Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
2212
~
2222
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
2212
-
2222
2212
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Modifie
d
asymmetri
cal
13
-
level
i
nvert
er
t
opology
with
re
duce
power
sem
iconduct
or
de
vices
M
S
aad
Arif
1
,
Ze
eshan
S
ar
wer
2
,
Shahri
n
Md
Ayo
b
3
,
M
oh
d
Zaid
4
,
Sh
ah
b
az
Ah
m
ad
5
1
,2,4,5
Depa
rtment
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
En
gine
er
ing, Z
.
H.
Coll
ege of
Engg. a
nd
Tech,
Aligarh Mus
li
m
Univ
ersit
y
,
Alig
arh
,
I
ndia
3
Pow
er
Engi
ne
er
ing
Depa
r
tm
e
nt,
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
Ma
la
ysia
,
J
ohor,
Mal
aysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
y
2
7
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
ug 3
, 20
20
Accepte
d
Se
pt
8
, 2
0
20
Thi
s
pap
er
introduce
s
a
mo
difi
ed
multil
ev
el
inve
rt
er
top
ology
with
asymm
etric
al
d
c
sourc
es
co
m
bina
ti
on
.
The
signifi
c
ant
f
eat
ure
s
of
the
proposed
c
irc
u
it
ar
e
the
r
educed
numb
er
of
sw
itches
and
low
total
standi
ng
volt
ag
e
(TSV).
Propos
ed
topol
o
gy
uti
l
izes
t
en
s
witc
hes
to
prod
uce
13
l
eve
l
output
with
per
unit
TSV
p.u
of
5
.
33.
An
addition
al
fe
at
ure
of
th
e
proposed
topol
ogy
is
the
i
nher
ent
neg
at
iv
e
le
v
el
g
ene
r
at
ion
as
th
ere
is
no
r
equi
re
me
nt
of
an
H
-
bridg
e
for
th
e
pol
arit
y
rev
ersa
ls.
Ne
are
st
le
ve
l
control
(NLC)
te
chn
ique
is
use
d
as
the
modula
ti
on
stra
te
gy
.
Pe
rform
ance
of
th
e
proposed
topol
ogy
is
va
lidate
d
through
e
xte
nsive
ana
lysi
s
using
Simul
in
k
and
PLECS
software
.
D
et
a
iled
c
irc
ui
t
an
al
ys
is
and
i
ts
power
loss,
as
we
ll
as
eff
i
ci
en
cy
studie
s,
hav
e
be
en
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
u
nder
consta
n
t
an
d
dynam
i
c
loa
d
condi
ti
ons
.
Result
s
obtaine
d
show
s
tha
t
the
proposed
t
opology
is
working
well,
produc
ing
an
ou
tput
of
13
-
l
evel
with
to
ta
l
har
mo
nic
d
istort
ion
of
6.
36%
and
inve
rt
er
eff
icien
cy
of
98.
8%
.
Th
e
topo
logy
is
ex
te
nded
to
n
-
l
evel
stru
c
ture,
and
i
ts
g
ene
ra
liz
ed
expr
essions
f
or
diff
ere
nt
p
arame
t
ers
were
for
mul
ated.
Th
e
com
par
ison
of
the
gen
era
l
ized
struc
ture
wi
th
oth
er
ex
isti
ng
topo
logy
is
ca
rri
ed
out,
and
i
t
is
found
th
a
t
the
proposed
topol
ogy
outpe
r
form
o
the
r
topol
ogie
s
on
m
any
par
amet
ers
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Asymmetric
al
M
ulti
le
vel in
ve
rter
Near
est
le
vel c
on
t
ro
l
Power swit
che
s
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
Total
stan
ding
vo
lt
age
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sh
a
hr
i
n Md A
yob,
Dep
a
rteme
nt of Pow
e
r En
gine
erin
g,
Scho
ol
of Elec
tric
al
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
Skud
ai
,
J
ohor
Bhar
u 813
00, Mal
aysi
a
Emai
l:
sh
a
hr
in
@fke.
utm.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
f
rom
ren
e
wa
ble
e
ne
rgy
sou
rces
ha
s
trem
en
dous
l
y
i
ncr
ea
sed
in
the
la
st
few
decad
e
s
le
adin
g
to
the
de
velopment
of
ne
w
po
wer
el
ect
ronic
-
base
d
co
nv
e
rters
.
Mult
il
evel
inv
e
rters
(M
L
I)
hav
e
s
how
n
great
promise
i
n
t
he
area
of
so
la
r
e
nergy
ge
ner
at
io
n,
el
ec
tric
ve
hicle
s,
HVDC
syst
em
s
a
nd
Flexible
AC
T
ran
s
missi
on
S
ys
te
ms
(F
ACT
S)
.
M
L
Is
util
iz
e
a
pro
per
c
ombinati
on
of
s
witc
hes,
diode
s,
an
d
capaci
tors
to
ge
ner
at
e
a
m
ulti
le
vel
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
.
T
he
M
L
Is
in
c
ompa
rison
t
o
c
onve
ntion
al
tw
o
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
ha
ve
r
edu
ce
d
volt
ag
e
stress
acr
os
s
switc
hes
a
nd
lowe
r
total
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on
(T
H
D)
in
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
Furth
er,
M
L
Is
ha
ve
hi
gh
po
wer
ha
nd
li
ng
capaci
ty
a
nd
ef
fici
en
cy
with
re
du
ce
d
E
MI.
Co
nve
ntion
al
M
L
I
to
polo
gies
inclu
de
Flyi
ng
ca
pacit
or
(
FC)
ty
pe
,
Diode
cl
am
pe
d
ty
pe
(D
C
)
a
nd
c
ascade
d
Bri
dge
-
ty
pe
(CHB)
.
FC
a
nd
DC
ty
pe
to
po
l
og
ie
s
util
iz
e
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
di
odes
and
capaci
to
rs
to
ge
t
the
sta
ircase
vo
lt
age
w
a
ve
form.
M
ore
ov
e
r
,
the
pro
blem
of
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
a
ge
bala
ncin
g
rem
ai
ns
a
maj
or
issue
i
n
FC
a
nd
DC
ty
pe
o
f
topolo
gies.
Th
e
CHB
t
opology
is
popula
r
but
in
de
pende
nt
dc
sou
rce
for
each
H
-
bri
dge
is
nee
ded
to
in
creas
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
difi
ed
as
y
m
metri
cal
13
-
le
v
el
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duce
po
we
r
…
(M S
aad Ari
f)
2213
vo
lt
age
le
vel
and
decr
ease
t
he
T
H
D
i
n
ou
tpu
t
volt
age.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
no
vo
lt
age
boos
ti
ng
ta
kes
p
la
ce
in
conve
ntion
al
topolo
gies.
All
these
pr
ob
le
ms
le
ad
to
a
n
incre
ase
i
n
w
ei
gh
t,
cost
,
siz
e
an
d
co
mp
le
xity
of
conve
ntion
al
M
L
Is.
In
the
la
st
fe
w
yea
rs,
to
mit
igate
the
pro
ble
ms
ass
ociat
ed
with
c
onve
ntio
nal
M
LIs
,
man
y
new
a
nd
modifie
d
str
uctur
es
of
M
L
Is
a
re
re
porte
d
in
the
li
te
ratu
re
[
1].
