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to
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v
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g
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ste
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ti
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d
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m
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q
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4
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/
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VD
C
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u
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is
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g
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lev
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l
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p
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s
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p
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we
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tern
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h
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v
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v
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lt
a
g
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s.
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h
e
re
fo
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,
th
e
e
fficie
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c
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o
f
p
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c
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n
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e
re
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a
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e
e
d
t
o
i
n
c
re
a
se
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y
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imiz
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s
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c
u
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d
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to
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n
v
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rsio
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sta
g
e
s.
Diffe
re
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
re
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
to
in
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se
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c
y
o
f
a
sy
ste
m
b
y
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
e
th
o
d
s.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
o
th
e
r
p
o
ss
ib
i
li
ty
o
f
in
c
re
a
sin
g
t
h
e
e
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c
y
b
y
c
h
a
n
g
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n
g
th
e
a
rc
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c
tu
re
o
f
a
sy
ste
m
b
y
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lt
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g
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t
o
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ig
h
e
r
v
o
lt
a
g
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s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
lo
ss
e
s.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
re
v
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o
f
a
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ig
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lt
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g
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d
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ts,
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tatio
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s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s a
c
ro
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th
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wo
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ld
.
K
ey
w
o
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d
s
:
Data
ce
n
ter
p
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Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
p
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ar
c
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itectu
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e
I
n
ter
m
ed
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b
u
s
T
elec
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m
p
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
itra
A
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
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E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Vello
r
e
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Vello
r
e,
T
am
iln
a
d
u
,
I
n
d
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E
m
ail: c
h
itra
.
a@
v
it.a
c.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
,
th
e
q
u
ick
u
p
g
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
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lik
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telec
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m
m
u
n
ica
tio
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s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
er
v
ices,
o
p
tical
f
ib
e
r
s
in
s
u
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s
cr
ib
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
m
o
b
ile
telec
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m
m
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n
icatio
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s
s
er
v
ices
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as
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ec
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m
e
m
an
d
ato
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y
to
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
ata
n
ee
d
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
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en
tly
,
p
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co
n
s
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m
ed
b
y
th
e
in
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m
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d
co
m
m
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n
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tech
n
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lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
eq
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m
en
t
d
e
p
lo
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d
in
th
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n
etwo
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k
s
y
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tem
s
also
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s
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ev
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.
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lo
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I
C
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p
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m
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2
0
1
5
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1
7
0
0
T
W
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ex
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2
7
8
8
t
o
5
8
6
0
T
W
h
b
y
2
0
2
5
[
1
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
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t
th
e
co
m
p
u
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ter
r
eq
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ir
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f
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MW
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ter
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MW
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.
I
t
is
an
ticip
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to
g
r
o
w
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
to
5
0
MW
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Fifty
p
er
ce
n
t o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
I
C
T
lo
ad
in
a
d
ata
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n
ter
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
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s
s
o
r
s
,
m
em
o
r
y
an
d
o
th
er
au
x
iliar
y
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
p
o
wer
is
wasted
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
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s
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n
,
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
co
o
lin
g
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
,
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
it
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
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d
th
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in
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,
o
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eq
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t
watt
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g
wasted
in
p
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co
n
v
er
s
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p
lu
s
co
o
lin
g
.
T
h
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e
f
o
r
e,
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
its
co
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g
s
y
s
tem
co
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s
u
m
es
ap
p
r
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p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
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in
d
atac
en
ter
.
I
n
a
d
ata
ce
n
ter
,
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co
o
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
3
7
–
1
5
5
7
1536
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
I
C
T
lo
ad
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
w
ith
in
th
e
I
C
T
lo
ad
wo
u
ld
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lo
a
d
in
g
o
f
m
o
s
t
s
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p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
UPS
(
Un
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
Po
wer
Su
p
p
ly
)
,
an
d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
en
er
g
y
co
s
t
o
n
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
,
ef
f
icien
cy
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
b
e
g
a
n
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
p
u
r
ch
ase
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
tem
th
at
f
ee
d
s
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t sh
o
u
ld
b
e
h
i
g
h
ly
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t [
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
o
wer
s
tag
es
is
m
o
r
e
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
f
o
r
an
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es.
