Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1109
~
1116
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1109
-
1116
1109
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Applicat
ion of inducti
ve coupli
ng for wi
re
l
ess po
wer
transf
er
Ibra
him
A
lh
am
roun
i
1
,
M. I
ska
n
da
r
2
, Mo
ha
med
S
alem
3
, Lil
ik J. A
w
alin
4
, Awang J
u
so
h
5
,
T
ole
Sut
i
kno
6
1,2,4
Elec
tr
ical En
gine
er
ing
Sec
ti
o
n,
Univer
si
ty
Ku
al
a
Lum
pur
(Uni
KL
BMI),
Ma
lays
ia
3
School
of
E
le
c
t
ric
a
l
and
E
lectr
o
nic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
sit
i
Sains
Mala
ysi
a, Ma
l
a
ysia
5
School
of
E
le
c
t
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti T
ek
nologi
Ma
la
ysia
,
Mala
ysi
a
6
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahma
d
D
ahl
a
n,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
4
, 20
20
Re
vised
M
a
r
2
,
20
20
Accepte
d
M
ar
29
, 20
20
Consideri
ng
the
ma
ss
ive
dev
elopment
that
to
ok
place
in
th
e
past
two
dec
ad
es,
wire
l
ess
power
t
ran
sfer
has
y
et
to
show
the
appl
i
ca
bi
li
t
y
to
be
use
d
due
to
seve
r
al
fa
ct
ors.
Th
is
work
foc
uses
on
de
te
r
mi
ning
th
e
main
par
amete
rs
li
ke
,
mut
u
al
indu
ct
an
ce,
and
coup
li
ng
co
effic
i
ent
f
or
a
pa
ir
of
h
el
i
c
al
co
il
s
for
wire
le
ss
power
tra
nsfer
applic
at
ions.
The
se
p
ara
m
et
ers
are
i
mport
ant
in
designi
ng
and
ana
ly
zi
ng
a
wir
el
ess
power
tr
a
nsfer
sys
te
m
ba
sed
on
the
phenom
enon
of
induc
t
ive
/
reso
nant
indu
ct
i
ve
coupl
ing
.
Her
e
pre
sent
s
a
simpl
e
appr
oac
h
base
d
on
funda
me
nt
al
l
aws
of
physics
for
det
e
rmi
ning
th
e
coupl
ed
coil
p
ara
m
et
ers
for
single
la
yer
ed
hel
i
ca
l
coils.
The
r
esults
conduc
t
ed
by
com
put
er
si
mulati
on
which
is
MA
TL
AB.
Furtherm
or
e,
thi
s
an
al
ysis
is
used
to
study
the
ef
fect
of
cha
ng
e
in
coil
di
am
e
te
r
,
mut
ual
inductan
ce
co
eff
i
ci
en
t
a
nd
cha
nge
in
dista
nc
e
bet
we
e
n
coi
ls
on
par
amete
rs
l
ike
self
and
mut
u
al
i
nduct
an
ce
of
co
uple
d
coils
whic
h
is
of
gr
eat
im
porta
n
ce
in
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
appl
i
c
at
ions.
The
r
ese
arc
h
yi
el
d
ed
promi
sing
resul
t
s
to
show
tha
t
wire
l
ess
power
trans
fer
has
huge
p
oss
ibi
li
ty
to
solve
m
any exi
st
ing
industr
ia
l
pr
oble
ms.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ca
pacit
ive cou
pling
Ind
uctive c
oupl
ing
Transfe
r
ef
fici
ency
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ibrah
im
A
l
ham
rou
ni,
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng Secti
on,
Un
i
ver
sit
y K
ua
la
Lu
m
pur
B
riti
sh
M
al
aysia
n
In
sti
tute
(UniK
L BM
I),
Gomba
k 5
3100, Mal
a
ys
ia
.
Emai
l:
ibra
him
.mohame
d@u
ni
kl.edu.my
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
wire
le
ss
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
has
got
at
te
ntion
from
resear
che
rs
a
nd
in
ven
t
or
s
be
cause
t
his
te
chnolo
gy
has
opportu
nity
to
improv
e
li
fest
yle
in
this
era
for
huma
n
bei
ng.
To
tra
nsfer
the
el
ect
rical
powe
r
from
on
e
place
to
an
oth
e
r
pla
ce,
co
pp
e
r
ca
bl
e
is
u
su
al
ly
use
d
as
a
me
dium.
F
or
the
e
xa
mp
le
the
flu
oresce
nt
la
mp
nee
ds
c
oppe
r
ca
ble
t
o
c
arry
t
he
c
urre
nt
in
the
oth
e
r
te
rm
t
o
ca
rry
the
pow
er
to
flu
oresce
nt
la
m
p
f
unct
ion
as
well
.
So,
th
e
wireless
po
w
er
giv
e
s
some
thin
g
ne
w
f
or
t
he
el
ect
rical
ap
pliance
li
ke
fl
uoresce
nt
la
mp
wh
ic
h
is
the
ne
w
m
edium
t
o
tra
nsfer
t
he
pow
e
r
with
out
us
in
g
cable
bu
t
by
us
i
ng
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
w
a
ve
or
oth
e
r
me
dium.
In
the
20
t
h
cen
tur
y
Nikola
Te
sla
,
the
Ame
rican
e
nginee
r
an
d
i
nvent
or
at
te
mp
te
d
t
he
first
exp
e
rime
nt
of
wireless
po
wer
tra
n
s
fer.
