In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
1
3
3
~1
1
4
0
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1133-1140
1133
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A novel single-phase PW
M
asy
m
m
etrical mult
ilevel inverter
with number of semiconduc
tor switches redu
c
tion
S. Kak
ar,
S
.
M
. Ayob
,
N
. M. Nord
i
n
,
M
.
S. Arif, A
.
J
u
soh, N.
D
.
M
uha
ma
d
S
c
ho
ol
o
f
Elect
rical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g, F
a
c
u
l
t
y
of En
g
i
n
eeri
ng,
Univ
e
rs
iti Tekn
ol
ogi M
alaysi
a, M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Oct
1
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 22,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 3
, 2
0
19
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
a
n
ew
a
sy
m
m
et
rical
m
ulti
lev
e
l
inv
e
rter
t
op
ol
og
y
(MLI)
i
s
pro
p
o
s
ed
w
i
t
h
the
ob
ject
ives
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
d
ecre
a
s
e
d
nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
e
m
i
c
on
du
c
t
or
sw
it
ches,
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
o
u
rces
,
gate
d
riv
e
r
ci
rcuits
a
nd
d
c
lin
k
s
.
The
st
ructu
r
e
of
p
resented
M
LI
i
s
very
s
i
m
ple
and
m
odu
lar.
T
h
e
f
un
dam
e
nt
a
l
m
o
du
le
o
f
thi
s
s
tructure
c
onsi
s
t
s
o
f
n
ine
s
e
m
i
con
d
u
c
to
r
s
w
it
ches
(
ei
gh
t
u
n
i
di
rectional
a
n
d
o
n
e
bidire
c
tio
na
l)
a
nd
f
ou
r
a
s
y
mme
tr
ic
a
l
c
o
n
fig
u
re
d
DC
s
ou
r
ces
(rati
o
of
1:
2),
which
can
g
enerat
e
13
-lev
el
o
ut
put
v
oltage.
T
o
v
ali
d
at
e
t
he
d
e
s
ign
,
a
M
a
tl
ab-Sim
u
l
i
n
k
bas
e
d
m
odel
i
s
d
evel
op
ed.
For
thi
s
p
ap
e
r
,
a
S
i
n
u
s
oidal
P
u
l
s
e
Width
Mod
u
l
a
ti
on
(
S
P
WM
)
i
s
d
eplo
yed
as
t
he
swit
c
h
i
ng
s
t
r
a
tegy
o
f
th
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
M
LI.
Th
e
circu
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
s
imulat
ed
u
nd
er
p
u
r
e
res
is
ti
ve
a
n
d
induct
i
v
e
l
o
ads.
I
t
wi
ll
be
s
hown
t
hat
the
circui
t
perfor
m
s
wel
l
un
de
r
b
o
th
lo
ads
.
C
om
parison
w
i
th
t
raditi
ona
l
M
L
Is
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
r
ecen
tl
y
intr
o
d
uced
M
LIs
will
b
e
co
nd
uct
e
d
t
o
s
how
t
he
s
uperi
ority
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
M
LI
i
n
term
s
of
redu
ced
n
um
ber
of
d
e
v
ices
a
nd
l
ower
v
oltag
e
s
t
r
ess
across
th
e
s
witches
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
s
ymm
e
tric
Mu
lt
ile
ve
l in
ve
r
t
e
r
P
h
a
s
e
-
dis
p
osi
t
i
on P
W
M
Swi
t
c
hi
ng
fre
qu
en
cy
Volt
age
stress
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
. M.
A
yob,
S
c
hoo
l
o
f
Ele
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
F
a
c
ulty
o
f
En
gi
nee
r
i
ng,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
al
ay
sia
,
Skuda
i
,
81310 UTM
S
kudai,
JOHOR,
M
a
laysia.
Em
ail:sh
a
hr
in
@f
ke.utm
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Mu
l
t
i
le
ve
l
inv
e
rters
(MLI)
are
gai
n
in
g
m
o
re
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
on
i
n
in
du
st
r
y
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
a
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
perform
ance
s
upe
r
i
ori
t
y
o
v
e
r
t
r
a
d
iti
ona
l
tw
o-le
ve
l
i
nver
t
e
r
i
n
ter
m
s
of
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
low
e
r
v
o
lta
ge
/
curr
ent
harm
onic
s
,
and
low
e
r
vol
ta
ge
s
tre
s
se
s
on
sw
it
c
h
es.
The
M
L
I
a
r
e
use
d
i
n
var
i
o
u
s
app
lic
at
ion
s
s
uch
as
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
so
urce
s
[1
-
3
],
d
i
s
tri
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
era
tio
ns
a
nd
hi
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge
d
ire
c
t
c
u
rre
nt
[
4,
5
],
e
le
ctrica
l
motor
dri
v
es
[6
,
7],
active
pow
er
f
il
ter
s
[
8],
elec
trica
l
v
e
h
ic
l
e,
m
icr
o
-grid
[
9],
distr
i
bu
t
i
on
st
a
tic
c
om
pe
nsa
t
or
[1
0]
a
nd f
l
e
x
i
b
le
alt
er
n
a
t
i
ng
c
u
rre
nt transm
i
ssi
on de
v
i
c
e
s [1
1,
12]
.
T
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
L
I
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
M
L
I
,
n
e
u
t
ra
l
-
poi
nt
c
l
a
mp
e
d
[
13
]
a
n
d
fl
yi
ng
-
ca
paci
t
o
r
c
l
a
m
pe
d
MLI
[
1
4
]
.
A
m
ong
them
,
th
e
ca
s
cade
d
H
-bridge
M
LI
r
e
ceive
s
w
i
de
r
a
t
te
nti
o
n
i
n
p
ra
ctic
e
due
t
o
it
s
si
m
p
li
c
i
t
y
o
f
c
o
n
t
ro
l
an
d
m
o
d
u
l
a
ri
ty
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
ure.
T
he
i
de
a
o
f
M
LI
c
irc
u
it
w
a
s
first
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
Ba
ker
and
Ba
n
n
i
s
te
r
[1
5]
i
n
19
70s
b
y
desc
rib
i
n
g
a
c
on
ve
rter
t
op
o
l
ogy
t
h
a
t
i
s
a
bl
e
t
o
p
ro
du
c
e
st
ag
ed
-o
utp
u
t
vo
lta
ge
t
ha
t
re
se
mbles
a
sin
u
s
o
i
da
l
w
a
v
e
form
by
c
o
nnec
t
i
n
g
seve
ral
H-bri
d
g
e
i
nv
ert
e
rs
i
n
c
a
sc
ad
ed
f
ashi
on
.
The
ne
ut
r
a
l-po
in
t
clam
p
w
a
s
pre
s
en
ted
by
B
a
k
e
r
i
n
1
9
8
0
.
Th
is
t
o
p
o
lo
gy
u
s
e
s
c
l
a
mp
ing
di
od
e
s
t
o
c
l
amp
th
e
sw
it
c
h
v
olta
ge
f
r
o
m
a
single
dc
s
o
u
rc
e
[1
3]
.
