In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
275~
2
8
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
2
75-
28
3
275
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Design an
d
imp
lementation of a
n impressed current cathod
i
c
protection system
for buried
metallic p
ipes (part II)
(consi
dering Al-
Quds
gas st
a
tion in Baghdad)
Saif A
l
d
een H
.
Moh
a
mmed, Isam M
.
Ab
dulbaq
i
E
l
ect
rical Eng
ineerin
g D
e
partm
e
n
t
,
Co
ll
ege of
En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
M
ust
ans
i
r
i
ah U
n
i
versity,
Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
M
ay
2
4
,
2
019
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jul
8
,
2
019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
1
2
,
2
019
In
t
h
i
s
part
,
th
e
im
p
l
em
en
t
a
tio
n
o
f
t
he
C
at
hodic
P
r
o
t
ection
(CP
)
station
in
a
n
e
w
p
o
sit
i
o
n
i
s
do
ne
d
ue
t
o
th
e
a
n
a
l
ytic
a
l
s
tu
dy
o
f
th
e
p
a
rt
(
I
)
[1
]
.
A
l
s
o,
a
P
V
f
e
d
s
e
lf
-ad
j
uste
d
D
C
-D
C
con
v
ert
e
r
is
d
es
ig
ne
d
and
im
plem
ent
e
d
f
or
t
hi
s
pu
rpo
s
e,
a
n
d
A
lu
m
i
n
u
m
ano
d
es
d
es
ig
ned
and
m
a
nu
fact
ured
f
o
r
t
he
sa
k
e
o
f
a
p
pro
v
in
g
th
e
p
r
op
ose
d
C
P
sta
tion
o
p
e
ra
tion
.
A
fie
l
d
te
st
s
h
o
w
s
e
n
h
anced
results
d
ue
t
o
the
N
a
t
i
onal
Asso
ciation
of
C
o
rrosi
on
Eng
i
neerin
g
NAC
E
st
and
a
rd.
An
e
d
i
t
has
been
m
ade
on
t
he
m
ai
n
emp
i
ri
cal
f
o
r
mul
a
t
hat
is
prev
io
usl
y
i
nten
ded
f
o
r
t
h
e
des
i
g
n
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
C
P
system.
T
h
e
p
ro
pos
ed
C
P
st
ati
o
n
is
v
ery
f
l
exib
le,
mo
re
accur
a
t
e
,
o
f
l
o
w
er
c
o
s
t,
a
nd
n
e
e
ds
litt
l
e
maintenance as
c
ompared with
t
he already existi
ng
C
P s
t
a
t
ion
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
CU
-
C
U
S
O
4
Im
pressed
current
N
A
C
E c
a
th
odi
c
protec
t
i
o
n
st
a
ndard
The
refere
nce
elec
t
r
ode
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Sai
f
Aldee
n H. Moham
med,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
D
e
pa
rt
me
nt
,
Mu
sta
n
is
irah
U
ni
versi
t
y,
Ba
gh
da
d,
I
ra
q.
Em
ail:
sa
i
yyo
u
f
@
y
ah
o
o
.c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
c
a
t
h
odic
p
r
otec
tio
n (CP
)
is a t
e
c
h
n
i
que
t
ha
t
is use
d to p
ro
tec
t
me
t
a
llic
p
i
p
e
s
;
b
u
rie
d
in so
il, fr
o
m
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
C
P
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
;
s
a
c
r
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
a
n
o
d
e
a
nd
i
m
pr
essed
cur
r
ent.
I
n
the
sa
c
r
ific
ia
l
ano
d
e,
t
her
e
i
s
n
o
pow
e
r
s
up
pl
y
fe
e
d
i
n
g
th
e
sys
t
em
.
Wh
i
l
e
a
n
i
m
p
r
ess
e
d
cu
rre
n
t
C
P
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
cl
ud
es
a
D
C
source
f
e
d
f
r
o
m
PV
p
anel
o
r
fr
om
a
n
A
C
s
our
ce
fo
l
l
o
w
ed
b
y
rec
t
i
fie
r
a
rrange
me
nts,
d
e
p
e
n
din
g
o
n
the
a
v
ai
l
a
bi
lit
y
of
e
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
m.
T
h
e
s
t
u
di
ed
C
P
sy
st
em
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
t
ha
t
of
"
A
l
-
Q
u
d
s
G
a
s
S
t
at
i
o
n"
w
hic
h
com
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
w
o
CP
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
loc
a
t
e
d
a
t
the
tw
o
e
nds
o
f
t
h
e
60
0
0
m
bur
i
e
d
p
i
pe
u
se
d
fo
r
c
a
rr
yi
n
g
r
aw
w
a
t
e
r
for
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
p
u
rpos
es
o
f
t
h
e
g
a
s
sta
t
i
o
n.
T
he
c
ho
ice
of
s
t
a
ti
ons
p
osit
io
n
h
a
s
bee
n
d
o
n
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
a
va
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
ele
c
t
ric
p
o
w
e
r
A
C
s
up
p
l
y
at b
ot
h e
n
d
s
o
f the
p
i
pe,
th
e
i
n
t
a
k
e
en
d,
and
the
ga
s
sta
t
i
o
n
en
d [1].
The
w
o
r
k
i
nc
l
ude
s
the
c
hoic
e
of
t
he
n
ew
p
os
i
t
i
on
of
t
he
C
P
stat
i
on
dep
e
nd
ing
on
the
ma
p
of
t
h
e
pi
pe
line
,
s
uc
h
t
h
a
t
i
t
mus
t
b
e
t
h
e
m
o
st
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
o
ne.
The
D
C
-D
C
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r;
f
ed
f
rom
a
b
a
tter
y
c
ha
r
g
ed
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
.
T
h
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
var
i
es
a
uto
m
atica
l
l
y
d
ue
t
o
the
fe
ed
bac
k
s
i
gna
l
of
t
he
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
l
e
c
t
ro
de
m
e
a
sure
me
nt
s
uc
h
t
h
at
it
w
i
l
l
k
eep
t
he
p
i
p
e
c
o
nti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
pr
ot
ec
ted
.
A
l
umi
n
i
u
m
a
node
s
a
r
e
de
sig
n
e
d
a
nd
m
a
n
u
f
act
ure
d
f
or
t
he
s
ake
of
usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
n
the
r
eal
t
est
of
t
he
n
ew
st
a
tio
n
posi
t
i
on
.
The
o
b
ta
ine
d
r
esu
l
ts
d
ec
l
a
re
t
hat
a
l
l
the
te
st
p
o
i
nts
re
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
w
ith
in
t
he
s
ta
ndard
N
A
C
E
range
.
A
modi
fic
a
t
i
on
o
n
the
c
onsta
nt
o
f
t
h
e
ava
i
la
ble
e
m
p
i
rica
l
des
i
gn
e
q
uat
i
o
n
t
ha
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
es
t
he
a
node
t
o
ear
t
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
275
–
28
3
27
6
resistance
R
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
P
V
f
e
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
w
s
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
flex
i
b
i
lit
y
an
d
of
l
ow
er
cos
t
tha
n
the
tra
d
it
io
na
l de
sig
n
.
2.
TH
E
O
R
E
T
I
C
A
L
BA
C
K
G
R
O
U
N
D
The
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e
i
n
form
ati
on a
b
o
u
t
the
de
si
g
n
o
f t
h
e
CP
syst
e
m
in
A
l
-Q
u
d
s G
a
s S
t
ati
o
n is no m
o
re
t
ha
n
a
num
b
e
r
o
f
e
m
p
i
r
ica
l
d
es
i
gn
e
qua
tio
ns
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
in
s
ta
nd
ar
d
ta
b
le
s.