He
s
uccessfull
y
tra
ns
fe
rr
e
d
t
he
po
wer
fro
m
the
to
wer,
wh
ic
h
is
Wa
r
de
ncly
ff
e
To
wer
i
n
s
hor
eham
t
o
bri
ght
up
the
bulb
in
a
fe
w
mete
rs
.
This
has
pro
ve
d
that
th
e
ide
a
of
tran
smit
ti
ng
the
powe
r
wireless
ly
had
bee
n
a
l
ong
ti
me
ag
o
[
1
-
3
]
.
As
a
nex
t
ge
ner
at
io
n,
th
e
nee
d
t
o
unde
rstan
d
a
nd
im
pro
ve
the
capa
bili
ty
of
wireless
power
tra
nsmi
ssion
i
n
the
ne
xt
le
vel
in
te
rm
of
i
ncr
easi
ng
t
he
dista
nce
an
d
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y of t
he
overall
s
ys
te
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
09
–
11
16
1110
The
c
os
t
to
m
ake
the
c
oppe
r
cable
a
nd
to
instal
l
it
will
hit
a
lot
of
num
ber
s
an
d
w
il
l
be
qu
it
e
exp
e
ns
i
ve.
For
the
exa
mp
le
,
t
he
unde
rsea
ca
ble
wh
ic
h
is
c
os
tl
y
a
nd
da
ngerous
in
ma
ny
cases.
T
his
pro
blem
needs
to
be
fac
ed
beca
us
e
of
the
de
ma
nd
of
t
he
po
wer
not
only
at
the
urba
n
place
but
al
so
in
th
e
r
ur
al
one
s.
Ther
e
a
re
a
lot
of
places
in
th
e
w
or
l
d
t
hat
ha
s
no
el
ect
ric
powe
r
beca
us
e
of
the
li
mit
at
ion
of
ca
ble
a
nd
so
me
oth
e
r
te
ch
nical
issues
[
4
-
6
]
.
With
the
rap
i
d
increase
of
el
ect
rici
ty
dema
nd
a
nd
the
obsta
cl
e
of
s
uppl
ying
the
powe
r
to
certai
n
places
an
d
c
onditi
on
,
ne
w
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
t
o
tra
nsfer
the
pow
er
had
t
o
be
intr
oduce
d
to
re
place
the
co
nvent
ion
al
on
e
s.
Wirele
ss
powe
r
tra
nsfer
is
co
ns
ide
red
a
s
the
co
nce
pt
t
hat
has
t
he
opport
un
it
y.
Re
ce
ntly,
wireless
powe
r
trans
fer
is
the
n
ew
te
rm
de
fin
ed
by
re
searc
he
rs
a
nd
mas
siv
e
ef
fort
ha
s b
e
en
pu
t
on
t
o
a
dvance
s
uch
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Althou
gh,
it
ha
s
bee
n
a
vaila
ble
ba
sed
on
previ
ou
s
stu
dies
by
the
res
earc
her
s
an
d
some
of
el
ect
ric
a
ppli
ance
are
al
ready
us
ing
that
co
nce
pt,
this
w
ork
fo
c
us
es
on
t
he
de
sig
n
an
d
method
of
wir
el
ess
power
tr
ansf
e
r
app
li
cat
io
n
[
7
,
8
]
.
2.
WIRELE
SS
P
OWER
TR
A
NS
FE
R MET
HODS
In
1891,
one
of
the
fam
ous
Ame
rican
e
ng
i
neer
s
,
sci
entist
an
d
in
ven
t
or
t
hat
is
Ni
ko
la
Tesl
a
trie
d
to
pro
ve
that
tran
sferrin
g
t
he
power
to
t
he
l
oad
with
out
us
i
ng
any
ca
ble
by
usi
ng
the
el
ect
ro
dyna
mic
in
duct
io
n
con
ce
pt a
nd air
as a m
e
di
um
t
o
li
ght u
p
t
he
li
gh
t
bulb.
An e
xp
e
rime
nt w
as
cond
ucted
at
la
b
in
Colo
ra
do
USA,
he
buil
t
a
smal
l
tower
c
oil
as
a
source
of
t
he
powe
r
an
d
li
ghte
d
a
bulb
as
a
load,
he
s
ucc
eeded
t
o
li
ght
up
t
he
bu
l
b
a
few
met
ers.
Some
re
se
arch
e
rs
ha
ve
c
om
e
up
with
th
ei
r
own
rese
arc
h
a
nd
data
t
o
i
mpro
ve
t
he
a
bili
ty
of
the s
ys
te
m
[
9
]
.
Some
of the
re
searche
rs use
d othe
r
c
on
ce
pt l
ike capa
ci
ti
ve a
nd tra
ns
fe
r by mic
r
ow
a
ve.
Ther
e
are
se
ve
ral
meth
ods
that
ha
ve
been
us
e
d
by
th
e
r
esearche
rs
t
o
imp
rove
the
syst
em
it
sel
f
.
Ind
uctive
co
up
li
ng
,
res
on
a
nt
inducti
ve
c
oupl
ing
,
ca
pacit
iv
e
couplin
g
a
nd
micro
wa
ve.
A
ll
of
these
met
hods
hav
e
bee
n
div
i
ded
i
nto
t
wo
gro
ups
w
hich
is
rad
ia
ti
ve
a
nd
non
-
ra
dio
act
iv
e,
al
l
of
t
hem
al
s
o
ha
ve
dif
fe
ren
t
con
ce
pt
a
nd
di
ff
e
ren
t
re
su
lt
f
r
om
the
distanc
e
and
ef
fici
enc
y
but
al
l
of
t
ho
se
meth
od
ha
ve
the
same
ob
j
ect
ive
wh
ic
h
is t
o
tra
ns
fe
r
t
he powe
r
f
r
om
t
he
s
our
ce to loa
d wit
hout
us
i
ng any c
able
[
10
,
11
]
.