The
fly
i
ng-ca
paci
t
or
M
LI
[
1
4
]
w
a
s
propos
ed
b
y
T.
M
e
y
n
a
rd
i
n
1
992
.
Th
e
t
opo
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
i
de
nt
i
cal
s
t
r
u
c
tu
re
w
i
t
h
th
e
f
o
rmer
t
op
o
log
y
b
ut
u
se
s
c
l
amping
c
ap
aci
t
o
rs
i
nst
e
ad
of
c
lam
p
ing
d
i
ode
s.
F
o
r
M
L
I
,
h
igh
e
r
num
ber
of
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
l
eve
l
g
e
n
er
at
ion
is
d
e
s
i
rab
l
e
to
i
m
p
ro
ve
t
h
e
h
ar
monic
s
profi
l
e of the
o
ut
put
vol
tage
. M
or
e
over
,
it c
a
n reduc
e t
h
e
s
i
ze
of
t
h
e
ou
t
p
ut
fi
lte
r. H
ow
ev
e
r
,
it w
a
s kno
w
n
tha
t
MLI
req
u
ire
s
m
ore
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
t
s
i
f
ex
te
nde
d
for
hi
g
h
er
vol
ta
ge
l
e
v
e
l
s
p
r
od
uc
ti
on.
T
h
i
s
can
l
ea
d
t
o
overa
l
l
syste
m
t
o
be
c
ostl
y,
b
u
l
k
y
a
nd
re
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
i
s
r
educe
d
.
To
o
v
e
rc
om
e
th
i
s
l
im
itat
i
o
n
,
r
e
sea
r
ch
o
n
reduce
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol. 10,
No.
3, Sep 2019
:
1133 –
1
140
1
134
cou
n
t
M
LI
t
o
p
o
lo
gie
s
a
re
g
a
i
nin
g
m
om
en
tu
m.
S
e
v
era
l
p
ro
m
i
si
ng
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
es
h
a
v
e
bee
n
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d
i
n
r
e
cent
y
e
ars
[1
6
-
21
].
G
e
n
era
l
ly
,
th
e
M
L
I
t
o
p
o
lo
gi
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
cat
e
g
o
r
i
z
ed
u
n
d
e
r
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
to
pol
o
g
ie
s,
w
h
e
re
a
ll
d
c
so
ur
ce
s
are
ha
ve
e
qua
l
ma
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
a
s
y
m
met
r
i
cal
t
opo
lo
gi
e
s
,
wh
ere
d
c
v
olt
a
g
e
source
s
ha
ve
d
ist
i
n
ct
v
olta
g
e
r
ati
o
s.
T
he
f
orm
e
r
typ
e
o
f
to
p
o
l
o
gy
i
s
prefe
rre
d
si
nce
it
ca
n
pr
o
d
u
c
e
hi
g
h
er
numbe
r
o
f
o
ut
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
l
e
v
e
l
u
si
n
g
t
he
s
a
m
e
am
ount
o
f
de
v
i
c
e
s
.
S
e
ve
ral
n
u
mbe
r
o
f
a
s
ym
m
e
trical
M
L
I
to
pol
o
g
ie
s
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
pro
p
o
se
d
i
n
[
2
2
-2
7].
In
[
2
8
]
new
m
u
l
t
i
l
ev
e
l
in
verte
r
t
op
o
l
o
g
y
kno
w
n
a
s
packe
d
U
-ce
l
l
(PUC
)
i
s
p
res
e
nt
e
d
.
Thi
s
t
o
pol
ogy
c
on
sis
t
s
of
p
a
c
k
e
d
U-ce
l
l
w
h
e
re
e
ac
h
c
e
ll
is
c
o
m
prise
d
o
f
tw
o
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor de
v
i
c
e
s a
n
d a
dc
volta
ge
so
u
rc
e.
I
n
th
i
s
paper
, a n
e
w
m
ult
ile
ve
l
i
n
verter
w
it
h the
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
e
duce
t
h
e n
u
mbe
r
of c
o
m
p
one
n
t
s c
o
unt
is
p
ro
pose
d
.
It use
s a
n
i
ne
sw
i
tche
s a
nd f
our a
ssym
etric
dc
s
o
u
r
ces
t
o
gene
r
a
te
13-
leve
l of
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge. The
pro
pose
d
t
o
pol
og
y
m
ode
l
w
i
l
l
b
e
deve
lope
d
via
Ma
tla
b-
S
i
muli
n
k
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
of
l
oa
d
to
v
ali
d
a
t
e
its
v
ia
bi
l
i
t
y
.
The
s
i
nus
o
i
dal
pu
ls
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
odu
l
a
t
i
o
n
(SPW
M
)
s
t
r
at
egy
wi
ll
b
e
dep
l
oye
d
a
s
t
h
e
s
w
i
tc
hin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
for
t
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
e
d
M
LI.
F
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ult,
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d
MLI
pe
rform
s
w
e
l
l
un
der
ind
u
c
t
i
v
e
load.
2.
PR
O
P
OS
ED
T
OP
O
L
OG
Y
I
n
t
his
pa
per
,
a
n
e
w
M
LI
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
ce
d
de
vic
e
c
o
u
n
t
i
s
pr
o
pose
d
.
F
unda
me
nt
a
l
u
n
it
o
f
t
he
p
ro
p
o
sed
MLI
t
opo
lo
g
y
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
i
se
s
of
e
igh
t
u
n
i
di
r
ec
ti
o
n
al
S
1
t
o
S
8
,
one
b
id
i
r
ect
i
ona
l
sw
i
t
c
h
S
9
and
four
v
o
lta
ge
s
ource
s.
T
he
u
n
i
dire
c
tio
na
l
sw
i
t
che
s
c
ons
i
s
t
o
f
a
n
I
G
B
T
a
n
d
a
n
a
n
t
i
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
d
i
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
bi
dire
ct
io
na
l
s
w
itc
h
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
IG
BTs,
t
w
o
d
io
de
s
a
n
d
a
ga
te
d
ri
v
e
r
c
i
rcu
it.
A
n
ant
i
-
p
ara
l
le
l
d
i
ode
i
s
use
d
to
co
n
duc
t c
u
rrent
i
n
b
o
th
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
s an
d
bloc
k vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
one
d
ire
c
t
i
on.
S
1,
1
S
2,1
S
4,1
S
6,1
S
8,1
S
5,1
S
7,1
S
9,1
S
3,1
V
DC
1,1
V
DC
2,1
V
DC
2,1
V
DC
1,1
A
B
F
i
gure
.
1 F
u
n
d
a
m
ental b
l
oc
k
o
f
the
pro
p
o
se
d
M
L
I
to
p
o
lo
gy
Ta
b
l
e
1.