T
he
a
vai
l
a
b
le
e
m
p
irica
l
d
es
i
gn
e
qua
t
i
o
n
s
are [2, 3]
:
(
1
)
(
2
)
/
(
3
)
2
50
0
/
(
4
)
.
1
(
5
)
(
6
)
1
,
5
(
7
)
The
a
b
o
v
e
e
q
u
a
tio
ns
a
re
s
u
i
ta
ble
to
c
a
l
cu
la
te
t
he
r
eq
u
i
re
d
term
ina
l
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
c
urr
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
power
s
u
p
p
l
y fe
edi
n
g
ce
rtai
n ty
p
i
ca
l
C
P
s
yst
e
m
, depe
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
i
t
s alre
ad
y e
x
ists a
nd
a
ssu
m
e
d data o
n
l
y.
S
uch
em
pirica
l
e
q
ua
tio
ns
c
an
n
o
t
c
over
al
l
the
pr
ac
ti
c
a
l
s
itua
t
i
o
n
pr
o
b
lem
s
,
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
e
x
iste
nc
e
of
a
r
i
v
er
o
r
sw
am
p
or
t
he
b
en
ds
i
n
the
p
i
pel
i
n
e
pat
h
.
..
e
t
c.
T
he
N
a
t
i
o
nal
A
ssoc
i
a
tio
n
of
C
orrosi
o
n
En
g
i
ne
eri
n
g
(N
A
C
E)
show
s t
h
a
t
the
i
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
P
standa
rd f
or pi
p
e
l
i
n
es st
a
te
s
t
hat [4,
5,
6]
"The
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
e
l
ectr
i
ca
l
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
or
p
ro
tec
t
i
o
n
of
a
car
b
on
s
t
e
e
l
p
i
p
e
mus
t
v
a
r
y
fr
om
(-0.
85V
)
to
(-1.
2
V)
a
gains
t
((CU-CU
S
O
4
)
re
fe
renc
e
elec
tro
d
e);
o
t
herw
i
s
e,
t
he
c
orr
o
si
on
is
h
a
p
pen
i
ng".
B
y
thi
s
c
rite
ri
on
,
the p
i
pe
c
a
n
be
cons
idere
d
as
a pr
ot
e
c
t
ed
p
ip
e
fr
om
c
orrosi
on o
r
no
t
.
T
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
f
e
e
d
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
;
s
o
t
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
req
u
ire
d
c
harg
in
g
proc
e
ss
is
done
f
or
the
ba
tte
ries
d
uri
ng
t
h
e
da
y.
T
h
i
s
i
s
,
for
m
a
ki
n
g
t
hem
re
a
dy
to
w
ork
du
rin
g
t
he
n
ig
ht
o
r
at
t
im
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
i
s
c
l
o
u
d
y
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
C
P
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
a
n
k
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
f
e
e
d
i
t
f
o
r
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
.
A
s
e
t
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
s
pe
c
i
fi
c
c
a
p
a
ci
ty
a
re
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
e
i
t
h
er
i
n
se
ri
e
s
o
r
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
t
o
f
eed
a
D
C
-
DC
c
on
v
e
rt
er
t
o
se
t
th
e
in
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
t
a
l
e
vel
due
t
o
the
req
u
ire
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
CP
s
ys
t
em
.
S
o
,
it
is
a
s
te
p-
d
o
w
n
c
o
n
v
erte
r
(buc
k
con
v
er
t
e
r).
The
ph
o
t
ov
o
l
ta
ic
P
V
pa
nel
is
a
n
e
n
erg
y
s
our
ce
t
h
at
c
o
n
v
ert
s
t
he
s
un
li
g
h
t
e
n
e
r
gy
t
o
e
l
ect
ric
a
l
en
ergy
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
t
l
i
k
e
a
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
C
s
o
u
r
c
e
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
a
D
C
vol
ta
ge
s
ource
nor
D
C
c
u
rr
en
t
s
ource
,
suc
h
t
ha
t its e
x
t
erna
l
cha
r
ac
te
ri
st
ics c
o
m
pose
d
o
f b
o
t
h o
f
the
m
.
This be
h
a
v
i
our
is in
flue
nc
ed b
y li
gh
t i
n
te
ns
i
t
y
and
am
bi
e
n
t
te
m
p
e
r
atur
e [7, 8]
.
.
G
e
nera
lly,
the
c
h
argi
ng
c
u
rre
nt
o
f
ba
t
t
er
i
e
s
m
u
st
n
o
t
l
e
a
d
t
o
o
ve
rc
har
g
i
n
g
or
g
ass
i
ng
o
r
risin
g
i
n
tem
p
era
t
ur
e.
A
t
t
h
e
be
gi
n
n
i
n
g
of
t
h
e
c
ha
r
g
in
g,
t
he
p
roce
ss
c
a
n
be
d
one
w
it
h
a
re
la
t
i
ve
ly
h
i
g
h
curr
en
t
u
n
t
i
l
it
is
r
eac
h
e
d
t
o
a
s
afe
l
i
mi
t
of
t
he
b
at
tery
o
r
i
n
t
he
c
ase
o
f
t
he
b
a
tte
ry
s
t
a
te
i
s
ne
ar
from
the
fu
lly
c
harg
ed.
Th
e
rela
tio
n be
tw
een
t
he c
har
g
i
n
g c
u
rrent
w
ith
t
h
e
cha
rgi
ng t
i
me
is
a
s
fol
l
ow
s
[9]
:
(
8
)
Where
i
s
t
h
e
cha
r
gi
ng
c
u
rr
ent,
i
s
th
e
A
m
pere
-hours
o
f
t
he
b
a
tter
y
,
a
nd
r
epr
e
sents
the
cha
r
g
i
ng
t
i
m
e
.
The
c
h
o
i
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
ba
t
t
eries
de
pe
n
d
s
on
the
a
m
p
e
re
-hour
r
equ
i
re
d
t
o
su
ppl
y
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
F
o
r
e
x
am
ple,
i
f
w
e
have
a
lo
a
d
of 1
0
A
, 2
4V
f
o
r
2
0
hour
s
of
d
u
t
y,
t
hen,
tw
o
ba
t
t
e
r
i
e
s of
2
0
0
am
p
er
e-ho
ur
s,
12V
are
c
onne
cte
d
in
s
er
i
e
s
a
r
e
us
ed
f
or
t
hi
s
pur
pose
.
U
sua
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
ba
tte
ry
b
a
n
k
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
PV
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
as
a
s
to
ra
g
e
d
evi
ce
W
h
ere:
A
: surfa
c
e
ar
ea
of
t
he
p
i
p
e
(
f
t
)
D
: pi
pe
d
iam
e
t
e
r
f
t
L
:
pipe le
n
g
t
h
f
t
: to
ta
l cur
r
ent
for CP (A
)
: re
qu
ired
c
urre
nt de
n
s
i
ty
A∙f
t
CE
:
c
o
at
ing
ef
fi
ci
e
n
cy
N
:
numbe
r of
r
e
quire
d a
n
ode
s
: m
a
x.
a
n
ode
c
urrent
(
A
)
:
coat
i
ng re
si
s
t
anc
e
(
Ω
)
: ano
d
e
t
o
e
arth r
esista
nce
(
Ω
)
:
so
il
r
e
s
is
tiv
i
t
y
Ω∙
c
m
: a
n
o
d
e
b
e
d le
n
g
t
h
(
f
t
)
S
: tw
ice
ano
d
e
dep
t
h (ft)
d
: a
n
ode
diam
e
ter
f
t
:
required cables resi
stance
(
Ω
)
:
te
r
m
in
a
l
v
o
l
ta
g
e
(
V
)
: to
t
a
l re
sista
n
c
e
(
Ω
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n o
f
an
im
presse
d curre
nt
c
a
t
h
o
d
i
c prote
c
t
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
for … (
Sai
f
Alde
e
n
H
)
27
7
fo
r
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
en
ergy
p
ro
du
ced
b
y
th
e
PV
p
an
e
l
d
u
r
ing
t
h
e
d
a
y
l
i
gh
t
a
nd
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
loa
d
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ni
ght
.
