Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1
59
6
~
16
0
2
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
1
59
6
-
16
0
2
1596
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Param
eters
ob
s
ervati
on of
rest
oration c
apacit
y of in
dustrial
lead a
cid batter
y using hi
gh curre
nt pulses
N.
S. M.
Ibr
ahi
m
1
,
As
mar
ashi
d
P
on
nir
an
2
, R
.
A.
Rahm
an
3
, M
. P. M
ar
tin
4
,
A.
Y
as
si
n
5
,
A
. E
aham
bram
6
,
M.
H. Azi
z
7
1,
2, 4
Facul
ty
of E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
c
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
un
Hus
sein
Onn
Mala
ysia
,
Ma
la
y
sia
3
Facul
ty
of
Me
c
hani
c
al
and
Man
ufa
ct
ur
ing
En
gin
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
Tun
Hus
sein
O
nn
Mala
ysi
a, Ma
la
ysia
5, 6, 7
Rene
wce
ll (
M) Sdn Bhd,
B
a
ndar
Buki
t
Ra
ja,
Mala
ysi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
20
, 20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
4
,
20
20
Accepte
d
A
pr
20
, 20
20
Bat
teries
p
la
y
a
n
essential
ro
le
on
most
of
th
e
e
le
c
trica
l
equ
ipm
ent
and
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
too
ls.
Ho
weve
r,
on
e
of
t
he
dra
wba
cks
of
le
ad
acid
bat
t
eri
es
is
PbS
O
4
accum
ul
at
es
on
the
batter
y
plates,
which
signifi
c
ant
ly
ca
use
d
eteri
ora
tion.
Th
ere
for
e,
t
his
study
discus
ses
the
d
ischa
rg
e
c
apaci
ty
per
forma
n
ce
ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
the
industri
al
le
ad
ac
id
ba
ttery.
T
he
se
lecti
v
e
me
thod
to
i
mpr
ove
the
dischar
ge
c
apa
c
it
y
is
using
high
cur
r
ent
pulses
me
thod
.
Thi
s
me
thod
is
per
f
orme
d
to
r
estor
e
the
ca
pa
ci
t
y
of
l
ea
d
ac
id
bat
t
eri
es
th
at
us
e
a
m
axi
mu
m
di
rec
t
cur
ren
t
(DC)
of
up
to
500
A
produc
es
insta
nta
n
eous
he
at
from
27°C
to
48°C
to
d
issolve
the
PbS
O
4
on
the
pl
ates
.
Thi
s
study
uses
an
840
Ah
,
36
V
flood
ed
l
ea
d
a
cid
ba
tt
e
rie
s
for
a
forkli
ft
for
the
ev
al
u
at
ion
t
est.
Besid
es,
t
h
is
pape
r
expl
or
es
the
b
eha
vior
of
critical
forma
t
ion
p
arame
t
ers,
such
a
s
the
d
ischa
rg
e
ca
p
ac
i
ty
of
th
e
c
el
ls.
From
th
e
exp
e
r
im
ental
r
esult
s,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
con
cl
uded
th
at
t
he
disch
arg
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
o
f
the
floode
d
l
ea
d
a
ci
d
ba
tt
ery
ca
n
be
increa
se
by
using
high
cur
ren
t
pu
lses
me
thod
.
The
co
mpa
ra
ti
ve
f
indi
n
gs
for
the
over
a
ll
per
ce
nt
age
of
disch
arg
e
capac
i
ty
of
th
e
b
at
t
eri
es
im
prov
e
d
fro
m
68%
to
99%
after
the
r
estora
t
ion c
apa
c
it
y.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Deterio
rati
on
Discha
rg
e
capa
ci
ty
Ele
ct
ro
de
s
Lead aci
d batt
ery
Pb
S
O
4
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Asm
a
ras
hid
Ponn
i
ran,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
M
al
aysia,
86400 Pa
rit
Ra
ja
, J
oh
or
,
M
al
aysia,
Emai
l:
asmar
@u
t
hm
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
yea
rs
ha
ve
seen
a
dvance
s
i
n
the
pro
du
ct
io
n
an
d
c
onsumpti
on
of
s
eco
ndar
y
batte
ries
for
var
i
ou
s
i
ndus
tr
ia
l
ap
plica
ti
ons.
A
sec
ondary
batte
r
y
or
stora
ge
batte
r
y
i
s
a
cel
l
or
c
ombinati
on
of
c
el
ls
in
wh
ic
h
the
c
he
mica
l
reacti
on
s
are
re
ve
rsible.
The
m
a
in f
unc
ti
on
o
f
th
e
batt
eries
or
en
er
gy
stora
ge
dev
ic
e
s
is
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
t
he
powe
r
so
urce
[
1,
2].
