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Vo
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,
No
.
3
,
Sep
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201
8
,
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.
957
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SS
N:
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DOI
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The Reco
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8
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3
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[
5
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6
0
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8
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[
6
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.
T
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[
7
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an
d
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[
1
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[
5
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,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
10
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
957
–
9
6
4
958
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ai
n
id
ea
o
f
t
h
is
w
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k
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b
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2.
RE
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ARCH
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y
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w
h
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te
m
p
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cr
ea
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s
[
14
]
,
[1
5
]
.
I
n
th
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k
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a
m
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lti
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g
e
n
er
ic
d
esig
n
te
m
p
lates
(
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies (
P
V
an
d
T
E
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
P
V/T
E
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic/t
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
te
m
I
n
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
P
V
p
an
e
ls
ca
n
r
ea
ch
u
p
to
8
0
°
C
,
w
h
i
ch
i
n
t
u
r
n
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
P
V
ce
lls
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
id
ea
is
to
ex
p
lo
it
th
is
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
y
p
lacin
g
T
E
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
th
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
s
o
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
ca
n
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
T
E
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
b
o
th
s
id
es
u
n
d
er
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
B
y
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
: t
h
e
Seeb
ec
k
ef
f
ec
t,
w
h
er
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
ill b
e
g
e
n
er
ated
.
As ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
es t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
a
f
ter
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
co
v
er
g
lass
,
t
h
en
a
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
late
tr
an
s
f
er
s
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
to
t
h
e
T
E
G
h
o
t
s
id
e.
A
h
ea
t
s
i
n
k
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
E
G
co
ld
s
id
e.
P
V
ce
ll
o
u
tp
u
t
h
a
s
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
t
h
e
T
E
G
o
u
tp
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
m
atc
h
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
w
i
th
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
g
r
ad
ie
n
t
(
∆T
)
,
w
h
er
e
∆T
=
T
H
ot
-
T
co
ld
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e,
b
y
ass
u
m
in
g
t
h
er
m
a
l
lo
s
s
es
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
late
ar
e
n
eg
lig
ib
le;
T
H
ot
=
T
Cell
,
also
T
cold
=T
am
b
,
w
h
er
e
T
H
an
d
T
L
ar
e
th
e
T
E
G
h
o
t
a
n
d
co
ld
s
id
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
a
n
d
T
C
an
d
T
A
MB
ar
e
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
E
lectr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
P
V
an
d
T
E
G
ar
e
m
atch
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
g
eth
er
to
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
.
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
H
a
rv
esting
M
o
del
An
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
w
it
h
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
io
d
e
(
s
in
g
le
ex
p
o
n
en
tia
l)
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
P
V
m
o
d
el.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
P
V
ce
l
l
u
n
d
er
il
lu
m
i
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
P
V
ce
ll c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
a
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ato
r
,
I
p
h
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
a
d
io
d
e.
T
w
o
p
ar
asit
ic
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
s
w
er
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
th
i
s
s
ch
e
m
e,
n
a
m
el
y
R
s
er
ie
s
a
n
d
R
s
h
u
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
P
V
ce
ll u
n
d
er
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Th
e
R
ec
o
ve
r
y
o
f E
n
erg
y
fr
o
m
a
Hyb
r
id
S
ystem
to
I
mp
r
o
ve
th
e
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f
…
(
A
b
d
elh
a
k
Lekb
ir
)
959
T
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
lta
g
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
a
P
V
ce
ll is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
1
)
[
1
6
]:
I
PV
=I
ph
-
I
sat
[
e
xp
(
Vpv
+
Ip
v
Rs
ns
Vt
)
-
1
]
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
I
s
at
is
th
e
s
at
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
K
is
th
e
B
o
ltz
m
a
n
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t
(
1
.
3
8
1
x
1
0
-
2
3
J
/
K)
,
I
p
v
is
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
ce
ll
.
w
h
e
n
it
o
p
er
ates
as
a
g
e
n
er
ato
r
,
Vp
v
i
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
ter
m
i
n
al
s
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
ce
ll
;
I
p
h
is
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ill
u
m
in
at
io
n
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it c
u
r
r
en
t,
n
s
i
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
V
ce
lls
in
s
er
ies a
n
d
Vt
is
t
h
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
ter
m
i
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V)
ex
p
r
e
s
s
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
V
t
=
K
Tc
q
(
2
)
T
c
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
ce
ll
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
Kel
v
i
n
(
K)
an
d
q
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
(
q
=
1
,
6
1
0
-
1
9
C
)
.