T
he
main
f
oc
us
of
the
rese
arch
e
rs
is
t
o
de
velo
p
new
M
LI
to
polog
ie
s
with
a
re
du
ce
d
num
ber
of
switc
hing
a
nd
pa
ssive
el
ements
a
nd
l
ow
volt
age
stress
acro
s
s
switc
hes.
Mo
r
eov
e
r,
l
ow
TH
D
in
volt
age,
i
nh
e
re
nt
volt
ag
e
boos
ti
ng,
an
d
fa
ult
-
tole
ran
t
operati
ons
a
re
oth
e
r
desira
ble
feat
ures
pr
ese
nt
in
new
MLI
t
opol
og
ie
s.
As
ymmet
ric
MLIs
ha
ve
gaine
d
ac
ceptance
a
s
it
us
es
diff
e
re
nt
val
ue
s
of
in
put
volt
age
s
ources
to
ge
ner
at
e
more
volt
age
le
ve
ls
as
co
mpa
red
to
sy
m
metri
c str
uc
tures.
A
co
mpre
hen
s
ive
re
view
of
M
L
Is
with
ge
ner
al
iz
ed
f
ormulae
f
or
the
numb
e
r
of
s
witc
hes,
gat
e
dr
i
ver
s
,
dc
volt
age
le
vels
a
nd
TSV
is
pr
es
ent
ed
i
n
[1].
A
ne
w
mu
lt
il
evel
i
nv
e
rter
with
bid
irect
io
nal
s
witc
hes
with
symmet
ri
c
and
as
ymme
tric
config
ur
at
i
on
s
is
pro
po
se
d
in
[
2].
A
uthors
ha
ve
al
so
pro
po
se
d
gen
e
rali
zed
topolo
gies
of
modu
la
r
casca
ded
H
-
bri
dge
M
L
Is
w
hich
c
an
ge
ne
rate
a
maxim
um
nu
mb
e
r
of
vo
lt
a
ge
le
vels
with
le
sse
r
numb
e
r
of
switc
he
s
[
3
-
5]
a
nd
dc
source
s.
Ne
w
T
-
ty
pe
a
nd
E
-
typ
e
as
ym
met
ric
to
po
l
og
ie
s
of
M
L
I
is
pro
posed
in
[
6
-
7].
T
hese
topolo
gies
do
not
us
e
a
ny
H
-
br
i
dg
e
f
or
crea
ti
ng
ne
gative
l
evels,
a
nd
a
s
mall
er
numb
e
r
of
swit
chin
g
de
vices
and
dc
sou
rces
are
em
ploye
d
for
ge
ner
at
in
g
more
volt
age
le
vels
as
c
ompa
red
to
conve
ntion
al
CHB
str
uctu
re
s.
S
om
e
ne
w
t
opologies
of
M
L
Is
a
re
pro
pose
d
to
ge
ne
ra
te
thirte
en
an
d
fiftee
n
le
vels o
f o
utpu
t vo
lt
age
[8
-
9].
N
earest l
evel
con
t
ro
l (
NLC
) t
echn
iq
ue
is
use
d
to s
witc
h
de
vices at
f
un
da
mental
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
[
8]
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
s
witc
hing
losse
s
of
c
onve
rter.
A
ne
w
casca
de
d
MLI
f
or
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
employin
g
s
ubun
it
s
with
lo
w
vo
lt
age
stre
ss
i
s
pr
opos
e
d
in
[
10].
S
witc
he
d
capaci
tor
-
base
d
M
L
I
with
in
her
e
nt
boos
t ca
pa
bili
t
y
is
pro
posed
by a
uthors i
n [
11
-
12].
The
SC
M
L
I
to
po
l
og
ie
s
ha
ve
gaine
d
acce
ptance
in
rece
nt
ye
ars
as
t
hey
use
capaci
t
ors
in
place
of
dc
so
urces
.
With
pro
per
c
hargin
g
an
d
discha
rgi
ng
of
ca
pacit
ors,
the
i
nput
volt
age
can
be
boos
te
d
up.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
current
s
pik
e
s
thr
ough
switc
hi
ng
dev
ic
es
a
nd
cap
aci
tor
vo
lt
age
balance
are
the
pro
blems
to
be
s
olve
d
f
or
SCML
I
t
opol
ogy.
Some
ot
he
r
s
witc
he
d
ca
pacit
or
-
ba
sed
t
opologies
w
hi
ch
us
es
ca
paci
tors
in
place
of
dc
so
urces
a
re
propose
d
in
[
13
-
14].
H
ow
e
ve
r,
in
[
14],
an
ad
di
ti
on
al
H
-
bri
dg
e
is
re
qu
ir
ed
t
o
inv
e
rse
t
he
pola
rity
of
the
volt
age.
A
casca
de
d
H
-
br
i
dg
e
to
po
l
ogy
for
t
he
gen
e
r
at
ion
of
the
13
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is
pro
po
sed
i
n
[15].
I
n
[
16],
a
modifie
d
th
ree
-
le
vel
NP
C wit
h
bo
os
t
capa
bili
ty
and
a reduc
ed
num
be
r
of
s
witc
hes
is
pro
pose
d
to
ge
ne
rate
se
ven
volt
age
le
vels.
A
hybri
d
M
L
I
e
mp
l
oying
ad
va
ntages
of
SC
M
LI
an
d
co
nventio
nal
M
L
I
i
s
pro
po
se
d
in
[17].
The
t
opology
has
le
ss
pea
k
volt
age
stre
s
s
on
de
vices,
a
nd
sim
ple
c
on
t
ro
l
te
ch
nique
i
s
us
e
d
to
bala
nce
t
he
capaci
tor
volt
a
ge.
I
n
[18],
as
ym
met
rical
MLI
pro
du
ci
ng
nin
e
outp
ut
le
vels
is
pr
e
sent
ed.
The
topolo
gy
is
ca
pab
le
of
pro
duce
al
l
po
sit
iv
e
an
d
ne
gative
le
vels
bu
t
uti
li
ses
casca
de
H
-
br
i
dg
e
f
or
pola
rity
changin
g.
A
la
te
st
an
d
novel
pack
e
d
E
-
cel
l
(
PEC)
MLI
wit
h
t
he
i
nhere
nt
boos
ti
ng
capa
bi
li
ty,
an
d
sel
f
-
volt
age
balance
of
ca
pacit
or
s
is
pr
opos
e
d
in
[
19]
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
a
9
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
T
he
t
op
olog
y
ha
s
six
un
i
directi
onal
switc
hes,
one
bid
irect
io
nal
s
witc
h,
one
dc
so
urce
a
nd
tw
o
ca
pacit
ors.
Howe
ver,
the
dc
-
li
n
k
vo
lt
age
n
e
eds
to be se
ns
e
d
to
regulat
e the ca
pacit
or volt
age
. H
e
nce a
close
loop
c
ontr
ol is r
e
qu
ire
d.
In
this
pa
per,
a
ne
w
13
-
le
vel
as
ymmet
ric
M
L
I
is
pro
pos
ed.
The
propos
ed
t
opolog
y
is
an
imp
r
ov
e
d
ci
rcu
it
of
st
ruct
ur
e
presente
d
in
[
19]
.
Th
e
ad
va
ntages
of
the
pro
pose
d
to
polo
gy
are
the
reduce
d
ov
e
ral
l
com
pone
nts
a
nd
le
sser
val
ue
of
pe
r
un
it
TS
V
as
c
ompa
red
to
oth
e
r
to
polog
ie
s
.