Lead
aci
d
batte
ry
is
the
fi
rst
sec
onda
ry
ba
tt
ery
t
hat
has
been
inv
e
nted
by
G
a
ston
Pla
nté
in
t
he
yea
r
1859
[
3,
4
].
A
le
ad
a
ci
d
cel
l
con
sist
s
of
t
wo
p
la
te
s,
wh
ic
h
are
a posit
ive
plate
that
mad
e
of
le
a
d
a
ntim
ony
al
loy
gr
id
s
coate
d
with
le
ad
oxide
(Pb
O
2
)
a
nd
a
ne
gative
plate
that
m
ade
of
sp
on
gy
le
a
d
(
P
b)
[5].
B
oth
plate
s
are
dippe
d
in
the
el
ect
ro
l
ytes,
a
s
olu
ti
on
of
s
ulf
ur
ic
aci
d
(
H
2
SO
4
)
a
nd
water
(H
2
O)
[
6]
.
The
co
ncen
t
rati
on
of
t
he
el
ect
r
olyt
e
dep
e
nds
on
the
desig
n
of
t
he
batte
r
y.
T
hes
e
reacti
ons
betwee
n
po
sit
ive
,
ne
gative
plate
s
a
nd
e
le
ct
ro
lytes have
conve
rt
the
c
hemical
ene
rgy
into
el
ect
rica
l
energy
[7]
. In
a
un
i
t
cel
l
of
a
le
ad
a
ci
d
batte
ry,
t
he
re
is
the
m
ove
ment
of
el
ect
r
ons
i
n
tw
o
physi
cal
ly
sepa
rate
d
c
hemical
rea
ct
ion
s
that
are
oxidati
on
a
way
an
d
r
edu
ct
io
n
reacti
on
s
[
8].
D
ur
i
ng
discha
r
ge,
t
he
che
mica
l
ene
rgy
is
co
nverte
d
i
nto
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Parameters
ob
servati
on
of re
stora
ti
on c
apac
it
y o
f i
ndus
tri
al lea
d acid
ba
tt
ery us
in
g …
(
N. S. M.
Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1597
el
ect
rical
energy
a
nd
will
supp
li
es
el
ect
rici
ty
to
t
he
l
oad
[
9].
In
c
hargin
g
pr
ocess,
the
plate
s
abs
orb
el
e
ct
rici
ty
from
the
DC
powe
r
s
upply
t
o
conve
rt
to
che
mica
l
energy.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
nomi
nal
cel
l
vo
lt
age
for
one
cel
l
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ry
is
2.0
V
a
nd
open
-
ci
rc
uit
volt
ages
t
hat
are
the
vo
lt
a
ges
unde
r
a
no
-
l
oa
d
conditi
on
are
2.1
V.
The
operati
ng
volt
age
betw
een
1.8
V
an
d
2.0
V
an
d
i
s
com
monl
y
1.7
5
V
on
moderate
a
nd
lo
w
-
dr
ai
n
discha
rg
e
s.
O
n
charge
sta
te
,
the
volt
age
ma
y
va
ry
from
2.3
V
up
t
o
2.8
V
with
a
pro
pe
r
cha
rg
i
ng
[10].
Th
e
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ry
c
onsist
s
of
mu
lt
iple
unit
cel
ls
in
pa
rall
el
or
in
se
ries
or
bo
t
h
to
achie
ve
the
desire
d
powe
r
and volt
age
rat
ing
[
11].
The
mai
n
co
nc
ern
of
t
he
le
ad
aci
d
batte
r
y
is
le
ad
su
lfat
e
(PbS
O
4
)
that
at
ta
ch
to
the
plate
s
durin
g
the
discha
rg
i
ng
process
[
12,
13].
The
P
bSO
4
con
sist
s
of
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
typ
es
,
soft
and
ha
rd.
Soft
or
a
mor
phou
s
Pb
S
O
4
is
a
n
ac
ti
ve
mate
rial
,
t
he
siz
e
is
s
mal
le
r
an
d
c
onduc
ti
ve
w
her
eas
ha
rd
PbSO
4
is
inact
ive
m
at
erial
and
the
siz
e
is
bi
gger
.
T
heoreti
cal
ly,
the
P
bSO
4
absor
bs
the
chargin
g
powe
r
w
he
n
the
ba
tt
ery
is
cha
r
ge
d
an
d
trans
forms
it
i
nto
a
li
quid
c
omp
ound,
H
2
SO
4
[
14].
I
n
pract
ic
e,
ho
wev
e
r,
ha
rd
P
bSO
4
doe
s
not
dilute
bac
k
i
nto
the
el
ect
ro
lyte
so
luti
on
f
or
H
2
SO
4
but
re
main
at
ta
ched
t
o
the
plate
s.
