Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
249
~
257
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
249
-
257
249
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Improvi
ng outp
ut cu
rrent
of ind
uctor
-
cell
based fiv
e
-
lev
el CSI
using hy
steresis
curr
ent c
ontrolle
r
Suro
s
o
,
Win
asi
s
,
Pri
sw
ant
o
,
Sh
olikha
h
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Jend
eral
So
edi
rm
an
Univ
ersit
y,
Purbali
ngg
a
,
Indone
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
y 20,
2020
Re
vised
Jan
19
, 202
1
Accepte
d
Fe
b
2
, 2
02
1
Curre
nt
sourc
e
inve
rt
er
(CSI)
oper
ates
to
out
put
a
spe
ci
fi
ed
ac
cur
ren
t
wave
form
fro
m
dc
cur
r
ent
sourc
es.
T
al
king
abou
t
power
qua
li
ty
,
har
monics
distort
ion
of
ac
wave
form
is
a
p
roble
m
of
an
in
ver
te
r
ci
r
cui
t
.
G
ene
ra
ti
ng
a
mul
tilevel
cur
r
e
nt
wave
form
will
ha
v
e
l
ess
har
monics
co
nte
nt
tha
n
a
tra
ditiona
l
thre
e
-
le
ve
l
cur
ren
t
wa
vef
orm.
In
add
ition
to
non
-
id
eal
conditions
of
power
sw
it
c
hes,
i.e.
voltage
drop
in
diode
s
,
conduc
tors
or
controll
ed
sw
it
che
s,
the
p
e
rform
ance
of
cu
rre
nt
cont
rol
le
r
appl
i
ed
in
an
in
ver
te
r
c
ir
cuit
will
consid
era
b
l
y
aff
e
ct
the
ac
w
ave
form
quality
produc
ed
by
inv
ert
er
ci
r
cuit.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
pre
se
nts
and
discusse
s
application
of
hystere
sis
cur
ren
t
cont
rol
le
r
in
th
e
f
ive
-
l
evel
H
-
bridge
with
inductor
-
c
el
l
c
urre
nt
sour
ce
in
ver
te
r
.
The
cur
ren
t
cont
rol
l
e
r
per
forma
n
ce
w
as
com
par
ed
wit
h
the
proport
ion
al
integra
l
cur
ren
t
cont
rol
ler.
Som
e
t
est
r
es
ult
s
are
pr
ese
nted
and
d
iscussed
to
expl
ore
the
adv
antage
s
of
hystere
sis
co
ntrol
ler
in
r
edu
ci
ng
th
e
cur
r
ent
rippl
e
and
har
monics di
stor
ti
on
of
output c
u
rre
nt.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Inver
te
r
Power
i
nduct
or
Ri
pp
le
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Su
r
oso
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Jen
der
al
S
oe
dirm
a
n
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Jl. M
a
yjen
S
ungkono k
m. 5,
Bl
at
er,
Pur
balingga,
Ja
wa
Te
ng
a
h 5
3371, I
ndonesi
a
Emai
l:
su
r
oso.t
e@uns
oed.ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Power
in
ve
rter
s
gen
e
rati
ng
th
ree
or
m
or
e
le
vel
ac
wa
veform
cal
le
d
as
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
ert
ers
[
1]
-
[
3].
The
pro
du
ce
d
wav
e
f
or
m
has
le
ss
harmo
nics
co
ntent,
le
ss
vo
lt
age
or
c
urr
ent
stress
,
a
nd
it
need
s
small
er
siz
e
of
outp
ut
filt
er
.
Mult
il
evel
in
ver
te
r
ci
rc
uit
gen
e
rati
ng
a
mu
lt
il
evel
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
know
n
as
mul
ti
le
vel
vo
lt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rter
(VSI
).
Whereas
,
a
mu
l
ti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
pr
oduci
ng
a
m
ulti
le
vel
current
wa
veform
cl
assifi
ed
as
m
ulti
le
vel cu
r
re
nt
sour
ce i
nv
e
rt
er (
C
SI) [4
]
-
[6].