Sect
io
n
I
w
il
l
re
view
e
xisti
ng
M
L
I
to
polo
gies
w
her
e
their
merit
s
an
d
li
m
it
at
ion
s
are
hi
gh
li
ghte
d.
I
n
Sect
ion
II,
br
i
ef
descr
i
ption
s
on
the
ci
rcu
it
m
od
e
of
operati
ons
and
de
ploye
d
switc
hing
st
r
at
egy
for
t
he
pro
po
se
d
M
L
I
is
desc
ribe
d.
The
simulat
ion
r
es
ults
are
discu
s
sed
i
n
sect
ion
III,
an
d
sect
ion
I
V
c
overs
t
he
powe
r
l
os
s
ana
lysis
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
structu
re.
A
c
omparati
ve
a
na
lysis
is
pr
e
se
nted
in
sect
io
n
V
f
ollow
e
d
by
a
bri
ef
c
oncl
us
io
n
in
the
end
i
n
sect
ion
VI.
2.
PROP
OSE
D
TOPOL
OG
Y
2.1.
Descripti
on
and
op
er
at
i
on
Figure
1
s
how
s,
the
basic
str
uctu
re
of
th
e
pro
posed
MLI
c
on
sist
e
d
of
ei
ght
switc
he
s,
w
her
e
six
a
re
un
i
directi
onal
, an
d
t
he
tw
o
a
r
e
bid
irect
io
nal sw
it
ches.
Each
un
i
directi
onal
sw
it
ch
is
ma
de
up
of
an
I
GBT
with
an
a
ntipa
rall
el
diode,
a
nd
a
bi
directi
on
al
s
w
it
ch
is
c
omp
ose
d
of
t
wo
un
i
di
recti
on
al
swit
ches.
T
he
dc
s
ource
pr
ese
nt
i
n
t
he
l
eft
par
t
of
th
e
ci
rcu
it
is
V
1,
w
her
eas
the
rig
ht
unit
dc
s
ourc
es
ha
ve
the
sa
me
ma
gnit
ude
equ
al
to
V
2
a
nd both
ar
e in a rat
io
of
3:
1.
Table
1
e
xp
la
i
ns
the
va
rio
us
ope
rati
ng
sta
t
es
of
the
pro
pose
d
M
L
I.
It
s
hows
the
sta
te
s
of
al
l
the
switc
hes
in
a
pa
rtic
ular
outp
ut
sta
te
of
a
co
mp
le
te
c
ycle.
The
'O
N'
an
d
'
OF
F'
sta
te
of
t
he
switc
h
is
de
no
te
d
b
y
1
a
nd
0
re
sp
ect
ively.
The
di
fferent
outp
ut
le
vels
wh
ic
h
a
re
achieva
ble
are
0,
±
V/3,
±
2V
/
3,
±
V,
±4V/3
,
±5V/3
and
±
2V.
Sw
i
tc
hes
(
S1,
S
4)
an
d
(S2,
S5)
operate
i
n
a
com
pleme
ntar
y
ma
nner
,
i.e.
they
ca
nnot
t
urn
on
simult
ane
ou
sl
y
to
avo
i
d
the
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
of
the
dc
s
ources
.
Zero
volt
age
c
an
be
ob
ta
i
ned
ei
ther
by
tur
ni
ng
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2212
–
2222
2214
(S
1,
S
2,
S3)
or
(S4,
S
5,
S
6).
First
volt
age
le
vel,
i.e.
V/
3
is
achieve
d
wh
e
n
switc
h
c
ombi
nation
(S4,
S
5,
S8)
is
in
on
sta
te
.
Li
kew
ise
,
2V
/
3,
the
sec
ond
volt
age
sta
te
,
is
obta
ined
by
(S4
,
S
5,
S7).
S6
r
emai
ns
c
omple
te
ly
off
in
the
posit
ive
cycle.
S2
is
a
lso
in
t
he
off
sta
te
in
the
po
sit
ive
volt
age
l
evels
c
ycle
ex
cept
at
zer
o
volt
age.
Howe
ver, in
ac
hieving t
he ne
gative
vo
lt
a
ge l
evels, S
2 has t
o remai
n o
n
al
l
the time.
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d 13
-
Le
vel
topolo
gy
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hing stat
e f
or
one c
omplet
e cy
cl
e
States
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
V
o
Zero
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pos
itive
States
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
V/3
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
V/3
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
V
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
V/3
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
V/3
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2V
Zero
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
Neg
a
tive
States
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
-
V/3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
-
2
V/3
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
-
V
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
-
4
V/3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-
5
V/3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
-
2V
The
rati
ng
of
s
witc
hes
in
direc
tl
y
governs
the
co
st
of
the
i
nverter.
It
is
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
s
a
dva
ntage
ous
i
f
low
rati
ng
swit
ches
can
be
e
m
ployed
in
in
ve
r
te
r
desig
n
w
hich
is
only
poss
ible
if
the
volt
age
t
o
be
bl
ock
e
d
by
the
switc
h
is
not
hi
gh.
Acc
ordin
gly
,
the
v
ol
ta
ge
stress
on
diff
e
re
nt
switc
hes
need
s
to
be
cal
culat
ed.
T
he
s
um
of
t
he
volt
age
stress
on
al
l
th
e
switc
hes
can
be
te
r
med
as
T
otal
Stan
ding
Vo
lt
age
(T
SV)
.
Lesse
r
value
of
TS
V
is an i
nd
ic
at
or
of sw
it
ch
r
at
in
gs
i
n
a t
opolog
y.
The
volt
age
str
ess on
dif
fer
e
nt
sw
it
ches ca
n be e
valuate
d
as
:
V
S1
=
V
S4
=
V
1
;
V
S3
=
V
S6
=
3V
2
;
V
S2
=
V
S5
=
(V
1
+
3V
2
); V
S7
=
V
S8
=
4V
2
Hen
ce
, th
e
TS
V
f
or the
pr
opos
e
d 13 le
vel t
opolog
y
ca
n be
w
ritt
en
as
TSV
=
2 (V
1
+
3V
2
+
(V
1
+
3V
2
)
+
4V
2
)
TSV
=
4V
1
+
20V
2
=
32
V
dc
(
1)
So
meti
mes
, pe
r
-
un
it
T
SV,
whic
h
is t
he
r
at
io
of TS
V
a
nd the
max
im
um
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age,
is
al
so
calc
ulate
d. I
n
our
case
, per
-
unit
TS
V,
TSV
p.u
.
=
TSV/
V
o,m
ax
=
(4V
1
+
20V
2
)/2
=
5.33
(
2)
2.2.
Generali
zed
ci
rcui
t
ex
ten
sio
n
of
th
e
propo
sed
t
opolo
gy
The
basic
str
uc
ture
of
the
pro
posed
to
pology
can
be
ea
sil
y
e
xten
ded
to
a
n
n
-
le
vel
structu
re
by
add
i
ng
a
dc
source
al
ong
with
a
bid
irect
io
na
l
switc
h,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
The
ge
neral
iz
ed
ex
pr
es
sion
s
f
or
the
pro
pose
d
e
xtensi
on
ha
ve
been
f
ormulat
e
d
a
nd
prese
nted
by
(
1)
–
(
4)
be
low
w
her
e
N
dc
,
N
sw
,
N
gd
re
presen
t
the
num
be
r
of
dc
source
s,
s
witc
hes
a
nd
ga
te
dr
i
ver
ci
rc
uits
res
pecti
vel
y.
