In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
307~
3
1
8
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
3
07-
31
8
307
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
The design of auto-tuni
ng capacitive power
transfer for ro
tary
applications using
phased-locked-loop
N. Nab
i
l
a,
S. Saat,
Y. Y
u
s
op
,
M
. S.
M.
I
s
a
,
A
.
A
. Basari
F
acul
t
y
o
f
Elect
roni
cs
a
n
d
C
om
p
u
ter E
ngineeri
ng, U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
i
Tek
n
i
kal M
a
l
a
ysia Mel
aka, M
al
aysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
3
0,
201
8
Re
vise
d S
e
p 12,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
S
ep 26,
2
0
1
8
Wire
le
s
s
p
owe
r
t
ra
nsfe
r
(
W
P
T
),
t
hr
ou
gh
t
h
e
t
ra
nsm
i
ssio
n
o
f
c
o
nt
act
less
energ
y
,
is
n
ot
o
n
l
y
b
e
in
g
us
ed
f
or
c
h
a
rgi
ng
bat
t
eri
e
s
in
s
m
a
rt
p
h
o
n
e
s
,
but
it
is
als
o
b
ei
ng
i
ncreas
in
gl
y
us
ed
i
n
th
e
fi
eld
of
i
n
dustri
a
l
app
l
i
c
a
ti
ons.
The
capa
c
i
tiv
e
b
a
sed
app
r
oach
i
s
u
t
ili
zed
i
n
th
is
p
aper
b
ec
aus
e
o
f
its
a
bi
l
ity
t
o
tra
n
sm
it
po
we
r
in
a
m
e
t
a
l
s
urr
o
un
d
i
n
g
e
n
v
iron
me
n
t
w
he
re
t
he
i
nd
uc
t
i
v
e
-
bas
e
d ap
pro
ach f
ai
led to
perf
o
rm
.
This
w
o
r
k
f
o
cuses o
n
t
he co
u
p
l
i
n
g
st
u
d
y
of
a
ro
tary
C
P
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
where
th
e
po
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
i
s
sta
t
ion
a
r
y
w
hil
e
t
he
l
oad
rot
a
tes
and
t
h
eref
ore
all
o
ws
the
lo
ad
t
o
rotate
360
o
f
re
e
ro
t
a
ti
on
.
T
h
e
Class
E
M
O
SF
ET
p
ow
er
i
n
v
ert
e
r
is
u
s
e
d
her
e
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
abi
l
ity
t
o
ach
iev
e
hi
gh
ef
fici
ency
c
om
pare
d
t
o
o
t
h
er
c
lass
o
f
co
nvert
e
r
s
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
ncy.
T
h
e
pro
t
o
t
yp
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
T
f
o
r
r
ot
a
r
y
app
l
i
cati
on
has
al
so
b
een
s
ucce
ssf
u
lly
dev
e
lo
ped
w
ith
d
is
k
pl
a
t
e
th
icknes
s
o
f
1mm
-
2mm.
O
verall,
t
he
d
e
ve
lo
p
e
d
CPT
syst
e
m
f
or
r
otary
appli
cation
is
a
ble
to
d
e
l
i
v
er
5
.
5
W
a
tt
w
i
th
8
3
.
33
%
ef
fici
ency.
To
e
nh
ance
t
he
p
ow
er
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
an
d
Z
V
S
co
nd
itions,
a
s
e
l
f
-
tu
ni
ng
c
ircuit
u
si
ng
ph
ased
-lock
e
d-l
oop
h
as
b
ee
n
pro
p
o
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
aper.
Th
e
ef
fici
ency
o
f
the
devel
o
p
e
d
sy
st
em
w
it
h
s
e
lf
-t
uni
ng
c
ircui
t
i
s
i
n
creased
to
97.%
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ca
pac
i
t
i
ve
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
nsfer
C
l
as
s e
i
n
v
e
rt
er
Ph
as
e-l
o
ck
ed
-l
o
op
Sel
f-t
uni
ng
c
i
r
c
u
it
W
i
re
l
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ss
p
ower
t
ransf
e
r
Zer
o
v
o
l
t
a
ge s
w
itc
hi
n
g
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Sha
k
i
r
S
aat,
Fac
u
l
t
y
of
El
ect
ron
i
c
s
and
Comp
u
t
e
r
Engi
n
e
e
r
i
ng
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
k
ni
ka
l Ma
la
ysia
M
ela
k
a,
Ma
l
a
y
sia
.
Em
ail:
nab
i
l
a
9
5
4
8
@
g
ma
il.c
o
m, sha
ki
r
@
u
t
e
m
.
e
du.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
N
o
w
a
days,
w
i
r
e
less
p
o
w
e
r
tra
n
sfe
r
(
WP
T)
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
t
urne
d
o
u
t
t
o
b
e
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
p
r
e
sea
r
ch
fie
l
ds
f
or
i
t
s
r
elia
b
l
e
a
ppl
ica
b
il
it
y
i
n
l
ow
a
nd
hi
g
h
pow
er
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
s
uch
as
p
h
ones
char
ger,
s
m
a
rt
c
ard
sy
st
em,
h
i
g
h
po
we
r
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
v
eh
i
c
l
e
s
(EV),
a
n
d
bio
m
ed
i
c
al
d
evi
c
es.
In
g
e
n
era
l
,
WP
T
i
s
t
he
t
ra
nsm
i
ss
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ici
t
y
or
e
ne
rg
y
from
a
pow
er
s
o
u
rc
e
to
a
n
elec
tr
i
c
al
l
oa
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
n
n
ecti
n
g
wire
[
1
]
.
The
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
W
P
T
on
cabl
e
e
li
mi
n
a
tio
n
an
d
mai
n
t
e
n
a
nce
-
f
r
ee
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
e
s
p
ec
i
a
lly
for
rotary
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns to
pow
er
up
aside
c
o
mm
on e
l
e
c
t
r
on
ic
d
ev
ices
t
ha
t
w
e
use e
v
e
r
y
day [2].
The
c
l
a
s
sifi
c
a
t
i
on of
W
P
T
i
s
di
v
i
de
d
in
to t
w
o
c
a
t
e
gor
ies
th
a
t
a
r
e
n
e
a
r
-
f
i
e
l
d
W
P
T
a
n
d
f
a
r
-
f
i
e
l
d
W
P
T
.
