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2
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.
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s
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t c
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u
r
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r
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ates
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9
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.
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.T
.
Biala
sie
w
ic,”R
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
p
h
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ic
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n
e
ra
to
rs:Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
ll
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g
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.I
n
d
.
El
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tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
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o
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p
p
.
2
7
5
2
-
2
7
5
8
,
j
u
l
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
C.
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
e
w
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
ZCS
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P
W
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b
o
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st
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ti
f
ier
w
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ig
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p
o
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r
fa
c
to
r
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n
d
lo
w
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
lo
ss
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
0
0
–
5
1
0
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
R.
J.W
a
i
a
n
d
R.
Y.Du
a
n
”
Hig
h
ste
p
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
w
it
h
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
.
Po
we
r
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e
c
tro
n
,
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o
l.
2
0
,
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o
.
5
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p
p
1
0
2
5
-
1
0
3
5
,
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e
p
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
H.
M
.
S
u
ry
a
wa
n
sh
i,
M
.
R.
Ra
m
t
e
k
e
,
K.
L
.
T
h
a
k
r
e
,
a
n
d
V.
B.
Bo
rg
h
a
te,
“
Un
it
y
-
p
o
we
r
-
f
a
c
to
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o
p
e
ra
ti
o
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o
f
th
re
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-
p
h
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se
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C
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DC
so
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s
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h
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la
m
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o
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in
m
o
d
u
lar
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p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
n
.
,
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o
l
.
2
3
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o
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1
,
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p
.
2
2
9
–
2
3
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
8
[5
]
M
.
Ch
u
n
ti
n
g
,
M
.
B.
R
.
Co
rre
a
a
n
d
J.O.P
.
P
ii
n
to
”
T
h
e
IEE
E
2
0
1
1
in
t
e
rn
a
ti
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n
a
l
f
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tu
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e
n
e
rg
y
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h
a
l
len
g
e
-
re
q
u
e
st
fo
r
p
ro
p
o
sa
ls
,
”
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n
p
r
o
c
IF
EC
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
4
.
[6
]
C.
J.
T
se
n
g
a
n
d
C.
L
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
A
p
a
ss
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ss
les
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sn
u
b
b
e
r
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ll
f
o
r
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o
n
iso
late
d
P
W
M
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
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tro
n
.
,
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l.
4
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4
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p
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5
9
3
–
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,
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u
g
.
1
9
9
8
.
[7
]
Y.
-
C.
Hs
ieh
,
T
.
-
C.
H
su
e
h
,
a
n
d
H.
-
C.
Ye
n
,
“
A
n
in
terle
a
v
e
d
b
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w
it
h
z
e
ro
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v
o
lt
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g
e
tr
a
n
s
it
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n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
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o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
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4
,
p
p
.
9
7
3
–
9
7
8
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
9
.
[8
]
C.
M
.
d
e
Oliv
e
ira
S
tein
,
J.
R.
P
i
n
h
e
iro
,
a
n
d
H.
L
.
He
y
,
“
A
ZCT
a
u
x
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iar
y
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
c
ircu
it
f
o
r
i
n
terle
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
st
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o
n
v
e
rters
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e
ra
ti
n
g
in
c
rit
ica
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
m
o
d
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
5
4
–
9
6
2
,
No
v
.
2
0
0
2
.
[9
]
W
.
L
i
a
n
d
X
.
He
,
“
ZV
T
in
terle
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
”
IE
T
El
e
c
tro
n
.
P
o
we
r A
p
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
–
2
9
0
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
0
]
G
.
Ya
o
,
A
.
Ch
e
n
,
a
n
d
X
.
He
,
“
S
o
f
t
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
c
ircu
it
f
o
r
in
ter
lea
v
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
0
–
8
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
Kiru
b
a
k
a
ra
n
.
D
a
n
d
Ra
m
a
Re
d
d
y
S
.
(2
0
0
9
),
‘Clo
se
d
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
A
C
-
A
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
h
e
a
ti
n
g
’
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
d
u
stri
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
USA
,
V
o
l.
2
5
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
0
1
-
0
5
[1
2
]
J.
Yu
n
g
tae
k
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Jo
v
a
n
o
v
i
c
,
“
In
terle
a
v
e
d
P
F
C
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
in
tri
n
sic
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
d
o
u
b
ler
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic,”
in
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
Po
we
r E
le
c
tro
n
.
S
p
e
c
.
Co
n
f
.
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
8
–
1
8
9
4
.
[1
3
]
H.
-
Y.
T
sa
i,
T
.
-
H.
Hs
ia,
a
n
d
D
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
so
ft
-
swi
tch
in
g
b
rid
g
e
les
s
p
o
we
r
f
a
c
to
r
c
o
rr
e
c
ti
o
n
c
i
rc
u
it
,
”
in
P
r
o
c
.
Eu
r.
C
o
n
f
.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
A
p
p
l.
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
0
.
[1
4
]
S
.
S
.
S
a
h
a
,
B.
M
a
ju
m
d
a
r,
T
.
H
a
ld
e
r,
a
n
d
S
.
K.
Bisw
a
s,
“
Ne
w
fu
ll
y
so
ft
switch
e
d
b
o
o
st
-
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
wit
h
re
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
l
o
ss
e
s
,
”
in
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Driv
e
s S
y
st.,
2
0
0
5
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
–
1
1
2
.
[1
5
]
S
iv
a
k
u
m
a
r.
J
a
n
d
S
e
n
th
il
Na
y
a
g
a
m
.
V
“
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Du
a
l
Ac
ti
v
e
-
Cla
m
p
e
d
S
tep
-
Up
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
Re
d
u
c
e
d
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
tres
s F
o
r
L
o
w
-
DC Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s
“
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
3
P
DC
S
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
0
4
[1
6
]
G
.
Hu
a
,
C.
-
S
.
L
e
u
,
Y.
Jia
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
C.
Y.
L
e
e
,
“
No
v
e
l
z
e
ro
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
tran
siti
o
n
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
–
2
1
9
,
M
a
r.
1
9
9
4
.
[1
7
]
E.
A
d
ib
a
n
d
H.
F
a
rz
a
n
e
h
f
a
rd
,
“
F
a
m
il
y
o
f
so
f
t
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
w
it
h
c
u
rre
n
t
sh
a
rin
g
in
sw
it
c
h
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
A
n
a
l
y
si
s an
d
De
sig
n
o
f
a
Zero
-
Vo
lt
a
g
e
-
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
[1
8
]
E.
A
d
ib
a
n
d
H.
F
a
rz
a
n
e
h
f
a
rd
,
“
Z
e
ro
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
tran
siti
o
n
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
w
it
h
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
re
c
ti
f
ie
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
–
1
1
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
S.
-
H.
P
a
rk
,
S
.
-
R.
P
a
rk
,
J.
-
S
.
Yu
,
Y.
-
C.
Ju
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).
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