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201
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1.
I
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RO
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N
An
elec
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m
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atter
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a
f
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e
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d
a
ca
p
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r
[
1
]
.
E
DL
C
w
it
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x
cl
u
s
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f
ea
t
u
r
es,
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o
f
o
p
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p
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r
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h
p
o
w
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atin
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t
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m
u
c
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m
o
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m
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t
a
v
er
y
ac
ti
v
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ch
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g
e
[
2
]
[
3
]
.
E
D
L
C
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
elec
tr
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v
e
h
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ap
p
licatio
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to
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ev
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co
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in
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th
b
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r
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
p
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k
s
[
2
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
.
C
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tl
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E
D
L
C
ce
lls
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d
ely
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ly
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[
6
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.
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ed
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ize
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p
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ated
[
7
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all
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o
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p
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izes:
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p
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r
es,
m
eso
p
o
r
es
an
d
m
ac
r
o
p
o
r
es
[
8
]
.
A
m
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p
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5
0
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m
[
9
]
.
An
elec
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e
in
w
h
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d
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ated
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[
1
0
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.
A
ca
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w
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[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
On
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s
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ch
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m
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[
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3
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On
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I
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Dr
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Vo
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9
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No
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3
,
Sep
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b
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2
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1
8
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2
6
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1
1264
b
io
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a
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m
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[
1
4
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.
Sev
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A
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u
r
in
g
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
c
ar
b
o
n
ar
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ic
al
ac
tiv
a
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
7
]
.
P
h
y
s
ical
ac
ti
v
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
r
elativ
el
y
h
i
g
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
8
0
0
to
9
0
0
°C
w
it
h
eit
h
er
C
O2
o
r
H2
O
g
as,
an
d
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
ti
m
e
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
r
es
u
lt
in
g
p
o
r
e
s
ize
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
c
h
e
m
ical
ac
t
iv
at
io
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
w
it
h
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
ch
e
m
ical
ac
t
iv
at
in
g
ag
e
n
t
s
s
u
ch
a
s
KOH,
Z
n
C
l2
,
HNO3
o
r
H3
P
O
4
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
m
i
x
b
et
w
ee
n
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ater
ial
s
an
d
ch
e
m
ica
ls
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
p
o
r
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lti
n
g
c
ar
b
o
n
[
1
9
]
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
f
ac
to
r
th
at
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
o
r
es
is
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
.
C
ar
b
o
n
p
o
w
d
er
s
u
s
u
al
l
y
t
en
d
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
r
e
s
ize
th
at
is
r
elati
v
el
y
u
n
if
o
r
m
,
w
h
er
ea
s
ca
r
b
o
n
p
ellets
(
m
o
n
o
lith
ic)
o
r
g
r
an
u
le
s
h
a
v
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
r
e
s
izes.
[
2
0
]
.
C
er
tain
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
m
ater
ials
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
lith
elec
tr
o
d
es
u
s
u
all
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
ce
r
tain
p
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
a
p
r
o
b
lem
to
b
e
s
o
l
v
ed
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
er
en
t p
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
aw
m
ater
ial.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
p
ellets
o
r
m
o
n
o
lith
s
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
as
s
m
ater
ial
o
f
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
av
er
ag
e
p
o
r
e
s
ize
in
th
e
m
eso
-
an
d
m
icr
o
r
eg
io
n
s
w
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
C
ar
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
lit
h
s
w
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
g
r
in
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
a
w
m
ater
ial
af
te
r
a
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
t
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
a
n
d
a
n
as
s
is
te
d
-
m
o
ld
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
g
e
n
er
ated
th
e
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
ized
p
o
w
d
er
th
at
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
a
p
ellet
s
h
ap
e
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
a
s
s
i
s
tan
c
e
o
f
an
ad
h
esi
v
e.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
ac
tiv
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
ch
e
m
ical
ac
ti
v
atio
n
u
s
i
n
g
KOH
a
n
d
Z
n
C
l2
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
ized
p
o
w
d
er
,
w
h
er
ea
s
p
h
y
s
ica
l
ac
tiv
a
tio
n
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
g
a
s
eo
u
s
C
O2
ass
is
ta
n
ce
th
at
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
p
ellet
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
o
u
te
h
as
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
o
n
o
lith
ac
ti
v
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
an
av
er
ag
e
p
o
r
e
s
ize
in
t
h
e
m
e
s
o
-
a
n
d
m
icr
o
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
p
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
lit
h
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
a
s
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
eso
r
p
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
N2
g
a
s
,
an
d
E
D
L
C
ce
l
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
w
er
e
s
tu
d
ied
u
s
in
g
c
y
cl
ic
v
o
lta
m
m
etr
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
s
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
m
a
te
r
ial
th
at
ca
u
s
e
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
o
w
er
in
E
D
L
C
ce
lls
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
R
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
th
at
o
r
ig
i
n
ated
f
r
o
m
a
r
u
b
b
er
p
lan
tatio
n
in
R
i
au
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia,
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
r
a
w
m
ater
ials
.