A
l
so,
u
s
i
ng
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
a
nk
le
a
d
s
to m
ake
t
h
e
P
V
system
m
o
r
e
st
a
b
l
e
; s
u
c
h
t
ha
t,
t
he
sur
p
l
u
s
p
ow
e
r
pr
o
ble
m
o
r
the
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
in
t
h
e
s
up
p
l
i
e
d
pow
e
r
due
t
o
c
h
an
ge
i
n
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
can
b
e sol
v
ed
[10
].
The
l
e
a
d
-
a
ci
d
bat
t
er
y
is
t
h
e
m
ost
po
p
u
l
a
r
c
h
o
i
ce
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
pow
er
s
ys
te
m
due
t
o
ma
n
y
r
e
a
s
ons
l
ike
it
s
l
o
w
c
o
st,
avai
la
bi
l
ity
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
siz
e
s,
g
o
o
d
h
i
gh
r
a
te
p
er
form
anc
e
e
tc
[
1
0
,
1
1
].
T
he
g
e
lle
d
lea
d
-
aci
d
ba
tte
r
y
is
o
n
e
ki
n
d
o
f
lea
d
-
a
c
i
d
ba
tter
y
i
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
e
l
ectr
o
l
y
te i
s dil
u
ted
sulfur
ic
a
ci
d
s
olu
t
io
n.
Th
i
s
e
l
e
c
tr
ol
y
t
e sol
u
t
i
on is ge
lle
d by ad
di
n
g
the
silic
on d
i
o
x
i
de
t
o i
t
.
I
n
t
h
is de
s
ign
of
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
it is used
as
a
n
i
n
t
er
na
l
r
e
com
b
ina
tio
n
tec
h
n
i
que
t
o
r
e
tur
n
t
he
o
x
yge
n
a
nd
h
y
dr
o
g
e
n
g
asses
thr
o
ug
h
t
h
e
gas
s
i
n
g
pr
o
c
ess
t
o
w
a
ter
[10,
1
2]
.
H
e
nce
,
t
his
de
sign
w
i
ll
m
ini
m
ize
the
losses
o
f
elec
t
r
o
l
y
t
e and it
does
n
'
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
t
o
r
e
pl
e
n
i
s
h o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ol
y
t
e so
lu
tio
n
to
b
a
t
tery
[
1
2
,
13].
I
n
t
he
buc
k
c
o
nver
t
e
r
,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
c
on
ver
t
e
d
t
o
a
l
e
v
e
l
t
ha
t is sm
a
ller
tha
n
t
he
i
np
u
t
vo
l
tage
.
The
bas
i
c
c
i
r
c
uit
o
f
t
he
b
uc
k
co
nver
t
e
r
i
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1
[
1
4,
15]
.
The
buc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
t
w
o
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
m
od
es:
co
nt
i
n
u
o
u
s
con
d
u
ct
i
on
m
o
de
a
nd
d
i
sc
o
n
t
i
nu
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
on
m
ode
[
1
6,
17,
18]
.
Fig
u
r
e 1
.
A b
asic ci
r
cuit o
f
a
b
u
c
k
con
v
e
r
t
er
The
an
o
d
e
is
o
f
a
h
i
gh
pr
i
o
r
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
C
P
s
ystem
des
i
gn.
I
t
is
a
dr
ai
n
p
o
le
t
ha
t
r
e
dir
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
co
nv
en
ti
o
n
a
l
cu
rre
n
t
and
re
ce
i
v
es
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ron
s
f
ro
m
t
h
e
d
e
fe
c
t
s
po
t
s
o
n
th
e
p
i
pe
c
oa
t
i
n
g
i
n
or
der
to
p
r
o
te
ct
i
t
f
r
o
m
cor
r
o
si
on
[
1]
.
The
a
n
od
e
c
onne
c
t
ed
t
o
the
po
si
tive
out
p
u
t
term
ina
l
o
f
the
D
C
-DC
con
v
e
r
ter.
T
he
re
a
r
e
ma
n
y
ty
p
e
s
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
u
se
d
i
n
m
anu
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
node
s
u
c
h
a
s
G
raph
i
t
e
a
node
s,
I
ron-Silic
o
n
a
node
s,
S
i
l
v
e
r-Le
a
d
a
n
ode
s,
S
ilic
o
n
-C
hromium
-
Ca
st
Iron
a
nd
T
i
t
a
ni
um
a
n
o
d
e
s
c
o
at
ed
w
it
h
Met
a
l
Ox
i
d
es
[
4
]
.
E
v
ery
one
of
t
h
ese
ty
pe
s
is
u
se
d
acc
or
d
i
n
g
t
o t
h
e
n
a
tur
e
o
f
the
s
o
i
l
,
the
le
n
g
t
h of
the
p
ipe
t
o
be
pr
ote
c
te
d a
n
d t
h
e
l
i
f
e
spa
n
f
or
t
he
C
P
syst
e
m
[
4,
19]
.
Ther
e
a
r
e
m
a
ny
ty
pe
s
of
a
n
o
d
es
d
es
ign,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
em
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
h
ow
m
any
year
s
t
h
at
a
no
de
c
a
n
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
w
ith
a
n
acc
e
p
tab
l
e
a
v
ai
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y,
t
h
e
t
ota
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
n
ode
w
eig
h
t
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
ll
ow
i
ng
f
o
r
m
ula
[20
]
:
(
9
)
W
h
ere:
:
Th
e
an
od
e
li
fe
i
n
se
c
o
nd
,
:
Ano
d
e
we
i
g
h
t
i
n
gra
m
s,
n
:
The
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
l
ec
tr
ons
t
ra
nsf
e
rr
ed
(
t
h
e
va
l
e
nce)
,
:
F
a
ra
day’
s
n
u
mbe
r
a
nd
M
:
A
tomi
c
wei
g
ht o
f th
e
met
a
l (g
rams/ mo
le)
.
The
p
l
ac
e;
t
ha
t
a
node
s
ar
e
c
o
n
t
a
i
ne
d
ins
i
d
e
t
he
s
o
i
l
,
i
s
c
a
lle
d
a
nod
e
g
r
o
und
b
e
d
s.
T
here
a
re
t
w
o
ty
pes
o
f
t
hese
a
no
de
g
r
o
un
d
be
ds,
shal
l
o
w
gr
oun
d
b
e
d
s
,
and
dee
p
g
r
o
un
d
b
e
d
s
.
S
h
al
lo
w
g
r
o
und
b
e
d
s
pr
efe
r
r
e
d w
h
e
n
t
he so
i
l
r
e
si
st
i
v
i
t
y
i
s
l
ow
.