I
t
h
elp
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
alter
n
ate
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
ce
n
ter
s
is
AC
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ies
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
4
8
V
DC
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
i
s
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
ata
ce
n
tr
es
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ies.
Hig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
a
d
ec
a
d
e.
Var
io
u
s
test
s
[
1
4
]
h
av
e
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
a
b
i
lity
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
its
lo
w
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
s
ts
.
Ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
a
lter
n
ate
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
h
ig
h
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
b
etter
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
in
tellig
en
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
e
,
h
ig
h
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
l
o
w
co
s
t
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
4
]
.
Var
io
u
s
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
ar
e
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
im
p
le
m
en
ti
n
g
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
4
8
V
D
C
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lik
e
s
af
ety
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t o
f
n
ew
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
s
u
it h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
s
es
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
in
d
atac
en
ter
a
n
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ce
n
ter
.
An
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
Sectio
n
2
e
x
p
lai
n
s
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
telec
o
m
an
d
d
atac
en
ter
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
S
o
m
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
au
t
o
m
o
tiv
e,
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
m
es
an
d
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icles.
As
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
ly
I
C
T
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
in
t
er
n
al
p
o
wer
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
h
o
w
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
d
if
f
er
en
t lo
a
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Data
ce
n
te
r
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
2.
T
YP
E
S O
F
P
O
WE
R
DI
ST
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
d
em
an
d
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
its
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
ese
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
u
tili
ze
h
ig
h
ly
e
f
f
icien
t
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
th
a
t
n
ee
d
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
h
i
g
h
cu
r
r
en
t
DC
in
p
u
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
a
p
r
o
p
er
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
cr
itical
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ak
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lev
els
to
m
ee
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
l
o
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
S
ec
tio
n
1
,
ea
ch
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
as
its
o
wn
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
wh
ich
a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
2
.
1
.
Cent
ra
lized
po
wer
dis
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
n
am
e
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
at
ter
ies,
an
d
o
th
er
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
eq
u
i
p
m
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
ic
ts
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
p
lan
t
is
lo
ca
ted
in
a
s
ep
ar
ate
p
lace
f
r
o
m
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
at
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
lace
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
is
lo
w,
lar
g
er
b
u
s
b
ar
s
o
r
ca
b
le
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t.
C
en
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
th
e
o
ld
est
m
et
h
o
d
wh
ich
h
as
ad
v
an
tag
es
a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
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ta
g
es
as
b
elo
w
[
1
9
]
.
Ad
v
an
tag
es:
a
)
it
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s
im
p
le
a
n
d
r
elia
b
le,
b
)
th
e
ee
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
is
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
d
atac
en
ter
s
,
c)
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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8
694
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
w
er sys
tem
a
r
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
fo
r
telec
o
m
… (
R
a
mesh
B
.
Da
r
la
)
1537
b
atter
ies
ar
e
ea
s
y
,
d
)
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
b
atter
ies
is
lo
wer
d
u
e
to
s
ep
ar
ate
r
o
o
m
in
s
tallati
o
n
.
Dis
ad
v
an
tag
es:
a)
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
is
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ig
h
er
d
u
e
to
lo
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
b
)
less
ef
f
icien
cy
,
c)
h
ig
h
e
r
co
s
t
d
u
e
t
o
m
o
r
e
co
p
p
e
r
u
tili
ty
.
2
.
2
.
Dec
ent
ra
lized/di
s
t
ribute
d
po
wer
dis
t
rib
utio
n
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
is
th
e
least
co
m
p
licated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
b
u
ild
u
p
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els d
ir
ec
tly
at
th
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
(
s
y
s
tem
)
ch
ass
is
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
is
th
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
1
9
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
elim
in
ates
lar
g
er
b
u
s
b
ar
s
o
r
ca
b
les
in
v
o
lv
ed
with
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
n
lik
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
Dis
tr
ib
u
t
ed
Po
wer
Sy
s
tem
(
DPS).
T
h
e
p
o
wer
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
ter
m
in
als
b
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
tin
g
AC
-
to
-
DC
an
d
th
en
to
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
DC
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
ex
is
tin
g
p
o
wer
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
wh
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ca
n
b
e
ca
te
g
o
r
is
ed
as:
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
r
ac
k
le
v
e
l
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
y
lev
el
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
Dec
e
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
also
th
e
o
ld
est
m
eth
o
d
wh
ich
h
as
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
.