These
ex
pre
ssion
s
are
f
ormulat
ed
base
d
on
t
he
numb
e
r
of
le
ve
ls
ge
nerat
ed.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
for
a
par
ti
cula
r
le
vel,
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
dc
so
ur
ces
require
d
ca
n b
e cal
culat
ed b
y (
4)
a
nd s
o o
n.
=
−
5
2
(
4)
=
5
(
−
1
)
6
(
5)
=
+
3
2
(
6)
=
8
(
−
1
)
9
(
7)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
difi
ed
as
y
m
metri
cal
13
-
le
v
el
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duce
po
we
r
…
(M S
aad Ari
f)
2215
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
Exte
ns
io
n
t
o
the
n
-
le
vel str
uctu
re
of the
pro
pose
d
to
polo
gy, (a)
A
dd
e
d U
nit
, (
b)
Ge
ner
al
iz
e
d
Stru
ct
ur
e
2.3.
Modula
tio
n
s
t
rat
e
gy
Ther
e
a
re
va
ri
ou
s
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
us
ed
for
m
odulati
on
in
a
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
ert
er.
T
hese
te
ch
niques
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
high
f
reque
nc
y
an
d
lo
w
-
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
s
witc
hing
te
ch
niqu
es.
I
n
[
20],
s
el
ect
ive
har
m
on
ic
s
el
imi
nation
us
i
ng
ne
wton
Ra
ps
on
meth
od
is
impleme
nted
.
S
witc
hing
c
ontr
ol
of
casca
de
d
c
ompact
m
odular
M
L
I
is
im
plem
ented
us
i
ng
pu
lse
with
mod
ulati
on
in
[
21].
Hybr
i
d
as
ymm
et
rical
topolo
gy
i
s
pro
po
se
d
i
n
[
22]
,
in
t
his
w
ork
T
HD
is
re
duces
us
in
g
imp
r
ov
e
d
m
odulati
on
t
echn
i
qu
e
.
Va
riou
s
oth
e
r
meth
od
s
of
high
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
PWM
te
ch
niques
we
re
us
e
d
to
imp
r
ov
e
t
he
TH
D
an
d
qu
al
it
y
of
the
in
ver
te
r
[23
].
Le
vel
s
hifted
P
W
M
impleme
nted
on
casca
de
d
H
-
br
i
dg
e
to
polo
gy
has
bee
n
dis
cusse
d
i
n
detai
l
in
[
24].
L
ow
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
te
ch
niques
offer
the
a
dv
a
ntages
of
lo
w
switc
hing
loss
as
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
s
witc
hing
in
a
pa
rtic
ula
r
c
ycle
is
le
ss
[
25].
Near
est
le
vel
c
on
t
ro
l
(
NLC
)
is
a
fun
dame
ntal
fr
eq
ue
ncy
s
witc
hing
te
ch
ni
qu
e
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
in
the
propose
d
M
L
I
to
obtai
n
t
he
s
witc
hing si
gn
al
s
. F
i
g
ure
3 sh
ow the
level
g
e
ner
at
io
n me
thod
us
in
g
t
he NLC met
hod.
(
N
-
1
)
/
2
V
r
e
f
V
o
u
t
ω
t
4
3
2
1
0
x
V
d
c
α
1
α
2
α
3
α
4
α
k
1
2
1
.
5
Figure
3
.
Level
g
e
ner
at
io
n me
thod
us
in
g
t
he NLC t
ech
nique
The
s
witc
hing
ang
le
is
g
i
ven
by (5)
:
α
k
=
M
sin
−
1
(
k
−
0
.
5
)
(
N
−
1
)
/
2
(5)
wh
e
re
,
M is t
he
mod
ulati
on ind
e
x
a
nd is
defi
ned
a
s
giv
e
n
i
n (2), k
=
1,
2
….
(N
-
1)
/
2.
M
=
V
r
ef
V
ou
t
(
6)
wh
e
re
,
V
r
a
nd
V
o
is t
he
r
e
fer
e
nce a
nd outp
ut
vo
lt
age
, respe
c
ti
vely.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2212
–
2222
2216
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
Op
e
rati
on
a
nd
the
pe
rforman
ce
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
ci
rc
uit
ar
e
validat
e
d
t
hroug
h
e
xtensi
ve
simulat
io
n
analysis
unde
r
varyin
g
loa
d
conditi
ons.
D
C
so
urces
val
ue
of
V1
=
300V
an
d
V2
=
10
0V
a
re
ta
ke
n
in
the
analysis.
Resul
ts o
btained
are
discusse
d i
n de
ta
il
b
ased
on th
e typ
e
of l
oad
us
e
d
a
nd the
m
odulati
on in
de
x.
3.1.
Constan
t
R
-
L
loa
d
Figure
4(a)
shows
the
s
witc
hi
ng
pulse
s
giv
e
n
t
o
the
power
switc
he
s
duri
ng
one
co
mp
le
te
cycle
at
a
modu
la
ti
o
n
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
50H
z.
O
utput
volt
age
an
d
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
s
are
ob
ta
ine
d
us
in
g
co
ns
ta
nt
R
-
L
load
of
Z
=
100
+
j2
5
Ω
are
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4(b
).
Fr
om
t
he
FFT
analysis,
it
is
f
ound
t
hat
the
volt
age
TH
D
is
6.36%
and
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4(
c
).
At
the
same
ti
me,
al
l
the
in
di
vid
ual
ha
rm
onic
co
mpo
nen
t
s
ha
ve
le
ss
tha
n
5%
con
t
rib
ution
t
o
the
total
TH
D.
Vo
lt
a
ge
wa
veform
s
hows
that
the
to
pology
s
uccess
f
ully
achie
ves
13
le
ve
l
ou
t
pu
t
ha
ving
al
l
the
posit
ive
an
d
ne
gative
le
vels,
a
nd
the
loa
d
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
s
hows
t
hat
the
to
po
l
og
y
works
well
the
inducti
ve
l
oad.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4
.
Re
su
l
ts o
btained
u
si
ng consta
nt RL
load,
(a)
Pu
lse
s to
t
he power
switc
hes, (
b) Volt
age a
nd loa
d
current
wa
vefo
rm, (c
)
F
FT a
na
lysis o
f
t
he out
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
3.2.
Va
ry
in
g
R
and
RL
l
oad
To
asse
ss
the
dynamic
perf
orma
nce
of
pro
po
s
ed
i
nv
e
rter
struct
ur
e
perf
ormance
i
s
e
va
luate
d
f
or
varyin
g
R
a
nd
RL
l
oad.
Fig
ure
5
sho
ws
a
r
esi
sti
ve
loa
d
c
hange
co
ndit
ion
i
n
w
hich
the
re
is
a
l
oad
va
riat
io
n
from
open
ci
rc
uit
co
nd
it
io
n
t
o
Z
=
100
Ω
to
Z
=
50
Ω.
As
th
e
resist
ance
is
decr
ease
d,
the
r
efore
a
n
i
ncr
ea
se
in
current
ma
gn
it
ud
e
ca
n
be
s
ee
n.