W
h
en
R
s
is
v
er
y
s
m
a
ll,
it c
an
b
e
n
e
g
l
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
“
I
p
v
R
s
”
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
:
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t P
V
ce
ll p
o
w
er
i
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
P
pv
=V
pv
I
pv
=V
pv
I
ph
-
V
pv
I
sat
[
e
xp
(
V
p
v
ns
Vt
)
-
1
]
(
3
)
E
lectr
ical
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
is
th
e
r
e
latio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ele
ctr
ical
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
P
p
v
ce
ll
a
n
d
i
n
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
.
I
t is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
η=
Ppv
G
A
*
1
0
0
%
(
4
)
W
h
er
e,
G
is
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
(
W
/m
2
)
a
n
d
A
i
s
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
(
m
2
).
2
.
1
.
1
.
T
her
m
a
l H
a
rv
esting
M
o
del
B
asicall
y
,
t
h
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
b
y
a
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
P
V
ce
ll
th
er
m
a
l
en
er
g
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
T
E
G
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
P
V
ce
ll
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
i.e
.
,
P
V
ce
ll
o
u
tp
u
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
atio
n
m
ak
es
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
t
u
d
y
th
e
e
lectr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
m
o
d
u
le
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
ea
c
h
f
ac
e.
T
o
f
u
ll
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
e
a
T
E
m
o
d
u
l
e,
it
is
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
b
tain
th
e
e
v
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
n
o
-
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
)
as
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
is
ab
le
to
d
eliv
er
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
it
i
s
es
s
e
n
tial
to
d
esig
n
th
e
f
l
o
w
p
at
h
o
f
h
ea
t
to
c
r
ea
te
a
p
er
io
d
ic
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
h
o
t
an
d
co
ld
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
a
T
E
G
B
ased
o
n
th
e
Seeb
ec
k
e
f
f
ec
t,
th
e
o
p
en
-
c
ir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
o
f
a
T
E
G
en
clo
s
ed
in
a
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ter
,
w
h
ich
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
n
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
elec
tr
icall
y
in
s
er
ie
s
an
d
th
er
m
all
y
in
p
ar
allel,
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
V
oc
=S
∆T
=n
α
(
T
H
-
T
L
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e,
S
an
d
α
ar
e
t
h
e
Seeb
e
ck
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
an
d
n
i
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
er
m
o
co
u
p
le.
∆T
TEG
o
v
er
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
T
E
G
is
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ad
ien
t,
Δ
T
=T
H
–
T
C
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
957
–
9
6
4
960
T
E
G
o
u
tp
u
t Co
u
r
an
t i
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
=
(
−
)
−
,
(
6
)
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
P
TEG
(
V
T
EG
)
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
b
y
T
E
G
is
d
er
iv
ed
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
it
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
TEG
)
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
(
)
=
(
−
)
−
2
,
(
7
)
2
.
1
.
2
.
H
y
brid H
a
rv
este
d E
nerg
y
M
o
del
Fro
m
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
ter
m
in
a
ls
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
t
h
er
m
a
l
en
er
g
y
,
V
PV
an
d
V
TEG
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
elate
d
to
d
io
d
es DP
V
an
d
D
T
E
G
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
in
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
n
l
y
.