Ad
v
an
tag
es:
a
)
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
less
co
p
p
er
as
th
e
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
d
at
ac
en
tr
e
r
o
o
m
s
,
b
)
it
is
ea
s
y
an
d
f
lex
ib
le,
c)
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
)
ea
s
y
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
.
Dis
ad
v
an
tag
es:
a)
lim
it
ed
s
p
a
ce
to
s
ca
le
th
e
b
atter
i
es,
b
)
b
atter
ies
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
c)
b
atter
y
test
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es d
if
f
icu
lt.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
y
p
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
en
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dec
en
t
r
alize
d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
s
y
s
tem
2
.
3
.
AC
po
wer
dis
t
rib
utio
n
AC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
UPS
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
g
iv
en
AC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
f
ix
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
First
it
i
s
f
ed
to
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
n
it
(
PDU)
.
T
h
en
,
th
is
r
eg
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
I
C
T
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
its
(
PS
Us).
T
h
ese
PS
Us
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
wo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
AC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ty
p
ical
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
with
f
o
u
r
lev
els
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
f
o
r
m
to
an
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
o
n
e
le
v
el
to
an
o
th
e
r
lev
el.
T
h
e
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
b
atter
y
an
d
UPS
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
e
f
r
o
m
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cir
c
u
it
is
a
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
UPS wh
ich
will c
o
n
tr
o
l b
atter
y
’
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
g
iv
en
AC
in
p
u
t
is
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
t
h
is
DC
v
o
ltag
e
ac
ts
as
in
ter
n
al
DC
b
u
s
wh
er
e
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
DC
-
to
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
DC
-
to
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ix
ed
AC
wh
ich
f
ee
d
s
s
y
s
tem
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
it.
T
h
is
r
eg
u
lated
AC
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
DC
an
d
th
is
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
tep
p
ed
d
o
wn
t
o
a
s
af
e
ex
tr
a
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
(
SEL
V)
with
an
is
o
lated
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ich
is
1
2
P
o
w
e
r
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
y
p
e
s
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
D
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
A
C
P
o
w
e
r
R
a
c
k
L
e
v
e
l
D
C
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
L
e
v
e
l
D
C
A
C
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
r
c
e
A
C
t
o
D
C
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
A
n
d
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
o
E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
R
o
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
3
7
–
1
5
5
7
1538
VDC
o
r
4
8
VDC.
So
m
e
lo
ad
s
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
ac
ce
p
t 1
2
V,
wh
il
e
o
th
er
lo
ad
s
n
ee
d
lo
wer
v
o
lta
g
es
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
(
VR
s
)
to
s
tep
d
o
wn
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
[
3
1
]
in
to
tal,
two
s
tag
es
at
UPS
le
v
el,
1
.
AC
-
to
-
DC
,
2
.
DC
to
A
C
,
an
d
two
s
tag
es
with
I
C
T
Po
wer
eq
u
ip
m
en
t le
v
el
3
.
AC
-
to
-
DC
an
d
4
.
DC
-
to
-
DC
.
So
,
th
er
e
will b
e
lo
t o
f
p
o
wer
wastag
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
o
th
er
th
an
f
ac
ilit
y
an
d
co
o
lin
g
.
Ad
v
an
tag
es:
a)
AC
di
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
s
er
v
er
in
p
u
t,
b
)
r
eq
u
ir
es f
ew
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
d
e
v
ices,
c)
y
ield
s
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
if
UPS
i
s
u
s
ed
in
o
f
f
lin
e
m
o
d
e
.
Dis
ad
v
an
tag
es: a)
lo
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
if
UPS
is
u
s
ed
in
o
n
lin
e
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
4
s
tag
es
o
f
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
;
b
)
p
o
o
r
b
atter
y
life
tim
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
as
it
is
alwa
y
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ter
m
in
a
l
v
o
ltag
e
to
av
o
id
b
atter
y
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e;
c)
l
ess
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
o
p
e
r
atio
n
as
th
er
e
is
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
wh
en
th
er
e
is
UPS
f
ailu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
AC
p
o
wer
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
2
.
4
.