In
s
om
e
util
iz
at
ion
s
as
in
hi
gh
powe
r
ac
mo
to
r
dr
ive
,
a
nd
re
new
a
ble
powe
r
ge
ner
at
ion
,
c
urre
nt
so
urce
in
ver
te
r
offer
s
s
om
e
merit
s
tha
n
i
ts
dual
,
volt
age
sou
rce
in
ve
rter.
D
riving
ac
m
oto
r
us
in
g
current
so
urce
in
ver
te
r
will
giv
e
be
nef
it
su
c
h
as
le
ss
stress
of
mo
to
r’s
windi
ng
i
ns
ulati
on,
because
the
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
has
le
ss
dv
/
dt
[7]
-
[
11].
In
t
he
re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
,
cu
rr
e
nt
so
urce
in
ver
t
er
has
natu
ral bo
os
t u
p vo
lt
age
ca
pa
bili
ty that ca
n no
t
be o
btaine
d usin
g v
oltage
sour
ce
in
ver
te
r
[
12]
-
[
17].
Gen
e
rati
ng
a
n
ac
cu
rr
e
nt
w
avefor
m
with
minimu
m
ha
r
monics
c
onte
nt
is
a
n
imp
ort
ant
as
pect
i
n
dev
el
opment
of
a
c
urren
t
s
ource
i
nverter
[
18]
-
[
20].
In
c
re
asi
ng
t
he
le
ve
l
numb
e
r
of
a
c
curre
nt
is
a
good
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
olu
ti
on.
H
owev
e
r,
it
will
introdu
ce
an
oth
e
r
pro
blem
s
uch
as
increasi
ng
ci
rcu
it
com
ple
xity
of
inv
e
rter
[
21]
-
[
24].
A
no
t
her
a
ppr
oach
is
by
increasin
g
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
filt
er
siz
e
of
in
ver
t
er
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
it
will
augment
the
s
iz
e
an
d
co
st
of
in
ve
rter
ci
r
cuit
[
25]
-
[
27].
I
mp
le
me
ntin
g
a
n
e
ff
ect
i
ve
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
a
no
t
her
al
te
rn
at
ive to
a
ddress
t
his
power q
ualit
y pro
blem
[28]
-
[
35]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
249
–
257
250
This
pa
per
dis
cussses
a
n
im
plementat
io
n
of
hyste
resis
c
urre
nt
c
o
ntro
ll
e
r
i
n
a
n
in
duct
or
-
cel
l
based
five
-
le
vel
CS
I
ci
rcu
it
.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
was
te
s
te
d
a
nd
exa
m
ined
to
e
xplo
re
it
s
perfor
mance.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
hyste
resis
current
co
ntr
ol
le
r
was
c
omp
ared
with
t
he
pr
opor
ti
onal
integral
(
PI)
c
urren
t
con
t
ro
ll
er
in
orde
r
t
o
in
vesti
gate
the
ef
fect
ivit
y
of
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
tr
oller
i
n
reducin
g
th
e
cu
rr
e
nt
rip
ple
an
d
harmo
nics le
ve
l of the i
nv
e
rte
r’
s
outp
ut c
urr
ent w
a
ve
form.
2.
INV
E
RTER
CIRC
UITS
Figure
1
pr
e
se
nts
a
co
nf
i
gura
ti
on
of
fi
ve
-
le
ve
l
CSI
const
ruct
ed
by
us
i
ng
H
-
br
i
dg
e
a
nd
i
nducto
r
cel
l
ci
rcu
it
s
pr
e
viously
de
velo
pe
d
by
a
ut
hor
i
n
[
18].
T
he
ci
rc
ui
t
is
able
to
ge
ne
rate
a
five
-
le
ve
l
curre
nt
waveform
from
the
th
re
e
-
le
vel
c
urre
nt
ge
ne
rated
by
the
H
-
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
t
hro
ugh
en
er
gizin
g
a
nd
de
-
en
er
gizing
op
e
rati
ons
of
i
nducto
r,
L
c
.