Moreover,
t
he
n
ear-fiel
d
technique
c
an
b
e
divided
into
t
hree
s
e
c
t
i
o
ns
n
am
ely
as
i
nduc
ti
ve
p
ow
e
r
t
ransfer
(IP
T
),
a
c
oust
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
tra
n
sfe
r
(
A
P
T)
a
nd
ca
paci
t
i
ve
pow
e
r
t
rans
f
e
r
(
C
PT)
[3].
I
n
near-fi
eld
power
t
r
ansf
er,
the
IP
T
uses
a
c
o
i
l
tha
t
w
i
ll
p
r
oduc
e
t
h
e
ma
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
t
o
t
ra
ns
f
e
r
power,
s
ee
F
i
gure
1
(a),
w
hi
le
C
PT
a
pplies
ca
paci
t
i
ve
p
la
t
e
tha
t w
i
l
l
pro
d
u
ce
a
n e
l
e
c
t
ric
fie
l
d t
o
tra
nsfe
r pow
er
, se
e
F
i
gure 1(
b).
Mea
n
w
h
il
e
, A
P
T
ut
i
l
i
ze
s
vi
brat
i
on
to
t
ra
nsmi
t
e
n
erg
y
.
A
m
ong
t
h
e
m
,
IP
T
i
s
t
he
m
os
t
po
p
u
l
ar
w
a
y
t
o
r
ecogn
ize
w
i
r
e
less
p
o
we
r
t
r
ansfe
r
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
m
ain
di
sa
d
v
a
n
tage
o
f
I
P
T
sy
st
e
m
i
s
i
t
i
s
u
n
ab
le
t
o
e
ffici
e
n
ct
ly
oper
a
te
i
n
me
t
a
l
s
u
rr
ou
d
i
n
g
env
i
rom
e
n
t
as
b
eca
u
s
e
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
ld
i
s
no
t
able
t
o
pe
nta
r
ate
t
h
e
me
ta
l
ba
rrier
[
4].
Th
is
w
or
k
f
o
c
u
ses
on
CP
T
system
a
s
shown
in
F
igur
e
1(
b
)
.
C
P
T
sys
t
e
m
i
s
a
p
o
te
nt
ia
ll
y
c
o
n
v
e
ni
e
n
t
me
th
od
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
co
upl
i
n
g
ca
paci
t
o
r
ap
proa
ch,
wi
t
h
t
he
u
se
o
f
ca
pac
i
t
o
r
p
l
a
t
e
to
c
o
m
e
ou
t
w
it
h
be
t
t
er
E
M
I
[
5
]
.
Thi
s
C
P
T
m
e
t
hod
i
s
ut
iliz
i
n
g
ele
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
ra
t
h
e
r
t
ha
n
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
ie
ld
u
se
d
for
t
h
e
i
n
du
ct
i
v
e
a
ppr
oac
h
w
hic
h
una
ble
to
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
te
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
30
7
–
318
30
8
me
t
a
l
sh
i
e
ld
ing
a
s
i
t
wil
l
ind
u
c
e
t
h
e
e
ddy
cu
rre
n
t
i
n
met
a
l
[6
]
.
S
i
nce
c
a
pa
ci
ti
ve
p
ow
er
t
r
a
nsfer
u
s
e
d
t
he
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
f
ie
l
d
c
ou
p
lin
g,
i
t
has
bee
n
t
he
k
e
y
p
a
r
t
for
t
h
e
ne
w
i
m
p
r
ove
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
non-
co
n
t
act
p
ow
e
r
tr
a
n
sf
er
a
nd
gi
ves
gr
e
a
t
e
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ow
e
r
,
and
pow
e
r
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
he
s
yste
m.
T
his
m
e
tho
d
c
an
b
e
the
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
for
d
rawb
ack
o
f
th
e IP
T
sy
stem [3
]-[
6
]
.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
B
a
s
i
c
d
i
a
g
r
am
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
tiv
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
,
(
b
)
B
a
si
c d
i
ag
ram o
f
c
a
p
ac
i
t
i
v
e p
o
w
er t
ran
s
fe
r
T
h
e
C
P
T
sy
st
em
i
s
v
e
ry
b
en
efi
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
t
a
r
y
ap
pli
cat
io
n
s
,
su
c
h
a
s
r
o
bot
i
c
a
r
m
i
n
a
u
to
mat
i
on
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
t
o
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
ac
t
u
a
t
o
r
t
o
ac
hi
e
v
e
3
60
de
gr
ees
o
f
fr
e
e
r
ota
t
i
o
n.
T
h
i
s
t
y
pe
o
f
WP
T
sys
t
e
m
w
il
l
a
l
s
o
a
l
l
o
w
a
gr
e
e
n
t
e
c
hno
lo
g
y
f
or
r
otar
y
m
a
c
h
ine
r
y
w
i
t
h
h
ig
h
r
e
lia
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
duce
the
r
i
sk
w
hi
l
e
h
a
n
dl
in
g
r
o
tar
y
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
[
7
]
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
l
y
,
th
e
r
o
t
a
r
y
a
pp
lic
a
tio
ns
u
se
d
br
ush
e
d
m
e
c
h
an
ica
l
s
l
i
p
r
i
ngs
t
o
t
r
ans
f
er
s
i
gna
ls
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
a
c
r
o
s
s
r
o
t
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
[
8
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
s
l
i
p
r
i
n
g
s
c
a
n
c
a
u
s
e
fa
ilur
e
s
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
na
l
ro
tat
i
on,
ph
ys
ica
l
c
o
nne
ctio
n
pr
o
b
l
em
s
and
he
nce
r
e
q
u
ir
e
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
m
a
i
nt
e
n
a
n
ce
.
These
pr
oble
m
s
ca
n
be
s
ol
v
e
d
b
y
a
p
p
l
yi
n
g
WP
T
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
d
i
s
k
p
la
tes
c
once
p
t.
I
n
th
i
s
c
onc
e
p
t
,
t
he
h
i
ghe
r
par
t
i
s a
r
o
t
a
ti
n
g
p
ar
t a
n
d c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
he
l
oad,
w
hile
t
he
l
ow
er
p
ar
t
i
s
s
ta
tic
a
n
d
connec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
D
C
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
[
5
]
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
by
c
onsi
d
e
r
i
ng
C
P
T
system
,
the
ma
j
o
r
cha
lle
ng
e
is
t
o
m
ai
n
t
a
i
n
the
o
u
t
p
ut
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
dur
i
n
g
pow
e
r
t
r
a
nsm
i
ssi
on.