R
L
loa
d
va
riat
ion
is
sho
wn in
Fi
gure
6
c
omp
rising
a
c
ha
ng
e
f
r
om
open ci
rcu
it
conditi
on
t
o
Z
=
100
+
j2
5
Ω
t
o
Z
=
50
+
j1
2.5
Ω.
And
the
val
ue
of
t
he
l
oad
current
ch
an
ge
s
f
r
om
zer
o
t
o
6A
to
12A. All
the
volt
age
le
vels ar
e
visi
ble w
it
h
a
sin
usoidal
cu
r
ren
t
ha
ving
sm
oo
t
h
t
ran
sa
ct
io
n
from
a
ste
p
c
hange
in loa
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
difi
ed
as
y
m
metri
cal
13
-
le
v
el
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duce
po
we
r
…
(M S
aad Ari
f)
2217
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
5. V
oltage a
nd loa
d
c
urren
t
wa
veform
with
varyin
g
R
load co
ndit
ion
, (
a
)
Vo
lt
age
a
nd loa
d
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
w
it
h va
ry
i
ng R loa
d,
(
b)
M
a
gnifie
d wav
e
f
or
m
du
rin
g
the
f
irst
ste
p,
(c)
M
ag
nifi
ed wave
f
or
m
dur
i
ng
ste
p
-
c
hange i
n l
oad
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
6
.
Vo
lt
age
a
nd
lo
ad
c
urren
t
wa
vefo
r
m
with
varyin
g
RL
loa
d
c
on
diti
on
,
(a
)
V
oltage
a
nd
lo
ad
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
, (b
) Ma
gn
ifie
d wave
form d
ur
i
ng the
first step
, (c
) Magnifie
d w
avefor
m
durin
g
ste
p
-
c
hange i
n
loa
d
3.3.
Va
ry
in
g
L
oad
Po
wer
F
ac
to
r
In
Fig
ure
7,
th
e
ef
fect
of
cha
ng
e
in
loa
d
po
wer
fact
or
on
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
c
urre
nt
is
presente
d.
The
powe
r
fact
or
of
t
he
l
oad
var
ie
s
f
rom
unit
y
to
la
ggin
g
powe
r
facto
r
by
pro
vid
in
g
a
ste
p
-
c
ha
ng
e
in
th
e
loa
d
from
Z
=
100
Ω
to
Z
=
100
+
j2
5
Ω
wh
ic
h
is
e
vi
den
t
by
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
vefo
r
m
as
the
c
urre
nt
bec
om
es
sin
us
oi
dal
after the
insta
nt
o
f
loa
d
c
hang
e.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
V
oltage a
nd loa
d
c
urren
t
wa
veform
with
varyin
g
l
oa
d powe
r
fact
or c
onditi
on, (a)
Volt
age a
nd lo
ad
current
wa
vefo
rm, (
b) M
a
gnif
ie
d
wa
ve
form
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2212
–
2222
2218
3.4.
Va
ry
in
g
Mod
ulat
i
on
I
ndex
The
ste
p
-
cha
nge
i
n
m
odulati
on
i
nd
e
x
is
al
s
o
c
onside
re
d
t
o
e
val
uate
th
e
performa
nce
of
t
he
i
nverter
.
Figure
8
de
picts
the
re
su
lt
f
or
va
r
ying
m
od
ulati
on
i
ndex
(
M
)
f
rom
M
=
1
to
M
=
0.8
to
M
=
0.8
.
T
he
e
f
fect
of
decr
easi
ng
the
value
of
M
is
visible
as
the
numb
e
r
of
le
ve
ls
gets
re
duce
d
f
rom
13
le
ve
ls
to
11
le
vels
,
an
d
it
furthe
r gets re
duced
to 9 le
vel
s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
8
.
V
oltage a
nd loa
d
c
urren
t
wa
veform
with
varyin
g Mod
ulati
on in
dex,
(a)
V
oltag
e an
d
loa
d
c
urr
ent
wav
e
f
or
m
, (b
) Ma
gn
ifie
d wave
form, (c
) Ma
gnifie
d v
oltage
wav
e
f
or
m
4.
POWER
LOS
S
A
N
ALYSIS
The
s
witc
hes
in
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
nee
d
t
o
switc
h
on
a
nd
off
f
re
qu
e
ntly
in
a
c
omplet
e
cycle.
T
hese
switc
hing
oper
at
ion
s
res
ult
in
powe
r
lo
ss
w
hich
a
ff
ect
s
th
e
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
the
to
polo
gy.
These
l
os
ses
i
nclu
de
cond
uction
l
oss
a
nd
s
witc
hing
l
os
s.
T
her
e
f
ore,
the
po
wer
l
os
s
anal
ys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
t
opolog
y
is
done
with
the
help
of
PL
ECS
s
of
twa
re.
Fig
ur
e
9(a)
a
nd
9(
b)
re
pr
es
ent
the
co
nduc
ti
on
a
nd
s
witc
hing
l
os
s
res
pe
ct
ivel
y
for
dif
fer
e
nt
lo
ads.
T
he
th
ree
diff
e
re
nt
loads
are
Z1
=
50
Ω,
Z2
=
100
+
j1
2.5
Ω
and
Z
3
=
100
+
j2
5
Ω.
Fi
gure
9(
c
)
dep
ic
ts
the
t
otal
loss
an
d
ef
fici
ency
at
the
t
hr
ee
mentio
ne
d
loa
ds
.
T
he
volt
age
stresse
s
on
dif
fer
e
nt
s
witc
hes,
in
te
rms
of
V
dc
,
is
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
9(
d)
.
Ma
ximum
volt
ag
e
stress
is
experience
d
by
sw
it
ches
S2
a
nd
S5
a
s
bo
t
h
t
he
switc
hes
bl
oc
k
the
volt
ages
duri
ng
com
plete
half
cycle
al
te
r
nativel
y.
T
he
ef
fici
ency
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
structu
re
is
co
mp
a
red
with
th
e
oth
e
r
13
le
ve
ls
top
ol
og
ie
s
presente
d
in
[
7]
and
[8].
From
Figure
9(e)
it
c
an
be
seen t
hat the
pr
opos
e
d
t
opolog
y has
bette
r
e
ffi
ci
ency
wh
e
n c
ompare
d
t
o oth
er top
ologies.
5.
COMP
AR
I
S
ON WIT
H
O
THE
R
TOP
O
LOGIE
S
The
pro
pose
d
structu
re
is
c
ompa
red
with
s
om
e
ot
her
in
ve
rter
t
opologie
s
in
order
to
validat
e
t
he
cl
ai
m.
Table
2
pr
ese
nts
a
co
m
par
is
on
stu
dy
of
dif
fer
e
nt
t
opologies.
T
he
pa
rameters
ta
ke
n
for
c
omparis
on
are
the
numb
e
r
of
switc
he
s
(N
s
w)
,
gate
dr
i
ve
rs
(Ng
d),
dc
li
nk
s
(Ndc),
per
-
unit
TS
V.
A
s
there
a
re
to
polo
gies
involvin
g
a
diff
e
ren
t
num
be
r
of
le
vels
(
N
L),
the
refore
on
e
more
pa
r
amet
er
(
NL/N
sw)
is
a
dd
e
d
in
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
difi
ed
as
y
m
metri
cal
13
-
le
v
el
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duce
po
we
r
…
(M S
aad Ari
f)
2219
ta
ble.