Ra
ck
-
lev
el
DC
po
wer
dis
t
ributio
n
Few
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
es
u
s
e
4
8
VDC
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
in
th
eir
r
ac
k
s
,
wh
ich
p
er
m
its
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
d
en
s
ity
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
s
er
v
e
r
’
s
h
ea
t
an
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
is
o
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
is
o
lated
DC
-
to
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
af
ter
AC
-
to
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
t
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
b
en
ef
it
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
o
/lig
h
t
lo
ad
e
f
f
icien
c
y
v
ia
p
r
o
p
er
r
ac
k
lev
el
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
s
izin
g
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
ter
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
ca
le
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
wh
ich
c
an
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
itial
co
s
t
o
f
p
u
r
ch
ase.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
tag
es
is
s
im
ilar
to
r
estru
ctu
r
e
d
AC
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
n
o
t
an
ticip
ated
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
R
ac
k
lev
el
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
ac
k
lev
el
DC
p
o
wer
is
PS
U
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
I
C
T
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
n
o
t
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
to
co
n
v
er
t
AC
-
to
-
DC
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
o
n
ly
a
t
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
an
d
o
th
e
r
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
DC
v
o
lt
ag
e.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
d
is
a
d
v
an
tag
es
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
as
th
e
b
asic a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
is
th
e
s
am
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
ac
k
lev
el
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
2
.
5
.
F
a
cilit
y
-
lev
el
DC
po
wer
dis
t
ributio
n
Facility
-
lev
el
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
DC
-
to
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
e.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
PS
U
to
co
n
v
e
r
t
AC
-
to
-
DC
,
PDU
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
(
if
ap
p
licab
le)
,
an
d
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
co
n
v
e
r
t
4
8
VDC
to
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
to
m
ee
t
lo
ad
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
4
8
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
f
e
e
d
N
o
.
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
s
=
4
U
P
S
D
C
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
1
A
C
D
C
3
A
C
D
C
4
D
C
D
C
C
P
U
I
C
T
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
1
0
0
/
2
4
0
V
A
C
D
C
A
C
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
f
e
e
d
N
o
.
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
s
=
4
U
P
S
D
C
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
1
A
C
D
C
3
A
C
D
C
4
D
C
D
C
C
P
U
I
C
T
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
1
0
0
/
2
4
0
V
A
C
D
C
A
C
R
A
C
K
D
P
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
w
er sys
tem
a
r
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
fo
r
telec
o
m
… (
R
a
mesh
B
.
Da
r
la
)
1539
VDC
is
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
telec
o
m
f
ac
ilit
ies
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
[
3
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
its
u
s
e
in
lar
g
e
d
ata
an
d
telec
o
m
ce
n
tr
es
is
lim
ited
d
u
e
to
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
ca
b
les
ar
e
lo
n
g
er
.
Ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
f
ac
ilit
y
-
lev
el
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
a)
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
u
e
to
less
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es,
b
)
less
co
s
t,
c)
s
im
p
le
a
n
d
ea
s
y
t
o
im
p
le
m
en
t
.
Dis
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
f
ac
ilit
y
-
lev
el
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
)
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
all
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
4
8
VDC
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t
av
ailab
le,
b
)
a
p
p
licatio
n
is
lim
ited
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
wh
en
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tin
g
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t a
t b
i
g
g
er
d
ata
an
d
telec
o
m
ce
n
tr
es.
W
ith
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
co
p
p
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
q
u
ar
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
m
p
t
ed
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
p
p
er
b
y
lo
wer
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
c
u
r
r
en
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
[
3
3
]
.
At
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
s
tallatio
n
lev
el,
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ir
ec
tly
f
e
d
to
t
h
e
PS
U.
T
h
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
o
ltag
e
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
lim
ited
to
4
8
VDC
as
th
e
s
er
v
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
AC
in
p
u
t
r
an
g
e
o
r
4
8
VDC
in
p
u
t.
AC
PS
U
h
as
a
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
0
0
VDC,
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
4
0
0
VDC
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
PS
U
in
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
PS
U
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
m
in
o
r
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
ac
ce
p
t
4
0
0
VDC as in
p
u
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
is
an
ex
am
p
le
o
f
4
0
0
VDC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
7
0
VDC
to
4
0
0
VDC
b
u
t
a
s
in
g
le
g
l
o
b
al
s
t
an
d
ar
d
[
3
4
]
-
[
3
6
]
h
elp
s
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
an
o
p
tim
al
le
v
el
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Facility
lev
el
4
8
VDC p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
I
C
T
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Facility
lev
el
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
Po
wer
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Sy
s
tem
3.