A
n
ode
s
a
r
e
in
sta
l
l
e
d
h
o
r
i
zo
n
t
a
l
l
y
or
ver
t
ica
l
l
y
f
or
a de
p
th
o
f a
b
o
u
t
2
m
,
t
hen
i
t
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
k
e
br
ee
ze
.
This
m
e
t
ho
d
i
s
m
or
e
e
c
on
om
i
c
a
l
,
ea
sy
t
o
i
n
sta
l
l
a
nd
t
h
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
e
x
cha
n
gi
n
g
a
n
ode
s
is
s
imp
l
e
[2
1,
22]
.
The
s
o
i
l
i
s
t
h
e
con
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
pat
h
i
n
wh
i
c
h
the
elec
tro
n
s
tr
an
sfer
f
ro
m
t
h
e
cat
hod
e
t
o
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
CP
s
yste
m.
I
t
is
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
a
n
elec
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
m
e
di
um
b
et
w
e
e
n
t
h
ese
ele
c
trica
l
p
ols
[4].
Beca
use
it
i
s
not
a
hom
o
g
e
n
eo
us
m
ixtur
e
a
n
d
i
t
differ
s
for
di
ffe
r
ent
p
l
ac
es,
t
h
e
so
il
h
a
s
a
n
un
ev
en
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
p
i
p
e.
T
h
e
re
a
r
e ma
ny ty
pes
o
f
s
oi
l suc
h
as
mud
dy,
s
a
n
dy
a
nd
r
oc
ky,
w
h
i
ch ha
s
a
ma
i
n
e
f
f
ect
o
n t
h
e
c
o
rro
sion
p
ro
cess
th
at
i
s
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
F
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
en
v
i
ro
nm
ent,
t
her
e
i
s
a
range
o
f
a
cu
r
r
ent
de
n
s
i
t
y
r
elate
d
t
o
[
2
3]
.
The
wide
r
a
n
ge
o
f
t
h
e
cur
r
ent
de
ns
ity
is
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
soil
na
t
u
r
e
,
po
r
o
si
t
y
a
nd
hum
id
ity
w
h
ic
h
ha
ve
a
l
a
r
ger
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
il
[
19]
.
The
s
o
il
h
umi
d
i
t
y
is
c
ha
n
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
w
eather
c
o
n
d
itio
ns
o
r
lan
d
i
r
r
i
gat
i
o
n
f
o
r
agr
i
cu
l
t
ur
al
p
ur
po
ses.
T
he
v
a
r
ia
t
i
o
n
i
n
the
h
um
idi
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
l
ea
ds
t
o
c
h
a
nge
t
he
s
o
i
l
r
e
sist
i
v
i
t
y,
w
hich
l
e
a
ds
t
o
c
h
a
n
ge
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
p
asse
s
th
r
o
u
gh
t
he
c
ir
c
u
i
t
.
F
r
om
h
e
r
e,
t
he
n
eed
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
c
h
a
ngi
ng
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
ie
d
vo
lta
ge
i
n
the
CP
s
ys
tem
;
v
i
a
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
fe
renc
e
e
l
ec
trode
a
s
m
e
nti
o
ned,
h
as
a
v
e
r
y
im
por
ta
nt
i
m
p
ac
t
on
k
e
e
p
in
g
t
h
e
p
i
pe
i
n
s
afe
[4,
7,
19]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
275
–
28
3
27
8
3.
TH
E
OVERA
L
L
SIZ
I
NG
O
F TH
E PR
OPOSED
C
P S
Y
STEM
The
pi
pe
d
eta
i
ls
a
t
A
l
-
Q
uds
G
a
s
S
tati
o
n
a
r
e
t
he
6
00
0m
l
eng
t
h,
8
-
i
nc
h
in
d
i
a
me
ter
a
n
d
8m
m
i
n
th
ic
kne
ss
[
1
]
,
a
nd
fr
om
t
he
e
m
p
ir
ical
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f
the
CP
d
e
s
i
g
n
ab
o
v
e
,
w
e
ge
t:
6
000
m
.
1
968
5.0
4
ft a
nd
8
i
n
c
h
f
t
/i
nch
0
.
66
67
f
t
F
r
om
(
1)
w
e
get:
π
π
0
.
66
67
1
9
6
85.04
4
12
28.25
ft
Cu
rren
t
d
en
s
ity
0
.
00
2A
.
f
t
[
23]
.
N
o
w,
f
rom
(
2
)
the
a
p
p
l
ied
c
u
rre
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
ed
a
s
1
w
h
e
r
e
η
i
s
the
coa
t
i
ng
effi
c
i
e
n
cy
=
0
.
9
[
24]
.
Then,
41
22
8
.
2
5
0
.0
02
10
.
9
8
.
2
4
5
A
i
s
the
req
u
ire
d
c
ur
rent.
The
r
e
qu
ir
ed
a
no
de
s
num
ber
i
s
deter
m
ine
d
f
r
o
m
(
3
)
and
2
.
5
A
(fr
o
m
the
pr
actica
l
a
n
o
d
e
d
e
si
gn
s
ec
ti
on
)
:
.
.
3
.
2
→
4
14
00
Ω
.
cm
[
18]
,
the
a
n
o
d
e
le
ng
t
h
1
m
3
.2
8ft/m
3
.
28
ft
,
the
twice
an
ode
d
ep
th
2
m
3
.
28
ft/m
6
.5
6ft
a
nd
0
.
04
m
3
.
28
f
t
/
m
0
.1
31
2f
t
.
N
o
w
,
s
ub
i
n
(
5)
t
o
fin
d
t
he
a
n
ode
t
o
ea
r
t
h
r
e
si
s
t
anc
e
:
t
h
e
n
,
2
.1
405
Ω
A
l
so,
fr
om
(
4)
t
o
f
i
nd
t
h
e
coa
t
in
g
r
e
si
s
t
anc
e
:
.
0
.060
6Ω
F
r
om
t
he
u
se
d
w
i
r
e
s
pec
i
f
i
ca
ti
on
R
0
.
2
8
5
Ω
.
N
o
w,
f
ro
m (6
) an
d
(7
)
we
g
et:
2
.1
405
0
.0
60
6
0.2
8
5
.
t
h
en
,
2
.
48
61
Ω
1
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8
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45
2
.48
6
1
1.5
30
.74
6
V
∴
30
.74
6
8.2
4
5
25
3.5
W
Th
e
C
P
l
o
a
d
i
s
2
5
3
.
5
W
.
S
o
,
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
b
u
c
k
co
nv
ert
e
r
mu
st
c
ov
er
t
h
i
s
l
o
a
d
.
He
nce,
i
t
'
s
r
a
te
d
i
s
o
f
24V
,
15A
,
and
36
0
W
i
n
or
der
to
o
ver
c
om
e
a
l
l
the
va
r
i
ab
le
c
on
d
i
t
io
ns o
f
the
C
P
si
t
e.
The
ba
tter
y
b
a
nk
c
o
nta
i
ns
t
w
o
b
at
t
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
a
ge
ll
ed
l
ea
d
-
ac
id
t
y
p
e.
T
he
r
ated
o
f
ea
c
h
b
a
t
tery
i
s
12V
,
20
0A
h,
a
nd
t
he
de
e
p
d
isc
h
a
r
g
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
2
0
A
.
The
s
e
tw
o
ba
tt
e
r
i
es
a
r
e
c
on
ne
cte
d
i
n
ser
i
e
s
t
o
pr
o
v
i
d
e
24
V
a
n
d
20
0A
h.