2.1. In
duc
tiv
e
coupl
ing
Ind
uctive
co
up
li
ng
is
one
of
the
meth
ods
that
ha
ve
bee
n
us
ed
i
n
wi
reless
powe
r
tra
nsfer
s
ys
te
m.
Among
al
l
of
t
he
meth
od
s
,
t
hi
s
is
the
simpl
est
meth
od,
t
his
co
nce
pt
is
ve
ry
sim
ple
to
unde
rstan
d
beca
us
e
it
us
es
the
m
utu
a
l
inducti
on
c
oncept
j
us
t
li
ke
el
ect
ric
al
trans
forme
rs.
In
t
hi
s
sy
ste
m
,
it
use
s
two
sepa
rat
e
coils
wh
ic
h
is
L
1
a
s
fi
rst
c
oil
a
nd
L
2
w
hich
is
t
he
seco
nd
c
oil
.
T
he
fir
st
c
oil
L
1
will
at
ta
ch
t
o
the
s
ourc
e
s
o
it
becomes
tr
an
smit
te
r
an
d
the
sec
ond
c
oil
L2
will
at
ta
ch
with
the
lo
ad
there
fore
it
be
com
es
the r
ecei
ver
[
12
-
14
]
.
The
power
will
transmit
fro
m
the
L
1
to
L
2
by
el
ect
r
oma
gn
et
ic
wa
ve
t
hat
was
c
reated
by
the
firs
t
coil.
This
is
be
cause
wh
e
n
t
he
curre
nt
goes
thr
ough
co
nduc
tor
(co
il
)
t
he
mag
netic
flu
x
will
be
pr
od
uc
ed.
So,
the
mag
netic
fl
ux
t
hat
has
bee
n
pro
duce
d
f
rom
the
fir
st
coil,
will
move
to
the
seco
nd
coil
L2
an
d
c
ut
the
coil.
Fr
om
ba
sic
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
inducti
on,
wh
e
n
the
ma
gnet
ic
flux
c
ut
the
c
onduct
or,
el
ect
ri
c
current
will
i
nduce.
Af
te
r
th
at
,
t
he
current
will
flo
w
t
o
t
he
loa
d
a
s
a
n
AC
cu
rr
e
nt
.
T
he
recti
fier
will
co
nvert
t
he
AC
c
urren
t
t
o
t
he
DC
c
urre
nt
if
the
lo
ad
re
quir
es
a
DC
s
uppl
y
[
15
]
.
Fig
ure
1
a
s
s
how
n
th
e
bl
ock
diag
ra
m
of
wireless
powe
r
trans
fer
i
nducti
on cou
pling m
et
hod.
Figure
1. The
blo
c
k diag
ram of
w
irel
ess
po
wer t
ransfe
r
in
du
ct
io
n
c
oupli
ng meth
od
2.2.
Resona
n
ce
induc
tive
c
ou
pli
n
g
Re
so
na
nt
i
nduc
ti
ve
co
upli
ng
or
the
el
ect
r
o
inducti
ve
ef
fe
ct
is
bette
r
tha
n
th
e
in
duct
iv
e
co
upli
ng.
By
us
in
g
this
method,
more
powe
r
ca
n
be
t
ran
s
ferre
d
bet
ween
th
e
t
wo
coils
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
L
1
a
nd
L2
,
longe
r
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ap
plicati
on o
f
inducti
ve co
upli
ng
f
or
wi
rel
es
s power tr
an
sf
er
(
Ib
r
ahim
Alhamr
ouni
)
1111
distance
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ntly
by
usi
ng
the
c
once
pt
of
re
s
on
a
nc
e.
Eve
ry
ob
je
c
t
in
un
ive
rse
ha
s
their
own
na
tural
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
if
t
he
natu
ral
fr
e
quenc
y
of
obje
ct
s
is
matc
hed,
resona
nce
phe
nomena
will
oc
cur
[
16
]
.
Duri
ng
this
ph
e
nome
non,
t
he
a
mp
li
tu
de
will
vibrat
e
at
ma
ximum
a
mp
li
tud
e
wh
ic
h
means
that
maxim
um
am
ount
of
energ
y wil
l t
ran
sfe
r
t
o
the
obj
ect
.
By
this
met
hod,
the
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
wa
ve
will
not
be
a
bsor
be
d
or
wa
ste
d
beca
us
e
t
he
wav
e
is
not
pro
pag
at
in
g
t
hroug
h
the
ai
r
f
or b
ei
ng that.
MIIT resea
rch
e
rs
h
a
ve
de
vel
op
e
d
a
protot
yp
e
of r
es
onant i
nduc
ti
ve
couplin
g
m
et
hod
that
ca
n
tra
ns
fe
r
t
he
powe
r
up
to
5
-
mete
r
ra
nge
[
17
]
.
Accor
ding
to
the
researc
hers,
it
will
no
t
disru
pt
ot
her
el
ect
r
onic
de
vices
or
c
ause
inj
ur
ie
s
t
o
the
li
ving
t
hings.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
ords
,
it
is
safe
t
o
env
i
ronme
nt a
nd can
ease t
he
job of
man
y
i
ndus
t
ries a
nd r
e
du
ce
the c
os
t
[
18
]
.
In
re
sona
nt
in
duct
ive
co
upli
ng
meth
od,
tw
o
separ
at
e
c
oil
w
hich
are
tra
nsmi
tt
er
coil
an
d
receiver
c
oil
are
t
un
e
d
at
t
he
same
res
on
a
nt
fr
e
quenc
y.