Sw
i
tc
hi
n
g
sta
te
s
for
13-
leve
l
M
L
I
St
a
t
e
s
S
w
it
c
h
sta
t
e
s
V
0
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
Positi
v
e
le
v
e
ls
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1V
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
2V
3
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
3V
4
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
4V
5
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
5V
6
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
6V
Z
e
r
o
l
e
v
e
l
7
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
V
Ne
g
a
tiv
e
le
v
e
ls
8
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
-
1
V
9
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
-
2
V
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
-
3
V
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
-
4
V
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
-
5
V
1
3
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
-
6
V
Ma
gn
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
D
C
in
p
u
t
vol
tage
s
our
c
e
s
is
V
1
e
ac
h
and
the
o
t
he
r
tw
o
s
ourc
e
s
has
ma
gni
tu
de
of
V
2
e
ach
a
s
s
how
n
in
(
1)
a
n
d
(
2).
Th
e
fu
n
d
am
enta
l
u
n
it
i
s
capa
b
l
e
to
p
rod
u
c
e
th
irte
e
n
v
o
ltage
l
e
v
e
l
s
in
t
he
ou
tpu
t
.
To
a
v
o
i
d
s
h
or
t
-
circ
uit
of
d
c
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
n
put
s,
s
im
ulta
n
e
o
us
c
o
n
duc
t
i
on
of
s
w
i
t
c
h
p
a
irs
(S
1
,
S
9
)
(
S
5
,
S
9
)
(S
2
,
S
6
)
(
S
3
,
S
7
)
and
(S
4
,
S
8
)
sho
u
l
d
be
a
v
o
ide
d
.
S
w
it
c
h
ing
s
t
a
t
es
t
o
pr
od
uc
e
13-le
ve
l
outp
u
t
vol
t
a
ge
a
re
show
n in Ta
b
le 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A n
o
vel
si
ngl
e-p
h
a
s
e
PW
M
a
s
ymme
t
r
i
c
a
l
mul
t
i
l
e
vel
i
n
v
e
rt
er w
i
t
h
nu
mb
er of
..
. (S
. K
a
k
a
r)
1
135
1
;
(
1
)
2
;
(
2
)
Th
is v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
u
rc
e co
nfig
urat
io
n c
a
n
pr
oduc
e t
h
irte
e
n
vo
l
ta
ge
le
ve
ls of
0V
, ±1V
DC
,
±2
V
DC
,
±
3
V
DC
, ±4 V
DC
,
±5
V
DC
and
±6
V
DC
in the
o
u
tpu
t
.
2.1.
Total voltage
s
t
ress
O
n
e
of
i
m
por
t
a
nt
p
a
r
am
eter
i
n
eva
l
u
a
ti
ng
t
h
e
pe
rform
a
nc
e
of
t
he
M
LI
t
op
ol
ogie
s
i
s
the
t
o
t
a
l
v
o
l
tag
e
st
r
e
ss
(TV
S
)
of
t
o
p
o
lo
gy.
I
t
is
d
esira
b
l
e
t
o
ob
ta
in
l
ow
T
V
S
s
in
ce
i
t
a
l
so
r
e
f
lect
s
t
h
e
de
ve
lo
pm
ent
c
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
to
pol
o
gy.
H
i
g
h
e
r
TV
S
,
m
ea
ni
ng
th
at
one
n
e
e
d
t
o
u
se
s
w
itc
h
t
h
a
t
has
h
i
g
h
bloc
kin
g
v
ol
ta
ge
c
a
p
a
b
ili
ty,
w
h
ic
h
norm
a
l
l
y
e
xpe
nsive
to
p
roc
u
re
[
22].
The
b
l
ock
i
ng
vo
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
s
emi
c
on
du
ct
o
r
s
wit
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
t
ot
al
v
ol
t
a
g
e
st
r
e
ss
to
w
ith
st
and
i
n
i
ts
o
ff-
s
ta
t
e
.
T
h
e
ma
xi
m
u
m
bl
ock
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
by
e
a
c
h
sw
it
c
h
i
n
prop
ose
d
t
op
o
l
o
gy
can
be
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d t
h
rou
g
h
(3)
-(7).
V
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
;
(
3
)
V
V
2
V
2
V
4
V
;
(4
)
V
2
V
;
(
5
)
V
V
2
V
2
V
4
V
;
(
6
)
V
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
4
V
;
(7
)
Th
e
r
efo
r
e,
T
o
t
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
es
s
(TVS
)
o
f
a
ll
t
h
e
s
emi
c
o
nduc
t
o
r
sw
itc
hes
u
til
ize
d
i
n
fun
d
a
m
ental
b
l
oc
k
c
a
n
be
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
a
d
d
i
ng
a
l
l
t
he
b
loc
k
e
d
v
ol
ta
ges
as show
n
i
n
(
8
)
.
TVS = V
S1
+V
S2
+
V
S3
+V
S4
+
V
S5
+V
S6
V
S7
+V
S8+
Vs
9
=2
V
DC
+4
V
DC
+
4V
DC+
2V
DC
+
2V
DC+
4V
DC+
4V
DC
+
2V
DC
+
2V
DC
TVS
2
6
V
;
(8
)
2.2.
Ex
ten
t
io
n to
n-lev
el
o
utput v
o
l
t
a
g
e
F
undam
e
ntal
u
nit
of
t
he
p
ropose
d
t
opology
can
be
e
asily
cas
c
ade
d
to
g
ener
ate
h
i
gher
numbe
r
of
ou
tpu
t
v
olta
ge
l
eve
l
s.
F
i
gure
2
dep
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
gener
a
lize
d
c
ir
c
u
i
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
e
d
t
opo
l
ogy
f
o
r
n
-l
ev
el
o
u
t
pu
t
.
The
ca
sca
d
e
d
s
truc
t
u
r
e
i
s
a
b
l
e
o
f
pro
d
u
ce
hi
g
h
er
num
ber
of
l
e
v
e
l
w
i
th
s
uita
b
l
e
D
C
s
ource
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on.
T
he
numbe
r of
l
e
v
e
l
s of the
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
w
ave
f
orm
for
n
bl
oc
ks
s
t
ruc
t
ur
e
ca
n
be
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
d
u
s
i
n
g
eq
ua
ti
o
n
(
9)
.
Ter
m
(
10)
a
nd
(1
1)
,
r
e
pre
s
ent
t
h
e
ma
x
i
m
u
m
ou
t
p
u
t
v
oltage
f
or
n
un
i
t
s
a
nd
the
t
o
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
I
G
BTs
requ
ire
d
,
respec
tive
l
y.
1
2
1
;
(
9
)
,
,
,
,
⋯
.
.
,
;
(
10)
5
1
/6
;
(
11)
S
1,
1
S
2,
1
S
4,
1
S
6,
1
S
8,
1
S
5,
1
S
7,
1
S
9,
1
S
3,
1
V
DC
1,
1
V
DC
2,
1
V
DC
2,
1
V
DC
1,
1
S
1,
N
S
2,
N
S
4,
N
S
6,
N
S
8,
N
S
5,
N
S
7,
N
S
9,
N
LO
AD
S
3,
N
V
DC
1,
N
V
DC
2,
N
V
DC
1,
N
V
DC
2,
N
V
DC
2,
N
Figure
2.
