Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
18
3
~
19
8
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
18
3
-
19
8
183
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn o
f a
c
onti
nuousl
y and
l
i
ne
ar
l
y
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed VSI
-
b
ase
d
STATC
OM fo
r
l
oad
c
urrent
b
ala
nc
i
ng
p
urpos
es
Faris
As
aad Abdulmune
m
1
,
Ab
d
ulkaree
m
Mokif
Ob
ais
2
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersity of
Baby
lon, B
abyl
on,
Ira
q
2
Depa
rtment of
Biom
edica
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Univ
ersit
y
of
Babyl
on
,
Babyl
on,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
24, 202
0
Re
vised
Jan
19
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b 7
, 2
021
In
thi
s
pape
r
,
lo
ad
cur
ren
t
ba
la
n
ci
ng
ar
e
rev
ie
we
d
in
both
thr
ee
-
wire
and
4
-
wire
sys
te
ms
taking
in
to
ac
cou
nt
l
ine
ar
it
y
,
h
ar
moni
cs
inj
e
ct
ion
,
and
con
trol
sche
me
s.
A
li
n
e
ari
z
ed
sta
ti
c
co
mpe
nsator
(STATCOM
)
base
d
o
n
H
-
bridge
volt
ag
e
sourc
e
i
nver
te
r
(VS
I).
The
p
roposed
S
TATCOM
is
co
ntrol
le
d
in
cl
osed
loop
mo
de
via
equi
ppin
g
it
with
a
new
cur
ren
t
cont
rol
l
er.
Th
e
DC
ca
pa
ci
tor
vol
ta
g
e
of
th
e
STATC
OM
is
kept
con
stant
wi
thout
usi
ng
ex
te
rna
l
ene
rgy
in
je
c
ti
on
or
storag
e
dev
i
ce
s
v
ia
shunt
in
g
th
e
DC
ca
p
acitor
with
a
sui
ta
ble
seri
es
fi
lt
er
.
Th
e
si
mul
a
ti
on
r
esult
s
of
t
he
cur
r
ent
respo
nses
of
the
220V,
50Hz
ST
ATCOM
rev
ea
l
cont
inuous
and
li
ne
ar
per
for
mance
during
responding
to
re
ac
t
ive
cur
r
ent
d
e
ma
nds
from
123
A
induc
ti
v
e
cur
r
ent
to
227A
ca
pa
ci
t
ive
cur
re
nt.
The
tra
nsit
io
n
ti
m
e
r
equi
red
for
the
p
roposed
STATCOM
during
tre
a
tmen
t
of
a
sudden
cha
nge
in
r
eact
ive
cur
r
ent
de
ma
nd
from
ma
xim
u
m
inductive
cur
r
ent
to
ma
xim
u
m
ca
p
a
ci
ti
v
e
cur
r
ent
is
l
ess
tha
n
40ms.
The
stea
d
y
stat
e
po
rti
ons
of
the
STATCO
M
cur
ren
t
r
esponses
show
pure
sinusoid
s,
t
hus
the
propos
e
d
STATCOM
can
be
p
romoted
a
s
har
monic
fre
e
sta
tic
Var
c
ompe
nsator
.
Th
e
cl
osed
loop
c
onti
nuous
mode
cont
rol
an
d
the
consid
era
b
le
li
ne
ari
ty
of
th
e
proposed
STATCOM
promot
it
as
a
bipo
la
r
sus
ce
pta
nc
e
(c
a
pac
i
ti
ve
and
in
duct
iv
e)
in
ap
pli
c
at
io
ns
of
l
oad
cur
r
ent
bal
an
ci
ng
sys
tems i
n
bo
th
th
ree
and
four
wire
po
wer
sys
te
ms.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Loa
d
c
ompens
at
ion
Power fact
or c
orrecti
on
Power q
ualit
y
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
c
on
tr
ol
STA
TC
O
M
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Abd
ulk
a
reem
M
okif
Obais
Dep
a
rteme
nt of
Bi
om
e
dical
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Ba
by
l
on
Hill
a, Bab
ylon,
I
ra
q
Emai
l:
kar
im
obai
s
@
yaho
o.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
19
81,
a
n
a
dv
a
nce
d
sta
ti
c
Va
r
c
ompe
nsa
tor
i
n
protot
yp
e
f
orm
was
intr
oduce
d
by
[1].
T
he
com
pensat
or
was
buil
t
us
i
ng
force
-
co
mm
utate
d
i
nverter
s.
T
his
prot
otype
f
ounded
a
basis
f
or
ST
A
TCOM
con
ce
pt.
T
he
r
apid
i
ncr
easi
ng
in
t
he
switc
hing
f
reque
nci
es
of
the
s
o
lid
-
sta
te
switc
hing
de
vices
besi
de
the
dev
el
opment
i
n
m
ulti
le
vel
te
chnolo
gies
makes
it
poss
ible
to
a
pp
l
y
pulse
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
(
PWM)
te
chn
iq
ues
in
t
he
S
TATC
O
Ms
desi
gn
e
d
f
or
high
powe
r
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
sc
hem
e
of
a
PWM
-
ba
sed
STA
TC
O
M
w
as
inv
est
igate
d
by
[2].
D
ur
in
g
the
model
im
pl
ementat
ion
of
the
co
ntr
oller,
the
ST
ATCO
M
wa
s
modele
d
in t
he
d
isc
rete t
ime domai
n.
A
n
ei
gh
t
-
le
vel r
ei
nje
ct
ion
con
ver
te
r
b
ased
ST
ATC
OM
was pr
opose
d
b
y
[3]
t
o
pro
vid
e
very
l
ow
disto
rtion
le
vels
co
mp
a
red
to
a
si
mil
ar
c
onfig
urat
i
on
us
in
g
cl
amping
di
od
es
,
eve
n
though
the
nu
mb
e
rs
of
the
main
switc
hing
de
vices
in
bo
t
h
co
nf
i
gura
ti
on
s
we
re
e
qual
.
ST
ATCO
M
s
are
tradit
ion
al
ly
re
al
iz
ed
by
volt
a
ge
s
ource
c
onve
rters,
but
f
or
certai
n
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
usi
ng
a
ST
ATC
OM
as
current
injec
ti
on
d
e
vice,
cu
r
ren
t
s
ource
c
onve
rter
base
d
STA
TC
O
M
s
c
an
intr
oduce
be
tt
er
performa
nce
[
4].