The
el
ect
ric
po
wer
that
produ
ce
at
t
he
recei
ve
r
c
oil
de
pends
on
the
con
ce
pt
of
m
ut
ual
inducta
nc
e,
varyin
g
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
that
ha
ve
bee
n
form
ed
by
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coil.
T
he
va
ry
i
ng
mag
netic
f
ie
ld
that was
forme
d wil
l cut the
re
cei
ver
c
oil an
d
c
urren
t
will
be i
nduce
d
at
t
he
r
ecei
ve
r
c
oil.
To
inc
rease
the
ef
fici
ency
of
this
s
ys
te
m
,
t
he
Q
fact
or
m
us
t
be
inc
r
eased
at
t
he
LC
ci
rc
uit.
The
Q
facto
r
would
be
inc
re
ased
by
lo
we
ring
t
he
resist
an
ce
or
ca
pacit
an
ce
value.
The
value
of
resist
ance
can
be
lo
we
red b
y usin
g
t
he hig
h qu
al
it
y o
f win
di
ng
wire
for t
he
co
il
or
by
us
ing t
hicke
r wire
[
19
-
21
]
.
=
1
√
(1)
This
meth
od
ha
s
seve
ral
ad
va
ntages
s
uc
h
a
s,
high
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
beca
us
e
of
the
re
sona
nt
eff
ect
that
al
lows
t
he
high
vibrat
e
of
a
mp
li
tud
e
wh
ic
h
means
the
maxim
um
ene
rgy
will
be
tr
ansf
e
rr
e
d
thr
ough
it
.
By
us
i
ng
t
his
method
al
s
o,
t
he
po
wer
ca
n
be
tra
ns
fe
rr
e
d
thr
ough
lo
ng
e
r
distance
c
ompare
d
to
non
-
r
eso
nan
t
inducti
ve
c
oupl
ing
.
T
he
mag
netic
fiel
d
al
s
o
has
no
e
ff
ect
by
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
t
he
obje
ct
s
a
rou
nd
it
.
T
he
y
can
be
trans
ferred
th
r
ough
barriers
li
ke
plasti
c,
w
ood
an
d
glass
.
This
m
et
hod
is
al
so
safe
f
or
huma
n,
anim
al
and
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
e
nvir
onment
bec
ause
t
her
e
is
no
el
ect
r
om
a
gnet
ic
rad
ia
ti
on
durin
g
t
he
power
tran
sfe
r
f
r
om
t
he
so
urce t
o
the
lo
ad
[
11
,
22
,
23
]
.
2.3. Wirel
ess
power
tr
an
s
mi
ssion
u
sing
mi
crowa
ves
Transfe
rr
in
g
th
e
power
by
us
i
ng
micro
wa
ve
is
cat
ego
rize
d
as
rad
ia
ti
ve.
T
his
meth
od
is
al
so
cal
le
d
far
-
fiel
d
te
ch
niq
ue
,
beca
us
e
by
us
in
g
t
his
m
et
hod,
powe
r
c
an
be
tra
nsfer
r
ed
for
l
onger
di
sta
nce
by
bea
ms
of
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
i
c
rad
ia
ti
on
s
uc
h
as
micro
w
ave.
T
his
met
hod
was
pion
eered
by
Will
ia
m
C.
Br
own
a
nd
dem
onstrat
ed
t
hat po
wer t
ransfer
red th
rou
gh f
ree
s
pace
by
micro
wa
ve
[
24
]
.
Fr
om
the
tran
smit
te
r,
the
powe
r
will
be
conve
rted
t
o
the
f
orm
of
m
ic
rowav
e
by
micro
wa
ve
gen
e
rato
r,
tran
smit
ti
ng
a
nten
na
will
pro
pa
ga
te
the
si
gn
al
t
o
th
e
f
ree
sp
ac
e.
F
or
the
hi
gh
ape
rtu
re
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
(
>9
5%
),
ideal
slott
ed
wa
ve
guide
ante
nn
a
is
normall
y
us
e
d,
it
al
so
gi
ves
hi
gh
powe
r
handling
capa
bili
ty
[
20
]
.
The
recei
ver
will
receive
t
he
mi
cr
owave
s
ign
al
,
a
sp
eci
a
l
de
vice
w
hich
is
recten
na
w
orks
as
a
ha
rvest
er.
Re
ct
enn
a
harv
est
s
energ
y
of
el
ect
ric
from
t
he
micr
owav
e
sign
al
that
has
been
pro
pa
gate
d
by
t
he
tra
nsmi
tt
er.
Schott
ky
di
od
e
s
ha
ve
been
use
d
in
recti
fier
because
it
has
t
he
a
bili
ty
of
f
a
ste
r
re
ver
se
rec
ov
e
r
y
ti
me
an
d
goo
d
for
RF
cha
rac
te
risti
c,
DC
s
upply
will
be
pro
duced
an
d
ca
n
st
or
e
d
i
n
the
ene
r
gy
stora
ge.
M
ic
r
owave
s
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
fro
m 1 GHz
up to
1000 G
Hz hav
e b
ee
n use
d
in
this met
ho
d.
In
19
80,
th
e
first
pr
act
ic
al
ap
plica
ti
on
of
mic
row
a
ve
powe
r
tra
ns
mi
ssion
wa
s
int
rod
uced
b
y
Ca
nad
a
’s
co
m
munica
ti
on
res
earch
Ce
ntre.