An
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
c
ir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
H
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
P
V/T
E
G
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
it
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
V/T
E
G)
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
ℎ
(
)
=
|
(
)
|
+
|
(
)
|
(
8
)
Fro
m
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
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t e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
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(
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|
,
|
−
|
0
[
e
xp
(
)
]
|
+
|
,
−
2
,
|
(
9
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
t
h
is
s
e
s
s
io
n
,
a
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
g
e
n
er
ato
r
w
as
s
t
u
d
ied
in
its
en
t
ir
et
y
,
f
r
o
m
its
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
u
n
ti
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
th
e
o
p
tic
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
i
n
g
,
o
n
a
p
o
in
t
o
r
o
n
a
g
iv
en
o
p
er
atin
g
c
y
c
le
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ize
cr
iter
ia
an
d
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
3
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n O
f
A
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
T
her
m
o
elec
t
ric
H
y
bri
d Sy
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
tu
d
y
w
il
l
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
is
at
io
n
o
f
a
P
V/
T
E
G
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
e
ctiv
es
ar
e
as
to
d
esi
g
n
a
d
ig
i
tal
m
o
d
el
with
M
A
T
L
A
B
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
p
led
w
it
h
T
E
G.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
w
il
l h
a
v
e
to
b
e
v
alid
ated
w
it
h
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
e
ls
o
r
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lit
er
atu
r
e,
w
ith
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
b
en
ch
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
w
o
r
k
w
ill
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
ti
m
is
at
io
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
es
to
b
e
o
p
ti
m
i
s
ed
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
alo
n
e
o
r
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
w
ill b
e
an
a
l
y
s
ed
an
d
co
m
m
e
n
ted
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n O
f
A
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
G
ener
a
t
o
r
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
e
l,
a
f
ir
s
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
w
as
d
o
n
e
to
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
alr
ea
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
MA
T
L
A
B
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
en
,
it
w
as
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
l
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
P
V
g
en
er
ato
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
test
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
T
h
e
P
V
g
en
er
ato
r
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
a
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
o
n
e
ce
ll
co
n
n
e
cted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
s
4
9
c
m
2
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
T
c)
w
a
s
2
7
°
C
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
w
it
h
s
er
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
allel
r
esis
to
r
s
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h
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p
o
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ies
ac
co
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to
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atic
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
te
m
p
er
at
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r
e
a
n
d
ir
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ad
iatio
n
.
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h
e
cu
r
v
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
w
ill
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
ates
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
i
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
i
ll
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
no
-
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
e
is
al
m
o
s
t c
o
m
p
en
s
ated
f
o
r
b
y
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
i
t c
u
r
r
en
t
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Si
m
u
la
t
io
n O
f
A
T
herm
o
elec
t
ric
G
ener
a
t
o
r
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
a
n
al
y
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
T
E
m
o
d
u
le,
M
A
T
L
A
B
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
a
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
T
E
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
u
le
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
2
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th
er
m
o
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u
p
le
s
co
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
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t,
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V/
k
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it
h
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ter
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n
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e
o
f
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at
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r
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u
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ter
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f
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3
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m
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ate
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icall
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ig
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Fig
u
r
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r
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f
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o
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
m
ax
i
m
is
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
test
s
w
er
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
an
d
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
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lab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
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h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
tak
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
t
w
o
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
V
Cell
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lts
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
v
a
lid
ate
th
e
an
al
y
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
o
w
er
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
S
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
P
TEG
=
f
(
V
TEG
)
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
as
m
u
c
h
g
r
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ter
t
h
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t
h
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i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
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ir
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v
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s
in
ce
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
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cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
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s
r
)
w
a
s
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lin
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r
f
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n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
il
lu
m
in
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tio
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a
n
d
th
e
o
p
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cir
cu
i
t
v
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g
e
(
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c)
was
a
lo
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it
h
m
ic
f
u
n
ct
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n
.
Mo
r
eo
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,
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p
o
w
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d
eli
v
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ed
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
g
e
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er
ato
r
d
ep
en
d
ed
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
ill
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m
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a
tio
n
t
h
an
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
t
u
d
y
allo
wed
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t
o
f
m
o
d
el
o
p
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atio
n
eit
h
er
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
,
illu
m
in
a
tio
n
o
r
b
o
th
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
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v
o
lta
g
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
s
h
o
w
ed
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g
o
o
d
co
r
r
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n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
ata,
ex
ce
p
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
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g
e
w
a
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
1
.
2
V,
a
s
m
al
l
d
is
cr
ep
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c
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
r
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tical
v
alu
es
a
n
d
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
.
T
h
is
w
a
s
m
ai
n
l
y
d
u
e
to
w
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t
h
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n
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itio
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d
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m
p
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t
m
ea
s
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m
e
n
t
s
.
3
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2
.
2
.
T
E
G
M
o
du
le
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ta
l
r
esu
l
ts
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
:
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
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a
n
d
ex
p
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m
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tal
c
h
ar
ac
ter
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tic
o
f
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B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
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9
,
it
ca
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e
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ated
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nerg
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ated
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u
r
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m
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h
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b
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l
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an
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e
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t
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p
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p
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n
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ig
u
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i
s
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s
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en
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ated
co
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th
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n
tio
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tech
n
iq
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d
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to
th
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p
lo
it
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o
f
t
h
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t
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a
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e
f
f
ec
t.