A
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
in
to
s
a
w
d
u
s
t.
A
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
in
±
2
c
m
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
C
h
e
m
ica
l
ac
ti
v
atio
n
u
s
in
g
Z
n
C
l2
an
d
K
OH
ac
tiv
ati
n
g
ag
e
n
ts
w
as
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
m
eso
an
d
m
icr
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
n
th
e
ac
tiv
a
ted
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
lit
h
f
r
o
m
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t.
T
h
e
A
C
M
w
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
v
ia
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
ch
e
m
ical
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
ese
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
s
tar
ted
w
i
th
a
d
r
y
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
an
d
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
at
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es
o
f
2
5
0
°C
f
o
r
2
.
5
h
.
T
h
e
A
C
M
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
t
in
u
ed
w
it
h
g
r
in
d
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
a
h
ar
d
g
r
i
n
d
er
an
d
b
all
m
il
lin
g
f
o
r
2
0
h
.
T
h
en
,
a
s
iev
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
o
b
tain
p
o
w
d
er
w
it
h
p
ar
ticle
s
izes
les
s
t
h
an
1
0
0
µm
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
w
d
er
w
a
s
a
ctiv
ated
b
y
a
Z
n
C
l2
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
lab
eled
A
C
M
-
Z
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
t
h
at
w
er
e
ac
ti
v
ate
d
b
y
KOH
w
er
e
lab
eled
AC
M
-
Ks.
T
h
e
s
i
n
d
ex
in
d
icate
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
at
ed
a
g
en
t
th
a
t
w
as
s
h
o
wn
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
ized
s
a
m
p
le
m
as
s
an
d
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
ated
m
a
ter
ial
m
as
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
at
io
s
w
er
e
1
:1
,
1
:3
,
1
:5
an
d
1
:7
.
A
ll
s
a
m
p
les
AC
M
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
ch
e
m
ica
l
ac
tiv
at
i
o
n
ag
en
t
w
er
e
lab
eled
as
A
C
M
-
Z
1
,
AC
M
-
Z
3
,
AC
M
-
Z
5
,
AC
M
-
Z
7
,
AC
M
-
K1
,
AC
M
-
K3
,
A
C
M
-
K5
a
n
d
AC
M
-
K7
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
d
e
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
m
icr
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
ac
ti
v
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
lit
h
s
w
as
av
ai
lab
le
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
b
elo
w
.
A
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize
o
f
le
s
s
th
a
n
5
3
µ
m
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
,
an
d
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
e
m
icall
y
ac
tiv
a
ted
ag
en
ts
(
KOH
a
n
d
Z
n
C
l2
)
at
a
lo
w
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
0
.
4
M.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
lab
e
led
AC
M
-
Z
0
a
n
d
A
C
M
-
K0
.
A
ll o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
ca
r
b
o
n
i
ze
d
in
n
itro
g
e
n
g
a
s
f
r
o
m
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
u
p
to
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
6
0
0
°C
at
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
1
.