The
c
on
tr
olli
ng
strat
egies
,
ha
rm
on
ic
a
naly
sis,
operati
ng
po
i
nts
opti
miza
ti
on
,
vo
lt
a
ge
unbalance
mit
igati
on,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
18
3
–
19
8
184
op
ti
mal
m
odul
at
ion
,
mod
ulati
on
dy
namic,
re
al
ti
me
analysi
s,
tra
ns
ie
nt
res
pons
e
,
an
d
c
on
fig
ur
at
io
n
la
yo
ut
of
diff
e
re
nt
STATC
OMs
we
re
inv
e
sti
gated
in
[5
]
-
[
7].
In
[8],
the
H
-
bri
dge
DC
capaci
to
rs
wer
e
c
harge
d
init
ia
ll
y
in
a
pro
po
s
e
d
sta
r
-
c
onnect
ed
m
ulti
le
vel
ST
ATCO
M
s
in
orde
r
to
guara
ntee
th
e
possibil
it
y
of
thei
r
equ
al
iz
at
io
n.
I
n
[
9],
a
shu
nt
act
ive
filt
er
ba
sed
on
on
e
-
c
yc
le
con
tr
ol
f
or
load
c
ompens
at
ion
of
a
th
re
e
-
phase
four
-
wi
re
s
ys
te
m
wa
s
in
vestigat
ed.
I
n
[10
],
a
pr
opos
e
d
c
ontr
olli
ng
sc
he
me
f
or
casca
de
d
fu
ll
br
i
dg
e
vo
lt
age
so
urce
in
ver
te
r
(
VSI)
base
d
S
TATC
OM
c
oncentrate
d
on
in
div
id
ual
balan
ci
ng
of
t
he
ca
pa
ci
tor
volt
ages
of
t
he
fu
ll
-
br
i
dg
e
c
onve
rters
(H
-
bri
dg
e
c
onve
rter
s).
T
he
balan
ci
ng
process
was
car
ried
out
by
co
m
par
i
ng
t
he
instanta
ne
ous
vo
lt
age
of
th
e
H
-
br
i
dg
e
ca
pa
ci
tor
volt
age
w
it
h
a
re
fer
e
nce
on
e
.
A
D
ST
A
TCOM
de
vised
from
a
low
rati
ng
volt
age
s
ource
co
nverter
(
VS
C
)
a
nd
a
zi
gzag
tr
ansfo
rmer
was
intr
oduce
d
by
[
11]
f
or
i
mpr
ov
i
ng
the
po
wer
qu
al
it
y
of
a
thr
e
e
-
phase
fou
r
-
wire
distrib
ution
syst
em.
V
oltage
c
on
t
ro
l,
curre
nt
co
ntr
ol,
a
nd
integrate
d
co
nt
ro
l
s
che
mes
wer
e
em
ploye
d
i
n
a
t
hr
ee
-
ph
a
se
STATC
OM
for
co
mpe
ns
at
in
g
unbal
anced
vo
lt
age
s
a
nd
c
urren
ts
[
12].
A
∆
-
c
onn
ect
e
d
mu
lt
il
evel
casc
ade
c
onve
rter
base
d
S
TATC
OM
was
pro
po
sed
by
[13].
In
the
propose
d
STAT
COM,
the
seri
es
reacto
rs
we
r
e
co
nn
ect
e
d
i
n
series
t
o
m
utua
ll
y
co
up
le
d
re
act
or
s.
The mut
ually c
oupled
r
eact
or
s
off
e
red pat
hs
f
or circulat
in
g
c
urren
ts
to flo
w.
In
t
hi
s
researc
h,
a
co
ntin
uousl
y
a
nd
li
near
l
y
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
volt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rter
(VSI
)
base
d
fu
ll
-
br
i
dg
e
ST
ATC
OM
is
desi
gne
d
a
nd
te
ste
d.
T
his
S
TA
TCO
M
is
c
har
act
eri
zed by
high
li
ne
arit
y
a
nd
is
h
a
rm
on
ic
fr
ee,
th
us
it
ca
n
c
onsidera
bly
be
e
xp
l
oited
for
loa
d
c
urre
nt
ba
la
ncing a
nd e
nerg
y
sa
ving
pur
poses.
2.
THE
PROPO
SED LI
NEA
R
IZE
D
H
-
BRI
DGE
VS
I
BA
SED S
T
ATC
OM
A
ST
ATC
OM
in
ge
ner
al
is
ei
ther
a
vo
lt
a
ge
so
urce
in
ve
rter
(VSI
)
with
it
s
DC
sou
rce
re
placed
by
a
DC
capaci
to
r
or
c
urren
t
s
our
ce
inv
e
rter
(C
SI
)
with
it
s
D
C
so
urce
re
pl
a
ced
by
a
DC
r
eact
or
.
B
oth
c
at
egories
of
po
wer
co
nv
erters
e
xc
ha
nge
act
ive
powe
r
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
with
the
AC
s
ource
to
s
om
e
exte
nts
th
rou
gh
small
reactor
s
.
These
de
fin
it
ion
s
are
a
pp
li
cable
for
bo
th
sin
gle
an
d
three
-
phase
STA
TC
O
M
s.
Since
STA
TC
O
M
s
c
an
be
e
mp
l
oy
e
d
in
bo
t
h
act
iv
e
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
,
the
y
a
re
us
ua
ll
y
r
efe
rr
e
d
to
a
s
sta
ti
c
comp
e
nsa
tors.
T
he
sin
gl
e
-
phase
VSI
-
ba
sed
S
TA
TCO
M
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1.
T
he
STATC
O
M
s
olid
-
sta
te
switc
hing
de
vices
Z
1
,
Z
2
,
Z
3
,
an
d
Z
4
ar
e
ins
ulate
d
-
gat
e
bipolar
tr
a
nsi
stors
(IGBTs
)
eq
uippe
d
with
fast
fr
ee
-
w
heeli
ng
diodes.
v
AC
a
nd
V
DC
represe
nt
the
in
sta
ntane
ous
volt
age
of
the
AC
sou
rce
and
th
e
DC
c
a
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
,
res
pec
ti
vely.