W
hi
le
,
the
main
dc
in
put
cu
rr
e
nt
is
gen
e
rated
by
the
s
witc
h
Q
c
,
an
d
diode
D
f
from
dc
po
wer
s
our
ce,
V
in
.
T
he
c
urre
nt
mag
nitu
de
of
I
Lc
is
co
ntro
ll
ed
t
o
achie
ve
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
ac
current
wavefor
m
gen
e
rati
on.
I
n
this
case,
the
c
urren
t
ma
gn
it
ude
of
in
duct
or
-
cel
l
is
adju
ste
d
as
a
hal
f
of
dc
cu
rr
e
nt,
I
Li
.
I
de
al
ly,
the
in
du
ct
or
c
urren
t
is
a
c
onsta
nt
dc
cu
rr
e
nt
with
no
rip
ple.
Howe
ver,
beca
us
e
of
fi
nite
induct
or
s
iz
e,
the
rip
ple of c
urre
nt w
il
l ap
pea
r.
Ri
pp
le
of
c
urre
nt
fl
ow
i
ng thru
inducto
r
cel
l
(
Δ
L
c
)
ca
n be cal
culat
ed
as
(
1)
:
∆
=
.
.
(
1)
In
(1)
,
I
LC
is
th
e
cu
rr
e
nt
of
i
nduct
or
cel
l,
f
s
is
the
o
pe
rati
on
f
reque
ncy o
f
pow
e
r
switc
he
s,
an
d
R
is
the
load
resist
ance
[1
8
].
From
t
his
eq
uatio
n,
we
can
minimi
ze
the
cu
rr
e
nt
rip
ple
by
i
ncr
easi
ng
the
i
nducto
r
siz
e
,
or
s
pee
d
up
t
he
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
Howe
ver,
enla
rg
i
ng
the
induct
or
si
ze
will
increas
e
vo
l
um
e
a
nd
weig
ht
of
i
nverter
.
W
hile
increa
sin
g
the
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
will
escal
at
e
more
ene
rgy
l
os
ses
cause
d
by
swit
chin
g
losses.
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
C
f
L
o
a
d
Q
C
L
i
I
P
W
M
I
L
i
V
i
n
Q
C
4
Q
C
1
Q
C
3
Q
C
2
L
c
D
C
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
S
o
u
r
c
e
I
L
c
D
F
Fig
ure
1
.
Five
-
le
vel Inv
e
rter
Ci
rcu
it
s [1
8
]
Figure
2
prese
nts
the
pre
viou
sly
im
plement
ed
pro
portio
na
l
integral
(PI)
current
co
ntr
oller
em
ployed
to
gove
r
n
the
c
urren
t
flo
wing
in
the
in
duct
or
I
Lc
[
18].
E
rro
r
s
betwee
n
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
a
nd
act
ual
curre
nts
wer
e
processe
d
by
P
I
gain
sta
ge
.
T
he
out
put
sig
na
ls
of
P
I
co
ntr
oller
wer
e
m
odulate
d
by
the
tria
ngular
sig
na
l
with
const
ant f
r
eq
ue
ncy
a
nd am
plit
ud
e as s
how
n
i
n
the f
i
gure.
Se
le
ct
ion
of en
e
r
gizing
a
nd d
ee
nergizi
ng oper
at
ion
s
of
in
duct
or
I
Lc
wa
s
al
s
o
dete
rmin
e
d
by
this
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
oller.
Gai
ns
of
the
P
I
c
ont
r
ol
le
r
K
p
a
nd
K
i
were
determi
ned
to
achieve
a
good
pe
rformance
of
c
urren
t
c
ontr
oller
by
co
ns
i
de
rin
g
the
ti
me
respo
ns
e,
an
d
r
ipp
le
factor o
f
i
nduc
tor
c
urre
nt whi
ch
ca
n be
d
et
er
mined as
(2) (3
)
:
=
.
2
(2)
=
.