DIS
T
RI
B
U
T
E
D
P
O
W
E
R
A
RCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
an
o
th
er
lev
el
o
f
p
o
we
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
in
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
b
ein
g
o
p
er
ated
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
o
ltag
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
cir
cu
itry
to
f
u
n
ct
io
n
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
ea
ch
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
h
as
its
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
with
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
DSP,
ASI
C
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
a
n
alo
g
&
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
itry
.
E
ac
h
d
ev
ice
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
I
C
T
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
wer
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
lev
els.
Me
th
o
d
o
n
e
is
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
m
u
ltip
le
v
o
ltag
es
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
s
.
Me
th
o
d
two
is
s
tep
p
in
g
d
o
wn
o
n
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
to
an
o
th
er
lev
el
th
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
lev
el.
Me
th
o
d
o
n
e
is
ca
lled
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
p
o
wer
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
(
DPA)
[
3
7
]
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
two
is
k
n
o
wn
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
with
in
t
er
m
ed
iate
b
u
s
(
DPA
-
I
B
)
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
DPA
DC
b
u
s
an
d
I
B
ar
e
class
if
ied
as in
ter
m
ed
iate
b
u
s
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
I
B
C
)
.
DPA
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
m
eth
o
d
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
we
r
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lo
ad
s
.
I
t
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
d
atac
en
ter
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
etailed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
DPA
with
v
ar
io
u
s
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
G
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
1
A
C
D
C
2
D
C
D
C
I
C
T
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
4
8
V
D
C
C
P
U
H
V
D
C
P
o
w
e
r
F
e
e
d
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
w
i
t
c
h
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
1
A
C
D
C
2
D
C
D
C
I
C
T
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
H
V
D
C
R
a
c
k
L
e
v
e
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
t
r
i
p
H
V
D
C
C
P
U
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
3
7
–
1
5
5
7
1540
DC
b
u
s
es
an
d
s
tag
es
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
es
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
v
alu
e
to
an
o
th
er
v
alu
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
.
I
n
t
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
4
8
V
DC
is
m
a
in
DC
b
u
s
wh
ich
is
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
an
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
b
u
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
4
8
VDC
to
1
2
V
DC
.
1
2
VDC
b
u
s
is
ca
lled
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
b
u
s
.
1
2
V
is
u
s
ed
to
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
o
th
er
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
b
u
s
s
tag
e
is
th
at
it e
lim
in
ates t
h
e
is
o
lated
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
am
o
f
in
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
tag
es o
f
DPA
T
h
e
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
b
u
s
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
4
8
VDC
b
u
s
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
I
B
C
.
I
B
C
is
an
is
o
lated
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
tig
h
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
g
iv
es
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
u
e
to
r
eg
u
lated
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
ix
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
B
C
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
s
et
o
f
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ter
m
ed
as
p
o
in
t
o
f
lo
ad
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
POL)
.
POL
is
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tep
d
o
w
n
th
e
g
iv
en
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
.
3
VDC,
1
.
8
VDC,
1
VD
C
,
0
.
8
VDC.
Sin
ce
th
e
I
B
C
is
t
ig
h
tly
r
eg
u
lated
,
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
tig
h
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
lo
ad
co
n
v
er
te
r
.
POL
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
p
o
wer
th
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
,
m
em
o
r
y
an
d
d
ig
ital
I
/O
c
ir
cu
its
.
POL
g
iv
es
g
r
ea
ter
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
b
y
a
v
o
id
in
g
lar
g
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
r
r
y
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
b
o
ar
d
as
it
is
g
en
er
ally
p
lace
d
v
er
y
n
ea
r
to
th
e
cir
cu
it/d
ev
ice.