T
her
e
f
o
r
e
,
in
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
C
l
ass
E
p
o
w
e
r
am
pl
if
ie
r
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
n
im
pr
o
v
ise
d
m
e
d
ium
o
f
h
ig
h-
f
r
eque
nc
y,
w
h
i
ch
p
r
o
duc
es
h
i
g
he
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
enc
y
f
or
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
,
a
n
d
h
as
a
d
v
an
tage
s
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
sim
p
lic
i
t
y
[8]
.
T
hi
s
is
t
r
u
e
a
s
t
he
t
he
or
et
i
c
a
l
s
w
i
tc
hi
ng
l
o
ss
f
or
C
lass
E
pow
e
r
a
m
p
lif
i
e
r
is
z
er
o
as
t
h
e
Z
V
S
i
s
p
erf
e
ctl
y
a
chi
e
v
e
d
[8
].
A
l
s
o
, t
o
en
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
power
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
cy
,
th
e
s
e
l
f
-tun
i
ng
c
i
rcui
t
i
s
d
e
s
ign
e
d
to
ob
ta
in
t
he
d
e
s
ir
ed
o
utp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
at
t
he
h
ig
h
o
p
er
a
t
ing
fr
e
que
nc
y
.
A
sel
f
-t
un
i
n
g
is
pot
en
ti
al
t
o
in
c
r
ea
se
t
h
e
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
sy
stem
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
the
p
o
we
r
effic
i
e
n
c
y
i
nse
n
si
t
i
v
e
to
t
he
e
xac
t
c
ou
p
lin
g
ca
paci
ta
nc
e.
T
he
se
se
l
f
-
t
un
in
g
cir
c
ui
t
c
a
n
be
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
e
d
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
i
n
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
n
oi
s
e
s
i
n
th
e a
n
a
l
og
a
nd
d
igit
a
l
sy
s
t
e
m [
1
].
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
Class
e
zvs
i
nve
rter
c
irc
u
i
t
[
1]
2.
OVERVIE
W
2.
1.
D
e
ve
lop
m
e
n
t
of
t
ran
s
m
i
t
t
er
p
l
a
t
e
The
str
u
c
t
ur
e
of
t
he
c
om
m
o
n
C
P
T
sys
t
em
c
on
sis
t
s
o
f
a
t
r
a
nsmi
t
t
e
r
uni
t,
t
w
o
d
i
s
k
pla
t
e
s
,
a
nd
a
r
ece
i
v
e
r
u
nit
[
9
]
;
s
e
e
F
i
g
ur
e
4
f
o
r
de
t
a
i
l
s.
T
he
t
r
a
nsm
i
tt
er
u
n
it
a
ct
s
a
s
a
h
ig
h
-
fr
e
q
ue
ncy
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
our
c
e
in
ver
t
e
r
,
w
h
ic
h
c
o
nver
t
s
D
C
s
ig
nal
t
o
A
C
signa
l
[
1
]
.
T
he
s
pec
i
f
ica
t
io
n
s
a
lo
ng
w
i
t
h
i
t
s
d
escr
ipt
i
on
o
f
t
his
wo
r
k
ar
e
tab
u
l
at
ed
in
Table 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e
desi
gn o
f
aut
o-
t
u
ni
n
g
cap
a
c
i
t
i
ve
p
o
we
r t
r
an
sf
e
r
for ro
tary
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
tio
n
s
usi
ng p
h
a
se
d.
.
.
(
N
.
N
a
b
i
la)
30
9
T
a
b
l
e
1:
T
he
s
pe
ci
f
i
ca
ti
on
o
f
t
he
w
or
k
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
tion
1.
Output
P
ow
e
r
10
T
h
e
po
w
e
r
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
t
urn o
n
t
he
LED
l
i
ght
2.
Ope
r
a
ting
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
1
H
i
gh
f
r
e
que
ncy
b
e
ne
fic
i
a
l
t
o sm
all
s
c
a
l
e
sy
stem
d
e
s
ign a
nd
powe
r
losse
s re
du
c
t
ion.
3.
Qua
lit
y
Fac
t
or
1
0
Hi
gh
qua
lity fac
tor in inve
rt
e
r
de
s
ign to a
c
h
i
e
v
e
sinusoi
d
a
l
ou
tput
signa
l.
4.I
n
p
u
t Volta
g
e
V
DC
=
12V
T
he
m
ini
m
u
m
input
v
a
l
u
e
r
e
quir
e
d.
2.
2.
Mat
eria
l
s
In
t
hi
s
wo
rk
,
ai
r
h
a
s
b
een
u
sed
a
s
d
i
e
l
e
ct
ri
c
mat
e
ri
al
s.
T
h
e
r
e
la
ti
ve
p
e
r
m
i
tt
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ie
le
c
t
ric
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
s
εr
=
1
.
Th
e
ma
xi
mu
m
co
upl
ing
gap
r
a
ng
e
i
n
t
h
i
s wo
rk
i
s 2 m
m
.
The shape of
t
he
pla
te
i
s d
i
sk
p
la
t
e
tha
t
i
s
su
i
t
a
b
le
f
or
r
otar
y
ap
pl
i
cati
o
ns
[
1
0
]
.
T
he
a
ssum
p
tio
n
f
or
t
he
t
h
i
ck
ne
ss
of
d
i
s
k
p
l
a
t
e
i
s
1
mm-
2m
m [1
1]
.
2.
3.
D
e
ve
lop
m
e
n
t
of
r
ec
eiver
p
l
at
e
A
t
t
he r
e
cei
ver
un
i
t
,
i
t
c
o
n
s
i
st
s
a
f
u
ll br
i
d
g
e
r
ectif
ier
a
nd
t
h
e
l
oa
d
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n F
i
gur
e 3.
T
h
i
s r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
l
l
c
o
nver
t
A
C
so
ur
ce
t
o
D
C
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
d
e
live
r
1
0
W
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
[1
2].
The
C1
a
nd
C
2
a
ct
a
s
f
ilter
i
n
th
is circ
u
it
an
d
LM7
8
0
9
is us
e
d
to re
g
u
la
te t
he
ou
t
put
v
olta
ge
at
9
V.
F
i
g
u
re
3
.
R
e
ctifi
e
r
circuit
2.
3.