Unman
ne
d
ai
r
plane
that
pow
er
micr
ow
a
ve
beam
f
r
om
the
groun
d
and
was
use
d
as
a
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
relay
wh
ic
h
ca
n
fl
y
2
kilomete
rs
in
a
ci
rcle
dia
mete
r
at
al
ti
tud
e
21
kilometer
.
The
pla
ne
na
me
st
at
ion
ar
y
hi
gh
-
al
ti
tud
e
rela
y
platfo
rm
or
kn
own
as
(SH
A
RP)
ca
n
fl
y
for
month
without
la
ndin
g
[
25
]
.S
hortc
omi
ngs
of
t
his
sy
ste
m
or
met
hod,
the
first
impleme
ntati
on
c
os
t
f
or
pr
a
ct
ic
al
wireless
micr
owave
po
wer
trans
missi
on
re
aso
nab
l
y
is
t
oo
e
xp
e
ns
i
ve.
Tel
ecomm
unic
at
ion
to
da
y
s
uc
h
as
rad
i
o,
te
le
visio
n
a
nd
oth
e
rs
use
micr
owave
as
a
medi
um
si
gn
al
.
T
his
c
on
cept
will
inter
ven
e
with
t
he
pr
ese
nt
commu
nicat
io
n
sig
nal
sy
ste
m
beca
us
e
it
al
so
us
es
micr
owave
t
o
tran
sf
er
the
po
wer
f
rom
trans
mit
te
r
to
the
receiver
.
From
the
bio
lo
gica
l
impact
,
c
ommo
n
belie
ve
t
hat,
the
ef
fec
t
of
ra
diati
on
sign
al
cau
se
s
ever
al
pro
blems
an
d
hav
e
se
rio
us
c
on
s
eq
ue
nces.
But
the
dose
of
ra
diati
on
dos
e
that
recei
ve
f
rom
micr
ow
a
ve
sig
nal
lowe
r
tha
n w
hile op
e
ning t
he mi
crowa
ve ov
e
n doo
r
[
25
]
.
2.4. El
ectr
os
t
at
ic
in
duct
i
on
The
ca
pacit
ive
chargin
g
meth
od
is
a
te
ch
nique
of
tra
nsfer
ring
t
he
e
nerg
y
thr
ough
tw
o
ba
r
riers
plate
that
cl
os
e
c
on
t
act
to
one
a
no
ther.
Fi
gure
2
belo
w
s
how
s
t
he
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
a
ca
pacit
ive
powe
r
tra
nsfer
that
consi
sts o
f
in
ve
rter, p
rimar
y
s
ide, ca
pacit
ive
coupler
, s
ec
ondary s
i
de,
recti
fier a
nd loa
d
[
26
,
27
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
09
–
11
16
1112
Figure
2. The
c
on
c
e
pt
of ele
ct
ro
sta
ti
c in
duct
ion
The
dc
volt
age
from
the
s
ourc
e
co
nverted
int
o
al
te
r
nating
c
urren
t (
AC)
vo
lt
age
us
i
ng
hi
gh f
re
qu
e
nc
y
inv
e
rter.
Af
te
r
wards
it
sup
plies
it
to
two
pri
mary
meta
l
pl
at
es.
The
re
are
four
meta
l
pl
at
e
require
d
to
form
capaci
ti
ve
co
upli
ng.
T
wo
m
e
ta
l
plate
at
pr
imar
y
side
as
powe
r
tra
ns
mit
te
r
an
d
tw
o
me
ta
l
plate
at
sec
onda
ry
side
as
powe
r
receiver
.
The
i
nterli
nk
betwe
en
t
he
tw
o
sec
onda
ry
meta
l
plate
s
that
loc
at
ed
a
djacent
with
t
he
two p
rimar
y
m
et
al
p
la
te
s g
e
ne
rate t
he
el
ect
r
ic
f
ie
ld that e
na
ble d
is
placem
ent of t
he
c
ur
re
nt to flo
w [10
].
The
c
urre
nt
re
cei
vin
g
th
r
ough
t
he
sec
onda
ry
side
an
d
c
onve
rted
t
o
di
rect
cu
rr
e
nt
(
DC)
volt
age
us
in
g
recti
fier
.
The
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g
co
nt
ribu
te
s
to
t
he
sta
bili
ty
of
op
e
rati
on
of
ca
pac
it
ive
power
tra
ns
fe
r.
The
value
of
c
apacit
ive
c
ou
pl
er
dep
e
nds
on
distance,
area
of
plate
a
nd
m
at
erial
of
diele
ct
ric.
T
he
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
of
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
li
mit
ed
f
or
sho
rt
di
sta
nce
an
d
l
ow
volt
age
a
pp
li
cat
ion
su
c
h
mobil
e
phone
cha
r
ging,
LE
D
li
ghti
ng,
U
SB
an
d
bio
me
dical
de
vices.
T
he
po
wer
ca
pacit
ive
couplin
g
inc
r
eased
to kW le
vel.
3.
PROP
OSE
D DESIG
N
Wireless
powe
r
tran
sfe
r
is
the
s
ys
te
m
tha
t
transf
e
r
the
powe
r
f
rom
s
ource
to
t
he
load
with
out
phys
ic
al
co
nta
ct
betwee
n
th
em.
T
his
w
ork
ha
d
t
o
be
i
ntr
oduce
d
due
of
t
he
la
ck
and
t
he
prob
l
em
of
t
ran
s
ferrin
g
th
e
power
base
d
on
c
onditi
on
of
the
place.
T
hi
s
par
t
f
ocu
se
s
on
t
he
desi
gn
of
the
wireless
power
trans
fer
t
o
s
olve
the
raisi
ng
prob
le
m
s that c
urre
ntly
occur
w
hen tra
ns
fe
r power
w
irel
essl
y.