The
c
urren
t
i
S
re
presen
ts
the
insta
ntan
eous
STATC
O
M
cu
rr
e
nt.
L
ST
and
R
ST
are
the
sel
f
-
in
duct
ance
a
nd
resist
ance
of
the
ST
ATC
O
M
reacto
r.
T
he
volt
age
v
i
re
pr
ese
nts
the
S
TATC
OM
or
the
VSI
gen
e
rated
volt
age.
The
ST
ATCO
M
of
F
igure
1
is
usual
ly
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
as
H
-
bri
dge
S
TATC
O
M
.
Such
STA
TC
O
M
s
a
re
tri
gg
e
re
d
by
us
i
ng
si
nu
s
oi
dal
pu
lse
widt
h
mod
ulati
on
(
SPWM
)
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
If
V
DC
is
ke
pt
const
ant
an
d
t
he
ST
ATC
O
M
is
trig
ge
red
by
t
he
un
i
pola
r
sinusoi
dal
pu
lse
widt
h
m
odulati
on
(
USPW
M
)
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 2
,
the
n
v
i
will
b
e
giv
e
n b
y
=
5
(
1
−
3
)
(1)
Wh
e
re,
V
Z1
a
nd
V
Z3
are
th
e
U
SP
W
M
t
rigg
e
rin
g
sig
nal
s
of
Z
1
an
d
Z
3
,
res
pecti
vely.
β
is
t
he
STA
TC
O
M
a
ngle
a
nd
it
re
presents
t
he
phas
e
s
hift
of
t
he
modu
la
ti
ng
sig
nal
v
MOD
with
resp
ect
to
v
AC
.
v
TRI
is
the car
rier si
gnal
, which
is a
tr
ia
ngular wa
veform o
f
a
mp
li
tu
de of
V
TRI
an
d fr
e
qu
e
nc
y of
f
C
. Note that
v
MO
D
is a
sinu
s
oid
al
si
gnal
of
a
mp
li
tu
de
A
MOD
and
f
requen
c
y
f
w
hich
is
the
same
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
t
he
AC
s
ource
(
f
=
ω
/2π).
The
te
rm
(
V
Z1
-
V
Z3
)
is
posit
ive
w
hen
v
MOD
is
po
sit
ive
a
nd
vice
versa.
The
m
odulati
ng
si
gn
al
v
MOD
can
be
def
i
ned
as
(2).
=
(
+
)
(2)
Fo
r
a
S
TA
TCOM
of
a
m
odulati
on
i
ndex
m
,
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
of
v
i
within
v
TRI
durati
on
ti
me
T
C
is
desig
nated
by
V
iav
an
d
is
determine
d b
y
(3)
=
1
∫
0
′
=
1
(
∫
′
2
′
1
′
+
∫
′
4
′
3
′
)
=
(
+
)
(
3)
The STA
TCO
M
mod
ulati
on
ind
e
x
m
is
def
i
ned by
(
4)
=
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of
a
c
onti
nuously
and l
inearly c
ontr
olled V
SI
-
ba
se
d STAT
C
OM
f
or
…
(
F
ar
is As
aad Ab
dulm
unem
)
185
To
make
(
3)
a
pp
li
cable
over
the
car
rier
si
gnal
stream,
t
he
t
ime
t
is
substi
tuted
by
kT
C
a
nd
ω
by
2π/
T
.
Wh
e
re,
T
is
th
e
ti
me
durati
on
of
t
he
m
odul
at
in
g
sig
nal
a
nd
k
=1
,
2,
3,
a
n
d
so
on.
C
on
seq
uen
tl
y,
(
3)
can
be
rewrit
te
n
as
(5)
:
(
)
=
(
2
+
)
=
(
2
+
)
(5)
w
he
re,
N
is
defi
ned
by
(6)
=
(
6)
The
va
riat
ion
of
V
iav
a
s
funct
ion
of
ωt
e
xhib
it
s
sinusoi
dal
e
nv
el
op
e
a
nd
is
in
ph
a
se
with
v
MOD
,
thus
it
can b
e
c
onside
red
as
t
he
i
ns
ta
ntane
ous f
un
da
mental
c
omponent
of volt
age
v
1
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
t
he
VSI, which
ca
n
be
e
xpresse
d b
y
(7)
1
=
(
+
)
(7)
Assumin
g
t
hat
the
ST
ATC
OM
re
act
or
s
uppresses
al
l
current
ha
rm
onic
s,
t
he
STATC
OM
r
ms
fun
dame
ntal cur
ren
t
I
S
ca
n be
g
ive
n
a
s (8
)
=
.
−
1
∠
+
(8)
w
he
re,
V
AC
is t
he rms
volt
age
of the
AC s
our
ce an
d
V
1
is
th
e rm
s
volt
age
of
v
1
.
V
1
can
b
e
def
i
ned
as
(9)
1
=
√
2
(9)
Assumin
g
t
hat
R
ST
is neg
li
gi
ble co
m
pa
red to
ωL
ST
, (8
)
ca
n b
e re
wr
it
te
n
as
(
10)
=
(
−
1
∠
)
(10)
If
the
a
ngle
β
is
smal
l
and
V
1
is
gr
eat
er
t
han
V
AC
,
I
S
will
be
to
some
exte
nt
pure
capaci
ti
ve,
wh
il
e
it
will
be
pure
in
du
ct
ive
i
f
V
1
is
le
ss
than
V
AC
.
In
gen
e
ral,
sm
al
l
neg
at
ive
va
lues
of
β
ma
ke
V
1
gr
eat
er
t
ha
n
V
AC
and
acc
ordin
g
to
(10),
I
S
will
be
ca
pacit
ive,
w
hile
s
mall
posit
ive
value
s
of
β
ma
ke
V
1
small
er
t
han
V
AC
an
d
su
bse
que
ntly,
I
S
will
be
in
du
ct
ive.
