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a
m
e
cr
itical
p
r
ac
tical
s
etb
ac
k
s
j
u
s
t
as
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
li
k
e
th
e
d
c
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
p
ea
k
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
g
a
l
v
an
ic
i
s
o
latio
n
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
s
tar
t
-
u
p
in
r
u
s
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
lo
w
-
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
as
in
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ter
f
ield
,
a
n
e
x
tr
a
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
r
an
i
s
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
s
tep
p
in
g
-
d
o
w
n
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e.
I
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
g
et
o
v
er
th
ese
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
r
id
g
eless
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
s
tep
-
u
p
/s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
n
e
w
l
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
r
ec
en
tl
y
in
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
B
u
t,
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
7
]
is
s
till
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
th
r
ee
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
u
cti
o
n
p
ath
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
c
y
cle.
I
n
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
,
a
b
r
id
g
eless
P
FC
r
ec
tif
ier
w
h
ic
h
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
in
g
le
e
n
d
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
-
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
(
SEP
I
C
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
J
u
s
t
as
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
t
h
e
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
h
a
s
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
d
is
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
lead
in
g
to
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
l
y
h
i
g
h
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
C
UK
co
n
v
er
ter
y
ield
s
m
a
n
y
b
en
e
f
its
i
n
P
FC
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
lik
e
th
e
ea
s
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
o
latio
n
,
n
at
u
r
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
i
n
r
u
s
h
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
at
s
tar
t
-
u
p
o
r
o
v
er
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
lo
w
er
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le,
an
d
less
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
(
E
MI
)
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
is
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
D
C
M)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
C
h
o
ice
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
a
k
in
d
o
f
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
er
m
itted
s
tr
ess
e
s
o
n
P
FC
s
w
itc
h
a
n
d
e
x
p
en
d
it
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
P
F
C
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
in
t
h
e
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
a
n
d
d
is
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
3
-
2
4
]
.
A
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
llo
w
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
o
n
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
til
ized
f
o
r
a
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
at
o
p
er
ates
in
t
h
e
D
C
M
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
llo
w
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
a
s
in
g
le
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lati
n
g
th
e
d
c
-
li
n
k
v
o
lta
g
e
w
it
h
a
n
ea
r
u
n
it
y
P
F a
t a
c
m
ai
n
s
.
He
n
ce
,
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
llo
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l h
as
an
ed
g
e
o
v
er
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
u
lti
p
lier
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
n
ee
d
in
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
v
o
lta
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
is
r
en
d
er
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
llo
w
er
a
s
i
m
p
ler
m
ea
n
s
to
attain
P
FC
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
o
u
g
h
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
lar
g
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
P
F
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
itc
h
.
O
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
u
ltip
lier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
y
ield
s
l
o
w
s
tr
ess
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
P
FC
s
w
itc
h
,
b
u
t
s
till
t
h
r
ee
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
P
FC
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
eit
h
er
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
y
u
r
g
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
eith
er
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
DC
M
o
r
C
C
M.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
o
v
el
P
FC
B
r
id
g
eless
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
L
E
D
la
m
p
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
d
ev
ice
s
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
u
ti
lit
y
d
ev
ices
w
h
ic
h
i
n
tu
r
n
r
es
u
lte
d
in
m
i
n
i
m
al
lo
s
s
e
s
an
d
b
etter
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
2.
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
AND
P
R
O
P
O
SE
D
P
F
C
SCH
E
M
E
O
F
CUK
CO
NVER
T
E
R
F
O
R
L
E
D
L
AM
P
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
FC
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
L
E
D
la
m
p
d
r
iv
e
r
th
at
u
s
e
s
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
u
ltip
lie
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
e
n
d
Dio
d
e
B
r
id
g
e
R
ec
ti
f
ier
(
DB
R
)
,
DC
f
i
lter
,
an
d
P
FC
b
ased
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
F
C
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
i
n
th
e
C
C
M
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
u
ltip
lier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i.e
.
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
g
i
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
(
L
1
an
d
L
o
)
,
an
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
1
)
s
ta
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
a
s
w
itch
in
g
p
er
io
d
.
B
u
t
it
n
ee
d
s
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
o
f
t
w
o
v
o
lta
g
es
(
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e)
an
d
in
p
u
t sid
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
P
FC
o
p
er
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
i
s
n
o
t o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
s
t
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
FC
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
as
lo
w
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
lo
s
s
es
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
e
n
d
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tif
i
er
.
