In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
143~
1
5
0
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
1
43-
15
0
143
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
A smart energy consumption
manager based
on protues
simulation
Moh
a
mmed
Ab
du
lhu
sse
i
n
M
oh
amme
d
,
A
la
a D
e
sh
er
Far
h
ood
, A
h
m
ed
J
ab
b
ar
A
b
i
d
T
echni
cal Elect
roni
cs
D
epartm
en
t, Technical
In
s
tr
uctors
T
rain
i
n
g
Ins
t
i
t
ute, Mi
d
d
l
e T
echn
i
cal
U
n
i
vers
it
y, Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 8,
201
9
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jul
8
,
2
019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
22,
201
9
In
t
he
p
ro
pos
ed
s
yst
e
m
,
a
s
trat
egy
f
o
r
t
h
e
contro
l
o
f
e
n
e
rgy
co
ns
um
ptio
n
by
ho
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
ances
i
s
p
r
ov
ided
.
Th
e
statisti
cs
o
f
prev
io
us
e
n
e
rgy
p
r
od
ucti
on
and
con
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
of
a
c
as
e
st
udy
ci
ty
a
re
u
s
e
d
in
p
rov
i
d
i
ng
t
h
e
st
rategy.
In
th
e
des
i
g
n
o
f
th
e
pro
pos
ed
s
ys
tem,
h
o
m
e
ap
pl
iances
a
re
cate
g
ori
zed
i
n
t
o
th
ree
l
e
vel
s
o
f
p
r
i
o
rity,
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
it
can
b
e
mo
re
t
han
t
h
ree
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ar
ticl
e
th
e
co
ntro
l
o
f
e
nergy
co
nsu
m
pt
io
n
i
s
achi
e
ved
us
in
g
a
real
t
im
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
con
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
m
a
n
a
ger
(ECM
)
ba
s
e
d
on
s
to
red
da
t
a
w
it
ho
ut
t
he
n
eed
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
tim
e
com
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
syst
e
m
w
hich
i
s
p
r
o
p
os
e
d
h
ere
is
a
f
f
o
rd
abl
e
a
nd
sim
p
l
e
.
Also,
it
does
no
t
requ
ire
g
r
id
u
pg
rade
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
l
i
n
e
c
o
mmu
nic
a
t
io
n
th
rou
gh
th
e
gri
d
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Emb
e
dd
e
d
s
yste
m
En
e
r
gy
c
o
n
sump
t
i
on
ma
nage
me
nt
Loa
d
c
urve
Mi
cro
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
Po
wer
g
r
i
d
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mo
ham
m
e
d
A
bd
u
l
h
u
sse
i
n
Moha
mm
ed,
Tec
h
ni
c
a
l
Elec
t
r
o
ni
c
s
D
e
p
t.
, Tech
nica
l
Instr
u
ct
ors
Train
i
ng
Ins
titu
te,
Mi
ddl
e
Te
ch
n
i
ca
l
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
Ba
gh
da
d,
I
ra
q.
Em
ail:
drad
nan
m
tu@
g
ma
i
l
.
c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
o
rde
r
t
o
m
e
asure
the
a
d
eq
uac
y
o
f
ge
ne
ra
ti
n
g
e
nergy,
m
argi
ns
of
i
nst
a
ll
e
d
c
a
p
acit
y
ove
r
p
e
a
k
-lo
a
d
is
u
s
u
al
ly
u
se
d
.
A
d
e
c
re
ase
in
t
he
se
m
ar
gin
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
re
c
o
rde
d
in
m
any
I
E
A
c
oun
trie
s,
b
u
t
a
re
s
t
i
l
l
h
ig
hly
prese
n
t
in
s
om
e
a
r
ea
s
[1]
.
In m
a
jori
ty
o
f th
ir
d
w
o
r
l
d c
o
un
tr
ies
, t
h
e pow
er pro
duc
t
i
on for sup
p
l
y o
f
hous
e
s
an
d
ot
her
fac
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
w
ith
in
a
g
ive
n
p
er
iod
of
t
i
m
e
i
s
i
nsu
ffic
i
ent.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
s
om
e
of
t
he
se
c
o
u
n
t
r
ie
s
try
to
reduc
e the
c
o
st
of pow
er prod
u
ct
i
on or em
i
ssio
n
o
f
C
o2 thr
o
u
g
h
differe
nt strate
g
ie
s w
h
ic
h inc
l
u
d
e
less pow
e
r
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
.
O
t
h
e
r
s
c
o
un
tries
or
c
i
t
i
es
t
h
a
t
t
r
y
t
o
r
e
l
y
on
o
nl
y
re
n
e
wabl
e
en
e
r
gy
e
nc
ount
e
r
s
o
m
e
ch
a
lle
n
g
e
s
tha
t
ar
e
a
ssocia
t
ed
w
ith
a
br
up
t
w
e
ather
cha
nge
s a
n
d
o
t
her
co
nd
i
ti
o
n
s.
G
l
o
b
al
e
ffor
t
s
have
b
ee
n
d
i
rec
t
e
d
t
ow
ards
p
romot
i
n
g
t
he
u
se
o
f
c
l
ea
n
e
n
e
r
gy
fo
r
t
h
e
protec
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
,
a
nd
t
h
e
se
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
h
av
e
al
so
i
nvol
v
e
d
th
e
sc
h
e
d
u
l
in
g
of
e
ner
g
y
c
o
n
s
um
pt
i
o
n
pa
tte
rn
s
o
a
s
t
o
me
et
t
he
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
dem
a
n
d
f
or
pow
er
[
2,
3
]
.
O
ne
o
f
the
c
h
al
le
n
g
e
s
c
o
n
fron
t
i
n
g
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
an
d
h
ouse
h
ol
ds
i
s
the
i
n
ade
q
ua
t
e
s
up
ply
of
p
o
w
e
r
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
s
t
r
a
t
eg
ies
u
s
ed
i
n
a
d
d
r
e
ss
i
n
g
the
iss
u
e
of
i
ns
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
w
ithi
n
c
itie
s
i
s
pow
er
s
up
ply
sche
du
lin
g.
W
i
t
h
th
is
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
in
g,
t
he
pub
li
c
o
v
e
r
uses
t
heir
t
ime
sl
ot
w
he
n
the
pow
er
is su
pp
li
ed
t
o t
h
em
.
This
i
n
tur
n
has
m
a
d
e
t
h
e
ex
te
ns
i
on
of the tim
e of power s
up
pl
y di
ffic
ul
t [
4
].