G
ene
r
alize
d
struc
tur
e
o
f
M
L
I
to
po
log
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol. 10,
No.
3, Sep 2019
:
1133 –
1
140
1
136
3.
COMPARISO
N
WI
TH OT
H
ER TOPOLOGIES
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
on
w
it
h
the
tra
d
i
t
i
o
nal
s
a
nd
r
ece
n
t
r
e
d
uce
d
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
MLI
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
es
i
s
c
ond
uc
te
d
t
o
val
i
d
at
e
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
tive
n
ess
o
f
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d
MLI
.
T
ab
le
2
s
um
m
a
ri
se
d
th
e
c
o
mp
ari
s
o
n
f
o
r
s
e
v
eral
M
LI
to
pol
o
g
ie
s
for
13-le
ve
l
out
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
I
n
ter
m
s
of
I
G
B
T
c
o
u
n
ts
,
it
i
s
c
onfirm
e
d
t
h
at
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
MLI
st
r
u
c
t
ure
has
t
h
e
l
e
ast
num
b
e
r
of
I
G
B
T
c
o
u
n
t
s.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
MLI
h
as
t
he
l
ow
e
s
t
numbe
r
of
T
V
S
a
s
com
p
are
d
t
o
o
t
her
r
ece
nt
M
LI
t
op
olo
g
i
es
e
xcep
t
w
h
e
n
c
om
pari
ng
w
i
t
h
M
LI
o
f
[1
6].
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
i
t
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
no
te
d
tha
t
t
he
M
LI
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
i
n
[
1
6
]
em
plo
y
s
H
-
bri
dge
f
o
r
p
o
l
ari
ty
r
eve
r
sa
l
.
T
he
vol
ta
ge
s
tress
ac
ros
s
t
he
sw
it
c
h
es
o
f
the
H
-
bridge
a
re
e
qua
ls
t
o
i
t
s
M
L
I’
s
out
p
u
t
vo
l
t
age
,
he
nc
e
ma
y
lim
i
t
i
ts
u
sa
ge
t
o
m
e
d
i
um
p
ow
e
r
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
o
nl
y.
A
s
for
tradi
t
iona
l
MLIs,
all
o
f
t
hem
yi
eld
T
V
S
o
f
2
4
,
w
hich
i
s
l
o
w
e
r
than
t
he
p
r
o
pos
ed
MLI, w
hic
h
is
26
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
pr
o
p
o
se
d
MLI
is st
i
ll co
ns
ide
r
ed
a
s
a go
od
a
lt
ern
a
ti
v
e
t
o t
h
e t
r
adi
t
i
on
al
M
LIs
due
t
o
l
o
w
IG
BT
c
o
u
n
ts.
T
h
e
pro
p
o
se
d
MLI
m
u
l
tile
ve
l
i
nver
t
e
r
h
a
s
hi
gher
am
ou
nt
o
f
varie
t
y
o
f
d
c
i
n
put
vo
lta
ge
s
our
ces
(
N
va
r
i
e
t
y
)
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
o
t
he
r
me
nt
i
o
ned
to
p
o
lo
gie
s
.
H
i
ghe
r
variety
of
d
c
so
urce
m
e
a
ns
t
ha
t
th
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
M
LI c
an
b
e c
o
nfi
gured
a
s sy
mme
t
r
i
c
a
l
of
a
sy
mmet
ri
cal
M
LI.
Tab
l
e
2.
C
om
p
a
riso
n w
i
t
h
ot
h
er
13-leve
l
i
nve
rter
top
olo
g
i
e
s
Typ
e
I
G
B
Ts
D
r
i
v
e
r
s
N
var
i
e
t
y
D
i
ode
s
D
c
links
T
V
S
*V
DC
N
e
g
a
tiv
e le
v
e
ls
C
H
B
24
2
4
1
24
6
2
4
W
ith
H
-
b
ridge
FC
2
4
24
1
2
4
6
24
I
nhe
re
nt
NF
C
24
2
4
1
24
6
2
4
inhe
re
nt
M
L
DCL
16
1
6
1
16
6
3
6
W
ith
H
-
b
ridge
S
T
-
T
y
p
e
12
9
2
1
2
4
30
i
nhe
re
nt
[1
6]
1
4
14
2
1
4
6
24
W
ith
H
-
b
ridge
pro
p
os
e
d
1
0
9
2
10
4
2
6
inhe
re
nt
4.
DESIGN OF S
I
MULAT
I
O
N
M
ODEL
To
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
the
perf
orma
nce
of
p
ro
p
o
se
d
M
L
I
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
sim
u
lat
i
o
ns
a
re
p
erf
o
rme
d
u
sing
c
o
m
pu
t
e
r
softw
a
re
t
oo
l
Ma
tl
a
b
/
S
imul
i
nk.
S
im
ul
a
t
i
o
n
mode
l
o
f
t
he
p
ro
pose
d
f
unda
me
n
t
a
l
uni
t
i
s
i
llu
st
ra
t
e
d
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
The
va
l
u
e
o
f
t
he
D
C
s
ource
s
a
r
e
c
onfi
gure
d
i
n
t
h
e
rat
i
o
of
1
:
2
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
V
dc1,1
=
1
5
V
wh
il
e
V
dc1,2
=
30
V
,
r
espec
t
i
v
el
y
.
T
he
s
i
m
ula
t
ion
m
o
del
w
i
ll
b
e
t
e
s
te
d
un
de
r
diff
er
e
n
t
loa
d
t
ype
.
T
h
e
fi
r
s
t
t
e
st
w
i
ll
be
f
o
r
pure
resisi
tive
l
o
a
d
w
it
h R = 1
0
0
Ω
a
n
d
the
sec
o
nd
te
st w
i
l
l
be
a
n i
ndu
c
t
iv
e
loa
d
w
i
t
h
R
=
40Ω
a
nd
L
=
2
00
m
H
.
F
o
r
s
w
i
t
ching
strat
e
gy,
a
m
ulti-
ca
rrier
b
ase
d
P
ha
se-Disp
o
siti
o
n
s
in
us
oida
l
pu
lse
w
i
d
t
h
m
odu
l
a
tio
n
w
ill
be
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
for
p
r
od
uc
i
ng
t
h
e
ga
ti
ng
s
igna
l
s
.
F
i
g
u
re
4
s
ho
w
s
t
h
e
P
D
-
P
W
M
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
fre
que
nc
y
o
f
t
he
t
ria
n
gu
lar
ca
rrier
s
is
d
epe
nds
o
n
the
sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
fre
que
nc
y
o
f
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
M
L
I
.
T
he
n
um
b
e
r
of
t
r
i
a
n
gula
r
c
arr
i
e
r
s c
a
n be
c
a
l
cu
la
te
d
as (
12).