Natu
rall
y,
the
de
posit
ion
of
ha
rd
Pb
S
O
4
on the
surface
of the
plate
s
durin
g discha
rg
i
ng acti
viti
es wo
uld
a
ff
ect
batte
ry p
e
rformance
.
As
the
discha
r
ged
proces
s
c
on
ti
nues
,
the
i
nter
nal
resist
a
nce
of
cel
l
inc
reases
a
nd
t
he
cond
uctive
su
r
face
a
rea
of
the
plate
s
bec
om
es
small
er
due
to
the
form
at
ion
of
PbSO
4
.
As
a
re
su
lt
,
t
he
hard
P
bSO
4
on
the
batte
ry
posit
iv
e
an
d
ne
gative
plate
s
c
ontrib
utes
to
the
cap
aci
ty
loss
.
It
c
auses
t
he
batte
ry
has
le
ss
a
bi
li
ty
to
deliver
the
dis
charge
c
urre
nt
to
t
he
loa
d
[
15,
16]
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
t
he
l
ow
c
apacit
y
le
a
d
a
ci
d
batte
ries
w
il
l
be
go
i
ng
t
hro
ugh
the
rec
ycling
proces
s.
Lea
d
a
ci
d
batte
ries
ge
ner
al
ly
c
onsist
of
four
pa
rts
w
hich
a
re
el
ect
r
oly
te
,
al
loy
an
d
le
a
d
al
loy,
le
ad
paste
an
d
org
anic
an
d
plast
ic
mate
rial
s
con
ta
ini
ng
man
y
to
xic,
da
ng
erous,
flamma
ble
an
d
pro
duce
e
xp
l
osi
ve
s
ub
sta
nce
s
th
at
create
pote
ntial
sour
ce
s
of
ris
k.
The
r
efore,
t
he
proc
ess
of
recy
cl
in
g
t
he
l
ead
aci
d
batte
r
ie
s
will
pro
du
ce
hi
gh
car
bon
di
ox
i
de
(CO
2
)
that
wil
co
ntr
ibu
te
s
t
o
t
he
gl
ob
al
warmi
ng.
T
hus
,
to
prol
ong
t
he
li
fesp
a
n
of
th
e
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ry
is
an
im
por
ta
nt
issue
f
or
minimi
zi
ng
rec
ycling
le
ad
aci
d batt
er
ie
s.
Ov
e
r
th
e
ye
ars
,
nume
r
ou
s
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
be
en
c
onduct
ed
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
perf
ormance
of
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
ries,
i
nten
ding
to
inc
reas
e
the
numb
e
r
of
li
fe
c
ycles
a
nd
le
sse
n
the
s
ulfati
on
ph
ys
ic
al
proces
ses
[17].
T
he
con
ve
ntion
al
s
olu
ti
on
is
to
a
dd
a
dd
it
ives
s
uch
as
ca
rbo
n
pow
der,
ca
rbo
n
na
no
t
ubes,
ti
ta
niu
m
dioxide
,
glas
s
fibr
e
s,
sil
ic
on
dioxide,
al
umi
niu
m
oxide
an
d
boric
aci
d
[
18
-
20].
H
oweve
r,
t
he
dr
a
wb
ac
k
of
t
hese
methods
i
s
la
bor
-
inte
ns
ive
,
w
hich
nee
di
ng
a
la
r
ge
numb
e
r
of
wor
kfor
ces
to
ha
nd
l
e
the
process.
Othe
r
tha
n
t
ha
t,
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
low
c
urren
t
a
nd
hi
gh
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
meth
od
to
resto
re
the
c
apacit
y
of
the
l
ead
aci
d
batte
r
ie
s
is
al
so
possible
[
21,
22]
.
H
ow
e
ver,
both
met
hods
ha
ve
t
heir
merit
a
nd
dem
erit
.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
this
stu
dy
t
o
obser
ve
performa
nce
c
har
act
erist
ic
be
tween
with
out
and
with
t
he
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
of
hi
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
to
re
duce
t
he
s
oft
and
hard
P
bSO
4
on
the
plate
s.
The
high
c
urren
t
pu
lse
s
pro
duce
instant
aneous
heat
to
force
the
el
ec
tro
ns
to
move
from o
ne
p
la
te
to a
nothe
r
a
nd cause
the
ch
emic
al
reacti
on
t
o occu
r.
This
stu
dy
pre
sents
the
disc
ha
rg
e
ca
pacit
y
pe
rformance
e
va
luati
on
of
the
industrial
le
ad
aci
d
batte
r
y
us
in
g
hi
gh
cu
rrent
pulse
s
to
e
nh
a
nce
the
pe
r
forma
nce
of
ba
tt
eries.
Theref
ore,
this
pap
e
r
be
gin
s
by
desc
ri
bing
the
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
an
d
t
he
f
ormat
io
n
of
the
P
bSO
4
duri
ng
discha
r
gin
g.