A
g
a
i
n
s
t
th
is
b
ackdr
o
p
,
a
so
l
u
t
i
on
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
be
u
se
d
i
n
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
h
o
u
se
ho
lds
is
o
ffere
d
i
n
t
hi
s
re
sea
r
ch
.
Th
i
s
s
ol
uti
o
n
p
e
rmit
s
sma
r
t
c
o
nt
ro
l
a
n
d
moni
to
ri
ng
o
f
t
em
p
o
ra
r
y
l
oa
d-
she
d
ding
of
t
he
i
nd
ivi
d
ual
ho
use
un
i
t
’s
p
ow
er
c
ons
ump
t
i
o
n
an
y
time
t
h
e
g
i
ve
n
l
i
m
i
t
of
p
ow
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
x
c
e
e
d
e
d
[
5
,
6
]
.
T
h
e
spec
ifie
d
p
o
w
e
r
limi
t
c
an
b
e
m
a
de
f
le
x
i
b
l
e,
s
uch
tha
t
i
t
ca
n
be
r
e
d
uc
ed
o
r
i
n
c
r
ea
se
d
de
pe
nd
ing
o
n
t
he
ava
ila
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
pow
er
all
oca
t
e
d
to a
g
i
ve
n a
r
ea
a
t
pa
rtic
u
l
ar
time
s
o
f the
day
or ye
a
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
143
–
15
0
14
4
U
n
l
i
ke
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d,
t
he
d
esi
gne
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
ca
pa
b
l
e
of
r
e
g
u
l
a
tin
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on
w
i
t
ho
ut
r
e
qu
ir
in
g
a
p
o
w
er
l
ine
com
m
uni
c
a
t
ion.
M
or
e
so,
t
h
e
sy
stem
posse
sse
s
num
er
ous
f
e
a
t
ur
es
l
i
k
e
l
o
w
cost,
sim
p
lic
i
t
y,
e
as
y
de
vel
o
pm
en
t
and
i
n
sta
l
la
t
i
o
n
b
ec
a
u
se
i
t
is
b
as
e
d
o
n
pr
o
g
r
a
m
m
a
b
le
m
i
c
roco
n
t
ro
ller,
a
n
d
i
t
is
pos
si
b
l
e
t
o
upda
te
s
ave
d
d
at
a
by
o
v
e
r
w
r
iti
n
g
t
he
e
x
t
er
na
l
R
A
M
o
r
by
s
e
n
din
g
a
n
SMS
i
f
t
h
e
G
S
M
o
pt
i
onal
m
odem
c
onn
ec
ted
[
7
,
8]
.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
c
on
centra
t
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
ectric
ener
g
y
e
ng
ine
e
ri
ng
a
nd
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
in
dustr
y
de
par
t
m
e
nt
s,
t
he
e
l
e
c
tr
ici
t
y
c
or
por
at
io
n
a
nd
p
o
w
er
g
r
i
d
e
n
ter
p
r
i
ses
t
h
at
a
r
e
t
he
s
ubj
e
c
t
s
o
f
so
ci
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
s
a
v
i
n
g
i
n
a
dd
iti
on
t
o
sc
i
e
ntif
ic
a
n
d
r
atio
na
l
pow
e
r
c
on
sump
t
i
o
n
,
and
dem
a
nd-
s
i
d
e
m
ana
ge
me
nt
(
D
S
M)
i
mple
m
e
nta
t
i
o
n.
T
hey
p
l
a
y
im
por
tan
t
r
o
l
e
s
i
n s
p
on
sor
i
n
g
t
he e
n
h
ance
me
nt
o
f
o
v
er
a
ll
ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
f
or
t
he
socia
l
pow
er
c
ons
ump
t
io
n a
nd
t
h
e
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
o
f
D
S
M
w
or
k.
2.
LITERATURE S
UR
VEY
I
n
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
a
t
w
her
e
b
y
t
he
e
n
t
e
r
pr
ise
of
pow
er
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
is
se
par
a
te
d
fr
om
t
ha
t
of
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
i
on,
the
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
on
e
n
t
er
pr
ise
bec
o
m
e
s
t
o
tal
l
y
r
e
s
po
ns
ible
f
or
t
he
i
mp
le
me
nt
a
t
i
o
n
of
D
e
m
a
nd-
S
i
de
M
a
n
ag
e
m
ent
(
D
SM)
be
cau
s
e
l
ar
ge
s
ca
l
e
e
lectr
i
c
c
ons
ume
r
s
are
dir
ect
l
y
i
n
v
o
l
ve
d
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
I
n
the
pr
op
ose
d
s
ys
tem
,
it
is
a
s
sum
e
d
tha
t
t
he ene
r
g
y
w
h
ic
h is pr
o
duc
e
d
i
s i
n
s
u
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
and
t
h
er
e i
s
ne
e
d f
o
r
the
dem
a
nd si
de t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
i
es,
t
h
e
rese
arc
h
ers
pro
pos
ed
a
s
tra
t
e
g
y
for
en
e
r
gy
c
on
t
r
ol
t
h
a
t
is p
ri
ci
ng
-b
a
s
ed
;
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
st
r
at
e
g
ie
s
a
r
e
aim
ed
a
t e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
ng
t
h
e pe
ak
l
oa
d f
o
r
sm
ar
t
gr
id.
Based o
n the
pr
ice
,
ener
gy
c
onsum
er
s ar
e able t
o r
e
gula
t
e
t
he ene
r
g
y
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
cons
ume
so as
t
o
ma
k
e
a
tr
a
d
e
o
f
f
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
r
ed
uc
ti
on
of
l
oad
an
d
e
l
ectr
i
ci
t
y
c
ost
[
12
].
Other
rese
arc
h
ers
ha
ve
r
ec
om
m
e
nded
th
a
t
d
em
and
si
de
m
a
n
a
g
em
ent
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
l
eme
n
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
s
ch
edu
l
i
n
g
of
t
ec
hni
qu
es
u
s
e
d
fo
r
home
a
p
pl
i
an
ce
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
po
wer
sy
st
em
h
as
b
een
im
me
nsel
y a
f
f
e
c
t
ed
b
y
c
o
nsu
m
e
r
s’
g
r
o
w
i
ng
d
em
and,
t
her
e
by
p
os
in
g
s
o
m
e
ch
al
l
e
ng
e
s
t
o th
e p
o
w
er
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
on
sys
t
em
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
q
ua
n
tit
y
and
qua
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
ow
er
s
up
p
l
y
[
15]
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
ob
lem
in
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
c
a
n
be
s
ol
ve
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
io
n
a
n
d
ec
ono
mi
ca
l
g
e
n
e
rat
i
on
b
ec
au
se
i
t
is
c
om
b
i
ne
d
w
i
t
h
i
nf
o
r
ma
ti
o
n
c
o
mm
unic
a
t
i
o
n
tec
h
no
lo
gies
.