[
2,
16
]
a
nd
[
17]
are
7
-
le
v
el
to
polo
gies
ha
ving
T
SV
6,
7.3
a
nd
6.3
,
r
especti
vely
,
w
hich
is
m
or
e
th
an
th
e
pro
po
se
d
to
po
l
ogy.
T
he
num
ber
of
s
witc
he
s
us
e
d
in
t
he
t
opologies
of
[
9]
an
d
[
12],
ha
ving
9
-
le
vels,
are
11
and
17,
res
pec
ti
vely.
M
ore
over,
the
TS
V
va
lue
is
6.7
5
a
nd
5.8
3,
resp
ect
i
vely.
At
th
e
sa
me
ti
me,
the
f
act
or
NL/Ns
w
f
or
th
ese
to
po
l
og
ie
s
is
al
so
lo
wer
than
the
pro
po
sed
t
opolog
y.
Per
-
unit
TS
V
i
s
al
so
on
t
he
hi
gh
e
r
side
as
co
mp
a
red
to
the
t
opology
pr
ese
nte
d
i
n
this
pa
pe
r
.
T
he
c
ompari
so
n
ta
ble
al
so
sh
ows
the
to
polo
gies
hav
i
ng
13
l
eve
ls.
By
lo
okin
g
at
the
ta
ble,
we
can
see
that
al
l
these
13
-
le
vels
struct
ur
es
c
onta
in
ei
ther
an
equ
a
l
or
gr
eat
e
r
nu
m
ber
of
switc
he
s
than
t
he
pr
opose
d
to
polo
gy.
The
per
-
unit
T
SV
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
str
uctu
re
is
al
so
lowe
r
tha
n
the
se
topolo
gies.
Simi
la
rly,
oth
e
r
str
uctu
res
ca
n
al
so
be
co
m
par
e
d
with
the
pro
po
se
d
t
opol
ogy.
A
qu
ic
k
l
ook
at
t
he
c
ompa
rison
ta
ble
s
how
s
th
e
supe
rior
it
y
of
the
pro
po
se
d
inv
e
rter
t
opology
in
te
rm
s
of
le
sser
numb
e
r
of
swi
tc
hes
a
nd
lo
we
r
volt
age
stres
s
valu
e.
A
higher
val
ue
of
N
L/Nsw
an
d
le
s
ser
value
of
T
SVp.
u.
sh
ows
that
t
he
pro
posed
to
polo
gy
is
bette
r
than
the
ot
he
r
discuss
e
d
str
uctu
res
i
n
te
r
ms
of
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
com
pone
nts a
nd
reduce
d vo
lt
age stre
sses.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(e)
Figure
9
.
Re
su
l
ts o
btained
from t
he
Powe
r
L
os
s
A
nalysis
of the
pro
po
se
d
t
opolog
y
,
(a) C
onduct
ion l
os
s
es,
(b)
S
witc
hing
Loss
es
, (c)
Ef
fici
ency
a
nd T
ot
al
p
owe
r
los
s, (
c) T
otal St
an
di
ng Volt
age
(T
SV
)
, (e)
Va
riat
ion
i
n
Eff
ic
ie
nc
y wit
h ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
Table
2
.
C
omp
ariso
n of va
rio
us
t
opologies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2212
–
2222
2220
Top
o
lo
g
y
N
L
N
sw
N
L
/N
sw
N
gd
N
dc
TSV
p
.
u
.
[2]
7
8
0
.87
5
7
3
6
[6]
17
12
1
.42
10
4
6
[9]
9
11
0
.82
11
4
6
.75
[10
]
17
12
1
.42
10
4
5
.5
[12
]
9
17
0
.53
17
5
5
.83
[13
]
13
14
0
.93
11
4
5
.33
[14
]
13
18
0
.72
18
6
5
[15
]
13
12
1
.08
12
3
24
[16
]
7
10
0
.7
8
5
7
.3
[17
]
7
9
0
.78
8
4
6
.3
Prop
o
sed
13
10
1
.3
8
4
5
.33
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
pre
sents
a
n
im
pro
ved
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
t
opology
ha
ving
l
ow
total
sta
nd
i
ng
vo
lt
age
a
nd
util
iz
ed
a
re
du
ced
num
ber
of
s
witc
hes
to
pr
oduce
a
13
-
le
ve
l
outp
ut
volt
age.
T
opolog
y
i
s
e
xten
ded
to
t
he
n
-
le
vel
ge
ner
al
iz
ed
str
uct
ur
e
by
ad
ding
e
xtra
un
it
s
c
onsist
of
2
s
witc
hes
a
nd
dc
s
ource
t
o
th
e
basic
str
uctu
re.
An
al
ys
is
of
co
ns
ta
nt
an
d
dyna
mic
load
c
ondi
ti
on
s
as
well
a
s
varyin
g
loa
d
powe
r
facto
r
ar
e
al
so
presente
d
an
d
discusse
d
in
de
ta
il
.
Fo
r
c
on
st
ant
RL
load
,
the
TH
D
v
an
d
the
value
of
pe
r
unit
total
sta
n
di
ng
volt
age
(TSV)
are
fou
nd
t
o
be
6.3
6%
a
nd
5.33,
res
pecti
ve
ly
with
an
e
f
fici
ency
of
a
r
ound
98.
8%.
Unde
r
varyi
ng
loa
d
conditi
on
;
cha
ng
e
in
cu
rr
e
nt
from
z
er
o
to
6A
a
nd
the
n
t
o
12A
with
resis
ti
ve
loa
d
a
nd
f
r
om
z
er
o
to
5.8
to
11.
6
A
with
in
duct
ive
RL
l
oad
i
s
at
ta
ined.
As
t
he
m
odulati
on
ind
e
x
c
hanges
from
1
to
0.6
ou
t
pu
t
le
vels
r
edu
ce
from
13
le
vels
to
9
le
vels
.
T
he
co
mp
a
rison
of
the
pro
pos
ed
str
uctu
re
wi
th
oth
e
r
e
xisti
ng
t
opologies
i
s
al
so
pro
vid
e
d,
a
nd i
t i
s noted t
hat the
pro
po
se
d
t
opol
ogy o
utp
e
rformed
o
t
h
ers
topolo
gies
on
man
y para
mete
rs.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Vije
h
,
M
.
Re
za
ne
ja
d
,
E
.
Sa
m
ada
e
i
and
K.
Ber
ti
lsson
,
"A
Gen
e
ral
R
evi
ew
of
M
ult
ilevel
Inve
rte
r
s
Based
on
Main
Submodule
s:
Str
uct
ura
l
Point
of
View,
"
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
P
ower
E
lectronics
,
vol
.
34,
no
.
1
0,
pp
.
9479
-
950
2,
Oct.
2019
.
[2]
H.
Samsa
mi
,
A
.
Ta
her
i
and
R.
Sama
nb
akhsh,
"N
ew
bidi
re
ct
io
nal
mul
t
il
ev
el
i
nve
rte
r
topo
log
y
with
stai
r
ca
se
ca
sca
d
ing
for
symme
tr
ic a
nd
asy
mm
et
r
ic struc
tu
r
es,
"
IET
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
10,
no.
11,
pp.
1
315
-
1323,
2017
.