S
e
lf
-t
u
n
i
n
g
c
ap
acit
i
v
e
p
o
we
r
t
r
an
sf
e
r
B
a
se
d
o
n
F
i
g
ure
4,
a
s
e
l
f-t
u
n
i
ng
C
PT
w
ill
be
d
e
s
i
g
ne
d
a
nd
c
o
nst
r
u
c
t
ed.
The
se
l
f
-
t
un
ing
CP
T
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
h
ase
de
tec
t
or,
low
pass
filte
r,
a
nd
v
o
l
t
age
c
o
nt
r
o
l
osc
i
l
l
at
or
(
V
C
O
)
[
13]
.
The
m
a
in
p
ur
p
o
se
o
f
th
is sel
f-
tun
i
ng
is to
m
a
i
n
t
ai
n
t
h
e
ZVS
of
C
la
ss
E
c
i
r
cuit a
l
t
h
o
u
gh
t
h
er
e
is
a
c
ha
nge
i
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
oad.
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
The
bl
oc
k
dia
g
r
a
m
of
C
P
T
s
ys
tem
f
o
r
r
o
t
a
r
y
a
pp
lic
at
io
ns
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
30
7 –
31
8
31
0
3.
METHODOLOG
Y
F
i
rst
of
a
l
l
,
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
E
i
nv
erte
r
c
i
rc
u
i
t
will
b
e
de
sign
e
d
b
y
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ing
co
mp
on
en
ts
v
alu
e
b
a
s
e
d
on
re
q
u
i
r
emen
t
s
d
es
i
r
ed
.
Se
c
o
ndl
y
,
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
E
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
d
esig
n
e
d
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
la
t
e
d
usi
n
g
M
A
TLA
B/
S
i
mu
l
i
nk
by
con
s
i
d
eri
ng
in
pu
t
v
o
l
tage
,
V
i
=
1
2V
a
n
d
D
=
5
0%.
The
s
i
mula
ti
on
o
f
the
c
i
rc
u
i
t
i
s
done
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
ng
t
o
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
w
ork
so
t
ha
t
t
h
e
re
sult
ca
n
be
c
om
par
e
d
acc
o
r
di
ng
l
y.
I
f
t
h
e
resul
t
s
ar
e
satisfi
e
d
w
ith
t
he
t
he
or
y,
the
ac
tua
l
w
o
r
k
w
ill
be
d
o
n
e
to
a
ch
ieve
m
a
x
i
m
um
e
ffic
ie
ncy.
N
ex
t
,
t
he
c
irc
u
it
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
transm
itt
er
p
la
t
e
.
In
t
he
e
xpe
rim
e
nta
l
w
or
k,
C
lass
E
i
n
v
erter
’
s
M
OSF
ET
i
s
t
rigger
ed
b
y
MOSF
ET
driver
circ
u
i
t
tha
t
g
en
er
ates the
fr
e
q
u
enc
y
i
nt
e
n
de
d
to be
use
d
f
or
t
h
e ci
rcu
i
t
.
N
e
xt,
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
te
C
P
T
S
ys
tem
w
i
l
l
b
e
de
vel
o
ped.
T
he
d
i
s
k
s
t
ruc
t
u
r
e
p
l
a
t
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
r
o
t
a
r
y
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
F
u
rt
her
m
ore
,
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
imple
m
e
n
t
e
d
pra
c
t
ical
l
y
t
o
the
ty
pica
l
CPT
sy
ste
m
.
A
f
t
e
r
com
p
le
t
i
ng
CP
T
S
y
ste
m
,
the
se
l
f
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
p
pl
i
e
d
to
over
c
om
e
prob
lem
s
o
f
un
cer
ta
i
n
v
a
r
ia
t
i
o
n
s
of
t
he
in
duc
t
o
r
,
capa
c
it
or,
and r
e
sistor
a
nd
ge
t the
opt
im
um
opera
t
i
o
n
s.
3.1.
C
l
a
ss
E
in
vert
er: d
erivati
o
n
of
e
q
u
a
tion
s
F
i
rst
l
y,
t
o
des
i
g
n
t
he
C
lass
E
Z
V
S
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
it,
t
h
e
f
ul
l
-
l
o
a
d
re
sist
a
n
c
e
can
b
e
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
ed
by us
i
n
g (1)
as
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
p
o
w
er re
q
uire
d is
set
t
o
be
1
0W
(1)
N
e
xt,
the o
t
h
e
r
par
a
m
e
ter
s
s
u
c
h a
s
the
a
m
p
li
tu
de
o
f the
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
an
d
D
C
i
np
ut
c
ur
re
nt
c
a
n
be
ca
lc
ul
a
t
e
d
us
i
n
g
(2)
and (3), respe
ct
i
v
e
l
y
.
(2)
(3)
D
u
e
t
o
c
a
p
ac
i
tive
pla
t
e
w
i
dth
a
nd
le
n
g
t
h
h
a
s
b
ee
n
fix
e
d
fo
r
ea
c
h
p
l
ate
,
t
h
e
d
i
s
ta
nce
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e
pa
i
r
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
at
e
i
s
2
mm
a
n
d
th
e
mat
e
ria
l
o
f
th
e
me
d
i
u
m
i
s
pl
a
s
ti
c
t
h
at
h
a
s
die
l
e
c
t
ric
va
l
u
e,
ε
r
=
1,
t
he
c
a
p
ac
it
i
v
e
va
lue
of
t
he
p
late
can
b
e
me
asured
b
ased
o
n
(4)
Whe
n
t
he c
apa
c
i
t
a
nce
va
l
u
e
is
know
n, the
n
ew
c
a
p
a
c
ita
nce
va
l
u
e
i
s
the
a
c
t
ua
l
va
lu
e of C
series
w
hile
Q
-
fa
ct
or,
Q
L
c
an be ob
ta
ine
d
u
s
i
ng
the
fol
l
ow
i
ng
equa
tio
ns.
H
e
re
,
Q
L
=
1
0
(5)
The
ser
i
es i
nd
u
c
tor a
nd
s
h
un
t c
a
pac
i
tor va
lue
ca
n
be
o
bta
i
ne
d b
y (6) an
d (7
) conse
que
n
t
l
y
. The
n
,
th
e
minim
u
m
va
lu
e
of
c
ho
ke
i
n
duc
t
o
r
als
o
c
a
n
b
e
ca
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
ng
(
8
)
.