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
ovin
g ou
t
pu
t c
ur
re
nt
of inducto
r
-
cel
l
based
fi
ve
-
le
vel
CSI usi
ng h
yst
eresi
s cu
rr
ent
con
tr
oller
(
Sur
os
o
)
251
of
w
hich
K
p
a
nd
K
i
are
the
pro
portion
al
a
nd
inte
gr
al
ga
ins,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
L
t
is
total
inducta
nce
see
n
by
inv
e
rter, ω
cr
is
the trian
gula
r f
reque
ncy
,
a
nd
V
in
is i
n
put v
ol
ta
ge
of i
nv
e
rter
circuit
.
Fig
ure
2
.
Pro
portio
nal
-
inte
gral
cu
r
ren
t
co
ntr
oller [1
8
]
Figure
3
(a)
is
t
he
pro
pose
d
hy
ste
resis
curre
nt
con
tr
o
ll
er
w
hi
ch
was
us
e
d
to
set
the
cur
r
ent
flow
i
ng
i
n
the
inducto
r
I
Lc
.
This
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r
re
placed
the
PI
cu
rrent
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
i
nv
e
rter
ci
rcu
it
in
Fi
gure
2.
N
o
tria
ngular
carrier
w
as
ne
eded
to
m
od
ulate
the
outp
ut
sig
nal
of
hyste
resis
co
ntr
oller.
The
hy
s
te
resis
ba
nd
of
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
was
var
ie
d
to
achie
ve
small
er
ri
pple
of
t
he
cu
rrent
I
Lc
.
Fig
ure
3(b)
pr
e
sents
t
he
pri
n
ci
ple
w
ork
of
the
hyste
resis
cur
ren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
l
er
app
li
e
d
in
the
in
ver
te
r
ci
r
cuits.
I
ref
is
the
ref
e
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
con
tr
oller,
w
hile
I
Lc
is
the
act
ual
c
urren
t
t
hru
i
nducto
r
-
cel
l.
T
hi
s
cu
rr
e
nt
fluct
uates
in
a
hyste
resis
band
∆
I,
or
within
up
pe
r
a
nd
lowe
r
hyste
res
is
li
mit
s
.
The
PWM
outp
ut
s
ign
al
s
will
re
gula
te
the
opera
ti
on
of
po
wer
switc
hes
of
in
du
ct
or
-
cel
l
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
transist
or
s
w
ere
s
witc
he
d
tu
rn
-
O
N
a
nd
tu
r
n
-
OF
F
if
t
he
a
ct
ual
cu
rr
e
nt
s
urpasses
the
hy
ste
resis
band.
T
he
im
plemente
d
PWM
mod
ulati
on
te
ch
nique
wa
s
the
same
wi
th
the
in
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
a
pply
i
ng
P
I
current
c
ontrol
le
r.
S
o
the
bas
ic
diff
e
ren
ce
is
only
in
the
c
urren
t
c
ontroll
er.
I
n
a
hyste
r
esi
s
curre
nt
co
ntr
ol,
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
is
not fi
xed,
howe
ver it
s max
im
um (
f
max
)
value
can
be dete
rmi
ned
as (4):
=
∆
.
(4)
Fr
om
(4),
the
hy
ste
resis
ba
nd
(∆I)
ca
n
al
s
o
be
deter
min
ed.
I
n
t
his
cas
e,
t
he
ma
xim
um
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
(f
ma
x
)
is
t
he
mai
n
const
raint
relat
ed
t
o
the
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
po
wer
switc
hes
of
inv
e
rter
ci
rc
uit
.
Hi
gh
s
peed
powe
r
s
witc
hes
su
c
h
as
powe
r
M
O
SFET
s
w
il
l
be
s
uitable
for
small
er
hyste
resis
value
t
han I
GB
Ts.
(a)
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
249
–
257
252
(b)
Figure
3
.
(a
)
H
ys
te
resis
c
urre
nt contr
oller,
(b) Its
pr
i
nciple
work
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
To
ver
i
fy
the
performa
nce
of
tw
o
c
urre
nt
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
,
s
ome
com
pute
r
simulat
ions
were
co
nducte
d.
The
te
st
pa
ra
mete
rs
of
pow
er
in
ve
rter
a
re
detai
le
d
in
T
able
1.