[3]
Kaka
r
S,
Ayob
S,
Nordin
N,
Ar
if
M,
Jus
oh
A,
Muhama
d
N
,
“
A
novel
sing
le
-
ph
ase
PWM
asym
me
trica
l
mu
lt
i
level
inve
rt
er
with
nu
mbe
r
of
sem
ic
on
duct
or
sw
itches
red
uction
,”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
onic
s
and
Dr
ive
Syste
ms
(IJ
PE
D
S)
;
Vol.
10
,
No.
3
,
pp.
1133
-
114
0
,
2019
.
[4]
Arif
MS
b,
Ayob
SM
,
Iqba
l
A,
Wi
lliam
son
S,
Salam
Z
,
ed
it
ors.
“
Nine
-
l
eve
l
asy
mm
et
r
ical
sing
le
phase
mu
lt
i
le
ve
l
inve
rt
er
topol
og
y
with
low
sw
itc
hing
fr
eque
n
cy
a
nd
red
u
ce
d
evi
c
e
coun
ts
,”
2017
I
EE
E
Int
ernati
on
al
Con
fe
renc
e
o
n
Industrial
Techn
ology
(ICIT)
,
22
-
25
Marc
h
2017.
[5]
Arif
MS
b,
Ay
ob
SM
,
Sa
la
m
Z
,
editors.
“
As
ymm
et
ri
ca
l
mul
tilevel
inve
r
te
r
topol
ogy
w
it
h
red
uc
ed
po
wer
semi
condu
ct
or
d
evi
c
es
,”
2016
I
EE
E
Industria
l
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Appl
i
cat
ions
C
onfe
renc
e
(IE
A
Con)
,
20
-
22
No
v.
2016.
[6]
E.
Sa
ma
da
ei,
A
.
Sheikholesla
m
i,
S.
A.
Ghol
a
mi
an
and
J.
Adabi,
"A
Square
T
-
Type
(ST
-
Type
)
Modul
e
for
As
ymm
et
ri
ca
l
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
r
t
ers,
"
IEEE
Tr
a
nsacti
ons
on
Po
wer
Elec
tronic
s
,
vol
.
33
,
no.
2,
pp.
987
-
996
,
Fe
b.
2018.
[7]
E.
Sam
adaei
,
S.
A.
Gholamian,
A.
Sheikholesla
mi
,
and
J.
Ad
abi,
"A
n
envelope
t
ype
(E
-
Type
)
m
odule
:
As
ymmet
ric
mul
tilevel
inve
r
t
erswith
red
u
ce
d
com
ponen
ts,"
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
El
e
ct
ron
.
,
vol
.
6
3,
no
.
11
,
pp
.
71
48
–
7156,
Nov.
2016
[8]
M.
D.
Sidd
ique
et.
al.,
"Low
Sw
it
chi
ng
Freq
uenc
y
B
ase
d
A
symme
trica
l
M
ult
ilevel
Inv
ert
e
r
Topol
ogy
wit
h
Reduc
ed
Sw
it
ch
Count,
"
IE
EE A
c
ce
ss
,
vol
.
7
,
pp
.
86734
–
86383,
2
019.
[9]
E.
Bab
ae
i
,
S.
Laali
and
Z
.
Baya
t
,
"A
Single
-
Phase
Casca
d
ed
Mul
ti
le
v
el
Inv
erter
Based
on
a
New
Basic
Unit
wi
th
Reduc
ed
Nu
mber
of
Pow
er
Sw
itches,
"
IE
EE
Tr
a
nsacti
ons
on
Ind
ustrial
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol
.
62,
no.
2,
pp.
922
-
929,
Feb.
2015
.
[10]
R.
S.
Alishah
,
S.
H.
Hos
seini,
E.
Baba
e
i
and
M.
Sabahi,
"
A
New
Gene
ral
Mult
il
e
vel
Conv
erter
T
opology
Based
o
n
Casca
ded
Conn
ec
t
ion
of
Subm
ult
ilevel
Units
with
Reduced
S
witc
hing
Co
mp
onent
s,
DC
Sou
rce
s,
and
Blo
ck
ed
Volta
ge
by
Sw
itches,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Ind
ustrial
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol
.
63
,
no
.
1
1,
pp
.
7157
-
716
4,
No
v.
2016.
[11]
R.
Sha
lc
hi
Al
ishah,
S.
H.
Hos
seini
,
E
.
Bab
ae
i
,
M
.
Sab
ahi
an
d
A.
Z
are,
"Ext
ende
d
high
step
-
up
struc
ture
fo
r
mul
tilevel
converte
r,
"
IET
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
,
vo
l
.
9
,
no
.
9
,
pp
.
18
94
-
1902,
27
7
2
016.
[12]
H.
Khoun
Jah
a
n,
M.
Abapour
and
K.
Za
r
e,
"S
witc
hed
-
C
ap
ac
i
tor
-
Based
Si
ngle
-
Source
Ca
sca
ded
H
-
Bridg
e
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
r
t
er
Fe
at
uring
Boo
sting
Abil
it
y
,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
34,
no.
2
,
pp
.
1113
-
1124,
Feb
.
2019
.
[13]
E.
Sam
ada
e
i,
M.
Kavi
ani
and
K.
Bert
il
ss
on,
"A
1
3
-
Le
ve
ls
Modul
e
(K
-
T
ype)
W
it
h
Two
DC
Sourc
es
for
Mult
il
ev
el
Inve
rte
rs,"
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on
Industrial Elect
ronics
,
vol
.
66
,
n
o.
7
,
pp
.
5186
-
5
196,
July 2
019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
difi
ed
as
y
m
metri
cal
13
-
le
v
el
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duce
po
we
r
…
(M S
aad Ari
f)
2221
[14]
J.
Li
u
,
K
.
W.
E.
Ch
eng
and
Y.
Ye,
"A
Casc
ade
d
Mul
ti
l
evel
Inve
rt
er
B
ase
d
on
Sw
it
ch
ed
-
C
apa
c
it
or
for
Hig
h
-
Freque
ncy
AC
P
ower
Distribut
i
on
Sys
te
m,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
on
s
on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
29
,
no.
8
,
pp.
421
9
-
4230,
Aug.
2014
.
[15]
T.
K.
Chakra
bor
ty,
A.
Anan,
S.
H.
Rak
ib,
M.
I.
Prodhan,
M.
M.
Kama
l
and
M.
Maha
bubunnabi,
"G
ene
r
at
ion
of
13
-
Le
ve
l
Output
Volta
g
e
from
Sing
le
-
Phase
Mul
ti
l
e
vel
Inv
ert
e
r
Con
sisting
of
C
asc
a
ded
Thr
ee
H
-
Bri
dge
Units,"
201
8
2nd
IEE
E
Inte
r
nati
onal
Conf
er
enc
e
on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics,
Intelli
gen
t
Control
and
Ene
rgy
S
yst
ems
(ICPE
ICES
)
,
Delhi
,
Indi
a, 201
8,
pp
.
361
-
364
.
[16]
S.
S.
Le
e
and
K.
Le
e
,
"D
u
al
-
T
-
Type
Seve
n
-
Le
ve
l
Boost
Acti
v
e
-
Neutr
al
-
Point
-
Cla
mp
ed
Inve
rt
er,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs,
vol
.
34
,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
6031
-
6035
,
July 2
019.
[17]
J.
L
iu,
J.
Wu
a
nd
J.
