m
the
Ec
on
om
ic
T
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
ati
o
n
P
r
ogr
am
(
ETP
-
2013-
02
0)
.
CONFLICT
O
F INTE
R
E
ST
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s d
ecl
a
r
e n
o
con
f
li
ct
o
f
in
t
e
re
st
.
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
M
o
ham
e
d
H
A
l
s
h
arif,
et
al
.,
“Op
t
i
m
ization
o
f
H
y
b
ri
d
Renew
a
ble
E
n
ergy
P
o
w
er
S
yst
e
m
f
o
r
U
r
ban
LTE
B
ase
S
t
ati
on
Dep
l
o
y
m
e
nt
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysia,
”
IEEE
2
nd Intern
at
ion
a
l S
y
mpo
s
i
u
m on
T
e
l
ecomm
un
icatio
n
T
e
chn
o
lo
gi
es (
I
STT
)
,
L
a
n
g
ka
w
i
,
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
,
p
p
.
24-2
6
,
20
14
.
[2]
H
.
L
u
n
d
and
G.
S
al
g
i
,
“
T
he
r
ole
o
f
c
om
p
r
es
sed
air
en
ergy
s
t
o
r
ag
e
i
n
f
ut
ure
s
u
s
t
ain
a
bl
e
energ
y
s
y
s
t
e
ms,”
En
e
r
g
y
Co
nvers
.
M
a
n
a
g
,
vol.
5
0
,
p
p
.
1
172-1
179
,
2
00
9.
[3]
M
.
R
augei
and
P
.
F
ran
k
l,
“
Lif
e
-cycl
e
i
m
p
acts
and
cos
t
s
of
p
ho
to
volta
i
c
s
yst
e
ms
:
the
current
s
tate
o
f
the
art
an
d
f
u
ture
o
ut
looks
,
”
Ener
gy,
v
o
l
.
3
4
, p
p. 39
2
-
3
9
9
, 20
0
9
.
[4]
P
.
D.
A
bd.
et a
l
.
,
“
E
v
a
luatio
n
of
S
ol
ar
E
nerg
y
P
o
ten
t
i
a
l
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
,
”
ISSN
1
9
9
4
-
79
41.
D
O
I
:
1
0
.
3
92
3/tb.
2
0
16.35
.
4
3
.
[5]
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
M
et
eo
ro
lo
gical
D
epartm
ent
.
G
eneral
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
o
f
Mal
a
ys
ia
.
Av
ail
a
bl
e
:
h
t
t
p:/
/
w
w
w
.
me
t
.
gov.
m
y
.
(access
e
d
on
5 May
20
1
8
)
[6]
B.
Z
i
n
s
s
er,
et
a
l
.
“
T
e
mperature
and
Irradiance
Eff
ects
on
Outdoor
Fiel
d
Perf
or
ma
n
ce,”
P
r
o
ceed
in
gs
of
t
h
e 2
4
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
an
Pho
t
o
v
olta
ic
So
la
r
En
e
r
gy
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
4
0
8
3
-
40
86
,
ISBN
3
-
93
63
3
8
-2
5-6
,
H
a
m
bu
rg,
Ge
rma
n
y,
Se
pte
m
b
e
r 20
09
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
44
4 –
45
3
45
2
[7]
S.
M
.
I
f
tiquar,
et a
l
.
“
High
-e
ffic
ie
n
c
y
he
te
ro
ju
nc
tion
wi
th
i
ntr
i
ns
ic
t
h
i
n
la
ye
r
sol
a
r
c
e
l
l
:
A
shor
t
review
,”
Ma
t
e
r.
Pr
ocess
.
E
n
er
gy Co
mmu
n.
Cur
r
.
R
e
s.
T
e
c
h
no
l
.
D
e
v., pp
. 59–67, 2013.
[8]
M
.
Y
ai
chi,
et a
l
.
“
A
n
e
ural
n
etw
o
rk
b
ased
M
PP
T
techn
i
q
u
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ho
t
o
volta
i
c
p
u
m
pin
g
s
ystem,”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System,
v
o
l
. 4
,
n
o
. 2
, p
p.
24
1
–2
55
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9]
M
.
A
.
A
bdo
urrazi
q
an
d
M
.
M
aaroufi
,
"
Ex
periment
V
erif
icati
o
n
of
th
e
M
a
in
M
PP
T
T
echn
i
q
u
es
f
or
P
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ic
Sy
ste
m
,
"
Int
e
rn
at
ion
a
l Jou
r
n
a
l of Po
wer Elect
ronics
an
d
Dr
i
ve Sys
t
em
,
vol.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
pp.
3
84-3
91,
2
017
.
[10]
J.
A
D
u
ffie
an
d
W.
A
B
eck
m
a
n,
“
Solar
En
gin
eerin
g
of
T
herm
al
P
ro
cess
e
s,”
3
r
d
e
d
., J
o
hn
Wi
le
y
&
So
ns
In
c
.,
N
e
w
Jers
ey,
U
S
A
.