Ba
sed
on
al
l
th
e
meth
od
that
has
bee
n
discu
ssed
i
n
the
pre
vious
par
t,
wi
r
el
ess
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
base
d
on
i
nductive
couplin
g
ha
s
been
sel
ect
ed
base
d
on
cri
te
ria,
ad
van
ta
ge
an
d
li
mit
at
ion
with
res
pect
to
oth
e
r
met
hods
.
To
t
ran
s
fer
the
powe
r
wireles
sly
by
in
duct
iv
e
co
upli
ng,
the
pri
nciple
of
m
agn
et
ic
wa
ve
ne
eds
t
o
be
app
li
ed
in
this
method
to
set
corres
pondin
g
betwee
n
t
ran
s
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
re
cei
vin
g
par
t
wi
th
r
el
at
ed
par
a
mete
rs
.
The
mag
netic
wav
e
of
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
an
d
rece
iver
mu
st
be
in
the
sa
me
res
onant
freq
ue
ncy
to
ac
hieve
ma
ximum
trans
fer
of
pow
er
e
xc
hange
be
tween
th
em
.
T
her
e
fore,
c
oupl
ing
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coil
an
d
recei
ve
r
c
oil
of
the
ci
rcu
it
are
placed i
n p
roximit
y
t
o one an
oth
e
r
s
uch
that t
ran
s
mit
te
r
can t
ran
s
fer t
he
pow
e
r
t
o
the
receiver
ef
fici
ently.
The
cha
racteri
sti
c
of
the
c
oil
at
the
tra
ns
mi
tt
er
an
d
receiv
er
c
ontri
bute
i
n
te
rm
of
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
to
tra
nsfer
the
po
wer
f
rom
t
he
s
our
ce
to
the
loa
d.
Th
e
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
ca
n
be
inc
re
ased
by
i
ncr
ea
sing
the
numb
e
r
of
tu
r
ns
of
c
oil,
diam
et
er
of
c
oil,
t
he
cr
os
s
-
sect
iona
l
area
of
the
coil,
the
stre
ng
th
of
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
the
s
tren
gth
of
the
ra
dial
ma
gnet
ic
fiel
d
that
pr
oduce
d
by
the
coil.
F
or
this
resea
rc
h,
the
ai
r
c
or
e
c
oil
is
the
inducto
r
wh
ic
h
does
no
t
de
pe
nd
on
ferroma
gn
et
ic
mate
rial
to
get
it
s
sp
ec
ifie
d
value
of
inducta
nce
.
T
he
ai
r
cor
e
c
oil
ha
d
been
c
hose
n
base
d
on
it
s
ad
va
ntage
s,
wh
e
re
it
has
in
high
fr
e
quency,
hi
gh
sta
bili
ty,
bette
r
ef
fici
enc
y,
gr
eat
er
pow
er
ha
nd
li
ng
a
nd
le
ss
disto
rtio
n.
T
he
ai
r
c
or
e
coil
al
so
has
l
ow
resist
anc
e
to
wards
DC a
nd li
near
AC.
The
c
rite
ria
to
desi
gn
t
he
i
nductive
co
upli
ng
ha
d
t
o
c
on
s
ider
t
he
numbe
r
of
t
urns
of
coil.
F
or
this
work,
a
c
ylin
dr
ic
al
c
oil
ha
d
bee
n
ch
os
e
n
beca
us
e
of
the
ste
ad
y
st
at
e
cu
rr
e
nt
fl
ow
th
r
ough
t
he
c
oil.
The
stre
ngth
of
cu
rr
e
nt
al
so
ne
ed
to
be
c
onsidere
d
because
it
will
aff
ect
th
e
stren
gth
of
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
th
at
is
pro
du
ce
d
by
t
he
c
oil.
T
he
num
ber
of
tu
r
ns,
N
,
ra
dius
of
coil,
r
,
le
ngth
of
c
oil
windin
g,
c
urre
nt,
I,
a
nd
the
dep
t
h of t
he
c
oi
l, d
ca
n deter
mine the
val
ue of
in
du
ct
a
nce, L b
y usin
g
t
he fo
rm
ula as s
ho
wn b
el
ow.
=
2
2
10
+
9
(2)
Wh
e
re
L
is
t
he
val
ue
of
in
du
c
ta
nce,
R
is
the
value
of
resist
ance
i
n
c
oil,
N
is
the
num
be
r
of
tu
rn
s
of
coil an
d
ƪ i
s t
he
leng
t
h of t
he c
able wi
nd
i
ng.
Fo
r
the
sin
gle turn circ
ular
co
i
l of sel
f
-
i
nduct
ance is
giv
e
n b
y:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ap
plicati
on o
f
inducti
ve co
upli
ng
f
or
wi
rel
es
s power tr
an
sf
er
(
Ib
r
ahim
Alhamr
ouni
)
1113
(
)
=
Φ
(3)
Flux
one
tu
rn
is
the
fl
ux
t
hat p
assi
ng
th
r
ough
the
i
nn
e
r
diamet
er
of
ci
rc
ul
ar
coil. Assumi
ng
t
hat
the
re
is
no
fl
ux
le
ak
age
betwee
n
t
he
tur
ns
,
that
m
eans
al
l
the
tu
r
ns
c
ouple
ti
ght
ly
with
eac
h
oth
er
.