S
m
a
r
t
gr
i
d
p
r
o
v
i
des
the
op
por
tu
n
iti
e
s
f
or
t
he
u
se
o
f
va
r
i
o
u
s
pr
ic
in
g
sc
hem
e
s
tha
t
a
r
e
c
a
p
abl
e
o
f
inc
r
ea
sin
g
e
ff
ic
i
e
nc
y
of
s
che
d
uli
n
g
tec
h
niq
ue
s
[1
6,
17]
.
I
n
s
p
i
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
[
1
8
]
,
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
i
ta
b
l
e
so
l
u
t
i
on
c
o
ul
d
be
s
ma
r
t
g
r
i
d.
I
n
[
1
9
]
,
a
n
u
m
be
r
of
t
he
i
s
s
ue
s
a
nd
cha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
ssoc
i
a
t
ed
w
i
t
h
sm
ar
t
gr
id
w
e
r
e
pr
esen
ted
a
l
on
gs
i
d
e
t
h
e
i
r
so
lu
tio
ns.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
r
e
se
ar
c
h
er
s
ha
ve
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
a
l
oa
d
m
a
n
a
gem
e
nt
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
t
ha
t
is
ba
se
d
o
n
s
m
a
rt
g
r
i
d
pr
i
v
ac
y
po
l
i
cy
f
or
e
ner
gy
m
a
na
gem
e
nt
s
er
v
i
c
e,
b
e
e
m
plo
y
e
d
w
ith
in
a
n
en
vir
o
n
m
ent
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
ana
g
e
m
e
n
t
se
r
v
ice
[
20]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
e
n
ab
le
r
ob
us
tne
ss
a
nd
l
oa
d
bala
nc
i
n
g,
t
h
e
a
ut
h
o
r
s
d
ur
i
n
g
stud
y
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
t
h
e
use
of
c
l
o
ud
c
om
put
ing
a
n
d
da
ta
c
en
ter
s
.
3.
CAS
E
S
T
UD
Y
Th
e
c
a
s
e
st
u
dy
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
dy
i
s
a
c
i
ty
w
i
t
h
an
a
nn
ua
l
l
o
ad
c
ur
ve
t
h
a
t
i
s
p
r
e
se
nte
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
a
nd a
day
l
o
a
d
c
ur
ve
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2 [
2
2
]
.
T
he
a
n
nua
l
cur
v
e
is a
r
e
pr
esenta
tio
n
of
a
n
i
n
ade
q
ua
t
e
p
ow
e
r
ge
n
er
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ont
h
of
M
a
y
t
o
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
;
h
e
r
e,
t
he
r
e
d
uct
i
on
o
f
the
p
o
w
e
r
de
m
a
nd
bel
o
w
t
h
e
va
l
u
e
s
i
n
the
c
u
r
v
e
is
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d.
S
ome
coun
tr
ie
s
i
n
cr
ease
the
c
o
st
o
f
K
W
-
H
u
ni
t
w
i
t
h
t
he
a
im
o
f
r
e
duc
i
n
g
the
l
o
ad
[
16]
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
i
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
l
i
k
e
I
r
a
q
,
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
s
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
s
h
u
t
ti
ng
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
s
ome
ci
tie
s,
b
u
t
t
his
str
a
t
e
gy
has
a
n
a
dve
r
s
e
eff
e
c
t
on
the
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
l
ife
[
2
3]
.
A
S
imilar
pr
oce
dur
e
is
u
se
d
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
d
a
y
l
o
a
d
pe
ak.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
i
n
the
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
s
yste
m,
a
n
o
v
e
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
i
s
p
r
e
s
en
te
d
as
s
ee
n
in
t
he
f
l
o
w
c
har
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
ned
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h,
t
he
h
o
u
se
a
pp
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
ar
e
di
v
i
de
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
ee
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
ev
e
l
s
ac
c
o
rd
i
n
g
t
o
p
ri
o
r
iti
es
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
A
nnu
al
l
oa
d
cur
v
e
Fi
g
u
re
2
.
A
d
a
y
l
o
a
d
cu
rv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
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F
low
c
ha
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t
he pr
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p
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d softw
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SY
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The
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gu
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4
,
show
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at
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m
unica
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ake
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S
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ug
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(TX
and
RX
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bp
s.
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hi
s
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c
curs
w
hi
le
t
h
e
m
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t
r
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is
i
n
c
o
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t
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th
a
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e
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time
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(RTC)
a
nd
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h
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M
t
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g
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r-inte
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(
I
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t
i
s
a
l
s
o
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nag
e
d
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y
a
4
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t
r
i
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p
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n
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p
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mic
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there
by
be
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(CT) co
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AT
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Mic
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The
mic
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r
(A
T
m
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a32)
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.
S
o
m
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f
the
attr
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l
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p
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ode,
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1
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I
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8
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202
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n
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e
r
i
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e
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d
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n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
w
hi
le
t
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c
o
n
f
i
gur
a
tio
ns
of
t
he
s
i
gna
l
li
ne
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r
e
s
how
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Table
1
.
S
i
gnal
Li
ne
C
on
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
s
U
s
ed
Lab
els
P
i
n
N
o
.
Des
c
rip
t
i
ons
RS
T
9
Con
n
ect
ed t
o p
u
s
h
b
u
t
to
n
t
o
res
et t
he s
y
s
te
m
.
X
1
-X
2
13-12
C
rys
t
al (20MHz
)
CT
4
0
Curren
t
T
ransf
o
rm
er
C
on
diti
on
e
r
s
i
gnal
1-4
A-
D
33
-3
6
18
-2
1
4x
4
Keyp
ad
D4
-D7
,
RS
,
M
O
SI
1
-6
L
CD
S
creen
,
M
O
SI as
E
N
s
i
g
na
l
SCL
SDA
22
23
I
2
C seri
al cl
o
ck
I
2
C seri
al d
ata
Fo
r
ex
ternal R
AM & R
TC
High
Me
dium
Lo
w
24
25
26
Hi
gh
p
ri
ori
t
y
relay
enab
les
M
e
di
um
p
rio
r
it
y
rel
a
y
en
ables
Lo
w p
r
io
rit
y
relay en
a
bl
es
RX
TX
14
15
RS
23
2 recei
ved
dat
a
RS
23
2 t
r
ans
m
it
ted
data
Fo
r
G
S
M
Mo
de
m
MOSI
, MI
S
O
, S
CK
6
,7
,8
F
o
r
p
ro
grammin
g
pu
r
p
o
ses IC
SP
1
4.