L
ast
l
y,
t
he
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
an
d
r
e
qu
ired
para
me
ters
f
or t
h
i
s pa
per
are
t
a
bu
la
ted
in Ta
b
le
2
.
(6)
(7)
(8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e desi
gn
o
f
a
u
t
o
-t
u
n
in
g cap
a
ci
t
i
v
e
powe
r
tran
sfer for
ro
t
a
ry
a
p
p
l
ica
t
ion
s
usi
ng
p
h
a
se
d.
..
(N.
Nabi
la)
31
1
Ta
b
l
e
2: C
om
pa
riso
n betw
e
e
n
c
alcul
a
t
i
on, si
m
ul
a
t
ion
a
nd p
r
a
c
tic
al
v
alues
for the
C
l
ass
E
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
Ca
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
S
i
m
ul
a
tion
P
rac
t
i
c
a
l
C
hoke
i
ndu
c
t
or,
L
f
5
8
.
1
μ
H
100μH
100μH
S
h
unt
C
a
p
a
c
it
or
,
C
S
3.
52nF
3
.
85nF
3
.
9nF
S
e
ri
e
s
C
a
p
a
c
itor,
C
2
.
17nF
2
.
17nF
2
.
2nF
S
e
ri
e
s
I
nduc
t
o
r,
L
1
3.
21μ
H
13.
20μH
20μH
L
o
a
d
r
e
s
i
s
tor,
R
L
8
.
31Ω
8
.
31Ω
10Ω
O
u
tput
volta
ge
,
VR
i
m
12.
89
V
13.
50V
10.
5V
Ma
x
switc
h
volt
a
ge,
V
S
M
42.
74
V
43.
50V
43V
Inp
u
t
C
u
rr
e
n
t,
I
i
0.
8
3
A
0.
84A
0
.
55A
Ma
x
switc
h c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
I
SM
2
.
3
8A
1
.
80A
1
.
21A
O
u
tput
C
urre
nt,
I
M
1.
5
5
A
1.
64A
1
.
05A
Inp
u
t
powe
r
,
P
in
9
.
96W
9
.
76W
6
.
6
W
O
u
tput
pow
e
r
,
P
out
9
.
99W
10.
08W
5
.
5
W
E
f
f
i
ci
en
c
y
,
99.
9
%
96.
83
%
83.33%
3.2.
C
i
r
cu
i
t
simu
l
ati
o
n
:
C
l
ass
E
i
n
ver
t
er
cir
cu
it
C
l
a
s
s
E
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
l
if
ie
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
th
a
t
i
s
b
u
i
l
t
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
i
s
illu
st
rat
e
d
in
F
igu
r
e
5
.
N
e
x
t
,
ZV
S
con
d
i
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on
c
irc
u
it
i
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
6
a
n
d
the
m
a
x
i
mum
vol
tage
f
or
V
S
M
=
4
3.5
0
V
is
ob
ta
ine
d
.
Th
is
i
s
a
lig
ne
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
ory
w
h
ere
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
ill
b
e
a
t
le
ast
3
t
i
m
e
s
g
re
ater
t
h
a
n
the
inp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
M
O
S
F
ET
select
i
on
m
u
s
t
b
e
ma
de
p
ro
perl
y
so
t
ha
t
i
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
able
t
o
ha
nd
l
e
t
his
am
oun
t
o
f
vol
t
a
ge
.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Full C
l
ass E pow
er
a
m
p
l
i
fier
c
i
r
cuit
b
u
ilt i
n
M
A
T
LA
B
Si
mu
l
i
nk
F
i
gu
re 6.
ZV
S
con
d
i
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
ula
t
i
o
n ci
rc
uit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
30
7 –
31
8
31
2
3.3.
C
i
r
cu
i
t
simu
l
ati
o
n
:
C
l
ass
E
i
n
ver
t
er
cir
cu
it
with
PL
L
ci
rc
uit
F
o
r
som
e
i
m
p
rovem
e
n
t
,
PLL
circ
uit
is
i
n
t
ro
duce
d
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
th
is
c
ircu
it
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
t
o
C
lass
E
in
verter
c
ircu
i
t
.
P
LL
is
u
se
d
in
o
rde
r
t
o
r
e
c
ove
r
a
s
i
gna
l
from
a
n
o
i
sy
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
an
ne
l,
f
or
f
re
que
nc
y
sy
nt
h
e
si
s/
c
ont
ro
l
a
n
d
to
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
e
c
l
o
c
k
ti
min
g
pul
ses
i
n
d
ig
i
t
a
l
l
o
g
i
c
de
s
i
gns.
Fu
ll
Class
E
p
o
w
e
r
am
pl
ifier
circ
u
i
t
w
i
th
P
LL
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
bu
i
lt
in
M
A
TLA
B
S
i
muli
n
k
i
s
i
l
l
u
st
ra
te
d
in
F
i
gure
7.
B
esi
d
es
t
ha
t,
Z
V
S
c
ond
it
ion
of
the s
i
m
u
l
a
tio
n c
i
rcu
it w
i
th P
LL cir
c
ui
t
is
s
h
o
w
n in F
i
g
ur
e 8
an
d t
h
e
V
S
M
=
4
3
.53V
i
s
o
b
ta
ine
d
.
F
i
gur
e
7. Class
E
i
nv
e
r
ter
w
i
t
h
PLL
circ
ui
t
b
u
il
t in
M
A
T
L
A
B S
i
m
u
l
ink
F
i
gu
re
8.
ZV
S con
d
i
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
ula
t
i
on
ci
rc
uit
w
i
t
h
t
he
P
LL
circ
uit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e desi
gn
o
f
a
u
t
o
-t
u
n
in
g cap
a
ci
t
i
v
e
powe
r
tran
sfer for
ro
t
a
ry
a
p
p
l
ica
t
ion
s
usi
ng
p
h
a
se
d.
..
(N.
Nabi
la)
31
3
3.2.
Prototyp
e
con
s
t
r
u
c
tion
Th
is
p
r
o
jec
t
w
il
l
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
of
t
w
o
d
i
s
k
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
p
l
a
t
e
w
h
ich
is
t
he
s
ta
t
i
c
p
l
ate
a
n
d
r
o
t
a
t
i
n
g
p
la
te.
Th
i
s
tw
o-d
i
sk
c
o
u
p
lin
g
p
l
a
t
e
siz
e
i
s
0.04
90
4
m
²
,
w
i
t
h
a
c
ombi
n
e
d
i
n
t
er
fac
e
c
a
p
ac
ita
nc
e
o
f
2
.17
nF.