Self
-
in
duc
ta
nce
of coil i
s
giv
e
n b
y:
=
2
(
)
(4)
Fo
r
the
p
ai
r
of
sing
le
mu
t
ual inductance
c
oil i
s g
ive
n b
y:
=
1
2
(5)
M
=fl
ux pr
oduc
ed by p
rimar
y coil
p
assi
ng th
r
ough sec
onda
r
y
c
oil cu
rr
e
nt i
n
the
sec
ondary
Assumin
g
t
here i
s no flu
x
le
a
kag
e
.
T
he
T
-
Mod
el
a
s s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
3.
Figure
3. The
T
-
m
od
el
Coef
fici
ent
of
mu
tual
i
nduction
is
de
fine
d
a
s
the
r
at
io
of
m
agn
et
ic
flu
x
in
receiver
coil
to
the
c
urrent
in tran
s
mit
te
r
coil. Co
ns
ide
r
two
c
oils place
d
ve
r
y
cl
os
e t
o ea
ch
ot
her, the
first c
oil wil
l connect
to
t
he
volt
ag
e
so
urce
of
va
ri
able
e
.m.f
or
al
te
rn
at
ing
c
urren
t
sou
rce.
T
he
seco
nd
c
oil
will
c
onnect
to
th
e
l
oad
or
to
the
galva
nomete
r.
Coef
fici
ent
of
mu
tual
in
duct
ance
will
dep
e
nd
on
t
he
sh
a
pe
and
siz
e
of
the
coil.
T
he
num
be
r
of
tur
ns
eac
h
coi
l
has
an
d
t
he
angular
ori
en
ta
ti
on
bet
ween
coils
al
so
pl
ay
a
vital
ro
l
e.
Last
but
not
li
st,
the
medi
um
betwee
n
the
coil
ca
n
al
s
o
af
fect
t
he
va
lue
of
c
oeffi
ci
ent
betwee
n
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
a
nd
receiver
c
oils.
Coef
fici
ent
of
couplin
g
ef
fects
the
mu
t
ual
i
nductio
n
betwee
n
t
he
tw
o
coils
by
r
el
at
ive
or
i
entat
ion
of
the
coil.
I
n
ot
her
wor
ds
,
the
method
of
joi
ning
the
tw
o
c
oils
eff
ect
m
ut
ual
inducti
on.
The
am
ount
of
flu
x
gen
e
rated
by
t
he
first
coil
is
hundre
d
pe
rce
nt
li
nked
with
t
he
s
eco
nd
c
oil.
T
his
s
uppose
d
to
be
the
best
t
yp
e
of
couplin
g.
C
oeffici
ent
of
c
oupl
ing
:
K=
1.
If
w
e
separ
at
e
the
t
wo
c
oils,
that
means
we
pu
t
t
he
sec
ond
c
oil
away
from
the f
irst
c
oil,
the
am
ount
of
fl
ux
g
e
ner
a
te
d
is
no
t hun
dred p
erce
nt
li
nked
with
the
se
cond
c
oil,
so
m
e
of
it
may
be
lost
i
n
the
s
urr
oundi
ng.
W
hen
the
seco
nd
coil
is
perpe
nd
ic
ular
t
o
t
he
first
c
oil,
the
a
mou
nt
of
flu
x
gen
e
rated
by t
he first c
oil i
s
no
t at
all
li
nke
d wit
h
the
sec
ond coil
, all t
he flu
x
is l
ost
, th
e
co
e
ff
ic
ie
nt:
k=
0.
To
tra
nsfer
the
el
ect
rical
pow
er
f
r
om
tra
nsmi
t
te
r
coil
to
t
he
receiver
coi
l,
the
value
of
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
mu
st be
k=>
1
to en
s
ure that
the po
wer
tra
nsfer fr
om
the tra
ns
mit
te
r
to the rece
iver
is
done
eff
ic
ie
ntly. We ca
n
get the
val
ue k
by u
si
ng the
fo
rm
ula:
=
1
(
1
+
2
2
3
)
(
2
)
3
2
(6)
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
his
pa
rt,
th
e
simulat
ion
by
MAT
LAB
S
imuli
nk
sho
ws
and
te
st
al
l
th
e
par
a
mete
r
th
at
eff
ect
the
distance
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
w
irel
ess
powe
r
trans
fer.
From
the
eq
uation,
the
val
ue
of
k
will
increase
if
t
he
pro
du
ct
of
ra
di
us
T
x
an
d
Rx
hav
e
bee
n
inc
r
eased.
T
he
la
r
ger
the
ra
diu
s
of
the
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
and
receive
r
coil
,
the
powe
r
tra
nsfer
betwee
n
the
coils
will
oc
cur
in
more
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
wa
y.
T
he
val
ue
of
k=
1
if
the
distanc
e
D
is
equ
al
to
ze
ro.
I
t
means
that
th
ere
is
no
ga
p
be
tween
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
an
d
re
cei
v
er
coil.
B
ut
,
in
te
rm
of
wi
reless
powe
r
tra
nsfer
,
the
ga
p
bet
ween
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
an
d
re
cei
ver
c
oils
w
il
l
increase
at
the
same
ti
me
the
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
al
so
mu
st
be
c
onsidere
d.
T
he
gr
a
ph
c
oeffici
ent
against
pr
oduc
t
of
T
x
an
d
Rx
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
4
and coe
ff
ic
i
e
nt and T
x*Rx a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble 1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
09
–
11
16
1114
Table
1.
C
oeffi
ci
ent and T
x*
Rx
Co
eff
icien
t
0
.00
3
0
.01
0
.02
0
.05
0
.07
0
.11
0
.15
0
.19
0
.24
Tx*
Rx
0
.04
0
.09
0
.16
0
.25
0
.36
0
.49
0
.64
0
.81
1
Figure
4. The
gr
a
ph c
oeffici
ent ag
ai
ns
t
product of T
x
a
nd
Rx
The
value
of
volt
age
will
eff
e
ct
the
value
of
the
el
ect
romag
netic
fiel
d
w
hich
is
pro
du
c
ed
by
in
du
ct
or
at
the
transmit
te
r.