5
l/
m
i
n
b
y
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
1
]
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
C
O2
g
a
s
at
a
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
9
0
0
°C
f
o
r
2
h
.
A
ll
o
f
t
h
e
AC
M
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
er
e
p
o
lis
h
ed
to
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
0
.
3
m
m
a
n
d
w
as
h
ed
u
s
in
g
d
is
t
illed
w
ater
u
n
t
il
th
e
p
H
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
w
ater
w
as
n
eu
tr
al.
P
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
m
as
s
,
d
ia
m
eter
,
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
elec
t
r
o
d
es
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
C
h
an
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
m
as
s
,
th
ic
k
n
es
s
an
d
d
ia
m
e
ter
w
er
e
s
h
o
w
n
a
n
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
ea
ch
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
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atter
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n
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ig
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r
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h
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u
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2
d
s
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ize
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atter
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atter
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f
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atter
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ited
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t
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ased
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Fi
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1267
T
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ig
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5
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I
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h
r
atio
s
o
f
1
: 5
an
d
1
: 7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
io
m
a
s
s
-
b
ased
m
e
s
o
-
a
n
d
m
i
cr
o
p
o
r
es
ca
r
b
o
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
u
s
i
n
g
ch
e
m
ica
l
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
E
D
L
C
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
g
o
o
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Z
n
C
l
2
an
d
K
OH
at
ca
r
b
o
n
an
d
ac
tiv
ato
r
ag
e
n
t
r
atio
s
o
f
1
:3
an
d
1
:5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
w
it
h
ac
tiv
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
in
m
eso
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
ize
w
it
h
o
p
ti
m
u
m
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
ac
ti
v
ato
r
i
s
6
3
an
d
7
3
F
g
-
1
f
o
r
AC
M
-
Z
3
an
d
A
C
M
-
K5
s
a
m
p
les,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
ized
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
Z
n
C
l
2
to
1
:3
f
a
cilitated
a
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
p
o
r
e
s
ize
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
icr
o
p
o
r
e
r
an
g
e
to
th
e
m
eso
p
o
r
e
r
an
g
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
KOH
ac
ti
v
ato
r
,
ch
an
g
es
i
n
m
icr
o
-
to
m
eso
p
o
r
e
r
eg
io
n
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
er
r
atio
o
f
1
:5
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ar
b
o
n
ized
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
ac
ti
v
at
o
r
ag
en
t.
Fi
n
all
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
r
u
b
b
er
w
o
o
d
s
a
w
d
u
s
t
i
s
a
p
o
ten
tial
r
aw
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
elec
tr
o
d
e
E
DL
C
i
n
b
o
th
th
e
m
e
s
o
-
an
d
m
icr
o
p
o
r
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
D
R
P
M
KE
ME
NR
I
ST
E
K
-
DI
KT
I
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
n
t
HI
B
A
H
P
D
UPT
n
o
.
5
3
9
/UN/1
9
.
5
.
1
.
3
/P
P
/2
0
1
7
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
1.
R.
Ko
tz
a
n
d
M
.
Ca
rlen
,
“
P
r
in
c
ip
les
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,”
El
e
c
tro
c
h
im
ica
A
c
ta
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
8
3
-
2
4
9
8
,
2
0
0
0
.
2.
A
.
K.M
.
A
.
Ha
b
ib
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
A
se
r
ies
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
rter
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
a
lan
c
in
g
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
d
e
v
ice
s,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
4
7
5
-
4
8
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
3.
U.
S
irm
e
li
s
a
n
d
L
.
G
rig
a
n
s,”
Ca
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
b
a
lan
c
in
g
f
o
r
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
,
”
P
ro
c
.
In
t
.
S
y
mp
.
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r E
n
g
.
P
ä
r
n
u
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
-
4
1
.
4.
S
.
Dh
a
m
e
ja,”Elec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
b
a
tt
e
r
y
s
y
st
e
m
s,”
US
A
,
Ne
w
n
e
s,
2
0
0
1
.
5.
C.