If
the
a
r
ea
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
t
o
c
m
²
w
i
l
l
g
e
t
A
=
4
9
0
.
4
c
m
²
.
U
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
a
r
e
a
o
f
c
i
r
c
l
e
,
w
e
g
e
t
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
u
s
,
r
=
12.5cm
.
T
he
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
io
n
of
M
O
S
F
E
T
d
r
iver
a
n
d
C
las
s
E
i
n
v
ert
e
r
c
ir
cui
t
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
ected
a
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
ted
i
n
F
i
gure
9(
a).
M
O
S
F
ET
driver
c
i
r
cu
it
w
il
l
a
m
pl
i
f
y
pu
l
s
e
ge
n
e
rate
d
i
n
order
to
t
urn
o
n
t
he
M
O
S
F
ET
at
C
l
a
ss
E
in
verter
.
The
A
C
w
avef
orm
from
t
he
t
r
a
ns
mitter
w
ill
be
c
on
verte
d
to
D
C
w
a
vefor
m
a
t
re
ceiver
part
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
lo
ad
s
u
c
h
a
s
LED
c
an
b
e
p
o
w
er
ed up. F
igure 9(b) s
how
s
the r
ec
ei
ver
circ
u
i
t
tha
t
ins
t
a
ll
e
d
a
t
rota
t
i
n
g
pla
t
e
part.
Last
l
y
,
F
i
gure
10
i
l
l
u
stra
ted
t
h
e
c
o
mple
t
e
s
e
t
u
p
of
W
P
T
s
ys
tem
i
n
r
o
t
ar
y
ap
pl
ica
t
i
o
ns
u
s
i
n
g
ca
paci
t
i
ve
a
ppr
oac
h
.
(a
)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re 9.
(a
) MO
SFET
driver and
C
l
as
s E
in
verter
circ
u
it
afte
r
fabric
a
t
e
d
,
(b) Rec
e
iver
ci
r
c
u
it
t
h
a
t
i
nsta
lled
at
r
o
t
a
tin
g
pl
a
t
e
p
a
rt
F
i
gu
re
1
0. Co
m
pl
e
t
e se
t
u
p
o
f
CP
T
s
yste
m
in
r
otary
ap
pl
ic
ati
o
ns
4.
RESULT
4.1.
S
imu
l
atio
n
re
su
lt:
C
l
ass
E
in
ve
rte
r
c
i
r
cu
i
t
F
i
gure
1
1
(a)
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
w
a
veform
a
t
ga
t
e
M
O
S
F
ET,
V
g.
T
his
p
u
l
s
e
pro
v
e
n
t
ha
t
the
ga
te
i
s
t
u
rne
d
o
n
due
t
o
the
mi
nima
l
vo
l
t
age
pu
lse
nee
d
e
d
t
o
sw
i
t
c
h
t
he
M
O
S
F
ET
IR
F51
0
i
s
10V
.
Next,
the
w
a
vef
o
rm
i
n
F
i
gure
1
1
(b)
dem
ons
t
r
ates t
h
e
out
put
a
t
the
drai
n of t
he
M
O
S
F
E
T
, Vds.
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gu
re
1
1. a
) Wave
form
a
t
gate
o
f MO
S
F
ET,
b)
Wa
veform
a
t dra
i
n
of
M
O
S
F
E
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
30
7 –
31
8
31
4
B
y
r
e
f
er
ring
t
o
F
ig
ur
e
1
1
(b)
,
t
he
w
a
v
e
f
or
m
a
t
d
rai
n
M
O
S
F
ET
in
di
cat
e
s
t
h
e
n
ea
rly
si
mila
r
sh
ap
e
of
the
ha
lf-
w
ave
w
a
vefor
m
.
The
hi
g
h
e
s
t
a
m
p
l
it
ude
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
i
s
43.
50
V
w
i
t
h
a
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
1
n
s
a
t
5
0
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
.
T
h
i
s
v
a
l
u
e
h
a
s
r
e
a
l
l
y
s
u
r
p
a
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
d
r
a
i
n
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
be
t
h
e
t
r
i
ple
est
i
ma
t
i
on
o
f
a
gate
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
MO
S
F
ET
and
prove
d
t
h
e
MO
SF
ET
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
w
o
r
k
s
w
e
ll.
C
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
f
orm
of
gate
M
O
S
F
ET and
dra
i
n
M
O
S
F
ET
a
s show
n
in F
ig
ure
12.
F
i
gu
re 1
2.
W
a
v
eform
at dra
i
n
a
nd
ga
te
o
f MO
S
F
ET
Base
d
o
n
F
i
g
ure
12,
t
he
o
p
timum
c
o
n
d
it
i
on
for
ZV
S
con
d
i
t
i
on
i
s
ac
hie
v
e
d
.
Thi
s
s
ati
s
fies
Z
VS
con
d
i
t
i
on
b
eca
use
of
t
he a
bse
n
ce
of
an
ove
rl
ap
b
etw
e
e
n
t
h
e
vol
t
a
g
e
w
a
ve
form
of the
g
a
te
a
nd dra
i
n
MO
S
F
ET
4.2.
Exp
erime
n
t
al
resu
l
t
: C
l
ass
E
in
ver
t
er
c
i
r
cu
i
t
F
i
gure
1
3
(a)
in
dica
te
s
the
p
u
l
se
t
ha
t
has
bee
n
p
r
oduc
e
d
u
s
i
ng
M
O
S
F
ET
dr
i
v
e
r
a
nd
s
u
p
p
l
i
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
gate
o
f
M
O
S
F
ET
in
C
lass
E
in
verter
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
13(a
)
s
how
s
the
w
a
v
e
form
a
t
ga
t
e
M
O
S
F
ET
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
duce
s
10.5V
a
m
p
li
t
u
de
a
t
frequ
e
nc
y
1
M
H
z
o
f
5
0
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e.
T
he
l
a
r
ger
v
al
ue
o
f
ca
pac
i
tor
c
a
n
be
u
sed
t
o
f
il
ter
the
s
p
i
k
e
s
a
nd
rip
p
les
prese
n
t
in
eac
h
pu
lse.
T
he
w
ave
f
orm
show
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
i
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
u
r
n
t
h
e
M
O
S
F
E
T
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
o
n
.