2.
L
oad
m
an
ag
e
r
Thr
o
ug
h
t
h
r
e
e
laye
r
s
,
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h
e
fa
ci
lit
y
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s
up
p
l
i
e
d
w
ith
t
he
m
ai
n
po
w
e
r
.
T
he
l
o
a
d
is
c
on
tr
o
l
le
d
b
y
t
hr
e
e
r
e
lays de
p
en
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ng o
n
t
he
v
ari
o
us le
v
e
l
s
o
f
pr
i
or
ities.
4.
3.
Re
a
l
ti
m
e co
ntro
l
l
e
r
(RT
C
)
I
t
i
s
the
r
e
sp
on
si
bil
i
t
y
t
o
ma
n
a
ge
t
he
t
i
m
e
o
v
er
t
he
d
a
y
a
n
d
d
a
te
o
ver
the
ye
ar
.
The
R
T
C,
w
hic
h
w
as
u
s
ed
i
s
t
h
e
R
T
C
(DS1
3
0
7
)
t
hat
po
s
s
es
se
s
a
seri
a
l
r
ea
l
-
ti
me
c
l
o
c
k
(
R
T
C
)
w
ith
l
ow
pow
e
r
,
full
b
i
nar
y
-
c
ode
d
de
cima
l
(
BCD
)
c
l
ock
/
ca
len
d
a
r
plus
56
b
y
t
e
s
o
f
N
V
S
R
AM.
Wi
th
t
h
i
s,
t
h
e
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
o
f
d
at
a
i
s
d
on
e
se
ri
al
l
y
thr
o
u
g
h
a
n
I
2
C
bid
i
r
e
ct
iona
l
b
u
s.
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
ystem
Bloc
k
D
i
a
g
r
a
m
F
i
gur
e
5.
M
ic
r
o
co
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
P
in
s
Conne
c
t
io
ns
The
kin
d
o
f
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
p
r
o
v
i
ded
by
t
he
c
l
o
c
k
/c
a
l
e
nda
r
inc
l
ude
s
i
nfo
r
ma
t
i
o
n
on
ho
u
r
s
,
s
eco
nd
,
m
i
nu
t
e
s,
d
ay,
da
te,
m
ont
h
a
nd
ye
ar
,
pr
ov
i
d
es
s
e
c
o
n
d
s,
m
inu
t
es,
h
our
s,
d
a
y
,
dat
e
,
m
o
n
t
h,
a
n
d
y
ea
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n.
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
m
o
n
t
hs
w
i
t
h
l
ess
t
h
an
3
1
da
ys,
an
a
ut
om
at
ic
a
dj
us
t
m
en
t
is
m
ade
t
o
t
he
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
m
ont
h
da
te,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
c
or
r
e
c
tio
ns
f
or
l
ea
p
y
e
a
r
.
The
for
m
at
u
se
d
b
y
t
he
c
loc
k
i
s
e
i
t
h
er
,
the
24-
h
our
o
r
12-
ho
ur
f
or
ma
t
.
T
he
D
S
1
3
0
7
i
s
c
a
pab
l
e
o
f
det
ec
t
i
n
g
pow
er
fa
i
l
u
r
e
a
nd
a
ut
o
m
a
t
i
c
ally
s
wit
c
hin
g
t
o
b
a
cku
p
s
u
ppl
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A
sm
art
ene
r
gy
cons
um
p
t
i
o
n m
a
n
ager
base
d
on pro
t
ues sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
M
oh
a
m
m
e
d
Abd
u
lh
u
ssei
n
M
oham
m
e
d)
14
7
thr
o
u
g
h
i
ts
b
u
ilt-
in
p
ow
er
-sense
c
i
r
cu
i
t
.
The
oper
a
ti
on
of
t
i
m
e
-ke
e
pi
ng
r
em
ains
w
hi
l
e
t
h
e
p
art
o
p
er
ates
f
r
o
m
the ba
c
k
up s
u
p
p
l
y
.
4.4.
Ex
te
rna
l
RA
M
Ba
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
des
i
gn,
t
he
l
oa
d
i
s
a
m
at
t
e
r
o
f
t
im
e
Lo
ad
(
n
T
),
w
her
e
n
d
e
n
o
t
e
s
t
he
num
ber
of
t
h
e
sam
p
l
e
p
er
a
nn
um
a
nd
T
repr
esen
ts
t
he
t
im
e
inte
rva
l
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
a
m
ple
s
.
The
desi
gn
o
f
t
he
s
yst
e
m
a
llow
s
it
to
save
a
s
sam
p
l
e
h
o
u
rl
y
thr
oug
ho
u
t
t
he
y
ea
r,
t
he
ref
o
re
m
aki
ng
n
=
3
6
5x
2
4
=
8
7
60
a
n
d
T
=
1
h
our
“
it
co
u
l
d
be
mor
e
or
less as
a
m
atter of
accura
cy”. The
f
orm
a
t
in whi
ch
a
l
l
t
h
e
sampl
e
s
wi
ll
b
e sav
e
d i
s
“XX.
X
X”
A
. Th
i
s
form
at
s
a
v
e
d
i
n
t
w
o
b
y
te
s w
h
ich
ma
ke
t
he
R
A
M
> 17
5
20
B
y
t
e
s or
e
qual
t
o
32K
B.
Th
e
u
s
e
of
2
4FC
5
12
wa
s
emp
l
oy
ed
b
y
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h
e
sy
st
e
m
b
e
cau
se
i
t
h
a
s
go
o
d
c
ha
rac
t
eris
ti
c
s
s
uc
h
as
l
o
w
pow
er
C
M
O
S
te
ch
no
log
y
,
a
sin
g
l
e
su
pp
l
y
w
ith
oper
a
tio
n
d
o
w
n
t
o
1
.
7
v,
2
-W
ire
S
e
rial
I
nterface,
I2C
™
com
p
at
i
b
l
e
,
all
o
w
s
f
low
fo
r
up
to
e
ig
ht
d
e
v
ice
s
,
10
0
kH
z
a
nd
40
0
kH
z
Cloc
k
C
o
m
p
atib
il
i
t
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a
nd
S
c
hm
itt
t
r
ig
g
e
r i
nput
s s
u
p
p
r
e
ss no
i
s
e
.
4.5.