The
ci
rcu
it
was
te
ste
d
us
in
g
po
wer
PS
IM
so
ft
war
e
.
T
w
o
current
co
ntr
ol
meth
ods
we
re
separ
at
el
y
im
p
le
mented
to
a
dj
us
t
the
c
urren
t
in
the
in
duct
or
cel
l,
I
Lc
, i.e.
PI cu
rrent co
ntr
oller a
nd hystere
sis o
ne.
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
te
st
re
su
l
ts
ind
ic
at
in
g
a
five
-
le
vel
P
W
M
c
urre
nt
(I
5Le
vel
),
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
(
I
Load
)
a
nd
the
c
urren
t
of
the
i
nducto
r
cel
l
(I
Lc
)
w
hen
P
I
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontr
ol
le
r
was
em
ployed
.
In
this
te
s
t,
the
gai
n
of
t
he
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er
was
90
with
ti
me
c
on
sta
nt
value
0.1
s
.
A
fi
ve
-
l
evel,
an
d
a
pur
e
sin
usoidal
cu
rr
e
nt
wer
e
pro
du
ce
d
pro
per
ly
by
in
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
.
The
e
nlar
ged
f
igures
of
in
du
ct
or
-
cel
l
c
urre
nt
wa
vefo
rm
i
nclu
ding
the
s
ta
rt
-
up
transient
wer
e
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
5(
a
)
an
d
5(
b).
Re
su
lt
of
set
tl
ing
ti
me
meas
ureme
nt
of
c
urr
ent
I
Lc
was
0.0
014
s
with
ma
ximum
transient
c
urre
nt
mag
nitu
de
4.1
A
durin
g
sta
rting
of
i
nv
e
rte
r
ci
rcu
it
.
Wh
il
e
the
rip
ple
fact
or
of
current
I
Lc
was
3
.
75%.
Table
1.
T
est
p
aramete
rs
.
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
DC smoo
th
in
g
inducto
r,
L
i
1
m
H
Ind
u
cto
r
cell,
L
c
5
m
H
Carrie
r
f
requ
en
cy
2
2
kHz
Main f
requ
en
cy
6
0
Hz
DC p
o
wer
so
u
rce,
V
in
1
6
0
V
Cap
acito
r
filte
r,
C
f
5
µF
Load
Res
isto
r
8
Ω,
ind
u
cto
r
1
.2 m
H
Figure
4
.
Five
-
le
vel, loa
d
c
urr
ent and i
nduct
or cel
l
current
us
i
ng P
I
c
urren
t c
ontr
oller
To
in
vestigat
e
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
con
te
nt
of
the
PWM
outp
ut
current,
Fig
ur
e
6
prese
nts
the
sp
ect
r
um
analysis
of h
a
r
monics o
f
t
he PW
M
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
. T
he
h
ig
hest ma
gnit
ud
e
of the l
ow f
re
quenc
y har
monic
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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ys
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694
Impr
ovin
g ou
t
pu
t c
ur
re
nt
of inducto
r
-
cel
l
based
fi
ve
-
le
vel
CSI usi
ng h
yst
eresi
s cu
rr
ent
con
tr
oller
(
Sur
os
o
)
253
com
pone
nt
wa
s
the
7
th
orde
r.
Its
value
w
as
ab
out
0.1
%.
Al
l
ma
gn
i
tud
es
of
l
ow
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
harmo
nics
com
pone
nts
w
ere less t
han 1%
. T
he
mea
sur
ed
T
H
D value
of the l
oad cu
rrent wa
s
0.59
%
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
Figure
7
s
how
s
the
te
st
res
ults
of
in
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
wh
e
n
hyste
resis
cu
rre
nt
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
was
ap
plied.
T
he
hyste
resis
ba
nd
of
the
c
on
trolle
r
was
set
at
0.0
2A.
A
fi
ve
-
le
vel
P
W
M,
a
nd
pure
sin
usoidal
current
wav
e
f
orms
wer
e
al
s
o
gen
e
rated
well
us
in
g
this
c
ontrolle
r.