19
94.
[11]
R.
E
k
e
a
n
d
A
.
Sent
urk,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
man
ce
com
p
ari
s
o
n
o
f
a
do
uble-
a
xi
s
s
un
t
r
acki
n
g
v
e
rsu
s
f
ix
ed
P
V
s
y
stem
,”
So
la
r
Energy,
vol
. 88
,
pp
.
8
0-8
7
, 2
01
3.
[12]
K.
S
opian,
et
a
l
.,
"
Hyd
r
og
en
P
ro
du
cti
on
f
r
o
m
C
o
m
bi
ned
Wi
nd/PV
E
n
e
rgy
H
ybri
d
S
ys
te
m
i
n
M
a
l
ays
i
a,"
Pr
oceedi
n
g
of
the 4
t
h
IASM
E/W
S
EAS In
tern
a
tio
na
l Co
nfer
enc
e
o
n
E
n
er
gy
&
E
n
vi
ro
n
m
en
t
(
E
E
”
0
9
)
,
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
UK
,
F
e
bru
a
ry
2
4
-
2
6
,
p
p.
4
3
1
-4
34
,
20
09
.
[13]
K.
S
op
ia
n,
et al.,
"
O
p
timizat
ion
of
a
S
tan
d
-alo
ne
w
i
nd/P
V
h
yb
rid
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
provid
e
electri
cit
y
f
or
a
h
o
u
s
e
ho
ld
i
n
Malaysia,
"
Pr
oceedi
n
g
o
f
the
4
t
h
IASM
E/W
S
E
AS In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Con
f
eren
ce o
n
Ener
gy
&
En
viron
m
ent
(
E
E
”
0
9
)
,
Cam
b
rid
g
e,
UK,
F
ebru
ary
2
4
-2
6,
p
p.
4
3
5
-43
8
,
2009.
[14]
Mos
ta
fa
M
eh
rtas
h
et
al
.
“
P
erf
o
rm
ance
Ev
aluation
of
S
un
T
rack
in
g
P
h
o
t
ov
oltaic
S
ys
te
m
s
in
C
an
ada,”
20
th
An
nu
al
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
M
ech
an
ical
E
n
g
i
neer
in
g
-ISM
E
2
012.
[15]
S
hah
r
iar
Bazyar
i,
et
al
.,
“
A
St
ud
y
on
t
h
e
Eff
ects
of
S
olar
T
rack
in
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
n
t
h
e
P
erf
o
rm
ance
of
Phot
ovoltaic
Pow
e
r Plant
s
,
”
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r
an
d Ene
r
g
y
En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
vol.
2,
pp.
7
1
8
-72
8
,
2014
.
[16]
M
ig
uel
d
e
S
i
m
ón-M
a
rt
ín,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Sun-
trackers
profitabi
l
i
t
y
a
nalysis
in
S
pain.
”
P
r
o
g
.
Ph
o
t
ovol
t:
Res
.
,
d
o
i
:
10
.
1
0
0
2
/
pip.
23
4
7
,
Ap
p
l
.
20
13
.
[17]
J.
F. L
ee and N.
A
.
R
a
hi
m,
“
P
e
r
f
o
rm
ance c
o
m
p
ari
s
on of du
a
l-ax
is
solar
t
racker v
s. s
t
a
tic so
lar s
y
stem
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
ia,”
CEAT
20
13
- 2013
IEE
E
Co
n
f
. Clea
n E
n
er
gy
T
ech
nol
.
, pp
.
1
02
–1
0
7
, 20
1
3
.
[18]
Ahma
d
Fu
dh
o
l
i
,
et al
.
,
“
A
P
rim
a
ry
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
T
r
acki
ng
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
S
ystem
f
o
r
M
o
bil
e
S
ta
tion
i
n
Mal
a
ysia,”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Power
Elect
ro
n
i
cs
an
d Dr
ive
Sys
t
em (
I
J
P
EDS)
,(
v
o
l.
9
,
No
.
1,
p
p.
4
2
7
~
4
32
I
SSN
:
20
88
-
8694, D
OI:
10.
1
1591/ijpe
d
s. v
9n
1.pp427-432, M
arch 2018.
[19]
Z.
H
e
,
et
al.,
"
Adap
ti
ve
s
t
a
te
o
f
ch
arge
e
stim
ati
o
n
f
o
r
Li
-Ion
b
a
tteries
bas
e
d
on
a
n
un
scen
ted
Kal
m
an
f
ilt
e
r
wit
h
a
n
enh
a
nc
ed
b
att
e
ry m
o
d
el, "
Ener
g
i
es
,
vo
l.
6
,
p
p
.
4134-4
1
5
1
,
2
01
3.
[20]
S.
D
e
Wo
l
f
,
et a
l
.
,
“
H
i
gh
-efficien
cy
s
ilico
n
h
etero
j
u
n
cti
on
solar
cells:
A
re
view
,”
G
r
een,
v
o
l
.