Di
spl
ay
To
d
isp
l
a
y
the
a
l
l
ow
e
d
l
oa
d a
nd i
n
s
t
a
n
t
l
o
ad,
an L
CD
d
isp
l
a
y
(2
x1
6) chara
cter
s w
e
r
e
use
d. The L
CD
con
n
ec
tio
n as w
e
l
l
as the
tw
o
r
ow
s of d
i
s
p
l
a
y
i
n
g da
t
a
is sh
ow
n
inF
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
the first
ro
w
th
e
l
oa
d de
m
a
nd in
am
pere
(
ID)
is
d
isp
l
a
y
e
d
, w
hil
e
t
he se
c
o
nd r
o
w
is a
d
ispla
y
o
f
t
h
e ma
x
i
mum al
l
o
wed
cu
rre
n
t
a
t
thi
s
mo
m
en
t
.
F
i
gur
e 6.
LCD
S
cre
e
n (2x1
6 c
h
a
r
ac
ters)
4.6.
Transformer less
Power
Supp
l
y
Th
e
po
we
r
su
pp
ly
w
h
i
c
h
a
dop
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
d
esig
n
i
s
t
h
a
t
requ
i
r
es
n
o
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
t
h
a
t
m
a
k
es
u
se
o
f
a
para
l
l
e
l
RC
fo
r
the
reduc
tio
n
o
f
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
t
hro
u
g
h
1
A
fuse.
S
ubse
que
n
t
t
o
th
is
s
ta
ge
i
s
the
pro
c
ess
of
rec
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
io
n us
i
n
g
bri
d
ge,
and
after
w
ards
r
egula
t
e
d
a
t 5
vdc
.
4.7.
Cu
rrent tr
ansfor
mer
and c
o
ndit
i
on
i
n
g
A
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
(
7
,
t
h
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
(
C
T
)
.
Cur
r
ent
tran
sfo
r
mers,
toget
h
er
w
i
t
h
vo
l
t
a
g
e
(
o
r
po
te
nt
ia
l)
t
ra
n
sf
orm
e
rs
(
VT
o
r
P
T
),
a
r
e
know
n
as
i
n
s
tr
um
ent
trans
f
or
me
rs.
In
a
n
i
n
sta
n
ce
w
he
reby
t
he
c
ircu
it
c
urre
nt
i
s
e
x
t
re
me
ly
h
ig
h
for
d
i
re
ct
a
pp
lica
t
i
o
n
on
t
he
in
strum
e
n
t
s
of
m
ea
surem
e
nt,
a
re
duced
c
urr
e
nt
w
hic
h
i
s
a
c
c
ur
ate
ly
e
qua
l
to t
he
c
i
r
cu
it
c
u
r
r
ent
is
p
ro
du
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
cu
rre
n
t
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
mer;
t
hi
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
i
t
a
bl
y
con
n
ect
ed
t
o
th
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
ing
a
n
d
re
cordi
ng
i
n
str
u
m
e
nts
.
I
n
a
curr
ent
trans
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
t
he
i
ns
trume
n
ts
o
f
me
a
s
urem
ent
a
r
e
s
e
pa
rat
e
d
f
r
o
m
w
h
a
t
m
a
y
t
a
g
g
e
d
a
s
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
l
y
h
i
g
h
vo
lta
ge
i
n
t
h
e
m
onit
o
re
d
c
i
r
c
ui
t
.
T
he
u
se
o
f
curr
en
t
tra
n
sform
e
rs
i
s
e
m
plo
y
e
d
i
n
pr
ot
e
c
t
ive
rela
ys
a
n
d
me
terin
g
in
the
ele
c
trica
l
pow
er
i
nd
ustr
y.
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
Current Transform
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
143
–
15
0
14
8
I
n
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
system
,
a
C
T
w
it
h
tra
n
s
f
e
r
r
a
t
io
o
f
(10
0
-
1)
w
as
u
til
ize
d
,
so
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
um
o
u
t
p
u
t
curr
ent I
out
w
il
l
be
1
A
if
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
cur
rent I
in
equa
l 1
00A
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
(1)
.
∗
∗
(
1
)
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
cha
nge
t
he
c
urre
n
t
t
o
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
sca
l
e
u
p
t
he
v
a
l
u
e
of
t
he
c
ur
re
nt,
the
CT
i
s
term
ina
t
ed
us
i
n
g
a
3.3
Ω
/1W
r
e
sis
t
or.
A
t
t
h
i
s
p
o
i
n
t
,
i
t
is
s
afe
a
nd
t
h
e
ra
t
io
o
f
c
o
n
v
ersi
o
n
v
a
l
ue
i
s
3.3V
t
o
ea
ch
1
0
0
A
.
T
he
resist
or is be
in
g
para
lle
l
e
d b
y
a
Ze
ner
di
o
d
e
5.1V
for
t
he p
u
r
p
ose
o
f
over
v
o
lta
ge
pro
te
ct
ion.
4.8.
L
oad
Tab
le
of
Prior
i
ties
In
a
n
ev
ent
wh
e
r
eby
t
h
e
p
r
od
u
c
e
d
p
o
w
er
i
s
in
ad
eq
u
a
t
e
,
th
e
l
o
ad
can
b
e
m
a
na
ge
d
i
f
t
he
d
i
ffe
re
nt
leve
ls
o
f
pri
o
ri
ty
a
re
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
b
y
t
he
s
yste
m.
H
er
e
,
t
he
d
e
m
a
nd
loa
d
o
f
the
s
y
ste
m
i
s
c
h
ec
ke
d
per
i
o
d
i
ca
l
l
y
t
o
k
n
o
w
i
f
th
e
al
lo
wed
l
o
ad
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ex
ce
e
d
ed
,
and
th
en
t
h
e
a
pp
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
of
l
ow
p
rior
i
t
y
a
r
e
shut
d
ow
n
.
T
he
syste
m
c
he
cks
agai
n
an
d
if
t
h
e
l
oa
d
sti
ll
e
x
c
e
e
d
s,
t
he
a
pp
l
i
a
n
c
es
o
f
m
e
di
u
m
p
riorit
y
w
i
ll
b
e
shu
t
d
ow
n.