Num
b
er
of
ca
rrier
= N
L
– 1
(12)
S
i
nuso
i
dal refe
renc
e w
a
ve of 50 H
z
is c
o
mp
a
r
ed w
i
t
h a
ll c
a
rrier
w
aves
t
o create pulses for swit
c
h
ing
of
d
e
v
i
c
es.
F
i
g
u
re
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
g
a
t
e
pulses
of
t
he
s
w
i
tches
S
1
t
o
S
9
f
o
r
1
3
-
l
e
v
e
l
M
L
I
.
T
h
e
t
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
fre
que
nc
y
is
5
k H
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A nove
l
sin
g
l
e-
phase
PWM
as
ym
m
e
tric
al m
u
l
t
i
l
eve
l
inve
rte
r
w
i
th
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
.
.
.
(
S
.
Kaka
r)
1
137
F
i
gur
e
3.
S
i
m
u
lat
i
on
mod
e
l
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
pose
d
m
ult
i
l
e
v
el
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
13-
l
e
ve
l
vo
l
t
age
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
o
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
P
hase
d
ispos
i
tio
n
PW
M
w
a
ve
for
m
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
F
i
gur
e
5.
S
w
i
tc
hin
g
p
u
l
se
s
f
o
r
13-
le
vel
MLI
top
o
l
og
y
F
i
gur
e
s
6
(
a
)
–
(
d
)
ex
hi
b
it
the
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
tag
e
,
out
put
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
t
he
h
am
r
onics
s
pec
t
r
u
m
w
h
en
c
o
n
n
ec
ted w
ith
R=1
0
0
Ω. As c
l
ear
ly be se
e
n
from
F
i
gur
e 6(
a),
th
e
simu
la
t
i
o
n
m
od
el
i
s a
b
l
e
t
o pr
o
duc
e
ou
tpu
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
1
3
-
l
e
v
e
l
as
e
xp
e
c
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
unda
me
n
t
al
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
m
pon
en
t
i
s
9
0
V
and
t
h
e
t
o
ta
l
har
m
onic
s
di
st
or
t
i
o
n
i
s
7.
6%.
F
i
gur
es
7
(
a
)
–
(
d
)
exib
it
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge,
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
the
har
m
o
n
ic
s
spec
t
r
um
w
hen
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
ve
l
oa
d
R=
4
0
Ω
a
n
d
L
=
200m
H
.
The
t
o
ta
l
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
d
i
s
t
or
tio
n
for
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
nt
is
7
.
6
%
a
n
d
0.
38
%,
r
espec
t
i
v
ely.
F
r
e
que
nc
y
spec
tr
um
f
or
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
c
on
f
i
r
m
s
tha
t
t
he
m
a
g
nit
ude
o
f
ea
c
h
ha
r
m
onic
i
s
l
e
s
s
t
h
an
5
%
w
h
i
c
h
me
et
I
EEE
5
19
sta
n
da
r
d
s
(
m
a
gnit
u
d
e
of
T
HD
i
s
e
qu
al
t
o
o
r
l
ess
th
a
n
8
%
an
d
m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f e
ach
o
rder
har
mon
i
c
is
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
or le
s
s
th
a
n
5
%)
.
(a)
(b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol. 10,
No.
3, Sep 2019
:
1133 –
1
140
1
138
(c
)
(d
)
F
i
gure
6.
S
im
ul
a
t
i
on
resu
l
t
s
o
f
ou
t
pu
t v
o
l
t
a
g
e a
nd c
u
rrent
w
ave
fo
rm
w
h
e
n
c
o
nn
ect
e
d
w
i
t
h
R=
1
00Ω
, (a
)
O
u
tput
volt
a
ge
,
(b)
Output
V
olta
g
e
TH
D
,
(
c
)
O
utput
C
u
r
re
nt,
(
d)
Outp
u
t C
u
rre
n
t T
H
D
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
(d
)
F
i
gur
e 7.
S
i
m
ulat
i
on re
su
l
t
s for
ou
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd cur
r
en
t w
h
e
n
co
n
n
ect
ed
wi
t
h
i
ndu
ct
ive
l
o
ad
R
=
40Ω
and
L
=
20
0m
H,
(
a
)
Output
v
o
l
tage
,
(
b
)
O
u
tput
V
olt
a
g
e
T
HD,
(
c
)
O
utput
C
ur
re
nt
,
(d)
O
ut
put
C
ur
re
nt
T
H
D
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
I
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r,
a
n
e
w
m
ul
ti
l
e
vel
in
verter
t
o
pol
og
y
u
t
iliz
in
g
les
s
de
v
i
c
e
c
ou
n
t
i
s
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d.
I
t
ca
n
gene
ra
te
1
3-le
v
e
l
out
p
u
t
v
o
lt
age
usi
n
g
n
i
n
e
s
w
i
t
c
hes
a
nd
fo
ur
a
symm
etric
a
l
D
C
s
ourc
e
s.
I
t
c
a
n
be
e
asily
exte
n
d
e
d
f
or
h
i
gher
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
vol
ta
ge
l
eve
l
s
w
ith
l
es
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f p
o
w
e
r
devic
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
c
rea
s
ed
v
olta
ge
s
tress
on
sem
i
co
n
duc
tor
de
v
i
ces.
The
ma
in
c
ha
ra
cte
r
isti
c
o
f
t
he
p
rese
n
te
d
t
opol
o
gy
is
t
ha
t
it
h
a
s
t
he
c
a
p
ab
il
ity
t
o
pro
duce
a
l
l
vo
l
t
age
lev
e
l
s
w
i
t
ho
u
t
n
e
e
d
o
f
H
-
br
i
d
ge
c
ircu
i
t
.
A
P
h
a
s
e-D
i
sp
os
i
t
i
on
P
W
M
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
s
tra
t
e
gy
i
s
em
plo
y
e
d
t
o
ge
nera
te
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
s
ig
na
ls
f
or
t
he
p
ro
pos
ed
M
LI
t
o
p
o
l
og
y.
F
rom
the
si
m
u
la
ti
on
re
su
lts,
it
wa
s
fou
n
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
p
r
opo
sed
t
opo
logy
i
s
abl
e
t
o
g
e
n
e
rat
e
13-l
e
v
e
l
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
ta
ge
w
ith
l
o
w
to
t
a
l
harm
on
ic
s dis
t
or
tio
n.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Th
is
r
esea
rch
is
s
po
ns
ore
d
u
nder
U
n
ivers
i
t
i
t
ek
no
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Resea
r
c
h
U
nivers
ity
G
ra
nt
(
RU
G
)
Tier
2
(V
o
te
no.
15J4
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A n
o
vel
si
ngl
e-p
h
a
s
e
PW
M
a
s
ymme
t
r
i
c
a
l
mul
t
i
l
e
vel
i
n
v
e
rt
er w
i
t
h
nu
mb
er of
..
. (S
. K
a
k
a
r)
1
139
REFE
RENCES
[1]
C.