Z
eng,
"S
y
mm
et
r
ic/As
ymmetric
Hybr
id
Mu
lt
ilevel
Inv
erters
Int
egr
a
ti
ng
Sw
it
che
d
-
C
apa
c
it
or
Te
chn
ique
s,"
I
E
EE
Journal
of
E
merging
and
Se
l
ec
t
ed
Topics
in
Powe
r
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
6
,
no
.
3
,
pp.
1616
-
1626,
Sept.
2018
.
[18]
M.
Arif,
S
.
Ayo
b
,
and
Z
.
Sal
am
,
"A
symme
trica
l
Nine
-
Le
v
el
Inv
e
rte
r
Topol
ogy
w
it
h
Redu
ce
Pow
er
Sem
ic
ondutor
Devic
es,
"
TEL
K
OMNIKA
(Telec
omm
unic
ati
on
C
omputing
Elec
tr
onic
s
and
Contr
ol)
,
vol
.
16
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
38
-
45,
Feb
.
2018.
[19]
M.
Sharifzade
h
and
K.
Al
-
Ha
ddad,
"P
ac
k
ed
E
-
Cel
l
(PEC)
Convert
er
Topo
logy
Opera
t
ion
and
Exp
eri
m
e
nta
l
Vali
da
ti
on,
"
IEEE
A
ccess
,
vol
.
7
,
pp.
93049
-
9306
1,
2019
.
[20]
W.
A
.
Ha
li
m
,
N.
A.
T.
Te
ngku
,
K.
Applasa
m
y,
and
A.
Jidin,
“S
el
e
ct
iv
e
Har
mon
ic
El
i
mi
na
ti
on
Based
on
N
ewton
-
rap
hson
Method
for
Casca
d
ed
H
-
bridge
Mult
il
e
ve
l
Inve
r
te
r,”
In
te
r
nati
onal
Journal
of
Pow
er
Elec
tronic
s
and
Dr
ive
Syste
ms
(IJ
PE
D
S)
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
3
,
pp.
1193
–
1202
,
2017.
[21]
S.
S.
Lee,
M.
Sidorov,
N.
R
.
N.
Idr
is,
and
Y.
E.
Heng,
"A
Sy
mm
et
r
ical
Casc
ade
d
Compact
-
Module
Mult
il
e
ve
l
Inve
rte
r
(CCM
-
MLI)
With
Puls
ewi
dth
Modul
at
i
on,
"
IE
EE
Tr
an
sacti
ons
on
Indu
strial
Elec
tronics
,
vol.
65,
no.
6,
pp.
4631
-
4639
,
2018.
[22]
S.
Kumar
,
M.S.
Kumar
,
"A
sym
me
tric
hybr
id
m
ult
ilevel
inv
ert
e
r
with
r
educ
ed
h
arm
oni
c
using
h
ybrid
modulat
io
n
te
chn
ique
",
Int
ernati
onal Journal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
o
nic
s and
Dr
ive System
,
vo
l. 11,
no.
2
,
pp
.
605
-
6
10,
Jun.
2020.
[23]
Mus
ta
fa
U,
Arif
MS
B,
Ahmad
S,
Ta
r
iq
M,
Ayob
SM
,
“Per
for
ma
nc
e
Ev
al
u
at
io
n
of
Modifi
ed
5
-
Le
ve
l
T
-
Type
H
-
Bridge
Inve
rt
er
Utilizi
ng
Diff
e
ren
t
PWM
Mo
dula
ti
on
Sch
emes”
2019
Innov
ati
ons
in
Pow
e
r
and
Ad
vance
d
Computing
Tech
nologi
es
(
i
-
PA
C
T)
;
2019
22
-
23
Marc
h
2019
.
[24]
R.
Nade
r
i
and
A.
Rahmati,
"P
hase
-
shifte
d
ca
rri
er
PWM
t
ec
hniqu
e
for
g
ene
ra
l
c
asc
ad
ed
inve
rt
ers,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
on
on
I
ndustrial
Elec
tronic
s
,
vo
l. 23, no. 3, pp. 1257
-
126
9,
2008
.
[25]
Sale
h,
Wa
i
l
Ali
Ali,
Nurul
Ain
Mohd
Said,
and
W
ahi
d
ah
Abd
Hali
m
,
"H
arm
on
ic
mi
n
im
i
zation
of
a
sing
le
-
ph
ase
asymm
etric
al
T
CHB
mul
ti
l
evel
inve
rt
er
b
ase
d
on
nea
r
est
l
eve
l
cont
rol
method
",
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
,
vo
l.
11
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1
406
-
14
14,
Sept
.
2020.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
M
Saad
Bin
Arif
re
ceive
d
M.
Tech
d
egr
e
e
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Engi
ne
ering
with
spe
cializ
at
ion
in
Pow
er
Sys
te
m
and
Driv
es
and
Gradu
at
i
on
in
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
2
010
and
2010
r
e
spec
ti
v
el
y.
His
rese
arc
h
ar
ea
of
intere
st
-
pow
er
e
lectr
oni
cs,
a
ppli
c
at
ion
of
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
in
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rgy
sys
tems, ene
rgy
sys
tems, and
eng
ineeri
ng
educ
a
ti
on.
Ze
esha
n
Sarw
er
com
pl
et
ed
B
.
T
ec
h
(E
lectr
i
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
an
d
M.T
ec
h
(Instr
ume
nt
at
ion
and
Control
)
in
201
3
and
2015
r
espe
ctivel
y
from
Z.
H.Col
le
g
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
an
d
Technol
ogy
,
Aliga
rh
Mus
li
m
Univer
sity
,
A
MU
.
His
rese
ar
ch
intere
sts
are
ma
in
ly
in
the
are
a
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
c
Con
ver
te
rs,
R
ene
w
abl
e
En
erg
y
Sys
te
ms.
He
h
as
t
aug
ht
cour
ses
on
Elec
tr
ical
Mea
sureme
n
ts,
Dynami
c
Sys
tem
Ana
lysis,
Signal
s
and
Sys
te
ms.
Curr
ent
ly
,
he
is
t
eachi
ng
Micropr
oce
ss
or S
ystem
s a
nd
Ap
pli
c
at
ions
and
Si
gnal
s a
nd
Sys
tems.
Shahrin
bin
Md.
Ayob
was
born
in
Kua
la
Lum
p
ur,
Mal
aysia.
H
e
obt
ai
ned
his
f
irst
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Mast
er
i
n
Elec
tri
c
al
En
gine
er
ing
(Pow
er)
and
Doc
tor
of
Philosophy
(PhD
)
from
Uni
ver
siti
T
eknol
og
i
Ma
la
ysia
in
20
01,
2003
and
20
09,
r
espe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Curre
n
tl
y
he
is
an
associ
ate
pro
fessor
at
School
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
E
ngine
er
i
ng,
Fac
ult
y
of
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersiti
Te
knologi
Malays
ia
.
He
is
a
r
e
giste
red
Gr
adua
t
e
Engi
n
ee
r
und
e
r
Board
of
Enginee
r
Mal
aysia
(BEM)
and
Seni
or
Membe
r
of
I
EE
E
(2018)
.
Hi
s
cur
ren
t
rese
arch
int
er
est
is
sola
r
photovol
t
ai
c
sys
te
m,
e
le
c
tric
vehi
c
le
t
ec
hno
logy
,
fuz
zy
sys
te
m
,
and
evo
lu
ti
onar
y
al
gori
th
ms
for
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs
app
lications.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.