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n
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l
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,
th
e
g
e
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ated
p
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cr
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s
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it
h
a
d
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r
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s
e
o
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th
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P
V
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l
l su
r
f
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e
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d
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n
s
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n
tl
y
th
e
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n
cr
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s
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
en
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it
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.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
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is
to
v
alid
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tili
s
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o
f
th
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ex
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t
t
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cr
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V
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f
icie
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.
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h
e
s
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m
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l
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lt
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p
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ea
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r
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t
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t
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ied
o
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lab
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.
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h
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ed
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el
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as v
alid
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.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
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,
a
m
ath
e
m
at
ical
m
o
d
el
w
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estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
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en
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m
a
x
i
m
is
at
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.
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y
u
s
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
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e
(
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o
r
s
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m
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l
icit
y
)
,
th
e
p
o
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er
g
e
n
er
ated
w
as
m
u
lt
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p
lied
b
y
a
f
ac
to
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o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
7
5
%.
T
h
is
e
f
f
ec
t
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
a
s
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g
n
if
ican
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ted
p
o
wer
.
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h
e
ex
p
er
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m
en
tal
r
es
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lt
s
t
h
at
co
n
f
r
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ted
th
e
th
eo
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y
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e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
p
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i
f
ic
te
s
t
b
en
c
h
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
a
co
m
p
lete
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
was a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
.
ACK
NO
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D
G
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M
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NT
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h
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th
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s
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Un
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Me
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S0
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ip
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f
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in
a
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p
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t.
RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
L
o
u
z
a
z
n
i,
E.
H.
A
ro
u
d
a
m
,
a
n
d
H.
Ya
ti
m
i,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
A
S
o
lar
P
o
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o
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rc
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o
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a
Clea
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En
e
rg
y
w
it
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t
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,
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l.
3
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
6
8
–
5
7
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
I.
L
a
sh
k
e
v
y
c
h
,
C.
Co
rtes
,
a
n
d
Y.
G
.
G
u
re
v
ich
,
“
P
h
y
sic
s
o
f
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
c
o
o
li
n
g
:
A
lt
e
rn
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ti
v
e
a
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ro
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.
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p
l.
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y
s.
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o
l.
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2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
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P
a
n
,
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L
in
,
a
n
d
J.
C
h
e
n
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
o
p
ti
m
a
l
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
n
irrev
e
rsib
le
m
u
lt
i
-
c
o
u
p
le
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
re
f
rig
e
ra
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u
n
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r
v
a
rio
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s o
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ra
ti
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g
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o
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d
it
i
o
n
s,”
A
p
p
l.
E
n
e
rg
y
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v
o
l.
8
4
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n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
8
8
2
–
8
9
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
W
.
H.
Ch
e
n
,
C.
Y
.
L
iao
,
a
n
d
C.
I.
Hu
n
g
,
“
A
n
u
m
e
rica
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stu
d
y
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th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
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f
m
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re
th
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tri
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c
o
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ler
a
ffe
c
ted
b
y
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h
o
m
so
n
e
ffe
c
t,
”
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p
l.
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
4
–
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7
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
P
.
A
.
Na
ir.
&
.
P
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
,
B.
Be
n
z
ig
e
r,
“
Re
v
ie
w
P
a
p
e
r
o
n
T
h
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
A
ir
-
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
e
r
Us
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g
P
e
lt
ier
M
o
d
u
les
,
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t
.
J
.
M
e
c
h
.
E
n
g
.
,
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o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
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6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
G
.
Ro
c
k
e
n
d
o
rf
,
R.
S
il
lm
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n
n
,
L
.
P
o
d
l
o
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sk
i,
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n
d
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L
it
z
e
n
b
u
rg
e
r,
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V
-
h
y
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rid
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n
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h
e
rm
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tri
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c
o
ll
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o
l.
En
e
rg
y
,
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l.
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7
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o
.
4
–
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p
p
.
2
2
7
–
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3
7
,
1
9
9
9
.
[7
]
A
.
Ro
y
n
e
,
C.
J.
De
y
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a
n
d
D.
R.
M
il
ls,
“
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o
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p
h
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il
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ti
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:
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c
rit
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l
re
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w
,
”
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o
l.
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e
rg
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ter
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ll
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.
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–
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.
[8
]
A
.
R.
Am
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li
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e
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a
l.
,
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l
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J
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p
.
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0
1
6
.
[9
]
W
.
G
.
J.
H.
M
.
v
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n
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rk
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p
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g
,
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teristics
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[1
1
]
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.
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L
in
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o
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S
OL
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f.