C
ecat
i,
F
.
C
i
ancett
a
,
and
P.
S
i
a
no,
"A
m
ul
tilevel
inverter
f
o
r
p
hot
ov
oltaic
s
ystems
w
i
t
h
f
u
zz
y
l
ogi
c
con
t
rol,
"
IEEE
T
r
an
sa
c
tions
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
al
E
l
ect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.
57
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n
o
.
1
2
,
pp.
411
5-41
25
,
2
0
1
0
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[2]
P
.
G
.
B
a
r
b
o
s
a,
H.
A.
C
.
B
r
a
g
a
,
M
.
d
.
C
.
B
.
R
o
d
r
i
gu
e
s
,
an
d
E
.
C
.
T
eixei
r
a,
"
Boo
s
t
c
u
rren
t
m
ultil
e
v
e
l in
verter and
its
app
l
i
cati
on on
s
ing
l
e-ph
ase g
r
id
-conn
ected
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c system
s
,"
IEEE tran
sa
cti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
wer
elect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.
21,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
6
-1
12
4,
2
00
6.
[3]
X.
Y
u,
C
.
Cecati,
T
.
D
i
ll
on
,
an
d
M
.
G
.
Sim
o
es
,
"Th
e
n
ew
f
ro
ntie
r
of
s
m
a
rt
g
r
i
d
s
,"
IEEE Indus
t
rial
E
l
ec
t
r
on
i
c
s
Mag
az
in
e
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
49-63,
2
0
11.
[4]
H.
D
i
n
g
,
Y
.
Z
h
a
n
g,
A
.
M
.
G
ole
,
D
.
A
.
W
o
odf
ord,
M
.
X.
H
an,
a
nd
X
.
N
.
X
i
a
o,
"
An
aly
s
i
s
o
f
coup
li
ng
eff
ect
s
on
ov
erhead
V
S
C
-HVD
C
tran
sm
issi
on
lin
e
s
f
r
om
A
C
li
nes
wit
h
s
hared
ri
ght
o
f
way,
"
IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
Powe
r
Del
i
ver
y,
vol.
25,
n
o.
4
,
p
p
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297
6
-
2
9
8
6
,
2
01
0.
[5]
S
.
L
i
,
T
.
A.
H
a
s
kew,
a
nd
L
.
Xu,
"Con
trol
o
f
H
V
D
C
l
i
ght
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
sin
g
c
on
vent
io
nal
an
d
direct
c
u
rrent
v
e
c
t
o
r
con
t
ro
l ap
pro
a
c
h
es,"
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sacti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs,
vol.
25,
n
o
.
1
2,
p
p.
31
0
6
-
311
8,
2
0
1
0.
[6]
M
.
V
e
e
n
s
t
r
a
a
n
d
A
.
R
u
f
e
r
,
"
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
u
l
t
i
level
i
n
ver
t
er
f
or
c
o
m
pe
titive
medi
u
m
-vol
t
a
g
e
in
du
st
ria
l
d
ri
ves,
"
I
E
E
E
T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
in
du
stry
a
p
p
l
ic
a
tion
s
,
vo
l. 4
1,
no
.
2
,
pp
. 6
55
-66
4
,
2
00
5.
[7]
H.
A
k
a
gi,
"Cl
a
ssificat
ion,
t
ermin
o
l
o
g
y
,
and
app
l
i
cati
on
o
f
t
h
e
modul
a
r
mul
tile
vel
cascade
con
v
erter
(MMC
C),
"
IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
tions
on
Po
wer Elect
ro
nics,
v
o
l
.
2
6,
n
o.
11,
pp.
3
11
9
-
31
30
,
2
011
.
[8]
A.
V
arschav
s
k
y
,
J.
D
ix
on
,
M
.
R
ot
ell
a
,
an
d
L.
M
o
r
án
,
"
C
as
cad
ed
n
i
n
e-l
e
v
e
l
in
vert
er
f
or
h
ybri
d
-s
eries
acti
v
e
po
we
r
filter,
u
s
i
ng
i
ndust
r
ial
cont
ro
ller,"
IE
EE
Tr
an
sactio
ns
o
n
In
dus
tr
ial
El
ectro
n
i
cs,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o.
8
,
pp.
2
76
1-2
767
,
20
10
.
[9]
M
.
H
amzeh
,
A
.
G
h
azanf
a
ri,
H
.
M
o
kht
ari,
a
n
d
H
.
Karimi,
"In
t
egrat
in
g
h
ybri
d
pow
er
s
o
u
rce
in
to
a
n
i
s
lan
d
ed
M
V
m
i
cro
g
ri
d
usin
g
CHB
m
u
ltil
e
vel
i
n
v
e
rter
u
n
d
er
u
n
b
alan
ced
a
nd
n
o
nli
n
ear
l
oad
co
nditions,"
IEEE T
r
ans
actio
ns
o
n
ener
gy Co
nver
sio
n
,
vol.
28,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
43
-651
,
201
3.
[10]
S
.
S
ri
kanth
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
K
.
Mish
ra,
"DC
capa
c
it
or
v
ol
tag
e
e
q
u
ali
zat
ion
in
n
eut
r
al
c
l
a
m
p
ed
i
n
v
ert
e
rs
f
o
r
D
STA
T
COM
app
l
i
cati
o
n
,
"
I
E
EE
T
r
an
sa
c
tio
ns
o
n
I
ndu
st
ri
a
l
Electr
oni
cs,
vo
l.
57,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
768-27
75
,
2
010
.
[11]
T.
-T.
Ma,
"
P
–
Q
d
ecou
p
l
e
d
co
nt
rol
schem
e
s
usin
g
fu
zzy
n
eural
net
wo
rks
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
n
if
ied
power
f
l
o
w
cont
ro
ller,
"
In
te
rna
tio
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
cal P
o
wer
&
Ene
r
gy
Syst
ems,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
pp.
748-7
5
8
,
2
007
.
[12]
L.
L
i
u
,
P.
Z
hu
,
Y
.
K
an
g,
and
J
.
Chen
,
"P
ow
er-f
low
con
t
ro
l
p
e
rf
o
rm
ance analy
s
i
s
o
f
a
u
n
ified
po
w
e
r-f
lo
w controlle
r
in a no
v
el
con
tro
l
sch
eme,"
IE
EE tr
ans
actio
ns on
po
wer d
e
li
ve
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o.
3
,
pp
.
16
13
-161
9,
2007
.
[13]
A
.
N
a
b
a
e
,
I
.
T
a
k
a
h
a
s
h
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
k
a
g
i
,
"
A
n
e
w
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
-
p
o
i
n
t
-
c
l
a
m
pe
d
P
W
M
in
ve
rte
r
,"
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
ons on
in
du
st
ry a
pplicati
o
n
s
,
no.
5
,
pp.
518
-5
23
,
1
981
.
[14]
T.
A
.
Me
yn
a
r
d
a
n
d
H.