T
he
cl
os
e
-
up
fi
gures
of
t
he
in
du
ct
or
-
cel
l
current
wa
ve
forms
we
re
pres
ented
in
Fig
ur
e
8.
T
he
wa
ve
f
orm
i
nclu
des
t
he
s
ta
rt
-
up
tra
ns
ie
nt
of
i
nduc
tor
-
cel
l
current.
F
or
thi
s
co
ntr
oller,
t
he
meas
ur
e
d
set
tl
ing
ti
me
was
0.001
3
s
,
wh
il
e
the
rip
ple
fac
tor
of
cu
rr
e
nt
I
Lc
was
1%.
He
nce,
c
ompa
red
with
th
e
pro
portio
nal
integral
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er,
th
e
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
hyste
resis
c
urr
ent
con
t
ro
ll
er
was fast
er tha
n PI
c
urren
t c
ontr
oller.
In
an
oth
e
r word
, th
e
PI cu
rr
e
nt contr
oller
r
es
pons
e
was sl
ow
e
r
than
t
he
hyste
r
esi
s
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
oller.
In
cas
e
of
ri
pp
le
fact
or
of
in
duct
or
cel
l
cur
re
nt,
th
e
hyste
resis
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er
was
on
l
y
1
%
.
The
resu
lt
was
al
s
o
mu
c
h
bette
r
be
cause
it
s
rip
ple
was
m
uch
s
mall
er
than
t
he
ripp
le
factor
i
n
t
he
P
I
c
urre
nt
c
on
t
r
oller,
i.e.
3.75%.
T
he
ma
xi
mu
m
mag
nitu
de
of
i
nducto
r
-
cel
l
tra
ns
ie
nt
current
durin
g
sta
rtin
g
was
al
so
s
mall
er
than
t
he
PI
current
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r.
I
ts
val
ue
w
as
arou
nd
4.0
2
A
,
only.
It
wa
s
0.08
A
lo
wer
t
han th
e PI co
ntr
oller.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. (a
)
E
nlar
ged
in
du
ct
or
cel
l curre
nt
us
in
g
P
I
c
urre
nt
co
nt
ro
ll
er
duri
ng
sta
rt
-
up tra
ns
ie
nt,
(b) enla
rg
e
d
rip
ple of in
duc
tor
cel
l c
urren
t
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. Ha
rm
on
ic
s
co
ntent
of f
i
ve
-
le
vel P
W
M
c
urren
t:
(a
)
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
ra
ng
e
0
-
50 kHz,
(b) fre
qu
e
nc
y r
ang
e
0
-
2400
H
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
249
–
257
254
Figure
7.
O
utput wa
ve
forms
with
hyste
resis
curre
nt contr
ol
le
r: f
ive
-
le
vel
,
load cu
rr
e
nt a
nd in
du
ct
or
-
cel
l
current
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. (a
)
E
nlar
ged w
a
veform
of
i
nducto
r
cel
l cu
rr
e
nt
duri
ng starti
ng, (b
)
e
nlar
ged cu
rr
e
nt r
i
pp
le
Figure
9
pro
vi
des
the
harmo
ni
cs
analysis
of
the
five
-
le
vel
P
W
M
cu
rr
e
nt
in
case
of
hyste
r
esi
s
current
con
t
ro
l.
T
he
hig
he
st
mag
nitu
de
of
the
harm
on
ic
c
ompone
nt
was
th
e
7
th
harmo
nic
orde
r.
Its
m
ag
nitu
de
was
about
0.1%.
A
ll
of
l
ow
ha
r
monics
c
omponents
we
re
le
s
s
tha
n
0.1%.
The
measu
re
d
TH
D
value
f
or
loa
d
current
w
as
0.57%.
This
value
is
al
s
o
l
ow
e
r
t
han
the
T
H
D
value
us
in
g
PI
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontrolle
r.
F
urt
he
r,
Fig
ur
e
10
prese
nts
out
pu
t
wa
veform
resu
lt
s
durin
g
l
oad
cha
nge
te
s
t
of
i
nv
e
rter
ci
r
cuit.