A
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
P
FC
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
i
n
d
icate
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
;
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
w
o
r
ec
tifie
r
b
r
id
g
e
d
io
d
es
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
tch
(
Q)
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
ON
-
ti
m
e,
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
(
D0
)
co
n
d
u
cts
o
n
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
OF
F
-
ti
m
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
w
itch
in
g
c
y
cle,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
r
ee
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
,
in
cu
r
r
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
d
io
d
e,
w
o
u
ld
d
eter
io
r
a
te
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
’
s
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
at
a
lo
w
li
n
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
FC
(
Mo
d
if
ied
B
r
id
g
e
L
ess
-
C
U
K)
MB
L
-
C
UK
co
n
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
L
E
D
la
m
p
d
r
iv
er
ex
p
lo
iti
n
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
P
ar
tiall
y
E
li
m
i
n
ated
Dio
d
e
B
r
id
g
e
R
ec
tif
ier
,
a
n
d
P
FC
b
ased
MB
L
-
C
UK
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
-
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ates in
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I
J
PEDS
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SS
N:
2088
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8
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A
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u
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u
r
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ased
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ased
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I
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IJ
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v
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ev
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s
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ly
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y
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th
e
as
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o
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d
c
o
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d
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ctio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
w
o
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k
i
n
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
v
el
M
B
L
-
C
UK
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
r
esp
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ti
v
e
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
t
io
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
C
C
M
)
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
M
B
L
-
C
U
K
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
D
C
M
)
C
u
r
r
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n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
w
h
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n
sw
i
t
c
h
Q
1
O
N
2
sl
o
w
d
i
o
d
e
s a
n
d
1
sw
i
t
c
h
1
sl
o
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d
1
sw
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t
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h
C
u
r
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n
t
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d
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t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
w
h
e
n
sw
i
t
c
h
Q
1
O
F
F
3
d
i
o
d
e
s (
2
sl
o
w
a
n
d
1
f
a
st
)
2
d
i
o
d
e
s (
1
sl
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a
n
d
1
f
a
st
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
i
n
D
C
M
2
sl
o
w
d
i
o
d
e
s
1
sl
o
w
d
i
o
d
e
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
u
n
t
s i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
D
C
F
i
l
t
e
r
12
11
3.
O
P
E
RAT
I
N
G
P
RINC
I
P
L
E
O
F
M
B
L
-
CUK
CO
NVERT
E
R
T
h
e
n
e
w
l
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
MB
L
-
C
UK
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
DC
M
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
L
1
b
ec
o
m
es
d
is
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
f
o
r
a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
er
io
d
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
a)
-
(
f
)
illu
s
tr
ates
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
lete
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
h
al
f
-
c
y
cles
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
t
h
r
ee
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
O
pera
t
io
n durin
g
po
s
it
i
v
e
ha
lf
-
cy
cles o
f
s
up
ply
v
o
lt
a
g
e
Mo
d
e
0
:
A
s
in
d
icate
d
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
,
w
h
e
n
s
w
itc
h
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
id
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
b
eg
i
n
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
iL
1
in
cr
ea
s
es,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
c
o
m
m
e
n
ce
s
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
w
itc
h
Q1
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
0
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
ate
ca
p
ac
ito
r
VC
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
V
L
in
c
r
ea
s
es.
Mo
d
e
1
:
W
h
en
s
w
itc
h
Q1
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
th
a
t
is
s
to
r
ed
in
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
L
1
s
tar
t
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
to
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iat
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
v
ia
d
io
d
e
D0
a
n
d
Dp
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
iL
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
w
h
en
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tin
u
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
in
th
is
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
0
b
eg
i
n
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
VL
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
Mo
d
e
2
:
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
is
t
h
e
DC
M
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
as
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ze
r
o
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
0
s
tar
t
s
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
VC
0
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
as
in
d
icate
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
w
h
i
le
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
C
0
s
u
p
p
lie
s
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
en
er
g
y
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
3
.
2
.
O
pera
t
io
n durin
g
neg
a
t
iv
e
ha
lf
-
cy
cles o
f
s
up
ply
v
o
lt
a
g
e
Si
m
i
lar
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
th
er
n
eg
ati
v
e
h
al
f
-
c
y
cle
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I
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2088
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8
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a
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s
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2
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t
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p
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s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
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