F
oc
h
,
"
M
u
l
t
i-
le
v
e
l
c
o
nv
e
r
sion
:
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
ta
g
e
c
h
op
pe
rs
a
nd
v
olta
g
e
-sou
rc
e
inv
e
rte
r
s,"
pp.
39
7-4
0
3
:
I
E
E
E
.
[15]
R. H. 1
Bak
er, B
ann
i
st
er
, L
.
H
.,
"
‘E
lectr
i
c p
o
wer c
o
n
v
erter’," 1
97
5.
[16]
E.
B
abaei
a
nd
S
.
H.
H
osseini,
"
New
cascaded
m
ul
tilevel
i
n
vert
er
t
op
olo
g
y
with
m
in
im
um
numb
e
r
of
s
witch
e
s,
"
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
,
vo
l. 5
0
, no
.
1
1,
p
p.
27
6
1
-
2
7
6
7
, 20
0
9
.
[17]
M
.
M
alin
owski,
K
.
Gop
a
ku
m
a
r,
J
.
Ro
drig
uez,
a
nd
M
.
A.
P
erez,
"
A
survey
on
cascaded
m
ul
tilevel
inverters,"
IEEE
Transactions
on industrial
el
ectroni
cs,
vo
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
pp
.
2
1
9
7
-2206
,
2
01
0.
[18]
J.
D
i
x
on
a
nd
L.
M
oran,
"High-le
vel
mu
ltistep
inverter
optimi
zat
i
on
usin
g
a
m
i
nim
u
m
n
u
mb
er
o
f
power
transist
or
s,
"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
ions on
Power El
ectron
i
cs,
vo
l.
21,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
-
337,
2
00
6.
[19]
R
.
S
.
A
l
i
s
h
a
h
,
S
.
H
.
H
o
s
s
e
i
n
i
,
E
.
B
a
b
a
e
i
,
M
.
S
a
b
a
h
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
Z
.
Gh
areh
ko
us
han,
"
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
new
cas
cade
m
u
lti
l
ev
el co
nvert
er to
p
o
l
o
gy based o
n
s
eries
con
n
ecti
o
n
of
ex
t
ended
sub-mul
t
ilevel
units,
"
IE
T
Power E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs
,
vo
l.
9
,
no
.
7,
p
p
. 1
34
1-13
49
,
2
0
1
6
.
[20]
M
.
S
adegh
i
,
S
.
H
.
Ho
s
s
eini,
R.
A
lizadeh
,
and
M
.
B
a
n
aei,
"New
m
i
x
e
d
s
t
acked
m
ulti
cell
con
v
ert
e
r
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
erestin
g
adv
a
nt
ages,
"
IET
Po
wer E
l
ectronics
,
vo
l. 5
, n
o
.
8
, pp
.
12
9
8
-
13
0
4
, 20
1
2
.
[21]
M
.
A
rif,
S
.
Ay
o
b
,
an
d
Z.
S
a
l
am,
"Asy
mm
etrical
N
in
e-level
i
n
v
e
rt
er
t
op
ol
og
y
wit
h
r
edu
ce
p
o
wer
sem
i
co
nd
ut
or
dev
i
ces
,"
TE
L
K
OM
NIKA
(
T
elecom
m
u
n
icati
o
n
Comp
utin
g Electr
onics
and
Con
t
r
o
l),
vol.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p.
3
8-45,
20
18
.
[22]
E.
B
abaei
,
"A
cascad
e
m
u
l
t
ilev
e
l
c
o
nv
erter
top
o
l
o
g
y
w
it
h
redu
ce
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
sw
it
ches,
"
IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
tio
ns
on
po
wer el
ectr
onics,
vol.
23
,
no.
6
,
p
p
.
2
65
7-26
64
, 2
00
8.
[23]
E.
B
ab
aei,
S.
H
o
s
s
e
ini,
G
.
G
h
arehp
e
ti
an,
M.
T
.
H
a
que,
an
d
M
.
S
a
bahi
,
"Red
uct
i
o
n
o
f
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
o
u
rces
a
n
d
sw
it
ches
i
n
as
y
m
m
e
tri
cal
m
ultilevel
con
v
ert
e
rs
u
si
ng
a
n
ovel
t
o
po
log
y
,"
El
ectric P
o
wer
Sys
t
ems
Resea
r
ch
,
v
o
l.
77,
no
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
3
-1
08
5,
2
00
7.
[24]
S
.
L
aali,
K
.
Ab
b
a
s
zadeh
,
and
H
.
L
es
ani
,
"
A
new
al
go
rit
h
m
to
d
et
erm
i
ne
t
he
m
agn
i
t
udes
o
f
d
c
vol
tag
e
s
ou
rces
i
n
asy
m
m
e
tric
cas
ca
d
e
d
m
u
l
t
ilev
e
l
con
v
erters
c
a
p
abl
e
o
f
usi
n
g
char
ge
b
al
anc
e
c
on
tro
l
m
e
t
ho
ds,
"
i
n
E
l
ectrica
l
M
a
c
hi
nes an
d Syst
e
m
s (ICEM
S)
, 20
10
In
t
e
rn
ational
Confer
ence o
n
,
p
p.
5
6
-
61:
I
EEE,
20
10.
[25]
Y.
H
in
a
g
o
and
H
.
K
oizumi
,
"
A
s
in
g
l
e-phase
multi
level
inver
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
swit
c
hed
se
ri
es/
p
arall
e
l
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
o
u
rces,"
IEEE
T
r
an
sa
c
tions
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
al
E
l
ect
ronics,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2643
-2
65
0,
201
0.
[26]
M
.
S
.
b
.
A
r
i
f
,
S
.
M
.
A
y
o
b
,
a
n
d
Z
.
S
a
l
a
m
,
"
A
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
el
i
nvert
er
t
opolo
g
y
wit
h
r
ed
uced
p
o
w
er
sem
i
con
duct
o
r
devi
ces,
"
i
n
20
16
IEE
E
In
dustrial E
l
ect
ronics
an
d A
p
p
licati
ons Co
nfer
ence (
I
EACon
)
,
p
p
.
20
-2
5,
20
16
.
[27]
M
.
S
.
B.
A
rif
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
A
yob
,
"A
n
o
v
el
s
i
ngle
p
h
ase
f
i
ve-l
ev
el
ph
ot
ovolt
a
ic
b
ased
g
ri
d-co
nn
ec
t
e
d
inv
e
rter,
"
i
n
20
14
IEE
E
Co
n
f
eren
c
e
on
En
e
r
gy
Co
nver
si
on (
C
ENCON)
,
p
p
.
325-3
30,
2
0
1
4
.
[28]
Y.
O
un
ejj
a
r,
K
.
A
l
-Had
dad
,
a
nd
L
.-A.
G
rég
o
ire,
"
P
ack
ed
U
cell
s
mul
tilevel
convert
er
t
opol
ogy:
t
heoreti
cal
s
t
u
dy
and
exp
e
rim
e
n
t
al
v
ali
d
atio
n
,
"
IEEE
Tran
sa
cti
ons o
n
In
dustrial
E
l
ect
ro
nics
,
v
o
l.