T
he
re
s
pons
e
of
a
cer
ta
in
ST
ATC
O
M
to
β
cha
nging
depen
ds
on
ma
ny
factors
s
uc
h
a
s
in
ver
te
r
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses,
s
w
it
ching
de
vices
O
N
an
d
OFF
t
imes,
t
he
dea
d
ti
me
T
D
betwe
en
t
he
trigg
e
rin
g
puls
es
of
t
he
switc
hing
de
vices
on
t
he
sa
me
li
m
b,
m
odulati
on
ind
e
x,
an
d
pas
sive
el
eme
nt
va
lues.
So
me
co
ntr
olli
n
g
te
ch
niques
adopted
phase
-
sh
ifte
d
sin
usoidal
P
W
M
(
SP
W
M
)
t
o
c
on
t
rol
the
cu
rr
e
nt
of
the
H
-
br
i
dg
e
ST
ATC
OM
[
14]
.
T
he
stu
dy
pr
opose
d
by
[15]
ha
d
a
dopte
d
the
ph
a
se
-
s
hifted
mu
lt
ic
arr
ie
r
unipo
la
r
PWM
to
c
ontr
ol
the
ST
ATC
OM
cu
rr
e
nt.
T
his
ty
pe
of
c
ontrol
hel
ps
to
d
e
crease
the
e
ff
e
ct
of
m
ulti
-
swi
tc
hin
g
durin
g
ST
AT
COM
trig
ge
ring.
M
a
ny
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
s
ubje
ct
ed
ST
ATC
O
M
c
urre
nt
c
ontr
ol
to
lo
okup
ta
bles
relat
ing
β
val
ue
s
to
the
m
ag
ni
tud
e
an
d
phas
e
val
ues
of
the
ST
ATC
OM
c
urren
t
[
8
]
,
[
16
]
-
[
18]
.
Cl
os
ed
loop
te
chn
iq
ues
are
wi
dely
us
e
d
to
c
on
tr
ol
ST
ATCO
M
cu
rr
e
nt
by
co
m
par
i
ng
the
ST
AT
COM
c
urren
t
with
a
ref
e
ren
ce
one.
In
t
hese
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s,
phase
lo
cked
lo
ops
are
usual
ly
e
mp
l
oyed
to
s
ync
hro
nize
the
ST
AT
COM
with
the
gri
d
[10
]
,
[
19
]
-
[
20]
.
P
r
opor
ti
on
al
and
pro
portio
na
l
integ
ral
c
on
trolle
r
s
are
broad
l
y
em
ploye
d
f
or
STA
TC
O
M
c
urre
nt contr
ol [1
3
]
,
[
21
]
-
[
25].
The
ST
ATCO
M
show
n
in
Fi
gure
1
is
m
odifie
d
he
re
t
o
me
et
the
require
m
ents
of
bein
g
c
on
ti
nu
ously
and
li
nea
rly
c
ontr
olled
ha
rm
onic
-
f
ree
co
mpe
ns
at
in
g
su
sce
pt
ance.
The
modific
at
ion
is
in
vo
l
ved
i
n
t
wo
ste
ps
;
in
the
fi
rst
ste
p
V
DC
is
ke
pt
const
ant
at
a
certai
n
le
vel
f
or
each
c
ompens
at
ing
cu
rrent
without
usi
ng
exter
na
l
energ
y
injec
ti
on
or
sto
rag
e
de
vices,
w
hile
in
the
sec
on
d
ste
p,
t
he
reacti
ve
com
pensat
ing
current
is
brough
t
t
o
it
s steady
sta
te
v
al
ue wit
hi
n
a
sh
ort
er
ti
me compa
red with
o
t
her co
ntr
olli
ng techn
i
qu
e
s [1
6
]
,
[
17
]
-
[
25]
.
The
first
ste
p
of
ST
ATCO
M
m
od
ific
at
io
n
is
acc
ompli
sh
e
d
by
us
in
g
a
s
eries
ha
r
monic
filt
er
connecte
d
i
n
par
al
le
l
with
V
DC
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
3.
T
he
seco
nd
ste
p
represe
nt
s
t
he
m
os
t
imp
or
ta
nt
modific
at
ion
a
nd
is
acc
ompli
sh
e
d
by
de
visi
ng
a
ne
w
co
ntr
olli
ng
te
ch
ni
que.
I
n
this
te
ch
ni
qu
e,
t
he
ST
A
TCOM
ang
le
β
is
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
withi
n
a
range
of
-
5.7
3
0
to
+
5.73
0
.
I
n
t
his
ra
nge
of
β
,
the
m
od
i
fied
S
TATC
OM
cu
rrent
i
s
gu
a
ra
nteed
t
o be
pure
r
eact
iv
e (eit
her ca
pacit
ive or in
duct
iv
e).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
18
3
–
19
8
186
Figure
1. The
VS
I
-
based H
-
bri
dge ST
ATC
OM
Figure
2.
U
SP
W
M
trig
ge
rin
g si
gnal
s g
e
ne
ra
ti
on
of the
VSI
-
base
d ST
ATC
OM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of
a
c
onti
nuously
and l
inearly c
ontr
olled V
SI
-
ba
se
d STAT
C
OM
f
or
…
(
F
ar
is As
aad Ab
dulm
unem
)
187
Figure
3. The
layout
of the
propose
d
li
nea
riz
ed
S
TATC
O
M
a.
The de
vised
c
on
t
rolli
ng tec
hnique
The
sche
mati
c
m
od
el
in
g
of
t
he
de
vised
co
nt
ro
ll
ing
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Aft
er
detect
in
g
the
ST
ATCO
M
insta
ntane
ous
c
urren
t
i
S
by
the
cu
rr
e
nt
tra
ns
f
ormer
an
d
c
onve
rting
it
to the
volt
age
si
gnal
k
S
i
S
,
the
la
tt
er
sig
na
l
is
proce
sse
d
within
t
he
sa
m
ple
an
d
hold
ci
rcu
it
s
to
get
th
e
analo
gue
volt
age
k
S
I
Sm
.
W
he
re,
I
Sm
is
the
am
plit
ud
e
of
i
S
an
d
k
S
is
a
co
ns
ta
nt
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
cu
rr
e
nt
tra
ns
f
ormer
pri
m
ary
t
o
sec
onda
ry
t
urn
rati
o
a
nd
t
he
r
esi
stor
R
CT
.