T
he
c
o
nnec
t
io
n
of
t
h
e
s
olar
C
P
po
w
e
r
system
i
s
show
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2
,
su
c
h
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
f
ed
t
he
sm
ar
t
c
h
ar
ge
r
in
p
u
t.
W
hil
e
t
he
s
ma
r
t
c
ha
r
g
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
t
h
e
bat
t
er
y
b
a
nk
a
nd
t
h
e
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
er
te
r
fe
d
the
C
P
l
o
ad
, are
a
l
l
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
i
n
pa
ral
l
e
l
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
t
yp
ica
l
c
on
nec
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
olar
C
P
sy
ste
m
The
P
V
p
ane
l
s
a
nd
t
h
e
sma
r
t
cha
r
ger
m
u
st
s
up
pl
y
b
o
t
h
,
th
e
char
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
ents
f
or
t
he
b
atter
i
es,
and
the
CP
l
oa
d
c
u
r
r
ent
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
d
a
y
lig
h
t
p
e
r
io
d
of
s
a
y
8
h
o
u
r
s
.
At
n
ig
ht
,
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
i
e
s
sup
p
l
y
t
h
e
C
P
l
o
ad
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
or
16
ho
ur
s.
S
o,
t
he
l
oad
c
u
r
r
ent
o
f
15A
(
th
is
a
bsor
be
d
fr
om
t
he
b
a
tte
r
i
es
f
or
1
6
ho
ur
s
at
n
ig
h
t
)
must
be
s
u
b
st
itu
te
d
at
t
h
e
d
a
y
lig
h
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
do
u
b
l
e
v
a
l
u
e
dur
i
n
g
8
h
o
u
r
s
.
Th
is
l
e
a
ds
t
o
c
onc
lu
de
t
ha
t
t
h
e
P
V
p
ane
l
s
m
u
st
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
cur
r
ent
of
4
5A
(
15A
f
or
t
he
C
P
loa
d
a
n
d
t
he
b
at
te
r
i
es
c
h
a
r
g
ing
c
u
r
r
en
t
of
3
0A
a
t
t
h
e
sam
e
time
)
.
The
da
ta
o
f
t
h
e
a
v
ai
la
ble
P
V
p
ane
l
i
s
2
4
V,
8
.5A
for
70
0W
/m
2
a
nd
250W
n
o
m
ina
l
p
o
w
e
r
.
Hen
c
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
qu
ir
ed
P
V
panel
s
a
r
e
:
.
5
.
2
9≅6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n o
f
an
im
presse
d curre
nt
c
a
t
h
o
d
i
c prote
c
t
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
for … (
Sai
f
Alde
e
n
H
)
27
9
S
o
,
the
nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
V
p
ane
l
s
r
e
qu
ir
ed
i
s
6
pane
ls
c
o
nnec
t
ed
i
n
p
ar
a
l
l
e
l
.
T
he
over
a
ll
s
y
s
te
m
siz
i
n
g
wil
l
be
as
i
n
T
a
ble
1
:
Tab
l
e
1.
T
he
s
izin
g
of
t
he
p
r
o
pos
ed
C
P
sys
t
e
m
C
o
m
pone
nt
N
u
m
be
r
Ra
t
e
d
v
a
lu
e
PV
p
a
n
e
l
6
24V
,
250W
nom
ina
l
pow
e
r
S
m
a
r
t
c
h
a
r
ge
r
1
24V
,
45A
Ba
tt
e
r
i
e
s
2
12V
,
200Ah
B
u
c
k
c
onve
rt
e
r
1
24V
,
15A
A
n
ode
s
4
1m
l
e
ngth,
4
cm
i
n diam
e
t
e
r
4.
DESIGN
O
F T
H
E PROPO
S
ED CP SY
ST
E
M
4.
1.
A
n
od
e
d
e
sign
T
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
i
s
t
h
e
A
lum
i
nu
m
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3-
a
,
be
cau
se
o
f
i
t
s
avai
la
b
i
l
ity
i
n
the
loca
l
ma
rkets
an
d
t
h
e
eas
e
o
f
c
ons
tr
uc
t
i
on.
T
he
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ano
d
e
is
a
h
oll
o
w
c
y
li
nder
a
n
d
t
h
e
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
his
h
o
l
l
o
w
cyl
i
nder
a
n
ode
t
o
be
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
i
s
1cm
[
1
9]
.
The
n
t
he
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
vo
l
u
m
e
i
s
t
h
e
di
ffe
r
e
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
the
ou
t
e
r
and
t
h
e
i
n
ne
r
vo
l
u
me
s.
T
he
h
o
l
l
o
w
c
y
li
nder
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
3
-
b
i
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
0
.
0
2
m
and
0
.
0
1
m, Cyl
in
d
e
r vo
lu
me =
2
h
i
g
h
t
0
.
0
2
1
1
.
2
5
6
1
0
m
3
a
nd
0.01
1
3
.
1
4
1
1
0
m
3
9
.
4
2
6
1
0
m
3
2
.
545
k
g
=
2
54
5
gr
a
m
s,
270
0
kg
/
m
3
f
o
r
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
[
2
5
]
.
Si
n
c
e
,
= 3,
=
965
00
A
.
s/
mol
e
,
=
2
6
.
98
g
/
m
o
le
,
and
l
e
t
=
2.
5A
.
N
o
w
use
(
9
)
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
an
ode
l
if
et
ime
:
.
.
3.4
6
10
s1
.
3
8
5
m
onth
s
(a)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
3.
(
a
)
T
he
A
lum
i
n
u
m
ano
d
e.
(
b)
T
he
a
no
de
t
o
be
d
e
s
i
gne
d.
4.
2.
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
d
e
sign
The si
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
bl
o
ck
d
ia
gr
am
o
f
a
ll com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
of
t
h
e
pr
opos
e
d
b
u
c
k
co
nver
t
e
r
i
n P
r
ote
u
s
is
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
4-
a
.
T
he
d
es
ig
ne
d
and
i
m
p
l
em
en
t
e
d
b
u
c
k
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
4-
b.
A
"
hea
t
r
u
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t
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s
do
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on th
is
c
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ly
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esist
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D
ur
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, the
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rter
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14A, 24V
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u
o
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ly
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or
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.
Th
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he
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s
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o
sc
ope
s
h
o
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th
e
P
W
M
si
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l
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f
t
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icr
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
A
r
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n
o
N
an
o
pr
ac
tic
a
lly
t
hat
i
s
use
d
f
or
t
he
s
w
i
t
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g
p
r
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o
f
t
h
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MO
S
F
ET
at
a
f
r
e
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y
of
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25
kH
z
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a
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
5-
a
.
T
he
P
W
M
sig
n
al
o
f
the
A
r
dui
n
o
N
ano
is
f
e
d
to
t
he
P
C8
17
a
nd
th
en,
it
is
m
od
i
f
ie
d
b
y
M
C
3
4
1
51
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
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r
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5
-
b
a
nd
F
i
gur
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5-
c.
T
he
o
u
t
pu
t
sig
n
a
l
of
M
C
3
41
5
1
i
s
sup
p
l
ie
d
t
o
t
he
g
a
t
e
of
t
he
M
O
S
F
ET.
T
he
w
ave
f
or
m
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
a
i
n
t
o
s
o
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r
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
M
O
S
F
E
T
use
d
i
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
5-
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
275
–
28
3
28
0
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
4.
(
a
)
S
imulat
i
on
b
l
oc
k
di
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
sed
b
u
c
k
c
on
ve
r
t
er
(
b)
T
he
b
uc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
(a)
(b
)
(c)
(d
)
F
i
gur
e
5.