N
e
xt
,
F
i
g
u
re
1
3(b)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
w
ave
f
orm
s
b
e
t
w
een
M
O
S
F
ET
ga
te
a
n
d
M
O
S
F
ET
drai
n
t
o
ge
the
r
in or
d
e
r
to se
e w
h
e
t
her
t
h
e
z
e
ro
volta
ge
sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
is per
f
ec
t
l
y
obta
i
ne
d
(a)
(b)
F
i
gu
re 1
3.
(a) Wave
f
orm
at
g
ate,
V
g
M
O
S
F
ET,
(
b)
W
ave
f
orm
s
betw
e
en MO
S
F
ET
gate
a
nd
MO
S
F
ET
drain to
ge
ther
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e desi
gn
o
f
a
u
t
o
-t
u
n
in
g cap
a
ci
t
i
v
e
powe
r
tran
sfer for
ro
t
a
ry
a
p
p
l
ica
t
ion
s
usi
ng
p
h
a
se
d.
..
(N.
Nabi
la)
31
5
F
i
gu
re
1
4:
W
a
v
e
f
orm
be
fore
re
c
tifie
d a
t
t
he loa
d
B
y
r
efe
rring
to
F
ig
ure
14,
t
he
w
ave
f
orm
is
i
n
an
A
C
for
m
.
T
h
e
v
olt
a
ge
p
e
a
k
of
t
h
e
w
a
v
efo
r
m
i
s
14.4V
a
t
1M
H
z
.
We
c
a
n
s
ee
t
h
a
t
t
he
p
rac
t
ic
a
l
r
esul
t
o
n
l
y
a
c
hie
v
e
d
h
a
l
f
v
a
lue
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
ha
n
t
h
e
sim
u
la
tio
n
resul
t
s
one
.
T
h
i
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
f
fe
cted
b
y
t
h
e
pre
s
e
n
ce
o
f
tw
o
pa
ir
s
o
f
p
l
a
t
e
s
t
h
at
act
a
s
th
e
se
ri
es
c
apa
c
i
t
or
w
h
e
n
com
b
i
n
in
g
the
circ
u
i
t
for
w
i
r
e
less e
n
erg
y
t
r
a
nsfe
r sys
t
em
usi
ng
c
ap
a
c
it
iv
e ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
4.2.
1. Distance
analys
is
f
or
C
PT
s
ys
t
e
m
Th
e
e
f
fi
ci
en
cy
o
f
t
r
a
n
sf
erred
po
wer
wil
l
d
ec
rea
s
e
i
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
r
a
n
smit
t
e
r
p
l
at
e
and
re
ce
i
v
e
r
p
l
a
t
e
h
as
i
n
c
re
a
s
ed
.
Fo
r
d
i
st
an
c
e
a
n
d
m
i
s
al
ign
m
en
t
a
n
a
ly
si
s,
t
h
e
i
n
put
p
o
w
er
i
s
t
a
k
e
n
be
fo
re
p
l
a
ci
ng
the l
o
a
d
i
nt
o
th
e
syst
e
m
tha
t is
a
fter
volta
ge
r
egu
l
a
t
or.
C
a
lc
u
lat
i
on
o
f
e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y c
a
n be
d
o
n
e
us
i
n
g
(9)
(9)
F
o
r
t
h
is
w
or
k,
t
he
d
is
t
a
nce
i
n
t
ra
nsfe
rri
ng
the
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
e
t
w
e
en
on
e
p
l
ate
t
o
a
no
t
h
er
p
la
t
e
h
a
s
b
een
ana
l
yz
e
d
u
p
t
o
1
0m
m.
T
he
r
ece
iver
p
la
te
s
are
move
d
v
e
rtica
l
l
y
a
way
from
t
h
e
tran
sm
i
t
ter
pl
ate
for
t
h
i
s
ana
l
ys
is.
The
resul
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
a
b
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
Table
3
a
l
ong
w
i
t
h
t
he
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
o
f
t
he
s
yste
m
as
d
ista
nc
e
incre
a
ses.
Base
d
on
Ta
ble
3,
t
he
gra
p
h
of
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
v
ersus
di
s
ta
nce
is p
l
o
tte
d
,
se
e
F
igure
15.
Ta
ble
3.
T
he
d
ista
nc
e in
t
r
a
nsfe
r
r
ing t
h
e
ener
gy be
tw
ee
n o
n
e
p
l
a
t
e
t
o
a
not
he
r p
l
at
e
D
i
s
t
an
ce
(m
m
)
Inp
u
t
Vol
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Inp
u
t C
u
rre
nt
(m
A
)
Inp
u
t Pow
e
r
(W)
O
u
tput
Vo
ltag
e
(
V)
O
u
tput
Pow
e
r
(
W
)
E
f
f
i
ci
en
c
y
(%)
LE
D
B
r
ight
ne
ss
le
v
e
l
0.
1
12.
00
550
6
.
6
10.
5
5.
5
83.
33
V
e
r
y
H
i
gh
1
12.
00
380
4
.
5
6
9.
4
2.
6
57.
00
V
e
r
y
H
i
gh
2
12.
00
185
2
.
2
2
8.
8
1.
25
56.
31
H
igh
3
12.
00
109
1
.
308
7
.
2
0
.
6
1
46.
64
H
igh
4
12.
00
9
5
1.
14
7
.
0
0
.
4
5
39.
47
H
igh
5
12.
00
5
8
0.
70
5
.
4
0
.
2
4
34.
29
M
e
d
i
u
m
6
12.
00
4
5
0.
54
4
.
3
0
.
1
6
29.
63
M
e
d
i
u
m
7
12.
00
3
0
0.
36
4
.
0
0
.
9
8
27.
22
M
e
d
i
u
m
8
12.
00
2
4
0.
26
3
.
5
0
.
0
5
19.
23
L
ow
9
12.
00
1
9
0.
23
2
.
8
0
.
018
7
.
8
3
L
o
w
10
12.
00
1
7
0.
204
1
.
8
0
.
9
8
0.
98
L
ow
F
i
gu
re 1
5.
Gr
a
ph o
f
effic
i
enc
y
v
ersus
dis
t
an
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
30
7 –
31
8
31
6
I
n
F
ig
ure
15,
t
he
h
i
ghe
st
e
ff
ic
ienc
y
t
h
a
t
w
e
c
a
n
se
e
thr
o
u
gh
t
h
e
gra
ph
i
s
8
3.