58,
n
o.
4
,
pp.
1
2
9
4
-
130
6,
2
0
11.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec & D
r
i
Syst, V
ol. 10,
No.
3, Sep 2019
:
1133 –
1
140
1
140
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
S
a
if
ull
a
h
Kh
an
r
ecei
ved
B.E
.
i
n
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
ngin
eeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
N
ED
uni
versit
y
o
f
E
ng
in
eering
an
d
T
echno
lo
gy
K
arachi
Pak
i
stan
f
ro
m
20
11
t
o
2
0
1
4
.
C
urren
t
l
y
h
e
i
s
P
u
rs
ui
ng
MP
h
i
l
degree
in
p
o
w
e
r
electro
ni
cs
f
ro
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Elect
rical
E
ng
in
eerin
g,
U
TM
M
a
lay
s
i
a
.
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res
earch
i
n
t
eres
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i
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l
u
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e
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y
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r
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ion
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h
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bin
Md.
Ay
ob
w
a
s
b
orn
in
K
u
a
la
L
ump
u
r,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
.
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e
ob
t
a
i
n
e
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his
firs
t
de
gre
e
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n
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l
ectri
cal
E
n
g
ineerin
g,
M
aster
in
E
l
ectri
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(P
ower
)
a
n
d
Do
c
t
o
r
o
f
Phi
l
osop
hy
(PhD)
from
U
ni
ve
rsit
i
Te
kn
olog
i
Ma
la
ys
ia
i
n
20
0
1
,
2
0
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3
a
n
d
2
0
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,
res
p
ecti
v
el
y
.
C
urren
tly
h
e
is
an
a
s
s
oci
a
te
p
rof
e
sso
r
at
S
ch
oo
l
of
E
lect
rical
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
,
F
ac
ulty
o
f
Engineering,
U
n
i
versi
t
i
T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
.
H
e
i
s
a
re
gi
stered
G
raduat
e
E
ngi
neer
u
n
d
e
r
Bo
ard
o
f
E
ngineer
M
alays
i
a
(BE
M
)
and
Se
ni
or
M
em
ber
of
I
EEE
(2018).
H
i
s
c
urrent
r
esearch
i
n
teres
t
i
s
s
o
l
a
r
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
el
ec
t
r
ic
v
ehi
c
le
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
f
uzzy
s
y
s
tem
,
a
nd
ev
ol
u
t
io
nary
a
l
g
or
it
h
m
s
f
o
r
powe
r
el
ectron
i
cs
app
licatio
ns
.
N
o
rjuli
a
M
oh
amad
N
ord
i
n
rece
ived
h
er
B
ache
l
o
r’s
d
egree
in
E
l
ect
rical
E
ng
i
n
eeri
ng
f
r
o
m
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
eknolo
g
i
M
a
l
a
ys
ia,
Jo
ho
r,
M
al
a
y
si
a,
i
n
2
006
,
M
.
E
n
g
.
S
c
.
Deg
r
ee
i
n
E
n
e
rgy
S
y
s
t
em
f
r
om
T
he
U
ni
v
e
rsi
t
y
o
f
N
ew
S
ou
th
W
a
l
es
,
A
u
st
ra
li
a,
i
n
20
08
a
nd
Ph.D
from
Uni
v
ersit
i
Te
k
n
o
l
og
i
Ma
la
ysia
(
U
T
M)
i
n
20
16
.
C
u
rre
n
t
l
y
s
he
i
s
a
se
n
i
or
l
e
c
t
u
rer
at
t
he
U
nivers
i
t
i
T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
lay
s
i
a
,
J
oho
r,
M
a
l
ays
i
a.
H
er
r
es
e
a
rch
i
n
teres
t
s
are
A
C
a
n
d
D
C
d
r
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
mul
tilevel
i
n
ver
t
er and wide bandg
a
p
based
power e
lect
roni
c con
vert
er.
M
Saad
B
i
n
A
rif
recei
ved
M
.
T
ech
d
egre
e
in
E
l
e
ctrical
E
ng
i
n
eeri
ng
w
ith
s
p
ecializati
o
n
i
n
P
o
w
er
S
y
stem
a
nd
D
rives
and
G
r
ad
u
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
El
ectri
cal
E
ng
in
eerin
g
in
2
0
1
0
a
nd
2
01
0
respe
c
t
iv
e
l
y
.
H
is
res
earc
h
a
r
ea
o
f
i
nterest
-
p
o
wer
elect
ron
i
cs,
app
l
i
catio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
e
lect
ro
ni
cs
i
n
renewab
l
e
en
ergy
sy
stems
, en
e
rgy
sys
t
ems
, an
d
en
g
in
eerin
g ed
ucat
ion
.
Awa
n
g
Juso
h
w
a
s
bo
rn
i
n
Te
re
ng
ga
n
u
,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
in
1
9
6
4
.
H
e
re
ce
iv
e
d
h
i
s
B
.
E
n
g
.
(
H
o
n
s
)
f
r
o
m
Bri
ght
on
P
o
l
yte
c
h
n
ic,
U
K
,
in
1
98
8.
H
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
S
c
.
and
Ph
D
.
f
r
om
T
he
U
ni
versit
y
o
f
Birm
in
gh
a
m
, U
K in
1
99
5
a
n
d
2
0
0
4
, resp
ecti
v
ely. Si
n
ce 1
9
8
9
, h
e h
as b
een a lect
u
r
er at Uni
v
ersiti
T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
a
n
d
i
s
no
w
an
A
ss
ociat
e
P
rofes
s
o
r
a
t
th
e
D
e
p
artm
en
t
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
ng
in
eering,
S
c
h
ool
o
f
El
ectri
ca
l
E
n
g
i
neering
,
F
acul
t
y
of
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
U
n
i
ve
rsiti
T
e
knol
ogi
Mal
a
ys
i
a
,
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
.
His
res
e
a
r
ch
i
nteres
ts
i
nclu
de
a
ll
areas
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
ele
ctron
i
cs
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
r
en
ewab
le
en
ergy.
Nik
Din
Mu
ha
m
a
d
is
c
urre
n
t
ly
a
S
e
n
io
r
Le
c
t
ure
r
a
t
Sc
ho
ol
o
f
E
l
e
ctrical
E
ngineering,
U
niversiti
T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
la
ys
ia.
H
e
h
as
e
xperi
ence
in
t
eac
h
i
ng
a
nd
r
esear
c
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
t
h
a
n
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
.
H
i
s
current
r
es
ea
rch
int
e
rest
i
s
dc-d
c
c
o
nv
e
r
te
r
de
sign
,
LE
D
drive
r
t
echnology,
conv
erter
modelling
an
d f
eed
back
c
o
n
t
r
ol des
ig
n
f
o
r po
wer el
ectron
i
c
s
con
verter.
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