(
a)
t
he
P
WM
s
i
g
na
l
of
t
he
A
r
dui
n
o
N
a
no
(
b
)
the
o
u
tp
ut
s
ig
na
l
of
t
he
P
C
8
1
7
(
c
)
the
ou
t
p
u
t
s
i
g
na
l
of
t
he
M
C34
1
51
(
d
)
the
dr
a
i
n
to
s
our
c
e
vo
lt
ag
e
The
de
sig
n
e
d
c
on
verter
o
f
t
h
e
CP
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
c
o
n
ta
i
n
ed
i
n
a
w
a
ter
p
r
o
o
f
I
P
6
5
cont
r
o
l
box.
T
wo
f
use
s
of
1
5A
w
it
h
t
w
o
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
e
a
ker
s
a
r
e
a
dde
d
f
o
r
pr
o
t
ec
t
i
o
n
p
ur
p
o
se
s,
a
f
a
n
i
s
us
ed
f
or
c
oo
lin
g
t
h
e
co
nver
t
e
r
pa
r
t
s.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
solar
C
P
s
tat
i
on
com
pose
d
o
f
t
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
in
g
par
t
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n o
f
an
im
presse
d curre
nt
c
a
t
h
o
d
i
c prote
c
t
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
for … (
Sai
f
Alde
e
n
H
)
28
1
5.
TH
E
FIELD E
XP
ERIMENT
F
i
gur
e
7
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
ex
per
i
m
e
nt
s
i
t
e,
t
he
p
os
iti
on
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
bed
s
an
d
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
tes
t
p
o
i
nts
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
co
ns
id
e
r
e
d
t
o
ch
ec
k
th
e
s
y
st
em
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
.
I
n
th
is
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
n
t,
f
o
ur
A
lumi
n
u
m
a
nodes
a
s
t
h
a
t
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e
3
a
r
e conn
ec
te
d w
i
t
h
the
f
ie
l
d
c
on
tr
o
l
b
oa
r
d
of
the
C
P
s
ys
tem
a
n
d
bur
ie
d i
n
a
s
hal
l
o
w
a
n
od
e gr
ou
n
d
b
e
d
s
of 5m
in
l
e
n
gt
h,
0
.
5
m
w
i
dt
h
a
n
d
1
m
d
ep
th.
T
h
e
s
e
an
ode
s
w
e
r
e
c
over
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
od
e
b
e
d
s
by
a
mi
xtu
r
e
of
s
a
l
t
and
c
oke
dus
t
,
a
nd
a
l
o
t
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
is
f
low
e
d
dow
n
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
c
o
nd
uc
ti
v
ity
o
f
the
an
o
d
e
be
ds.
T
h
e
p
o
s
iti
on
o
f
the
a
n
ode
g
r
o
u
nd
be
ds
c
ho
se
n
t
o
b
e
a
t
a
d
i
s
ta
nce
o
f
1
0
0
m
far
fr
om
t
he
s
e
c
on
d
tes
t
p
o
i
nt
o
n
t
h
e
pi
pe
(
a
s
w
ill
b
e
ex
p
lained
later)
.
The
c
o
nt
r
o
l
bo
a
r
d
o
f
t
he
C
P
sys
t
e
m
s
t
a
r
t
f
e
e
di
n
g
23V
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
p
p
lie
d
cu
rr
ent
re
ache
s
8
.5A
dur
in
g
the
te
st
p
e
r
i
o
d
,
w
hich
e
la
pse
d
t
w
o
h
our
s.
T
h
i
s
va
l
u
e
o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
ve
r
y
c
l
o
se
t
o
tha
t
c
alcu
la
te
d
due
t
o
(
2
)
,
o
f
8
.245
A.
N
o
w
,
t
o
c
h
ec
k
o
u
t
the
s
y
ste
m
a
cti
v
it
y,
t
he
m
easur
e
m
e
n
t
w
ith
t
he
r
efere
n
ce
e
l
ectr
ode
(
CU-CUSO
4
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
tes
t
p
oint
s
m
e
nt
i
o
ne
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
7.
T
he
r
e
a
di
n
g
s
ar
e
as
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
t
i
c
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
p
o
i
n
t
s
vo
l
t
age
s
i
n
Ta
ble
2,
a
r
e
w
i
t
hi
n
the
st
a
n
da
r
d
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
r
a
nge
o
f
(
-
0.
85
V
)
t
o
(
-
1
.
2
V
)
.
Th
i
s
m
ea
n
s
t
hat
the
cri
t
eri
a
of
t
h
e cat
hod
i
c
p
ro
t
e
cti
o
n
are
re
ac
h
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
CP
s
ystem
a
b
l
e
t
o
pr
o
t
e
c
t
t
he
p
ipe
.
Tab
l
e 2.
The
pote
n
tia
l o
f
t
he t
e
s
t
p
o
in
ts
Te
st point
I
ts P
osition
The
pot
e
n
ti
a
l
(V)
1
Near
th
e
statio
n
-
0
.8
5
2
Ne
a
r
t
h
e
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
s
it
e
-
1
.
1
3
3
Ne
a
r
th
e
in
t
ak
e
-
1
.0
14
F
i
gur
e
6.
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
so
lar
C
P
s
tat
i
o
n
p
ar
ts
F
i
gur
e
7.
t
he
p
os
it
ion
o
f
a
no
d
e
b
e
d
s
an
d
test
p
o
i
n
t
s
of
the
pr
op
ose
d
C
P
syst
e
m
6.
DIS
C
US
S
I
O
N
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
of
ANSYS
[
1
]
g
iv
e
s
a
n
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
put
t
in
g
t
h
e
an
od
e
in
t
h
e
r
i
g
ht
p
o
s
i
t
i
on
tha
t
l
ea
d
s
t
o
p
e
r
f
or
min
g
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
pr
otec
ti
on
.
S
o
,
t
h
is
p
os
i
tio
n
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
fa
r
of
one
t
h
i
r
d
t
he
p
i
p
e
le
n
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
pi
p
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
mu
st
b
e
con
s
id
e
r
ed
.
Bu
t
p
r
ac
t
i
c
ally
,
i
t
i
s
di
ff
icu
l
t
t
o
m
a
i
nt
a
i
n
t
h
is.
C
o
ns
i
d
er
our
c
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
o
f
A
l
-
Q
u
d
s
G
a
s
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
p
i
p
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
i
s
o
f
6
0
0
0
m
s
o
,
i
f
t
h
e
A
N
S
Y
S
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
,
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
bur
ie
d
a
t
2
0
0
0
m
far
fr
om the
p
i
p
e
.
I
t
is im
p
r
a
c
t
ic
al t
o
i
n
s
t
al
l
a
w
ire
of 2000m
to
c
onnect these
a
nodes
a
n
d
the
pi
pe
t
o
t
h
e
CP
power
s
u
p
p
ly.
A
cost
l
y
,
wi
d
e
c
ross-se
ct
ion
a
l
ar
e
a
w
i
r
e
m
us
t
be
u
se
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
he
vo
l
t
age
dr
op.
H
enc
e
,
the
pr
o
pose
d
d
is
t
a
nce
of
1
00m
i
s
con
s
ide
r
e
d
in t
h
i
s
te
st
.