33%.
Thi
s
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
i
s
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
w
he
n
the
dis
t
an
ce
b
etwee
n
t
ransm
i
t
t
er
a
n
d
r
e
cei
v
e
r
pl
a
t
e
i
s
0
.
1mm
wh
i
c
h
o
n
ly
s
ep
ara
t
ed
by
a
th
i
n
A4
p
ap
e
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
t
o
p
r
ev
ent
a
n
y
con
t
ac
t
.
A
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
lo
we
st
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
,
t
h
e
d
i
st
an
c
e
o
f
2
0
m
m
re
co
rd
ed
t
h
e
low
e
s
t
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
w
h
i
c
h
is
0
.98
%
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
se
cti
on,
e
ver
y
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
L
E
D
l
i
g
h
t
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
or
l
o
a
d.
T
he
b
rig
h
t
e
s
t
l
i
gh
t
of
LED
i
s
o
b
t
a
ine
d
a
t
0.1m
m
d
i
s
t
an
ce
w
h
ile
t
he
d
im
me
st
l
ig
ht
f
rom
LED
s
tri
p
s
i
s
a
c
q
u
i
re
d
a
t
20mm
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
.
F
ro
m
t
h
i
s
g
ra
ph
,
w
e
c
an
c
on
cl
ud
e
th
a
t
t
h
e
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
d
e
c
re
a
s
es
e
x
pone
n
t
ia
ll
y
as
the d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
be
t
w
e
en p
la
te
inc
re
ases.
This is the
ma
in c
ha
lle
ng
e of
u
si
ng
CP
T
sy
s
t
e
m.
4.3.
S
imu
l
atio
n
re
su
lt:
C
l
ass
E
inverter ci
r
cu
i
t
w
ith
o
ut P
LL
c
irc
u
it
Th
is
s
ec
t
i
o
n
a
nd
t
he
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
i
n
t
en
d
t
o
s
how
t
he
i
m
por
tanc
e
o
f
h
av
ing
su
ch
k
in
d
o
f
s
el
f-tu
ni
n
g
c
i
rcui
t
in
o
rd
er
t
o
ov
e
r
co
me
t
h
e
p
rev
i
ou
s
st
at
e
d
p
robl
e
m
i
n
CPT
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
f
irs
t
s
e
c
ti
o
n
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
resul
t
s
w
i
t
h
ou
t
an
y
se
l
f
-t
un
i
ng
c
i
rc
u
i
t
(P
L
L
i
n
th
is
c
on
te
xt).
The
c
h
a
nge
i
n
Cserie
s
m
ean
s
the
r
e is
a
c
ha
nge
i
n
the
ga
p
o
f
b
et
w
e
en
t
w
o
p
la
te
t
ha
t
pr
oduc
e
d
d
i
ffe
ren
t
i
mp
ede
n
ce
.
F
ig
ure
16(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
act
ua
l
w
a
ve
form
o
f
ZV
S
c
ond
it
io
n
of
C
la
ss
E
i
n
v
e
rter
.
In
t
h
i
s
F
i
gure
16(a
)
,
the
va
l
u
e
of
C
Se
ri
es
a
n
d
R
LOAD
i
s
an
act
u
a
l
v
a
lue
from
t
he
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
la
ss
E
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
s
d
e
s
cr
i
b
e
d
i
n
prev
io
us
s
ec
t
i
o
n
.
B
a
sed
on
F
i
gure
16(b)
,
t
h
e
va
lue
o
f
C
S
er
i
e
s
i
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
t
o
2
.
0
n
F
b
ut
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
RLOAD
i
s
c
o
n
st
ant
.
T
he
n,
t
he
v
a
l
ue
o
f
CS
erie
s
i
s
c
h
a
n
g
ed
t
o
3
.
0
n
F
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
n
s
t
a
nt
v
alu
e
o
f
RLOAD
t
h
at
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
at
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
16(
c).
We
c
a
n
s
ee
t
h
at
t
here
a
re
c
h
a
nge
s
o
f
ZVS
con
d
i
t
i
o
n
after
we incre
ase
or
d
ecr
ease the
capa
c
ita
nc
e
val
ue.
(a)
(b)
(c)
F
i
gu
re 1
6.
a) Ac
tu
a
l
ZV
S
condi
t
i
on
for
C=
2.17
nF
b)
ZVS
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
for
C= 2.
0nF
c
) ZV
S
c
ondit
i
o
n
f
or
C=
3.0nF
4.4.
S
imu
l
atio
n
re
su
lt:
C
l
ass
E
inve
rte
r
c
i
r
cu
i
t
with PLL
circ
uit
No
w,
w
e
wi
ll
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
ct
iv
en
e
s
s
of
h
av
ing
PLL
ci
rc
u
i
t
th
at
ac
ts
a
s
a
se
l
f
-
t
u
n
i
n
g
c
ircu
it
t
o
t
h
e
C
P
T
sys
t
em
.
The
l
o
ad
i
s
ch
a
n
g
e
d
he
re
i
n
orde
r
t
o
s
ee
t
h
e
e
ffec
t
i
v
ene
ss
of
a
d
d
i
n
g
P
LL
in
t
he
c
ircu
i
t
.
The
resul
t
s
a
r
e show
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e 1
7
. F
i
gure 17(a)
i
l
l
u
s
tra
t
e
s
t
he or
i
g
ina
l
spec
f
i
cati
o
ns.
T
h
e
n
, the loa
d
i
s
cha
nge
d t
o
8
o
h
m
a
nd
i
n
c
re
a
s
ed
t
o
20o
hm
a
n
d
30
oh
m
re
sp
ec
ti
v
e
l
y
.
W
e
can
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
at
t
h
e
Z
VS
c
an
b
e
gu
a
r
an
t
eed
alt
h
ou
gh
t
h
ere
is
a
c
ha
nge
d
i
n
l
oad
va
l
u
e
but
t
he
r
esu
l
ts
b
ec
om
e
w
o
rst
w
h
en
t
he
L
oad
i
s
i
ncre
ase
d
t
o
30
ohm
.
Th
is
m
e
a
ns tha
t
the pr
op
ose
d
P
LL
ca
n obl
y be
e
ffec
tive
at
s
om
e
chan
ge
o
f
l
o
a
d
var
i
a
t
i
o
n
and no
t a
t
al
l
va
l
ue
.
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