The
resist
ance
of
powe
r
load
was
c
hange
d
f
ro
m
8
Ω
to
be
16
Ω.
As
ca
n
be
ob
se
r
ved
t
ha
t
even
th
ough
the
resist
or
l
oa
d
c
hange
d
100%,
it
did
not
af
fect
mu
c
h
to
the
i
nducto
r
-
cel
l
c
urren
t
rip
ples.
A
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
T
H
D
of
five
-
le
ve
l
PWM
current f
or d
iff
eren
t values of
dc
in
put
cu
rr
e
nt
is
prese
nted
in
Fig
ur
e
11. T
he
hy
ste
resis
c
urren
t
c
ontroll
er
was
able to
ma
ke
in
ver
te
r
circ
uit g
ener
at
in
g bett
er
qu
al
it
y of fi
ve
-
le
vel c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
.
0,0
00
0,0
01
0,0
02
0,0
03
0,0
04
0,0
05
3,9
0
3,9
5
4,0
0
4,0
5
4,1
0
4,1
5
4,2
0
I
Lc
(A)
Frequency
(Hz)
0,0
2
0,0
3
0,0
4
0,0
5
0,0
6
3,9
0
3,9
5
4,0
0
4,0
5
4,1
0
4,1
5
4,2
0
I
Lc
(A)
Frequency
(Hz)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
ovin
g ou
t
pu
t c
ur
re
nt
of inducto
r
-
cel
l
based
fi
ve
-
le
vel
CSI usi
ng h
yst
eresi
s cu
rr
ent
con
tr
oller
(
Sur
os
o
)
255
(a)
(b)
F
igure
9.
Ha
rm
on
ic
s
ma
gn
it
ud
es of
five
-
le
vel
curre
nt w
it
h h
ys
te
resis c
ontr
oller:
(
a
)
f
re
quency ra
nge
0
-
50
kH
z
, (b
) fre
qu
e
ncy ra
nge
0
-
240 Hz
Fig
ure
1
0.
Curre
nt
wave
for
ms du
ring
lo
ad cha
nge
te
st
of inverter c
irc
uit
s
with
hyst
ere
sis c
on
trol
l
er
Fig
ure
1
1.
Re
l
at
ion
s
hip
betw
een T
H
D of
fiv
e
-
le
vel c
urren
t
and ma
gn
it
ud
e
of in
put cu
rr
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
249
–
257
256
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pa
per
dis
cusse
d
a
n
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
of
hy
st
eresis
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
H
-
br
i
dg
e
with
inducto
r
-
cel
l
c
urren
t
s
ource
i
nv
e
rter.
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
gove
r
ns
the
c
urre
nt
in
inducto
r
cel
l
to
bear
a
five
-
le
vel
current
w
ave
f
orm.
A
c
ompa
rison
t
o
PI
c
urren
t
co
ntr
oller,
the
hy
ste
resis
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
oller
ha
d
ad
va
ntages
relat
ed
to
s
ma
ll
er
ripp
le
,
fas
te
r
res
pons
e,
and
l
ow
e
r
ma
gn
it
ude
of
i
nducto
r
-
cel
l
cu
rrent
duri
ng
t
ra
ns
ie
nt.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
it
was
al
so
a
ble
to
ou
t
pu
t
a
bet
te
r
ac
c
urre
nt
with
l
ow
e
r
ha
r
monic
c
on
te
nts
.
I
n
case
of
res
pons
e
ti
me,
the
hyste
resis
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
was
f
ast
er
tha
n
t
he
PI
c
urre
nt
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
Bot
h
c
ontr
ollers
wer
e
worked
well
contr
olli
ng
the
in
ver
te
r
c
ircuit
to pr
od
uc
e a f
i
ve
-
le
vel
current
wa
vefo
rm
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
Rodiguez,
J
.
S
.
L
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[35]
M.
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“
Inve
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ne
-
band
hysteres
is
cont
rol
of
photov
olt
a
ic
-
gr
i
d
conne
c
te
d
inv
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”
In
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on
al
Journal
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f
P
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E
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