M
o
r
e
so,
i
f
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
w
e
r
is
i
nc
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
c
o
ve
r
i
n
g
t
he
h
i
g
h
pri
orit
y
l
o
ad,
an
a
lar
m
i
s
ra
i
s
ed
b
y
th
e
syst
em
o
r
an S
MS
is
se
n
t
t
o the
ho
use o
w
ner to
m
an
ua
l
l
y red
u
ce
the
l
oad,
i
f
no
t
,
t
h
e sys
t
em
w
i
l
l
s
h
ut d
ow
n in
t
he ent
i
r
e
ho
use
for
t
h
r
e
e
m
i
nu
tes,
a
nd
a
f
terw
a
r
ds,
turn
on
t
h
e
hi
gh
pr
ior
ity
s
o
a
s
t
o
c
h
ec
k
a
g
a
i
n
an
d
t
h
i
s
proce
dur
e
w
i
l
l
be
r
e
p
ea
t
e
d
thr
i
c
e
a
n
d
t
he
n
s
t
op
u
n
ti
l
t
h
e
prod
uce
d
p
ow
er
i
s
a
b
le
t
o
co
ve
r
the
dem
a
nd
l
o
ad.
In
t
he
p
ro
pos
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
o
w
n
e
r
i
s
m
e
m
o
r
i
z
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m,
a
nd
t
h
en
it
tur
n
s
o
n
o
t
h
er
d
e
v
ices
w
hen
pow
er
i
s
a
v
a
ila
bl
e
.
E
ve
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
,
the
le
ve
l
s
o
f
pr
ior
ity
c
a
n
b
e
de
ter
m
ine
d
b
y
t
h
e
user
,
t
h
e
Ta
ble
2
sho
w
s
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt le
v
e
l
s
of pr
i
or
i
t
y.
Ta
ble
2.
L
ist
o
f
Loa
d P
r
iori
ti
es
Priority
L
e
v
e
l
A
pplia
n
c
e
s
Hi
gh
L
e
ve
l
Se
c
u
rity Sy
s
tem, Sm
o
k
e
a
l
a
r
m
Em
e
r
g
e
nc
y
l
i
ght
a
nd
a
ll
th
e
o
t
he
r
im
por
ta
nt
ap
p
l
i
a
n
ces
Me
diu
m
Le
v
e
l
A
i
r
c
onditioning
s
y
st
e
m
Re
f
rige
r
a
tors
W
a
t
e
r
h
e
a
t
er
,
et
c
.
L
o
w
l
e
v
e
l
It
c
oul
d
be
a
ny
a
pplia
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
not
a
ffec
t
e
d
by
losing
powe
r
.
5.
RESULT
AND
DI
SC
USSI
ON
Th
e
u
s
e
of
P
ro
t
u
es
so
ftw
a
re
w
as
u
sed
i
n
t
h
e
s
ys
tem
simu
l
a
ti
o
n
;
al
l
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
w
er
e
use
d
w
e
r
e
s
i
m
ulate
d
i
nc
l
udi
ng
t
h
e
micr
oco
n
tro
lle
r.
T
he
s
imula
t
e
d
c
i
r
cu
it
w
as
d
i
v
i
d
ed
i
n
t
o
v
a
ri
ou
s
are
a
s
as
s
e
e
n
in
F
i
gure
1
8.
K
e
ypa
d
w
h
ic
h
is
o
p
t
io
na
l
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
p
l
u
gge
d
in
duri
n
g
t
h
e
ph
as
e
of
i
ni
tia
liz
a
t
i
o
n.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
t
h
e
tw
o-la
yer
syste
m
p
rinte
d
c
ircu
it b
o
ar
d (P
C
B
)
i
s
p
resen
t
e
d
.
The
pro
pose
d
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
c
ost ef
fec
tive
.
The
a
m
ou
n
t
s
p
e
nt
on
a
l
l
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
the
sys
t
em
i
s
gi
ve
n
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
3.
T
he
c
ost
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
pe
i
s
≈
5
2
U
S
D
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
l
e
s
s
e
r
w
h
e
n
p
u
r
c
h
a
s
e
d
i
n
l
a
r
g
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
f
or
m
a
s
s
prod
uc
ti
on.
T
h
e
c
os
t
for
t
h
e
P
CB
a
n
d
ins
t
al
lat
i
on
of
c
om
pone
n
t
s
is
≈
3
8
U
S
D
.
Ther
efor
e
,
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
c
os
t
is
≈
90
U
S
D
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
gh,
t
he
u
se
o
f
the
ke
ypa
d
a
n
d
G
S
M
m
ode
m
is
opt
io
na
l,
t
he
y
c
o
st
≈
35
U
S
D
.
L
astly
,
t
h
e
pl
ot
t
i
n
g
o
f
the
P
C
B
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
3D
mode
a
s
pr
ese
n
te
d
i
n
F
igur
e
1
0
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
d
epe
n
de
n
t
o
n
minimum
s
i
z
e.
I
n
sum
m
a
r
y,
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
s
y
stem
requ
ire
s
n
o
s
m
a
r
t
grid
c
om
m
unica
t
i
on,
i
t
is
p
orta
ble,
c
os
t
ef
fi
cie
n
t,
easy
t
o
i
ns
ta
l
l
,
li
ghtw
e
i
g
h
t
a
nd
ea
s
y
deve
l
opm
en
t
b
e
c
a
use
it
is
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
n
i
nte
g
rate
d
c
i
rcu
i
t
tha
t
i
s
pr
ogra
m
m
a
ble
(M
CU
),
G
S
M
b
ase
d
a
nd
dy
nam
i
c
da
t
a
a
bou
t
po
w
e
r
av
aila
b
i
lit
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
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D
r
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94
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y
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3
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F
i
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i
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
143
–
15
0
15
0
REFE
RENCES
[1]
F
r
an
çoi
s
N
gu
yen
and
Ulri
k
S
t
rid
b
aek
,
“
T
ack
ling
Inves
t
m
e
nt
C
h
a
l
l
en
ges
in
P
o
w
er
G
en
erat
io
n”,
In
IEA
Count
r
ies,
Ener
gy
M
a
r
ket
E
x
peri
ence. Inte
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l Ener
g
y
Agen
cy
(
I
EA)
,
Head
o
f
Pu
blicatio
ns
S
erv
i
ce,
2007.
[2]
Ali
A.
A
bd
ulraz
zaq
,
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ce
Inv
e
st
ig
atio
n
o
f
G
rid
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
ho
to
vo
lta
i
c
Syste
m
M
od
e
lli
ng
Ba
s
e
d
on
M
A
TL
AB
S
i
m
u
l
atio
n
"
,
In
ter
nat
io
nal Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Elect
rica
l
and
Com
p
u
t
er
En
gi
neeri
n
g
(
I
J
E
CE)
,
Vol
.
8
No.
6
,
2
0
18.
[3]
Ahm
e
d
J.
A
bid,
F
aw
zi
M
.