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p
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–
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0
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4
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[1
2
]
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Y.
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u
,
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.
Y.
W
u
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n
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.
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i
a
o
,
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e
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p
.
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5
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[1
3
]
R.
Bjø
rk
a
n
d
K.
K.
Nie
lse
n
,
“
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h
e
p
e
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a
n
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in
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)
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ra
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m
,
”
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l.
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e
rg
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l.
1
2
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p
p
.
1
8
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9
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0
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5
.
[1
4
]
G
.
L
i,
G
.
P
e
i,
J.
Ji,
a
n
d
Y.
S
u
,
“
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td
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trato
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CP
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n
c
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rp
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ra
t
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l
s
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m
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p
l.
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e
rg
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l
.
1
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p
.
2
1
4
–
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2
3
,
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0
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5
.
[1
5
]
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.
L
i,
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.
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e
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M
.
Ya
n
g
,
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S
u
,
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n
d
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Xu
,
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m
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rica
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V
/T
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ste
m
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m
in
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re
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lar co
n
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e
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trato
r
,
”
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o
l
.
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e
rg
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l.
1
2
0
,
p
p
.
5
6
5
–
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7
4
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2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
A
.
N.
Ce
li
k
a
n
d
N.
A
c
ik
g
o
z
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
v
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ri
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ic
a
ti
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th
e
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e
ra
ti
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g
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
m
o
n
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-
c
r
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sta
ll
in
e
p
h
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lt
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ic m
o
d
u
les
u
sin
g
f
o
u
r
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a
n
d
f
iv
e
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p
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ra
m
e
ter
m
o
d
e
ls,”
Ap
p
l
.
En
e
rg
y
,
v
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l.
8
4
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n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
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5
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.
[1
7
]
Y.
K.
T
a
n
,
S
.
M
e
m
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e
r,
S
.
K.
P
a
n
d
a
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a
n
d
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
“
En
e
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a
rv
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stin
g
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ro
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o
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r
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m
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s f
o
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h
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rf
o
rm
a
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e
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s S
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r
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s,”
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ra
n
s.
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n
d
.
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tro
n
.
,
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o
l.
5
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o
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9
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p
.
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4
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4
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5
,
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0
1
1
.
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G
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H
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E
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AUTH
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RS
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b
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0
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.
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ro
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m
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h
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rd
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is cu
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iv
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k
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l
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sia
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e
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).
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tri
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ro
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th
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Un
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(
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)
a
n
d
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h
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th
e
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p
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rial
Co
ll
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e
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o
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n
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.
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is
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u
rre
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y
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o
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la
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e
M
).
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re
se
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a
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d
istri
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u
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n
,
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ra
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in
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b
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h
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k
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a
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lak
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).
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o
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in
g
to
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e
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a
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ro
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tri
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it
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T
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k
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M
).
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ro
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.
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.
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d
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in
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b
.
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h
a
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In
stit
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te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
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d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
1
9
8
9
.
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c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
r
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h
in
tere
sts
in
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lu
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e
:
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h
a
s
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sh
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d
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r
9
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p
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ield
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d
p
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c
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ti
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s,
h
e
is also
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u
c
h
a
s:
c
o
m
m
it
tee
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
n
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
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tec
h
n
ica
l
Co
m
m
issio
n
(IE
C),
In
ten
sif
ica
ti
o
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o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
P
r
io
rit
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A
r
e
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s
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)
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m
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o
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c
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d
e
m
y
,
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Co
n
tro
l
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y
ste
m
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o
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iety
(1
9
8
9
)
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
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f
En
e
rg
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e
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ic p
lan
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it
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le
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u
ti
k
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(M
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)
re
c
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B.
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g
.
d
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in
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lec
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rin
g
f
ro
m
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
ro
Un
iv
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rsit
y
(UN
DIP
),
S
e
m
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ra
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
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sia
,
in
1
9
9
9
,
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
E
n
g
.
De
g
re
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in
p
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ics
f
ro
m
G
a
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jah
M
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a
Un
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rsit
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(U
G
M
),
Yo
g
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k
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rta,
In
d
o
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sia
,
in
2
0
0
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
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tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
to
w
a
rd
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
De
p
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rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
e
rg
y
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n
v
e
rsio
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
S
k
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d
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i,
M
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.
S
in
c
e
2
0
0
1
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
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n
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c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
De
p
a
rt
m
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n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Ah
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
f
ield
s
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
f
ield
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le g
a
te arra
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
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