T
he
a
nal
ogue
volt
age
k
S
I
Sm
is
s
ub
tract
e
d
f
rom
k
S
I
Dm
w
hic
h
is
a
nothe
r
a
na
logue
sign
al
pro
portion
al
t
o
t
he
am
plit
ud
e
of
th
e
r
equ
i
red
reacti
ve
de
man
d
I
Dm
.
The
res
ult
of
s
ub
t
racti
on
is
∆k
S
I
Sm
wh
ic
h
is
an
a
na
logue
volt
age
pro
portio
nal
t
o
t
he
a
mou
nt
of
dev
ia
ti
on
of
t
he
act
ual
S
TA
TCOM
c
ur
ren
t
f
rom
the
re
quire
d
re
act
ive
cu
rr
e
nt
dema
nd.
N
ote
that
I
Sm
is
a
pola
r
qua
ntit
y.
It
s
val
ue
is
posit
ive
durin
g
ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
reacti
ve
cu
rr
e
nt
dema
nd
a
nd
neg
at
ive
duri
ng
in
du
ct
i
ve
cu
r
ren
t
dema
nd.
This
mea
ns
th
at
detect
ing
I
Sm
means
detect
ing
t
he
mag
nitud
e
an
d
ph
ase
of
th
e
STATC
O
M
curre
nt.
T
he
mo
st
im
porta
nt
pa
rt
of
the
ab
ov
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
th
e
STA
TC
O
M
ang
le
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r.
It
in
volves
t
wo
i
den
ti
cal
N
PN
bipolar
ju
nc
ti
on
tra
ns
ist
or
s
Q
1
and
Q
2
w
hich
are
biased
i
n
the
act
ive
re
gions
near
cut
off.
Vγ
is
the
cut
in
t
hr
es
h
old
volt
age
of
these
transisto
rs.
Ac
cordin
g
to
the
biasin
g
sta
t
us
of
Q
1
a
nd
Q
2
,
their
base
c
urr
ents
i
B1
a
nd
i
B2
can
be
ex
pr
e
s
sed
as
(11) an
d (
12)
1
=
(
)
1
,
Δ
(
)
≥
0
(11)
2
=
−
(
)
2
,
Δ
(
)
≤
0
(12)
Wh
e
re,
∆V(β
)
is
an
a
nalo
gue
volt
age
si
gn
al
pro
portio
nal
t
o
the
er
r
or
of
t
he
S
TATC
O
M
an
gle
β
.
I
f
Q
1
a
nd
Q
2
are
in
their
act
ive
reg
i
on
s
,
t
hen
their
c
ollec
tor
c
urren
ts
i
C1
an
d
i
C2
can
be
det
ermine
d
a
s
(13
)
a
nd
(14)
:
1
=
ℎ
1
=
ℎ
(
)
1
,
Δ
(
)
≥
0
(13)
2
=
ℎ
2
=
−
ℎ
(
)
2
,
Δ
(
)
≤
0
(14)
Wh
e
re,
h
FE
is
the
for
ward
D
C
cu
rr
e
nt
gai
n
of
the
c
om
m
on
emit
te
r
c
onfi
gurati
on.
T
he
DC
for
ward
current
gai
n
is
us
e
d
in
this
a
nalysis,
si
nce
t
he
t
ran
sist
or
's
input
vo
lt
age
s
are
sl
ow
varyi
ng
sig
nals.
I
n
case
of
sat
ur
at
io
n,
t
he c
urren
ts
i
C1
an
d
i
C2
can
b
e
g
i
ven by
(
15)
a
nd
(16)
LS
T
2
1.
25
m
H
1
2
R
ST
2
0.
05
LS
T
1
1.
25
m
H
1
2
R
ST
1
0.
05
C
SH
Z1
Z4
Z3
Z2
CF
LF
1
2
RF
CDC
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
VAC
T
X
1
T
N
33
_2
0_
11
_2
P9
0
RCT
0
Statcom new controller
Current transformer cct
Series reactors
Statcom driving circuit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
18
3
–
19
8
188
1
=
−
(
)
1
,
Δ
(
)
≥
0
(15)
2
=
(
)
+
2
,
Δ
(
)
≤
0
(16)
Figure
4. The
dev
ise
d
c
ontrol
li
ng
sc
heme
Samplle/hold
(2)
Sampling pulses
generator
1
2
1
2
3
Samplle/hold
(1)
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
k
G
A
I
N
=
0
.
5
Q1
Q2
+VCC
-VCC
RC1
RC2
C
0
R
B
1
R
B
2
k
G
A
I
N
=
-1
0
R
AV1
100
C
AV1
100u
Averager (1)
0
R
AV2
100
C
AV2
100u
Averager (2)
M
U
LT
I
PLI
ER
2
k
G
A
I
N
=
m
k
G
A
I
N
=
-1
-
+
Comparator (1)
Comparator (2)
-
+
Statcom angle controller
Statcom angle error estimator
Statcom current magnitude detector
Statcom triggering circuit
Statcom modulating signal generater
Modulating index
controller
D
ELAY
D
EL
A
Y
=
T
D
1
2
D
ELAY
D
EL
A
Y
=
T
D
1
2
3
4
5
6
k
G
A
I
N
=
A
D
ELAY
D
EL
A
Y
=
5
m
Buffer
1
C
i
2
C
i
1
B
i
2
B
i
C
i
(
)
0
,
0
a
t
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
=
AC
AC
v
/
d
t
dv
(
)
0
,
0
a
t
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
=
AC
AC
v
/
d
t
dv
V
(
)
V
(
)
AV
V
(
)
AV
V
(
)
V
Sm
S
I
k
Sm
S
I
k
−
Sm
S
I
k
2
Sm
S
I
k
S
B
k
2
Dm
S
I
k
Sm
S
I
k
S
m
A
V
S
I
k
I
k
S
S
S
i
k
T
R
I
v
M
O
D
v
M
O
D
v
MO
D
v
−
+
U
S
P
W
M
V
−
U
S
P
W
M
V
M
v
C
A
v
k
.