Al
-Na
i
m
a
,
an
d
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li,
"
Com
p
reh
e
ns
i
v
e
Model
i
n
g
o
f
PV
A
rray
b
a
s
e
d
on
P
roteus
Softw
a
re”,
In
t
e
r
n
at
iona
l Journal of Ap
p
lie
d Eng
i
n
e
e
r
in
g Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
1
3
,
Num
b
er,
pp.
4
44
0
-
4
447
,
2
01
8.
[4]
Ali
A.
A
bd
u
l
razzaq,
A
dnan
H.
A
li,
"
Effici
ency
P
erf
o
rm
a
n
ces
o
f
T
w
o
M
P
P
T
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
P
V
S
y
s
t
e
m
W
i
t
h
Di
ff
erent
Solar
Panels
Irradiances
"
,
Int
e
rn
at
ion
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
of
Power
E
l
ectr
onics
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
st
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
V
ol.
9,
No.
4
, Decem
ber 2
0
1
8
,
pp
.
17
55~1
7
6
4
.
[5]
Hus
s
ei
n
A
.
M
oha
m
m
e
d
,
A
d
n
an
H
.
A
li,
"
E
ffect
o
f
s
o
m
e
S
ecuri
ty
M
ec
hani
sm
s
on
t
h
e
Qos
V
o
I
P
A
pplicat
ion
u
s
ing
OPN
E
T",
In
ternat
io
nal Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Curren
t
Engin
eeri
ng
an
d
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
, Vo
l.
3, No.
5, D
ecem
ber, 2
01
3.
[6]
Hu
Z
hao
g
u
a
ng
,
Han
Xi
ny
a
n
g,
a
nd
W
en
Q
uan
,
"
Th
e
Im
plem
en
ters
o
f
D
emand-S
i
de
M
anag
em
ent:
P
ow
er
G
ri
d
Ent
e
rprises,
"
i
n
Int
e
gr
ated
Resour
ce Str
a
t
e
gi
c
P
l
a
nning
an
d
Po
wer Dem
and
-S
i
d
e
M
a
n
a
g
emen
t
:
Sp
rin
g
er
B
erli
n
Heid
elb
e
rg,
2
013,
pp.
2
1
9
-2
86.
[7]
Ky
e
-
Si
K
won
,
W
oo
k-
B.
K
i
m
,
By
un
g-
K.
M
in
,
Sun
g
-
J
.
Pa
rk
,
In
-Ha
Su
n
g,
Y
oung
S
.
Y
oo
n,
K
yu
n
g
-S
o
o
L
ee,
J
o
n
g
-
H.
Lee,
"
E
n
erg
y
c
o
n
s
um
pti
on
redu
cti
o
n
t
echn
o
lo
gy
i
n
m
a
nuf
acturi
n
g
—
A
sel
ecti
v
e
review
o
f
p
o
licies,
s
t
a
nd
ards,
and
research,
"
In
tern
at
io
nal Jo
urn
a
l
of
Pr
ecision
E
ngi
neer
ing
and
M
a
n
u
f
a
ct
uri
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
173,
Decem
ber 2
0
0
9
.
[8]
Ka
i
Ma
,
Gu
oq
ia
ng
H
u,
a
nd
C
.
J
.
S
p
a
n
os,
"
D
istrib
ute
d
E
ne
rg
y
Co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on
C
ontrol
via
Real-Tim
e
P
r
ici
n
g
F
eedb
ack
in
Smart Gr
i
d
,
"
I
E
E
E
Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns Con
t
ro
l Sy
s
t
e
ms T
e
c
h
n
o
log
y
,
vo
l
.
22
,
n
o
. 5
, p
p
. 1
90
7-1
9
1
4
, Se
p
t
.
20
1
4
.
[9]
F
.
A
l
-
N
a
i
m
a
,
R
.
A
l
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
b
i
d
,
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
acqu
i
s
i
t
i
on
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
m
u
lti
-
mod
e
s
ol
ar
t
rack
in
g
farm,
"
i
n
Eu
ro
pe
a
n
Wo
rk
sho
p
o
n
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
Sy
ste
m
s,
A
n
t
a
l
ya,
T
u
rk
ey, 20
1
2.
[10]
F.
A
l-Na
ima,
R
.
Ali,
A
.
Abi
d
,
Z.
G
h
a
s
s
e
m
l
o
o
y
,
a
n
d
Z
.
G
a
o
,
"
A
N
ew
P
o
w
er
L
i
n
e
Com
m
unicat
io
n
M
odem
Design
wit
h
A
ppli
cati
o
n
s
t
o V
a
s
t
S
o
l
ar
F
arm
Man
a
gem
e
n
t
," in
EP
E
C
S
2013
, Istan
bu
l, 20
1
3.
[11]
M.
N
.
U
l
l
ah
,
N
.
J
av
aid,
I
.
Kh
an,
A.
M
ah
mo
od,
a
nd
M
.
U
.
F
aro
o
q
,
"
R
esi
d
en
tia
l
Energ
y
C
on
sump
ti
on
C
ontrolling
Techn
i
q
u
es
t
o
En
abl
e
A
uto
nom
ous
D
em
a
n
d
S
i
d
e
M
anagem
en
t
in
F
u
t
ur
e
Sm
art
Gri
d
C
o
m
m
uni
cati
o
n
s
,"
i
n
Bro
a
d
b
a
nd
a
n
d
Wir
e
less
Com
putin
g
,
Co
mm
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n
an
d A
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
ons (
B
W
CCA
),
C
om
piègn
e
,
F
r
ench
,
28
-3
0
O
c
t.
201
3,
p
p
.
5
4
5
-550
.
[12]
Mo
han
n
ad
J
.
Mnat
i,
A
dnan
H
.
A
li,
Dimi
tar
V
.
B
o
zalak
ov
,
Sh
ahad
A
l-y
o
u
s
if
,
Alex
V
an
d
en
B
os
sch
e
,
"
D
esi
gn
an
d
Imp
l
e
m
en
tati
on
of
a
G
at
e
Driv
er
C
ircuit
f
o
r
Three-P
h
ase
Gri
d
T
i
de
P
ho
tovolt
a
i
c
Inverter
A
pplication",
7t
h
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
Co
nf
eren
ce on
Renewabl
e En
erg
y
Res
e
ar
c
h
a
nd Ap
pli
c
a
t
io
n
s
(
I
CRERA)
,
Par
i
s, 1
4-
1
7
Oct. 2
01
8
.
[13]
Pa
rk
N
amje
a
nd
K
im
M
arie,
"Imple
me
nta
tio
n
o
f
l
o
a
d
m
a
na
g
e
me
n
t
a
p
pl
ication
sy
st
em
u
s
i
n
g
s
mart
g
rid
p
r
iv
acy
pol
icy
in
e
nerg
y
m
a
n
a
gem
e
nt
s
erv
i
ce
en
vi
ronm
ent,
"
Cl
uster Comput
in
g
, vo
l
. 17
,
n
o. 3
, p
p.