The
(
5
)
of
t
he
a
no
de
t
o
e
a
r
t
h
r
e
si
sta
n
c
e
i
s
m
o
d
i
fie
d
acc
or
d
i
ng
to
t
he
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
fie
l
d
exper
i
m
e
n
t
whic
h
lea
d
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
desi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
s
yste
m
and
r
eac
he
d
a
n
a
cc
ep
t
a
bl
e
p
e
rf
o
r
man
c
e.
T
h
e
m
odi
f
i
cat
i
on
o
n
(
5)
i
s
in
t
he
f
a
c
t
o
r
0.005
21
s
uch
th
at
a
ll
o
t
h
e
r
fac
t
or
s
as
(
,
,
,
,
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
.
F
r
o
m
the
vo
lta
ge
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
u
p
p
lie
d
t
o
t
he
C
P
loa
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
pr
ac
tica
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
nt,
the
to
t
a
l
resis
t
an
ce
c
a
n
b
e
ca
l
c
ul
at
ed
a
s fo
l
l
o
w
s:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
275
–
28
3
28
2
.
2
.
7
Ω
s
u
b
t
hi
s
va
l
u
e of
in (
6
) to find
:
,
0
.0
606 Ω
a
nd
R
0
.
2
8
5
Ω
, then
:
2
.3
54
4Ω
N
o
w
the n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
a
node
s us
ed
4
,
3
.
2
8
f
t
,
6.56
ft
,
0
.
131
2
ft
a
nd
2
.3
54
4Ω
.
S
ubst
i
t
ute
al
l t
h
ese
fa
ct
ors in
(
5)
re
s
ul
ts i
n:
2
.
35
44
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
∴
.
S
o
,
the
modifie
d
e
qua
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
be
a
s:
.
1
(
10)
7.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
m
a
in c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n of t
hi
s
w
o
rk
can
b
e
cl
arifie
d
i
n
t
he foll
o
w
in
g
poi
nts
:
F
i
rst,
due
t
o
t
h
e
flex
i
b
il
i
t
y
i
n
c
h
oosi
n
g
the
ano
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
g
i
vi
ng
t
h
e
b
est
co
vera
g
e
o
f
p
r
ot
ec
t
i
on
,
a
so
l
a
r
CP
s
yst
e
m
must
b
e
use
d
i
n
or
der
no
t
to
a
d
h
e
r
e
to
t
h
e
e
lec
tr
ic
al
p
o
w
er
s
ourc
e
s.
S
e
c
on
d,
t
he
d
e
s
ig
n
e
d
con
v
e
r
ter
pe
rfor
m
s
a
c
ont
in
u
ous
c
ha
nge
o
f
t
h
e
a
p
p
lie
d
a
n
ode
t
o
c
a
t
h
o
d
e
vo
l
t
ag
e
ac
cor
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
f
ee
dbac
k
from
t
he
(
CU
-CU
S
O
4
r
efere
n
ce
e
l
ectr
ode
).
L
a
s
t
l
y,
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
c
os
t
of
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
C
P
s
ys
t
e
m
is
l
ow
er
t
han
t
h
at
o
f
the
trad
i
tio
na
l
CP
s
ys
tem
at
A
l
-
Q
uds
G
as
s
ta
ti
on.
T
he
s
o
l
ar
C
P
system
n
ee
d
s
o
nl
y
4
a
n
o
d
es
i
nstea
d
o
f
usin
g
20 a
n
o
d
e
s
i
n th
e
t
r
adi
tio
na
l
CP
system
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
S
a
if
a
l
d
een
H
.
M
o
ham
m
e
d,
a
nd
Is
am
M
.
Ab
d
u
lbaq
i,
"
N
u
m
e
rical
S
tu
d
y
and
D
e
si
gn
o
f
an
I
mp
ress
ed
C
urren
t
Cathodic
P
ro
t
ecti
on
Sys
t
em
f
or
B
uri
e
d
Metallic
P
i
p
es”,
Th
i
r
d Scientifi
c
Con
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erence
of E
l
ect
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i
cal
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gineering
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S
CE
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all
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w
Horizon
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n
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i
n
uous
G
rou
n
d
Bed
Des
i
gn
",
C.
P.
Desi
gn
center by M
E
SA pr
od
ucts
,
Inc,
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es
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co
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t.
"
Cal
c
ul
atio
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f
R
esi
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t
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nces
t
o
Gro
u
n
d
",
i
n
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
io
n
s
o
f
th
e A
m
er
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an Inst
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e
of Electrical
En
gi
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s
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b
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A
rla
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d
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t
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,
"
Con
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of
p
ip
e
l
in
e
c
o
rro
sion
"
,
H
o
u
s
t
on,
T
exas,
N
a
ti
on
al
A
ss
oc
iatio
n
o
f
corrosio
n
eng
i
n
eers, 1
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[5]
Zak
i
A
h
m
ad.
"P
rin
c
ip
l
e
s
of
c
o
r
ros
i
on
e
ng
i
n
eeri
n
g
an
d
corro
si
on
co
nt
rol",
Elsev
i
er
S
cien
ce
&
Tech
no
log
y
B
o
oks,
20
06
.
[6]
PT
I
ND
OCA
S
T
FRA
N
SASI
A
SEJAH
T
ER
A
c
o
mp
a
n
y
we
b
s
i
t
e
h
ttp
:
/
/fra
n
s
a
s
i
a-s
.
co
m
/
criteria-f
or-cat
hod
ic
-
pro
t
ect
io
n
.
[7]
Es
raa
M.
I
sm
ail.
"
Desi
gn,
Sim
u
la
tio
n
an
d
Implem
en
tati
on
o
f
a
M
a
xi
mum
P
o
wer
P
o
i
n
t
Track
in
g
S
y
st
em
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
volta
i
c
P
an
el
F
eedi
n
g
Th
ree-P
h
ase Balanced
Lo
a
d", M
.
S
c
. th
esi
s
p
resent
ed to
M
u
s
t
ans
i
ri
yah Un
iversit
y
, Iraq,
20
16
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[8]
Dola
S
inha,
Amiya
Bandhu
D
as,
Di
p
a
k
Kr
.
Dha
k
,
a
n
d
Pra
d
ip
K
r.
S
a
dhu.
"
Equivalent
C
ircuit
C
onfi
g
uration
f
o
r
So
l
a
r
PV Ce
l
l"
,
In
ter
natio
nal
Conf
erence on Non-Co
nven
tio
na
l
Ener
gy
(
I
CONCE
),
p
p
.
5
8-6
0
,
2014.
[9]
Dav
i
d
L
i
n
d
en
a
n
d
T
hom
as
B
.
Red
dy.
"
Han
dbo
ok
o
f
Batteries
"
,
T
hir
d
Ed
it
io
n,
T
h
e
M
c
G
ra
w-Hi
ll
C
o
m
p
a
nie
s
,
Inc
.
,
The Unit
ed
S
t
a
tes o
f
A
mer
i
ca, 20
0
2.
[10]
Ol
a
Su
bhi
W
aheed
A
l
-
Qasem
.
"
M
o
d
e
lin
g
and
S
i
m
u
l
a
ti
on
o
f
Lead-
Ac
i
d
S
torage
B
atteri
es
w
it
hin
Pho
t
ovol
t
aic
Po
we
r Sy
ste
m
s"
,
M
.
Sc
.
the
s
i
s
pre
sen
t
ed
t
o th
e An-Najah
Natio
nal
U
nive
rs
ity
,
P
a
l
e
s
t
i
ne
, 20
1
2
.
[11]
Atiq
ah
H
amizah
M
o
h
d
No
rd
in
a
nd
A
h
m
ad
M
aliki
O
m
ar.