3
S
v
1
Z
v
4
Z
v
3
Z
v
2
Z
v
CC
V
V
−
S
m
A
V
S
I
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of
a
c
onti
nuously
and l
inearly c
ontr
olled V
SI
-
ba
se
d STAT
C
OM
f
or
…
(
F
ar
is As
aad Ab
dulm
unem
)
189
Wh
e
re,
V
(β)
is
an
anal
ogue
vo
lt
age
sig
nal
pro
portion
al
to
the
STATC
O
M
an
gle.
If
V
(
β
)
is
mor
e
po
sit
ive
tha
n
V
CC
or
m
ore
ne
ga
ti
ve
tha
n
–
V
CC
,
the
n
(
15)
an
d
(
16)
a
re
no
longe
r
bein
g
ap
plica
ble.
The
c
urrent
i
C
of
t
he
ca
pacit
or
C
is
d
et
er
m
ined
a
s
(
17)
:
=
(
1
+
1
,
Δ
(
)
≥
0
−
2
,
Δ
(
)
≤
0
)
(17)
The
volt
age
ac
ro
ss
the
ca
pacit
or
C
,
is
V(β
)
wh
ic
h
represe
nt
s
the
a
nalo
gue
sig
nal
c
on
tr
oll
ing
a
par
t
i
n
this
c
on
tr
oller
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
ge
ne
rati
ng
the
m
odulati
ng
si
gn
al
v
MOD
.
Th
e
a
nalo
gue
sig
nal
V
(β)
c
an
be
expresse
d
as
(
18)
:
(
)
=
1
∫
(18)
The
e
rror sig
na
l
∆V(β)
is dete
r
mined b
y
(
19)
(
)
=
(
)
+
(19)
w
he
re,
∆
V
AV
(β)
an
d
∆I
are
d
e
f
ined b
y
(20) an
d (21)
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
)
(20)
=
+
(21)
wh
e
re
,
V
AV
(β)
represe
nts
the
instanta
neous
a
ver
a
ge
value
of
V
(β)
,
a
nd
the
cu
rr
e
nt
er
r
or
c
ompone
nts
∆
I
Sm
an
d
∆
I
SmAV
are
def
i
ned by
(
22)
a
nd
(23)
=
−
(22)
=
−
(23)
Wh
e
re,
I
SmAV
is
the
instanta
ne
ou
s
a
ve
rag
e
va
lue
of
I
Sm
.
As
i
C
gr
ows
posit
ive
ra
pid
ly
,
V(β
)
buil
ds
up
rap
i
dly
t
oo
a
nd
it
ma
y
ma
ke
sig
nificant
overs
hoots
.
T
he
erro
r
si
gn
al
s
def
i
ned
by
the
te
rms
k
S
∆
I
SmA
V
an
d
∆V
AV
(β)
dec
re
ase
the
cha
nce
s
f
or
V(β
)
t
o
e
xh
i
bit
over
sho
ots
a
nd
ma
ke
the
ST
ATC
O
M
c
urre
nt
te
nd
faster
towa
rd
it
s
desi
red
value
.
Bot
h
te
rm
s
va
n
is
h
as
V(β
)
at
ta
in
s
it
s
ste
ady
sta
te
value.
The
a
nalo
gu
e
volt
ag
e
V(β)
determi
nes
the
ph
a
se an
gle by
w
hic
h,
t
he
m
odulati
ng sig
nal
v
MOD
will
b
e sh
ifte
d from t
he
o
ri
gin
al
A
C
volt
age
app
li
ed
ac
r
os
s
the STATC
O
M
termi
nals.
V
(β)
var
ie
s in
t
he
r
an
ge of
–
V
CC
to
+V
C
C
. If
∆
V(β)
is
po
sit
ive
,
C
will
charge
t
hroug
h
Q
1
to
wa
rd
s
V
CC
,
w
hile
C
will
discha
r
ge
to
w
ard
s
-
V
CC
th
r
ough
Q
2
if
∆
V(β
)
bec
ome
s
negat
ive.
The
S
TA
TCO
M
m
odulati
ng
sign
al
ge
ner
a
tor
is
buil
t
of
a
ti
me
dela
ye
r
of
5m
sec
,
analo
gu
e
m
ulti
plier,
su
m
mer,
an
d
a
vo
lt
a
ge
am
plif
ie
r
of
f
orward
gain
of
m
wh
ic
h
is
relat
ed
dir
ect
ly
to
the
S
T
ATCO
M
mod
ulati
on
ind
e
x.
T
he
a
na
logue
volt
age
k
3
v
AC
is
a
lo
w
vo
lt
age
si
nu
s
oi
dal
si
gn
al
pro
portio
nal
t
o
t
he
AC
s
uppl
y
volt
age.
Fo
r
a
50
-
Hz
AC
power
s
upply
,
the
5mse
c
delay
re
prese
nts
a
phase
de
la
y
of
π/
2.
If
the
AC
vo
lt
age
v
AC
is
expresse
d
as
V
m
sin
(
ωt
)
, th
e
n
t
he ou
t
pu
t
of th
e analo
gue
mu
l
ti
plier
v
M
will
be dete
rmi
ned
as (24):
=
3
(
−
2
)
(
)
=
−
(
)
3
os
(
)
(
24)
wh
e
re
,
V
m
is
t
he
a
mp
li
tu
de
of
v
AC
a
nd
A
M
is
t
he
gain
of
the
anal
ogue
mu
lt
ipli
er.
T
he
s
um
mi
ng
a
mp
li
fier
ou
t
pu
t
v
S
can
be give
n b
y
(25)
=
3
.
+
=
3
(
)
−
(
)
3
os
(
)
=
3
(
√
(
(
)
)
2
+
1
)
(
−
−
1
(
(
)
)
)
(25)
If |
A
M
V
(β)
)|
is
very
mu
c
h
le
ss
than u
nity,
(2
5) ca
n be r
e
duce
d
to
(
26)
≅
3
(
−
(
)
)
=
3
(
+
)
(26)
w
he
re,
β
is
defi
ned
by
(27)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
18
3
–
19
8
190
=
−
(
)
(
27)
By
va
ry
i
ng
β
i
n
the
range
of
(
-
0.1
to
+
0.1)
r
adians
,
the
vo
l
ta
ge
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
t
he
ST
AT
COM
var
ie
s
from
mi
nimum
t
o
maxim
um.