65
3
-
66
4, Sep
. 2
01
4.
[14]
Adn
a
n
H.
A
li,
A
li
N
.
Ab
bas
,
M
.
H
.
H
ass
a
n,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
Ev
alu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
IEEE8
02.
11
g
W
L
ANs
Using
O
PNET
Model
e
r"
,
(
AJE
R
)
Volum
e
-02,
I
ss
ue-1
2,
p
p-0
9
-15.
[15]
F
a
n
Ch
un
-I,
H
u
a
n
g
S
h
i
-Y
uan,
a
n
d
A
rtan
W
il
liam,
"Des
ign
an
d
im
pl
e
m
ent
a
ti
o
n
o
f
pri
v
acy
p
res
e
rvi
ng
bill
in
g
prot
oco
l
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
ri
d,
"
T
h
e Journa
l
of Su
perco
m
p
u
ting
,
v
o
l.
66,
n
o.
2
,
pp
.
84
1-862,
N
o
v
e
m
ber
2
0
1
3
.
[16]
AJ
A
b
i
d
,
A
H
A
li
,
"
S
m
a
rt
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
in
g
of
t
he
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
h
o
m
e
e
l
ectrical
e
nerg
y
"
,
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Jour
na
l o
f
Comp
ut
er
T
r
ends a
nd T
echno
l.
,
v
o
l. 4
7,
n
o.
2,
pp
.
1
4
2
–
1
4
8
,
,
20
1
7
.
[17]
Adn
a
n
H
.
A
li
,
2
0
11
,
“
S
im
ult
a
neo
u
s
meas
urem
ent
s
f
o
r
t
u
n
ab
le
l
a
s
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
l
i
n
ewi
d
t
h
w
it
h
h
o
m
odyn
e
det
ecti
on"
-
Comp
ut
er a
nd Inf
o
r
m
a
tio
n S
c
ie
n
c
e
, Vol
.
4
,
N
o
.
4
;
July
2
01
1.
[18]
MJ
M
nati,
A
H
asan,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li,
D
V
Bozalak
ov
,
"
D
esig
n
an
d
Im
pl
ementation
A
Smar
t
Moni
t
o
r
i
ng
and
Cont
rolli
ng
Sy
stem
o
f
Th
ree-P
h
as
e
Ph
ot
ov
oltaic
I
n
v
ert
e
r
Bas
e
d
o
n
Lo
Ra"
-
I
O
P Con
f
er
ence Ser
i
es
: M
a
t
e
rial
s
Scien
ce an
d E
ngin
eerin
g 5
18
,
2
n
d In
tern
a
t
io
nal
Co
nf
erence o
n
Sus
tain
abl
e
E
n
g
i
n
eer
in
g T
ech
niq
u
es
2
01
9.
[19]
Gabri
e
le
L
,
S
a
lv
a
t
ore
C
an
d
Erica
L
“
A
R
ev
iew
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
nd
te
ch
nol
og
ies
f
o
r
s
m
art
h
o
m
e
s
and
s
m
art
g
r
id
s”
Ener
gi
es
9
pp
1
-
33,
2
0
1
6
.
[20]
Adn
a
n
H
.
A
l
i
,
F
a
rh
oo
d,
A
.
D
.
“
D
esi
gn
an
d
P
e
rf
orman
ce
Anal
ys
is
o
f
t
h
e
W
DM
S
ch
em
es
f
or
R
ad
io
over
F
i
ber
Syst
e
m
w
ith
D
iff
e
rent Fib
er Pro
pagati
on Losses”,
Fibe
r
s
,
vol,
7,
19,
2
0
19.
[21]
Gio
v
an
ni
P
,
M
a
rio
C,
A
nt
onio
R and
Ji
ahu
Q,
"
Hom
e
e
n
e
rgy
m
a
nage
me
nt"
,
En
ergies
,
vo
l,
10,
(38
2
),
201
7.
[22]
F
a
ri
d
K
,
M
oha
m
e
d
B,
Y
assin
e
A
a
nd
A
b
d
elazi
z
K
“
I
nt
egrated
energ
y
m
a
nag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
l
ug
-in
elect
ri
c
veh
i
cle
i
n
resid
e
nt
ia
l
d
i
strib
u
t
i
o
n
s
yst
e
ms
w
it
h
renew
a
bl
e
s
”
,
IEE
E
24
t
h
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
S
y
mp
os
ium
on Ind
u
s
t
rial El
ectro
n
i
cs
(ISIE
),
pp
71
7-22,
2
01
5.
[23]
M
.
M
.
K
a
r
e
e
m
,
M
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
N
.
A
r
s
a
d
,
M
.
F
.
M
a
n
s
o
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
H
.
A
l
i
,
‘
G
r
id
B
as
ed
C
lu
s
t
erin
g
Tech
ni
que
i
n
Wi
reless
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
etw
o
rk
u
si
ng
H
ierarch
i
cal
R
o
u
ti
ng
P
r
oto
c
ol
’,
i
n
201
8 IE
EE 4
t
h In
ter
natio
n
a
l Sym
p
o
s
i
u
m o
n
T
e
l
ecom
m
un
ica
t
i
o
n
T
echno
lo
gi
e
s
(
I
S
TT)
,
p
p
.
1–
5
, 2
01
8.
[24]
Kaur,
K
.
;
Kau
r
,
K
.
A
s
tu
dy
o
f
pow
er
m
anagem
en
t
t
echn
i
qu
es
f
or
I
nt
ernet
o
f
T
h
i
ngs
(IoT
)
.
In
Proceedi
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Co
nf
e
r
ence o
n
El
ectr
i
ca
l
,
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs,
a
n
d
Optim
i
zat
i
o
n
T
echn
i
q
u
es
(
I
CEEOT)
,
Che
n
na
i,
I
n
d
ia
,
3–
5;
pp.
1
7
8
1
–17
85
, M
arch
2
0
16.
[25]
Z
h
a
n
g
,
D
.
;
L
i
,
S
.
;
S
u
n
,
M
.
;
O
’
N
e
i
l
l
,
Z
.
A
n
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-Bas
e
d
D
em
and
Res
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
H
o
m
e
E
n
erg
y
Man
a
gem
e
nt
S
ystem.
I
E
EE
Tran
s. S
m
ar
t Grid
, 7
, 1
79
0–
1
8
0
1
, 20
1
6.
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