T
hen,
the
pap
e
r
exp
la
ine
d
t
he
con
ce
pt
a
nd
proces
s
of
restor
i
ng
ca
pacit
y
of
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
us
i
ng
high
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
method.
F
or
t
he
ex
per
ime
ntal
res
ults,
the
36
V,
840
A
h
floode
d
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
to
r
un
the
mo
t
or
i
n
the
fork
li
ft
wer
e
use
d.
T
his
pap
e
r
then
e
mphasiz
es
on
the
e
xp
e
r
iment
be
fore
a
nd
a
fter
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
high
c
urren
t
pu
lse
s
meth
od
for
im
portant
par
a
mete
rs
s
uc
h
as
disch
ar
ge
capaci
ty.
F
r
om
the
c
omparis
on,
it
s
hows
t
ha
t
the
us
es
of h
i
gh c
urre
nt pulses ca
n
inc
rease t
he discha
rg
e
cap
a
ci
ty of th
e
lead
acid
batte
ries.
2.
REALIZ
ATI
ON OF
HIGH
CURRENT
P
ULSES
MET
HOD IN
R
E
S
TORI
NG C
A
PACIT
Y OF
LE
AD
A
CID
BATT
ERIES
The
hi
gh
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
met
hod
is
im
p
le
me
nted
to
r
est
or
e
the
capaci
ty
of
th
e
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
r
y
in
order
t
o
e
nhan
ce
the
perform
ance
of
t
he
bat
te
ry
.
T
his
i
nve
nted
met
hod
us
ed
hi
gh
c
urren
t
pulse
s
that
pr
oduce
s
instanta
ne
ous
heat
to
disso
l
ve
s
the
P
bSO
4
i
n
the
batte
ries
[21]
.
T
he
gen
e
rated
heat
in
t
he
batte
ries
ca
use
s
the
rise
of
cel
l
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
Th
e
te
mp
e
ratu
re
is
directl
y
pro
portio
nal
to
th
e
ki
netic
ene
rgy
of
the
par
ti
cl
es
(
1)
.
|
The
inc
reasin
g
of
the
ki
netic
energ
y
of
t
he
P
bSO
4
pa
rtic
le
s
will
forc
e
an
d
ca
us
e
the
moveme
nt
o
f
th
e
el
ect
ro
ns.
T
hu
s,
the
re
ver
se
c
hemical
reacti
on
will
occ
ur
in
wh
ic
h
the
ha
rd
PbSO
4
t
hat
at
ta
ched
to
the
plate
s
will
b
e c
onve
rted back
to
t
he e
le
ct
ro
lyte s
olut
ion
[12]
.
RT
E
k
2
3
=
(
1
)
E:Ave
rag
e
k
i
ne
ti
c energy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
59
6
–
16
0
2
1598
R:
8.
31
4
J/ m
ol
K
T:Te
mp
e
ratu
re
2.1.
El
ectric
al
princi
ple t
o g
enera
te h
i
gh
c
urrent
pu
lse
s
The
hi
gh
c
urr
ent
w
hich
is
injec
te
d
in
the
batte
ries
caus
es
the
cel
l
temp
e
ratur
e
t
o
increase
[23
]
.
The
te
m
pe
ratu
re
is
t
hen
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
with
a
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
that
r
equ
i
res
batte
ry
an
d
tr
ans
form
er
f
ee
d
bac
k
s
uc
h
as
cel
l
te
mp
erat
ure,
cel
l
vo
lt
a
ge
,
batte
r
y
volt
ag
e
an
d
the
tra
nsfo
rme
r
te
m
perat
ur
e
.
Fi
gure
1
sho
ws
a
c
ontr
olled
3
-
phase
recti
fier
c
onve
rter
usi
ng
th
yr
ist
or
to
produce
D
C
volt
age
for
the
re
storatio
n
capaci
ty
pr
oc
ess
o
f
the
batte
ries.
T
he
co
ntr
oller
proces
ses
the
outp
ut
from
t
he
batte
ry
a
nd
tra
ns
f
ormer
t
o
pr
oduce
a
pro
per
fir
ing
ang
le
t
o
the
th
yr
ist
or.
A
n
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
s
witc
hi
ng
sc
heme
(f
i
r
ing
a
ng
le
)
is
impleme
nted
t
o
con
t
ro
l
th
e
th
yr
ist
or
[24]
.
T
hus,
the
resto
rati
on
ca
pacit
y
of
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
usi
ng
hi
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
will
increase
the
spe
ed
of
chargin
g
a
nd
avo
i
d
the
inc
r
easi
ng
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
c
onsta
ntly
[
25
,
26]
.