This
ra
dia
n
ra
ng
e
c
orres
ponds
to
a
de
gr
ee
range
of
-
5.7
3
0
t
o
+5
.73
0
.
Th
e
maxim
um
cap
aci
ti
ve
curre
nt
of
the
ST
AT
COM
co
rr
es
po
nd
s
to
β
of
-
5.
73
0
,
w
hi
le
the
maxim
um
in
duct
ive
current
c
orresponds
to
β
of
+
5.73
0
.
B
y
va
r
yin
g
β
f
r
om
+
5.7
3
0
t
o
-
5.73
0
,
t
he
ST
ATC
O
M
current
ca
n
be
var
ie
d
from maxi
mum i
nductiv
e to
maxim
um
capa
ci
ti
ve.
b.
Design o
f the
proposed
li
ne
arized ST
AT
COM
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
PS
pice
i
mp
le
me
ntati
on
of
t
he
m
od
ifi
ed
sta
tc
om
.
I
n
this
fi
gure,
the
ST
ATCO
M
con
t
ro
ll
er i
nvol
ves
the
g
e
nera
te
d
el
ect
ronic
par
ts
simulat
in
g
the
sc
hemati
c d
esi
gn it
ems
sh
ow
n
Fi
gure
4.
Figure
5. The
PSp
ic
e im
plem
entat
ion
of the
modifie
d ST
A
TCOM
CDC
2000uF
CF
1000uF
LF
2.
5m
H
1
2
RF
0.
0625
LST
2
1.
25m
H
1
2
U5
M
OD
U
LAT
I
N
G
SI
GN
AL
GEN
ER
AT
OR
K3VAC
V
(BET
A)
VM
OD
U6
ST
AT
C
OM
T
R
I
GGER
I
N
G
C
I
R
C
U
I
T
VM
OD
VT
R
I
VZ
1
VZ
2
VZ
3
VZ
4
R
ST
2
0.
05
LST
1
1.
25m
H
1
2
G1
R
ST
1
0.
05
U7
ST
AT
C
OM
D
R
I
VI
N
G
C
C
T
VZ
1
VZ
2
VZ
3
VZ
4
G1
G2
G3
G4
K1
K2
K3
K4
k1
C
SH
1
10uF
k2
G2
Z1
C
M
300D
Y
-24H
G4
k3
G3
k4
Z3
C
M
300D
Y
-24H
Z2
C
M
300D
Y
-24H
VT
R
I
Z4
C
M
300D
Y
-24H
G1
k1
G4
G3
k4
k3
G2
k2
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
k
1iS
+V
VAC
1
F
R
EQ
=
50H
z
VAM
PL
=
311V
VOF
F
=
0
AC
=
0
T
X
1
T
N
33_20_1
1_2P90
R
C
T
1
0.
1
-V
0
U4
ST
AT
C
OM
AN
GLE
C
ON
T
R
OLLER
D
V(BET
A)
V(BET
A)
R
13
1500K
Statcom controller
Waveforms generating circuit
Power Circuit
U2
C
U
R
R
EN
T
D
ET
EC
T
OR
K1I
S
K1I
SM
K3V
k
3VAC
k
1I
D
m
k
1iS
U
1A
AD
648A
+
3
-
2
V+
8
V-
4
OU
T
1
V
T
R
1
T
D
=
0
T
F
=
199.
5us
PW
=
1us
PER
=
400us
V1
=
-5V
T
R
=
199.
5us
V2
=
5V
0
VT
R
I
R
11
5k
0
R3
306k
k
3VAC
+V
R
12
5k
0
R8
306k
-V
+
15V
-15V
R1
5.
1k
R2
10k
0
R9
5.
1k
R
10
10k
R6
0.
001
R7
0.
001
0
V5
3V
k
1I
D
m
V3
15V
0
+
15V
0
V4
15V
-15V
R4
0.
001
0
R5
0.
001
V1
5V
0
-5V
+
5V
V2
5V
U3
AN
GLE
ER
R
OR
D
ET
EC
T
OR
K1I
SM
K2BS
V
(BET
A)
D
V(BET
A)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n of
a
c
onti
nuously
and l
inearly c
ontr
olled V
SI
-
ba
se
d STAT
C
OM
f
or
…
(
F
ar
is As
aad Ab
dulm
unem
)
191
The
cu
rr
e
nt
tra
ns
f
ormer
us
e
d
in
t
he
desi
gn
e
d
ST
ATCO
M
,
ha
s
a
pr
im
ar
y
to
sec
onda
ry
t
urn
rati
o
of
0.2,
the
refo
re
the
co
ns
ta
nt
k
S
is
cal
culat
ed
to
be
0.0
2Ω
ta
ki
ng
i
nto
acc
ount
the
0.1Ω
va
lu
e
of
R
CT
(t
he
re
sist
or
sh
unti
ng
the
c
urren
t
tra
nsfo
r
mer).
T
he
volt
age
s
ource
V
5
represe
nts
the
analo
gu
e
sig
na
l
k
1
I
Dm
.
Neg
at
i
ve
an
d
po
sit
ive
values
of
V
5
a
re
c
orr
esp
onding
to
c
apacit
ive
a
nd
i
nductive
reacti
ve
c
urre
nt
de
man
ds
,
re
sp
ect
ively.
The
AC
volt
ag
e
use
d
is
of
a
m
plit
ud
e
of
31
1V
(22
0V
rms
va
lue)
an
d
f
requ
ency
of
50Hz.
The
I
GBT
us
e
d
is
of
the
t
yp
e
of
C
M300
DY
-
24
H
w
hich
has
ma
ximu
m
c
onti
nuous
volt
age
a
nd
current
rati
ng
s
of
1200V
a
nd
300A
,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
T
he
car
rier
f
re
quenc
y
is
2.5
K
Hz
an
d
m
is
ab
ou
t
0.98.
T
he
modifie
d
STATC
OM
is
desi
gn
e
d
to
sat
isfy
a
pea
k
reacti
ve
c
urr
ent
dema
nd
of
250A
(ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
or
in
duct
ive).
T
he
dr
iving
ci
rc
uit
of
the
STA
TC
O
M
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
6.