Zh
a
o
,
e
t
a
l
,
”
T
w
o
-
lev
e
l
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
y
fo
r
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
-
b
a
tt
e
ry
-
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iety
,
IECON
2
0
1
6
-
4
2
n
d
An
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
.
F
lo
r
e
n
c
e
.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
5
-
2
1
4
0
.
6.
P
.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
T
.
S
.
Bh
a
tt
i,
”
A
re
v
ie
w
o
n
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
51
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
1
-
2
9
1
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
7.
A
.
G
o
n
z
á
lez
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs:
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
m
a
teria
ls
,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
i
e
ws,
v
o
l.
58
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
9
-
1
2
0
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
8.
K.S
.
W
.
S
in
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Re
p
o
rti
n
g
p
h
y
siso
rp
ti
o
n
d
a
ta
f
o
r
g
a
s/so
li
d
sy
ste
m
s
w
it
h
sp
e
c
ial
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
to
th
e
d
e
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
su
rf
a
c
e
a
re
a
a
n
d
p
o
ro
sity
,”
Pu
re
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ch
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
57
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
-
6
1
9
,
1
9
8
5
.
9.
A
.
Aw
o
rn
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
wa
ste
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
b
y
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
c
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
h
a
v
in
g
m
icro
-
a
n
d
m
e
so
p
o
re
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
An
a
lytica
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
y
ro
lys
is
,
v
o
l.
82
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
2
8
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
10.
M
.
P
.
Bich
a
t
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Hig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
b
u
il
t
w
it
h
se
a
we
e
d
c
a
rb
o
n
s
in
n
e
u
tral
a
q
u
e
o
u
s
e
lec
tro
ly
te
,
”
Ca
rb
o
n
,
v
o
l.
48
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
1
-
4
3
6
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
11.
K.
-
W
Ch
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
,
”
S
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
m
e
so
p
o
ro
u
s
c
a
rb
o
n
b
y
u
sin
g
p
o
ly
m
e
r
b
len
d
a
s
tem
p
late
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
,”
Dia
mo
n
&
Rela
te
d
M
a
ter
,
v
o
l.
18
,
p
p
.
4
4
8
-
4
5
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
12.
X
.
He
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Ef
f
icie
n
t
p
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
b
io
m
a
ss
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
so
p
o
ro
u
s
c
a
rb
o
n
s
f
o
r
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
w
it
h
b
o
th
h
ig
h
e
n
e
rg
y
d
e
n
sity
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
n
sity
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
4
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
-
1
1
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
13.
M
.
I
n
a
g
a
k
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Ca
rb
o
n
m
a
ter
ials
f
o
r
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ic
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
9
5
,
p
p
.
7
8
8
0
-
7
9
0
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
14.
A
.
M
.
A
b
io
y
e
a
n
d
F
.
N
.
A
n
i,
”
Re
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
c
t
iv
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
e
lec
tro
d
e
sf
r
o
m
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
w
a
ste
b
io
m
a
s
s
f
o
r
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
s:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
52
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
2
-
1
2
9
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
15.
R.
F
a
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
ly
p
o
ro
u
s
b
in
d
e
rles
s
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
e
lec
tro
d
e
s
f
ro
m
f
ib
re
s
o
f
o
il
p
a
lm
e
m
p
t
y
f
ru
it
b
u
n
c
h
e
s f
o
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
s
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,”
Bi
o
re
so
u
rc
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
-
2
6
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
16.
E.
T
a
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Hig
h
ly
P
o
ro
u
s
Bi
n
d
e
rles
s
A
c
ti
v
a
t
e
d
Ca
rb
o
n
M
o
n
o
li
t
h
f
ro
m
Ru
b
b
e
r
W
o
o
d
S
a
w
d
u
st
b
y
a
M
u
lt
i
-
S
te
p
A
c
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
P
r
o
c
e
ss
f
o
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
i
n
S
u
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
1
-
3
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
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Mes
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17.
E.
T
a
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r,
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a
l.
,
”
P
re
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Ac
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ica
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.
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s c
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e
re
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ra
f
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