2,
pp.
7
–2
4
,
F
e
b.
201
2.
[21]
S.
I
f
tiquar,
et a
l
.,
“Hig
h
-effi
c
i
ency
het
eroj
unc
t
i
o
n
w
it
h
i
n
t
r
in
s
i
c thin
lay
er sola
r cell: A
s
ho
rt rev
iew.”
M
a
t
eria
ls an
d
Pr
ocess
e
s for Energ
y
: Com
m
un
ic
a
t
i
ng Current
R
e
sear
ch a
n
d
Tech
no
log
i
cal
Devel
op
ment
s
,
pp.
5
9
–
6
7
,
201
3.
[22]
Dat
t
araj
P
awar
, et al
.
,“
S
o
lar
Track
ers
an
e
m
e
rging
need
f
or
f
ut
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ech
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IT)
ISSN
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o
.
2
34
8-72
08
.
[23]
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ay
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[24]
M.
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.
Hu
ss
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n
,
et al
.,
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i
eld
p
e
rform
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nce
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te
rn
at
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l J
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urna
l o
f
Re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
Ene
r
gy
, Vol. 8, No
.
2, July
- Decem
b
e
r 20
13
.
B
I
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neering,
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niver
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iti
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eban
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Int J
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r
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Dr.
Li
m
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in
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aw
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s
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o
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ni
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alays
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of
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t
h
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earch
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v
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ri
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cal
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s
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in
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s
of
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earch
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ch
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nstitut
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uch
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raun
hof
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r
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rmany.
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is
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rea
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en
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as
ses
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a
ssive,
and
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w
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rc
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ectu
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e,
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ui
lding
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n
t
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grat
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Syste
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nergy
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ffi
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cy
i
n
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Solar
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s
t
e
d
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r-Cond
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ng
s
y
s
te
m,
Building
Per
f
or
mance
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mulati
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at
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e
ha
s
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wa
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nd
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ilve
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e
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al
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ward
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or
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u
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d
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In
tegrat
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V
Th
erm
a
l
S
o
l
a
r
Co
ll
ectors
at
I
nt
ernati
on
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xpo
sit
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on
of
R
es
earch
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nd
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vent
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20
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S
il
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e
dal
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ouse
at
t
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a
lay
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i
a
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echn
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xp
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10
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n
d
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old
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e
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verted
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ir
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oil
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nd
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r
iven
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entil
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tion
T
o
w
e
r
at
t
he
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nt
ernat
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on
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bn
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m
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l
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no
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xhib
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11
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r
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mad
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azlizan
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b
dullah
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earch
F
ell
o
w
at
t
h
e
S
o
l
ar
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nerg
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Researc
h
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(
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ni
vers
iti
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ngsaan
M
alaysi
a
(UKM).
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e
obta
in
e
d
h
is
B
.
E
n
g
.
i
n
M
echan
ical
E
ngin
eerin
g
f
r
om
U
ni
versiti
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
(
UT
M
)
i
n
200
6
,
M
.
E
n
g
.
f
r
om
U
n
iv
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ty
o
f
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a
l
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ya
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i
n
2
0
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d
P
h
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in
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enew
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E
n
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a
l
s
o
f
r
o
m
U
M
i
n
2
0
1
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.
Bef
o
re
d
edi
cated
h
i
m
self
t
ow
ards
r
esearch
a
nd
a
cad
em
ic,
h
e
s
pen
t
abo
u
t
5
ye
ars
in
t
he
i
n
d
u
s
t
ries.
Hi
s
research
i
nt
erest
i
s
i
n
Renewab
l
e
En
ergy
Esp
eci
all
y
W
ind
En
erg
y
a
n
d
G
reen
T
echno
lo
gy
.
H
e
h
as
p
u
b
lis
hed
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sig
n
ifi
cant
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mber
o
f
t
echn
i
cal
papers
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n
t
h
e
h
i
g
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-ran
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ed
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o
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r
n
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ls
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a
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rgy
research
.
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oget
h
er
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it
h
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e
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t
e
a
m
,
h
e
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receiv
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d
sev
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award
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i
on
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n
d
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nt
ern
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t
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o
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y
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
E
xpo
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Internat
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t
i
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v
a
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xhib
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nternat
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n
v
ent
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o
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s
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t
i
t
uti
o
n
s
o
f
Hi
gh
er
L
earn
i
ng,
I
n
tern
ati
onal
T
r
ad
e
F
a
ir
(G
erm
a
n
y
)
and
S
e
oul
I
n
t
ernati
o
n
al
I
nv
ent
i
o
n
F
air
(Ko
r
ea).
He
w
a
s
als
o
t
h
e
r
ecipi
ent
the
Certificat
e
of
M
erit:
Energy
Or
der
of
M
erit
i
n
the
W
o
rl
d
Invent
i
o
n
A
w
ard
F
e
stiv
al
201
3,
K
o
rea.
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