It
is
c
ompo
s
ed
of
f
our
i
den
ti
cal
s
ub
-
dri
vin
g
ci
rc
uits;
each
one
of
t
he
m
is
respo
ns
ible
for
drivin
g o
ne
I
G
BT o
f
the
ST
A
TCOM.
Figure
6. The
PSp
ic
e im
plem
entat
ion
of the
STA
TC
O
M
dr
i
ving circ
uit
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
ther
e
a
re
t
wo
gro
up
s
of
r
esul
ts;
the
first
ref
l
ect
s
the
the
pe
rformance
of
t
he
a
dopted
current
co
ntr
ol
le
r,
wh
il
e
t
he
s
econd
re
veals
t
he
perf
ormanc
e
of
t
he
pro
ps
e
d
STATC
O
M
at
dif
fer
e
nt
rea
ct
ive
current
dem
an
ds
.
3.1.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
of t
he
ado
pt
ed
curren
t
c
on
tr
oller
The
pe
rforman
ce
of
the
PS
pi
ce
imple
mente
d
STATC
O
M
is
re
flect
ed
i
n
the
te
st
res
ults
sho
wn
in
Figure
7
t
o
Fig
ur
e
9.
T
hese
fi
gures
s
how
tha
t
the
li
near
iz
e
d
ST
ATC
OM
c
urren
t
i
S
a
ppr
oa
ches
it
s
ste
a
dy
sta
te
value
within
a
ti
me
le
ss
than
10
0m
sec
w
hi
ch
is
the
ti
me
le
ss
than
a
ny
ti
me
el
apsed
in
oth
e
r
c
on
t
r
olli
ng
te
chn
iq
ues
[
16
]
,
[
17
]
-
[
25]
.
A
+3
V
value
of
k
1
I
Dm
co
rr
es
ponds
t
o
a
ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
reacti
ve
cu
rr
e
nt
de
m
and
of
150A
(
pea
k
va
lue),
w
hile
-
3V
corres
ponds
t
o
inducti
ve
reac
ti
ve
cu
rr
e
nt
de
man
d
of
150A (
pea
k
value
).
F
igure
7
s
hows
that
the
ST
ATC
O
M
c
urre
nt
is
pure
ca
pacit
iv
e,
wh
il
e
Fi
gur
e
8
s
hows
tha
t
it
s
cu
rr
e
nt
i
s
pu
re
inducti
ve.
Fig
ure
9
show
s
that
the
ST
ATCO
M
c
urren
t
te
nd
s
to
zer
o
duri
ng
zer
o
reacti
ve
current d
ema
nd.
T
he
natu
re
of
the
S
TATC
OM
c
urren
t
(ca
pacit
iv
e
or
in
duct
ive)
is
rev
eal
ed
wi
thin
the
fi
rst
cycle
of
v
AC
,
al
thou
gh
the
DC
cap
aci
tor
re
qu
ire
s
lo
ng
ch
ar
ging
ti
me.
Overall
,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
S
TATC
OM
res
ponds
pr
eci
sel
y
to
reacti
ve
cu
rr
e
nt
demand
within
it
s
range
of
operati
on
without
harm
on
ic
s
a
sso
ci
at
ion,
th
us
it
can
be
pro
mo
te
d
as
an
ada
ptive
bipolar
(ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
an
d
in
duct
ive)
sta
ti
c
Var
co
mp
e
ns
at
or
(SVC)
s
howing
c
on
ti
nu
ously
an
d
li
near
ly c
ontr
olled h
a
rm
onic
-
f
ree c
ompensati
ng suscepta
n
ce
.
Z1 driving circuit
C1
22nF
Q1
M
PSA28
Q3
M
PS
A6
4
R
13
2
R
12
10
Q2
Q2N
22
22
A
R
14
1k
R
15
5k
0
R
16
5.
6k
V3
15V
R
17
10
G1
k1
VZ
1
0
U4
A4
N
26
Z3 driving circuit
C2
22nF
Q4
M
PSA28
Q5
M
PS
A6
4
R
18
2
R
19
10
Q6
Q2N
22
22
A
R
20
1k
R
21
5k
0
R
22
5.
6k
V4
15V
R
23
10
k3
G3
VZ
3
0
U5
A4
N
26
Z4 driving circuit
C3
22nF
Q7
M
PSA28
Q8
M
PS
A6
4
R
24
2
R
25
10
Q9
Q2N
22
22
A
R
26
1k
R
27
5k
0
R
28
5.
6k
V5
15V
R
29
10
G4
k4
VZ
4
0
U6
A4
N
26
Z2 driving circuit
C4
22nF
Q10
M
PSA28
Q11
M
PS
A6
4
R
30
2
R
31
10
Q12
Q2N
22
22
A
R
32
1k
R
33
5k
0
R
34
5.
6k
V6
15V
R
35
10
G2
k2
VZ
2
0
U7
A4
N
26
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
18
3
–
19
8
192
Figure
7. Co
ntr
oller a
nd ST
A
TCOM res
po
nse
s to
ca
pacit
iv
e cu
rr
e
nt d
e
ma
nd of
150A
(p
e
ak value
)
Figure
8. Co
ntr
oller a
nd ST
A
TCOM res
po
nse
s to
i
nductiv
e cu
rr
e
nt d
e
ma
nd of
150A
(p
e
ak value
).
(
)
V
Dm
S
I
k
(
)
V
S
S
i
k
Time
0s
40ms
80ms
120ms
160ms
200ms
V(K1I)
V(K2BS)
V(VCON)
V(VANG)
-6.0V
-3.0V
0V
3.0V
6.0V
T
i
m
e
DC
V
S
i
Time
0s
40ms
80ms
120ms
160ms
200ms
I(LSE1)
V(Z3:C,K2)
V(+V,-V)
-300
-150
0
150
300
C
A
v
.
(
)
V
Dm
S
I
k
(
)
V
S
S
i
k
Time
0s
40ms
80ms
120ms
160ms
200ms
V(K1I)
V(U62:OUT)
V(VANG)
V(K2BS)
-6.0V
-3.0V
0V
3.0V
6.0V
T
i
m
e
DC
V
S
i
Time
0s
40ms
80ms
120ms
160ms
200ms
I(LSE1)
V(Z3:C,K2)
V(+V,-V)
-300
-150
0
150
300
450
600
C
A
v
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.