The
high
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
method
will
exten
d
t
he
li
fe
cycle
of
the
batte
ries
com
pa
red
to
the
c
onve
ntion
al
te
c
hniq
ue
that
us
es
c
on
sta
nt
current
[
27
-
29]
.
TH
Y
R
I
S
TO
R
B
A
TTE
R
Y
C
O
N
TR
O
LLE
R
3
-
P
ha
s
e
T
r
a
ns
f
om
e
r
3
-
P
ha
s
e
A
C
S
ou
r
c
e
H
i
gh c
ur
r
e
nt
pul
s
e
s
Figure
1
.
C
ontr
olled
3
-
phase
r
ect
ifie
r
co
nvert
er
f
or
high c
urr
ent pulses
ge
ne
rator (
batte
r
y d
esulfato
r)
3.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL SET
UP
In
t
his
ex
per
i
ment,
th
e
flo
oded
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
ry
us
e
d
is
to
r
un
t
he
en
gi
ne
on
the
for
kl
ift
and
hav
e
been
ke
pt
i
n
uncha
r
ged
co
nd
it
ion
f
or
m
or
e
than
7
m
on
t
hs
.
D
ur
i
ng
the
l
oa
d
te
st,
t
he
bat
te
ry
only
la
sts
for
3
hours
27
mi
nute
s
after
c
ha
rg
i
ng
for
12
hours.
T
he
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s
o
f
the
flo
oded
l
ead
aci
d
batte
ries
as
ta
bu
la
te
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
I
n
the
re
storatio
n
ca
pac
it
y
process
,
the
ref
e
ren
ce
cel
l
is
on
e
of
t
he
ba
tt
eries
that
ha
ve
the
lowest
volt
age
valu
e.
T
he
fe
edb
ac
k
f
rom
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
c
el
l
is
set
as
th
e
pa
rameters
t
o
determi
ne
t
he
hi
gh
current
pulse
s
t
o
be
i
nject
ed
i
nto
the b
at
te
rie
s.
Fi
gure 2
sho
ws
t
he
c
onnect
ion
of
t
he
batte
ry
des
ulfat
or
a
nd
the
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries.
The
posit
ive
an
d
ne
gative
pro
be
s
of
t
he
batte
r
y
de
s
ulfato
r
are
c
onnected
to
t
he
posit
ive
and
neg
at
i
ve
t
erminals
of
th
e
series
le
ad
a
ci
d
batte
ries.
The
cel
l
volt
a
ge
sens
or
a
nd
te
mp
erat
ur
e
se
ns
or
are
connecte
d
t
o
the
batte
ry
re
fer
e
nce
a
nd
pro
vid
e
fee
dba
ck
f
or
the
pr
ocessin
g
of
hi
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
.
The
g
e
ne
ral
process
of
re
sto
r
ing
the
ca
pacit
y
of
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ry
us
in
g
hi
g
h
c
urren
t
pu
l
ses
meth
od
is
sh
ow
n
in Figu
re
3
.
C
r
it
ic
al
p
aramete
rs
s
uch as
disc
harge ca
pacit
y are
ob
se
r
ved f
r
om
t
he
e
xp
e
ri
ment.
Table
1
. T
he
s
pecifica
ti
ons
of the
b
at
te
r
y us
ed fo
r
this
exp
eriment
Typ
e
Flo
o
d
ed
lead acid
Bran
d
1
2
PZB9
0
0
No
m
in
al
capacity
8
4
0
Ah
Disch
arge r
at
e
5
H
@
6 H
No
m
in
al vo
ltag
e
36
V
Cell v
o
ltag
e
2
V
Maximu
m
Voltag
e
: 2.2
V
Minimum
Voltag
e
: 1.8
V
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
cells
1
8
un
its
Dep
th
of Disch
arg
e (
DO
D)
8
0
%
-
60%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Parameters
ob
servati
on
of re
stora
ti
on c
apac
it
y o
f i
ndus
tri
al lea
d acid
ba
tt
ery us
in
g …
(
N. S. M.
Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1599
P
os
i
t
i
ve
w
i
r
e
N
e
ga
t
i
ve
w
i
r
e
S
e
ns
or
w
i
re
F
e
e
dba
c
k
s
i
gna
l
BA
T
T
E
RY
D
E
S
U
L
F
A
T
O
R
CE
L
L
V
O
L
T
A
G
E
S
E
N
S
O
R
CE
L
L
T
E
M
P
E
RA
T
U
RE
S
E
N
S
O
R
#
1
#
2
#
3
#
4
#
5
#
6
#
7
#
8
#
9
#
10
#
11
#
12
#
13
#
14
#
15
#
16
#
17
#
18
S
p
e
c
i
fi
c
at
i
on
o
f
Bat
te
r
y
N
om
i
na
l
Ca
pa
c
i
t
y
:
840
Ah
N
om
i
na
l
V
ol
t
a
ge
:
36
V
Ce
l
l
V
ol
t
a
ge
:
2
V
N
um
be
r of Ce
l
l
s
:
18
uni
t
s
CU
RRE
N
T
T
RA
N
S
F
O
RM
E
R
T
E
M
P
E
RA
T
U
RE
Figure
2.