The
value
of
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
w
il
l
increase
if
the
value
i
f
th
e
vo
lt
age
i
ncrea
sed.
Wh
e
n
t
he
valu
e
of
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
i
nc
re
ases,
the
w
ave
t
hat
pro
du
ce
will
go
mor
e
in
te
r
m
of
di
sta
nce,
because
it
has
m
or
e
e
nerg
y
to
tra
nsmi
t
the
wa
ve.
Fig
ur
e
8
sho
ws
the
va
lue
of
volt
ag
e
s
ource
w
hic
h
is
10
vo
lt
s.
Th
e
d
ist
a
nce
betwee
n
t
he
Rx
a
nd T
x
is
1
mete
r
a
nd th
e ra
diu
s
of Rx
Tx
is
1 met
er.
F
rom
the
fig
ure
ab
ove,
the
value
of
th
e
volt
age
wa
s
sa
me
as
the
in
put
volt
age
bec
ause
of
the
trans
forme
r
th
at
is
us
ed
t
o
pum
p
up
bac
k
the
volt
age
t
hat
lost
duri
ng
t
he
trans
missi
on
process
w
hich
is
from
the
tran
smit
te
r
to
the
receive
r.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
the
distanc
e
between
tran
smit
te
r
an
d
receive
r
,
can
i
ncr
ea
se
as
the
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
bet
ween
bo
t
h
of
t
hem
re
mains
hi
gh
.
T
o
ens
ure
there
is
no
disturba
nce
durin
g
the
tra
ns
f
orma
ti
on
of
powe
r betwee
n t
ran
s
mit
te
r
an
d recei
ver c
oil, the
value o
f
f
r
equ
e
nc
y of sin
us
oi
dal
vo
lt
age
c
an be i
ncr
ea
s
ed.
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
ci
rc
uit
de
sign
for
wirele
ss
powe
r
tra
nsfer,
mea
nwhile
Figures
6
a
nd
7
il
lustrate
the in
pu
t a
nd
out v
oltage
wa
ve
forms
and c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age as
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble 2
.
Figure
5. The
fi
gure shows
th
e circuit
of W
P
T w
it
h ca
scad
e
coup
li
ng i
nduc
tor
Table
2.
C
oeffi
ci
ent and
ou
t
put v
oltage
Co
eff
icien
t
0
.1
0
.2
0
.3
0
.4
0
.5
0
.6
0
.7
0
.8
0
.9
V ou
t (
V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ap
plicati
on o
f
inducti
ve co
upli
ng
f
or
wi
rel
es
s power tr
an
sf
er
(
Ib
r
ahim
Alhamr
ouni
)
1115
Figure
6.
V
oltage
in
put
Figure
7.
V
oltage
ou
t
pu
t
Figure
8. Coe
ffi
ci
ent and
ou
t
put v
oltage
grap
h
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Re
centl
y,
w
irel
ess
po
wer
tran
sfer
has
got
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
f
r
om
r
esea
rch
e
rs
an
d
in
ve
ntors b
ecau
se
thi
s
te
chnolo
gy
has
op
portu
nity
t
o
cha
nge
ma
ny
t
hings
i
n
t
he
da
il
y
li
festyle
as
well
as
t
he
in
dustria
l
sect
or.
I
n
t
his
resear
c
h,
wirel
ess
po
wer
tra
ns
fe
r
by
us
in
g
inducti
ve
co
upli
ng
ha
s
bee
n
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
simulat
ed
by
us
i
ng
M
A
TLAB
Simuli
nk.
Pa
ra
mete
rs
li
ke
s
el
f
-
in
du
ct
a
nce,
mu
tual
in
du
ct
ance
an
d
c
ouplin
g
coe
ffic
ie
nt
are
analyti
cal
ly
de
te
rmin
e
d
f
or
a
pair
of
helic
al
coils.
The
res
ul
t
s
of
in
du
ct
a
nc
e
cal
culat
ion
and
t
heir
c
omp
ariso
n
with
t
he
e
xp
e
ri
mental
re
su
lt
s
sh
owe
d
t
hat
th
e
inter
-
tur
n
fl
ux
le
a
kag
e
co
ul
d
no
t
be
ne
gle
ct
ed.
T
o
i
mpro
ve
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
for
t
his
res
earc
h,
t
he
tra
nsfo
rme
r
was
im
pla
nted
int
o
the
rece
iver
ci
rc
uit.
T
o
ens
ur
e
th
e
de
sign
e
d
ci
rcu
it
does
no
t
get
im
pacted
by
the
heat
t
ha
t
is
pro
duced
by
the
c
oil,
the
casca
de
i
nduct
or
was
de
sig
ne
d
int
o
the
ci
rcu
it
as
a
coo
la
nt.
P
romisi
ng
res
ults
hav
e
bee
n
ob
ta
ined,
t
he
res
ults
ind
ic
at
ed
that,
wireless
powe
r
trans
fer
ca
n be
consi
der
e
d
a
s a
so
l
ution f
or m
any sit
uatio
ns
wh
e
re t
he pow
er
has
to
b
e
tra
ns
mit
te
d wirel
essly.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
e
xpress
their
grat
it
ud
e
t
o
U
niv
ersit
i
Ku
al
a
Lump
ur
f
or
s
uppo
rting
a
nd
fun
ding this
re
search
un
der g
ran
t
N
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