"M
od
eli
ng
and
S
im
ul
ati
on
o
f
P
hoto
v
o
l
taic
(
P
V
)
A
rray
and
M
a
xi
m
u
m
Po
wer
P
o
in
t
T
r
acker
(
M
P
P
T) fo
r
G
rid-Co
nn
ected P
V
S
y
st
e
m
",
Un
i
vers
i
t
y
of
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
a
la
ysia,
IEEE
,
pp
.
11
4-119
,
2
0
1
1
.
[12]
H
u
s
s
a
i
n
S
.
M
a
r
a
u
d
,
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
f
o
r
a
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
",
M
.
S
c.
t
h
e
s
i
s
pres
en
t
e
d
to
M
u
s
t
a
nsi
r
iy
ah U
ni
versi
t
y,
I
r
aq
,
20
16
.
[13]
S
h
en
G
uo
.
"The
A
pp
licatio
n
of
G
en
et
ic
A
l
gorith
m
s
t
o
P
aram
eter
E
st
imation
in
L
ead-Acid
Ba
ttery
E
qu
ivalent
Circ
ui
t Mo
de
ls"
,
M
.Sc
.
t
he
s
i
s
pre
s
e
n
te
d
to
t
he
Un
i
ve
rsity
o
f
B
i
rming
h
am
,
T
h
e
U
n
ited
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
,
2010
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[14]
He
nry
J.
Z
ha
ng
.
"
B
a
s
ic
C
o
n
ce
pts
of
L
in
e
a
r
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
or
a
n
d
S
witc
h
i
n
g
M
ode
P
ow
e
r
S
up
plies",
Ana
l
og Devices
,
Inc.,
The Unit
ed
S
t
a
tes o
f
A
mer
i
ca, 20
1
3.
[15]
Dr.
M
u
h
a
mmad
H
.
R
ashid
.
"
Pow
e
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
C
i
r
cu
it
s
,
D
evices
a
n
d
Ap
pl
icati
o
n
s
",
F
o
u
rt
h
E
d
iti
on,
P
earso
n
Ed
ucat
io
n
Lim
i
ted,
Th
e
Un
i
t
e
d
Stat
es of Ameri
ca, 2
014
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd
im
plem
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
an i
m
pre
s
se
d
curre
nt ca
t
h
o
d
i
c pr
ot
e
c
t
io
n
s
y
stem
f
o
r
…
(Sai
f
Al
dee
n
H
)
28
3
[16]
Hussain
A.
A
ttia,
Fernando
d
el
Ama
Gonzal
o
,
"
Stand-alone
P
V
s
yst
e
m
w
i
t
h
M
P
P
T
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
control
f
o
r
re
m
o
te
b
u
ilding
appl
ications"
,
Int
e
rn
a
t
io
na
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Po
wer
El
ec
tron
i
c
s and Dri
ve
Syst
em
(IJP
E
D
S
)
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
N
o.
2
,
pp.
8
42
–
8
51,
2
019.
[17]
Kh
adi
d
j
a
S
aidi,
M
o
u
n
t
a
ss
a
r
M
aam
ou
n,
M
’ham
ed
B
ou
nekh
la,
"A
n
ew
h
i
gh
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
v
a
riab
le
s
tep
size
pertu
r
b-
a
n
d-o
b
se
rve
MPPT
a
lg
ori
t
h
m
f
o
r
p
ho
to
vo
lta
i
c
sy
ste
m
"
,
Inter
nati
ona
l Jo
ur
nal of
P
o
wer
Elect
roni
c
s
an
d
Drive
Sys
t
em
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
,
pp
.
1
66
2–
16
74,
2
0
1
9
.
[18]
S
i
d
d
h
a
rthan
,
N
iran
jana,
Bask
aran
B
alas
ub
ram
a
n
i
an
,
"P
erf
o
rmance
ev
alu
a
tio
n
of
S
EP
IC,
Lu
o
an
d
ZET
A
con
v
ert
e
r”,
In
ter
n
a
tio
nal Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Power El
ectroni
cs an
d Drive Sys
t
em
(
I
JP
EDS)
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
pp
.
37
4–
380,
20
19
.
[19]
P
r
iv
ate
Comm
u
n
icati
ons
w
ith
A
s
s
t
.
P
rof.
S
ahib
M
.
M
a
hd
i,
t
he
h
ea
d
o
f
M
ate
r
i
a
l
Engin
eerin
g
D
e
part
men
t
a
t
Mus
t
ans
i
r
i
yah
Univer
sit
y
-Iraq,
a
nd
c
hi
ef
e
ngineer
S
abah
M
.
A
l
i
at
C
ath
odic
P
r
o
t
ecti
o
n
Unit
in
A
l
-
Qud
s
G
as
Station-Iraq.
[20]
Wyatt,
B
ri
an
S
.
,
Eur
Ing,
C
.
E
ng,
F
ICorr
MIM,
a
nd
F
CS
F
IHT
.
"
Ad
van
c
ed
s
ys
tem
s
o
f
o
v
erli
ne
a
ss
essm
en
t
o
f
coat
in
gs
and
cath
odi
c p
r
o
t
ectio
n.", In
U
M
IST Cath
od
ic Prot
ecti
on Con
f
eren
ce
, Ma
n
chest
e
r, 2
00
3.
[21]
Cicek
,
"Corro
si
on
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
and
Cath
od
ic
P
rotect
io
n
Hand
bo
o
k
With
E
x
t
ens
i
v
e
Q
u
e
sti
o
n
an
d
Ans
w
er
S
ec
t
i
o
n
"
,
F
i
rst
E
d
iti
on,
J
o
h
n
Wi
ley
&
S
ons,
20
17.
[22]
Vo
n
Baeckm
a
n
n
,
W
alt
e
r,
W
il
h
e
lm
S
chw
e
nk,
a
n
d
W
erner
P
r
in
z.
"
H
an
d
boo
k
of
cath
odi
c
co
rros
i
on
p
rot
ectio
n
"
,
Th
ird
Edit
io
n
,
G
ulf
P
u
b
l
i
s
hin
g
C
o
m
p
a
ny
,
1
997.
[23]
Revi
e,
R
W
i
n
sto
n
.
"
C
o
rros
i
on
a
n
d
C
orro
sio
n
C
on
tro
l
:
An
I
ntro
du
c
tio
n
to
C
o
r
ros
i
on
S
c
i
ence
and
En
gi
neerin
g
"
,
Jo
hn
Wiley
&
Son
s
,
Canada,
2008
.
[24]
Qai
s
M
atti
A
l
i
a
s
,
a
nd
W
a
l
eed
H
.
H
a
beeb.
"Desi
g
n
an
d
Im
plem
en
tat
ion
o
f
C
a
t
hodic
P
r
ot
ectio
n
S
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
C
o
o
l
i
ng
W
a
t
e
r
P
i
pe
l
i
ne
t
o
A
l
-Q
uds
G
as
P
ow
er
S
t
a
ti
on",
Di
yal
a
Jour
nal of
E
ngin
eerin
g
S
c
i
e
nces
,
V
o
l
.
1
0
,
N
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
-1
1,
20
17
.
[25]
Callister,
W
illia
m
D
.,
and
Davi
d
G.
R
ethwisch.
"Materi
a
ls
s
ci
en
ce
and
en
gi
neerin
g:
a
n
i
n
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
"
,
V
o
l
.
7,
J
oh
n
Wile
y &
So
ns, 2
00
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.