The
c
onnecti
on
of th
e
batte
r
y desu
l
fator
, cell
vo
lt
a
ge
se
nsor
and t
empe
rature se
nsor
to
t
he
le
a
d ac
id
batte
ry.
S
t
a
r
t
P
r
e
-
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
C
e
l
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
2
.
0
V
S
t
a
r
t
r
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
NO
I
n
j
e
c
t
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
u
l
s
e
s
(
1
0
0
A
–
4
0
0
A
)
C
e
l
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
2
.
3
–
2
.
8
V
Y
E
S
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
/
L
o
a
d
t
e
s
t
(
D
a
t
a
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
:
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,
c
e
l
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
E
n
d
NO
Y
E
S
Figure
3
.
G
e
ne
ral
proce
ss tak
en
to
rest
or
e
th
e capacit
y
of
le
ad
aci
d batt
erie
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
59
6
–
16
0
2
1600
Figure
4
s
how
s
t
he
batte
r
y
de
su
lfat
or
that
is
con
st
ru
ct
e
d
by
c
onnecti
ng
two
par
ts.
T
he
first
par
t
is
from
the
gr
i
d
to
filt
er
an
d
ste
p
do
wn
from
415
V
to
105
V
by
tra
nsfo
rme
r.
F
or
sec
ond
par
t
is
the
c
onver
te
r
s
will
p
r
oduce
hi
gh curre
nt
pu
ls
es
an
d
it
s c
on
t
r
ol by
t
hyristo
r
[30]
.
F
IL
T
E
R
BA
T
T
E
RY
CO
N
T
RO
L
L
E
R
3
-
P
h
a
s
e
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
4
1
5
V
5
0
Hz
3
-
P
h
a
se
Tr
a
n
s
f
o
m
e
r
4
1
5
/
1
0
5
V
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
10
T
11
T
12
C
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
e
l
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
Tr
a
n
s
f
o
m
e
r
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
T
1
,
T
2
,
T
3
,
T
4
,
T
5
,
T
6
,
T
7
,
T
8
,
T
9
,
T
10
,
T
11
,
T
12
N
o
m
i
n
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
:
3
6
V
C
e
l
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
:
2
V
No
.
C
e
l
l
:
1
8
u
n
i
t
F
i
r
s
t
par
t
S
e
c
ond
pa
r
t
Figure
4
.
Bat
te
ry
des
ulfat
or
f
or r
est
or
at
io
n
c
apacit
y of l
ead
aci
d
batte
ries
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
hard
P
bSO
4
accu
mu
la
te
d
on
t
he
plate
s
durin
g
discha
r
ge
ca
n
be
a
sig
nificant
pro
blem
in
the
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
ries.
This
pro
blem
resu
lt
s
i
n
a
de
gr
a
datio
n
of
th
e
capaci
ty
o
f
t
he
le
a
d
aci
d
ba
tt
eries
an
d
le
ads
t
o
reducti
on
i
n
th
e
li
fe
c
ycle
of
the
batte
ries.
T
he
ca
pacit
y
of
the
le
ad
aci
d
ba
tt
eries
can
be
increa
sed
by
us
in
g
the
hi
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s.
The
instanta
neous
heat
produce
d
durin
g
the
r
est
or
at
io
n
pro
cess
will
al
lo
w
the
rev
e
rsible
che
mica
l
reacti
on
occ
urre
d
to
br
ea
k
the
hard
PbSO
4
int
o
the
el
ect
r
oly
t
e.
In
this
st
udy
,
t
he
exp
e
rime
nt
is
cond
ucted
t
o
c
ompare
the
di
scharge
ca
paci
ty
of
th
e
fl
oode
d
le
ad
aci
d
ba
tt
eri
es
withou
t
and
with the
use
of
high c
urre
nt
pulse
s
.
In
gen
e
ral,
the
capaci
t
y
of
a
batte
ry
is
the
a
moun
t
of
avail
able
c
harge
un
der
s
pecified
c
onditi
ons
of
discha
rg
e
,
e
xp
resse
d
i
n
a
mpe
re
-
h
ou
rs
(
Ah)
.
Re
fe
rr
i
ng
to
Figure
5
,
t
he
discha
rg
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
meas
ured
durin
g
the
capaci
ty
te
st
sh
ows
the
i
mpro
veme
nt
of
the
disc
ha
rg
e
capaci
ty
of
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
ries.
The
plate
s
th
at
cl
ear
from
P
bSO
4
will
pr
ovide
a
hi
gh
e
r
a
bili
ty
to
dr
a
w
l
ar
ge
c
urren
t
,
t
hus
will
increase
t
he
di
scharge
ca
paci
ty
of
the
cel
ls
. T
he
l
arg
e
r discha
rg
e
capaci
ty
w
il
l b
e res
ulti
ng
i
n
a
long
ti
me
of
di
scharge
of the
batte
ries.
Ce
ll
numb
e
r
#2
s
how
s
t
he
mo
st
sig
nifica
nt
diff
e
re
nce
,
with
30%
of
discha
rg
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
bet
ween
befor
e
an
d
a
fter
the
resto
rati
on
ca
pacit
y
pro
cess
occ
urre
d.
Eve
n
th
ough
c
el
l
nu
m
be
r
#2
has
the
lo
west
valu
e
of
discha
r
ge
c
apacit
y
with
60%,
bu
t
a
fter
t
he
rest
or
at
io
n
capaci
ty
,
t
he
di
scharge
capa
c
it
y
can
be
e
nh
anced
un
ti
l
90
%
.
It
i
s
pr
ov
e
n
t
hat
t
he
resto
ra
ti
on
capaci
ty
us
i
ng
hi
gh
c
u
r
ren
t
pulse
s
ca
n
brea
k
t
he
P
bSO
4
on
both
plate
s.
Furthe
r
more,
cel
l
numb
e
r
#18
s
ho
ws
no
cha
nges
bet
wee
n
be
fore
a
nd
a
fter
w
it
h
100%
be
ca
us
e
cel
l
numb
e
r
#18
ha
s
bee
n
re
place
d
with
a
ne
w
c
el
l
bef
ore
unde
rgoin
g
the
rest
or
i
ng
ca
pacit
y
process
.
The
a
ver
a
ge
discha
rg
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
f
or
befo
re
a
nd
a
fter
the
process
of
resto
rati
on
capaci
ty
is
69.
61%
a
nd
92.
67%,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
The
impleme
nt
at
ion
of
high
current
pulse
s
method
can
overcome
t
he
det
erior
at
io
n
of
ba
tt
eries
due
to
PbSO
4
.
Th
e
total
discha
rg
e
capaci
ty
of
t
he
batte
ries
afte
r
goin
g
th
r
ough
the
resto
rati
on
cap
aci
ty
pr
oc
ess
is
834
A
h
wh
il
e
be
f
or
e
is
57
3
A
h.
T
he
re
sul
ts
from
t
his
exp
e
rime
nt,
t
he
ove
rall
per
c
entage
of
discharge
capaci
ty
of the
batte
ries im
pro
ved f
rom
68%
to 99%
after
th
e resto
rat
io
n
ca
pacit
y process
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Parameters
ob
servati
on
of re
stora
ti
on c
apac
it
y o
f i
ndus
tri
al lea
d acid
ba
tt
ery us
in
g …
(
N. S. M.
Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1601
Figure
5
.
Grap
h
c
omparis
on
of the
discha
r
ge
capaci
ty
of le
ad
aci
d batt
erie
s b
e
fore a
nd af
te
r
rest
or
at
io
n
capaci
ty
proce
ss
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
pre
sents
t
he
resto
rati
on
ca
pacit
y
of
t
he
i
ndus
tr
ia
l
le
ad
aci
d
ba
tt
eries
us
i
ng
high
c
urre
nt
pu
lse
s
.
The
res
torati
on
capaci
ty
of
t
he
84
0
Ah,
36
V
flo
oded
le
a
d
aci
d
batte
ries
has
be
en
su
cc
essf
ul
in
this
study.
The
de
gradati
on
of
the
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
due
t
o
the
existe
nce
of
th
e
le
ad
s
ulfate
(
Pb
S
O
4
)
at
ta
ch
to
the
plate
s
can
be
s
olv
e
d
us
in
g
hi
gh
c
urren
t
puls
es
meth
od.
Th
e
hi
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pu
lse
s
produce
instanta
ne
ou
s
heat
to
conve
rt
the
PbSO
4
into
the
a
ct
ive
el
ect
ro
lyt
e
an
d
ca
us
e
t
he
chemical
rea
ct
ion
to
oc
cu
r.
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
the
high
c
urre
nt
pulse
s
meth
od
has
giv
e
n
man
y
be
ne
fits
to
the
industr
ie
s.
On
e
of
t
he
adv
a
ntage
s
is
this
method
can
im
pro
ve
th
e
perf
ormance
in
te
r
ms
of
it
s
disch
arg
e
ca
pacit
y.
The
disc
harge
capaci
ty
of
t
he
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
can
be
im
pro
ve
d
by
up
t
o
31%.
F
rom
the
fi
nd
i
ngs
disc
us
s
ed,
t
he
r
est
orat
ion
c
a
pacit
y
of
le
ad
aci
d
batte
ries
usi
ng
h
i
gh
cu
rr
e
nt
pulse
s
ca
n
prol
ong
t
he
ti
me
of
disc
ha
rg
e
f
r
om
3
hours 27 min
utes
to 5
hours.
It
can
also e
xte
nd the life
cy
cl
e an
d
e
nh
a
nces
the life s
pa
n o
f
the
b
at
te
ries.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
e
xpress
their
grat
it
ud
e
to
the
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
s
sei
n
O
nn
M
al
aysia
a
nd
Re
new
cel
l
(
M)
Sdn.
B
hd.
T
hi
s
resea
rch
is
f
unde
d
under
M
T
UN
G
ran
t
(Vot
N
o.
K
118)
a
nd
I
ndust
rial
Gr
a
nt
(Vot No.
M
00
6).
REFERE
NCE
S
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A.
Qurthobi,
A.
B.
K.
Pa
mbudi,
D.
Dar
ma
wan
,
and
R.
F.
Iska
ndar
,
“Corr
elat
i
on
bet
we
en
ba
ttery
voltage
und
er
loa
ded
condi
t
ion
and
estima
te
d
s
ta
t
e
of
ch
arg
e
at
val
ve
-
r
egulate
d
le
ad
acid
ba
tt
er
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on
discha
rg
e
con
dit
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ci
rcu
it
vol
ta
ge
m
et
hod,
”
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nte
rnational
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rnal
of
Powe
r
El
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ct
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and
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iv
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Syst
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in
ma
t
l
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at
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“Ch
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c
te
rist
ic
s
of
l
ea
d
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a
ci
d
and
nickel
me
t
al
hydrid
e
bat
t
eri
es
in
unin
t
err
upti
b
le
power
supply
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at
io
n,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
a
nd
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
s
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PE
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sm
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ice
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ea
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a
ci
d
bat
t
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es,
”
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r
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t
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rgy
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o
e
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k
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mer
on
le
ad
-
a
cid
storage
bat
te
r
ie
s
,
U
S.
D
epa
rt
me
nt
o
f
En
erg
y
,
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
0
0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#
1
0
#
1
1
#
1
2
#
1
3
#
1
4
#
1
5
#
1
6
#
1
7
#
1
8
Disch
arge
Cap
acity
(%)
Cell
Nu
m
b
er
Ty
p
e:
Flo
o
d
ed
lead acid
No
m
in
al
capacity
:
8
4
0
Ah
Disch
arge
rate
:
5
H
@
6
H
No
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
:
3
6
V
Cell
v
o
ltag
e
:
2
V
Bef
o
r
e des
u
lfation
pro
cess
Af
ter
d
e
s
u
lf
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
Av
er
ag
e
befo
re
d
e
s
u
lf
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
Av
er
ag
e
af
t
er
d
esu
lfa
tio
n
pro
cess
9
2
.67
6
9
.61
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
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t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
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1
, N
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d
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aci
d
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tt
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r
gy
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d
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rgy
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id
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arath
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am
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t
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th
and
p
erf
orma
n
ce
mon
it
oring
sys
te
m:
A
cl
oser
look
at
stat
e
of
h
ealth
(SoH
)
assess
me
nt
methods
of
a
lead
-
a
ci
d
batter
y
,
”
I
nd
on
e
sia
n
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ou
r
nal
of
Ele
ct
ric
al
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gin
eeri
ng
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d
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r
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ie
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v
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ng
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n
g,
and
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g,
“
Tra
nsform
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ert
Pb
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4
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on
th
e
n
egative
e
lectr
ode
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a
l
ea
d
-
ac
id
ba
tt
ery
in
t
o
it
s
a
ct
iv
e
st
ate,
”
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of
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r
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Tre
n
d
of
h
igh
fre
qu
e
ncy
b
at
t
ery
cha
r
ger
for
l
ea
d
-
ac
id
b
at
t
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,
”
Int
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ch. E
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ti
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at
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uant
a
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“
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m
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a
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t
eri
es
with
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tur
ed
e
le
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e
ren
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u
lí
k
,
“Ne
gat
iv
e
lead
-
acid
bat
t
ery
elec
trod
e
s
doped
with
gl
a
ss
fibre
s,”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
ct
roche
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.
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.
,
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–
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[19]
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n
,
P.
Eve
ri
ll,
S.
W.
Sw
ogger
,
a
nd
D.
P.
Dube
y,
“
Le
ad
acid
b
at
t
ery
per
f
or
mance
an
d
cy
cl
e
l
ife
inc
re
ase
d
throug
h
addi
t
ion
of
dis
cre
t
e
c
arb
on
nan
otube
s
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