Sev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
I
B
C
an
d
POL
co
n
v
er
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
in
[
4
0
]
-
[
4
4
]
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
HV
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
telec
o
m
a
n
d
d
ata
ce
n
ter
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
lies
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
r
ac
k
in
clu
d
i
n
g
AC
-
to
-
DC
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
r
ec
tifie
r
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
er
,
b
atter
y
an
d
a
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
y
p
ically
,
t
h
e
4
8
VDC
m
ain
b
u
s
is
lin
k
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
u
tp
u
t
to
th
e
b
a
ck
p
lan
e.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
lan
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ch
ass
is
w
ill
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
atin
g
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
lo
ts
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
I
C
T
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
lin
e
ca
r
d
s
,
f
ab
r
ic
ca
r
d
s
,
h
av
e
I
B
C
an
d
POL
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
ter
n
ally
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
in
te
r
n
a
l
p
o
wer
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
p
o
wer
to
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
e
v
ices
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
atin
g
s
.
DPA
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
m
eth
o
d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
I
C
T
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
as
it
o
p
er
ates
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
b
etter
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
a
d
a
p
tab
ilit
y
.
PC
B
tr
ac
e
wid
th
is
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
DPA
with
I
B
m
et
h
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
I
B
C
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
an
d
POL
co
n
v
er
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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I
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N:
2088
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8
694
A
co
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is
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1541
(
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4
5
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4.
H
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DC
P
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RI
B
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en
t
in
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th
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e
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ee
d
f
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r
m
an
y
p
o
wer
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b
les
to
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r
r
y
in
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ed
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
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ws
th
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p
o
wer
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b
les
r
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q
u
ir
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in
a
4
8
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y
s
tem
to
s
en
d
1
0
0
k
W
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f
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.
Oth
e
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es
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C
T
eq
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ip
m
en
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en
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ity
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ch
as
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lin
g
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d
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y
s
tem
co
s
t
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
etter
alter
n
ativ
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s
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lu
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h
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h
v
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r
o
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u
r
e
1
2
s
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h
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o
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er
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u
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3
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a
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ated
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e
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e
d
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
Data
ce
n
ter
s
[
4
7
]
.
No
w
th
e
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
3
7
–
1
5
5
7
1542
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
4
8
VDC
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1
2
.
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f
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4
8
V
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tio
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u
r
e
1
3
.
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o
f
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e
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u
n
t f
o
r
4
8
VDC an
d
4
0
0
V
DC
[
4
0
]
4
.
1
.
Adv
a
nta
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es o
f
hig
h v
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l
t
a
g
e
DC
4
.
1
.
1
.
E
f
f
iciency
I
n
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
AC
-
to
-
DC
a
n
d
DC
-
to
-
DC
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
s
u
itab
le
DC
p
o
wer
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
f
o
u
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
ar
e
r
eq
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i
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ed
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AC
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o
wer
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ib
u
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n
.
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wo
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o
n
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e
r
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io
n
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in
DC
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o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
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,
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n
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er
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io
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s
tag
es
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d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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is
d
u
e
to
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ir
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t
f
ee
d
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
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tifie
r
an
d
b
atter
y
.
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n
g
en
er
al,
o
n
e
co
n
v
er
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io
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s
t
ag
e'
s
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wer
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s
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t
1
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t
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h
u
s
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D
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is
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2088
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A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
is
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u
ted
p
o
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er sys
tem
a
r
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R
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1543
s
h
ad
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wed
a
r
ea
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
r
ep
lacin
g
an
AC
with
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tag
es
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
t
h
e
h
ig
h
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e
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o
wer
d
is
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ib
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n
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
l
o
s
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
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er
s
io
n
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tag
es
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ee
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
also
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
.
I
t
i
s
esti
m
ated
th
at
th
e
to
tal
am
o
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n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
l
o
s
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ed
u
ctio
n
is
a
b
o
u
t
1
4
p
er
ce
n
t
(
w
h
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
s
tr
ip
e
d
p
o
r
tio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e.
1
4
.
T
h
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
as th
e
lo
s
s
es a
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Data
ce
n
ter
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
with
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
4
.
1
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
I
C
T
s
er
v
ice
is
o
n
e
o
f
to
d
ay
'
s
m
o
s
t
ess
en
tial
s
er
v
ices.
A
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ity
is
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
I
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
er
v
ices
in
clu
d
e
tic
k
et
b
o
o
k
in
g
,
b
a
n
k
in
g
f
in
a
n
cial
s
er
v
ices,
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
s
er
v
ices
an
d
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
I
C
T
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
tem
f
ail
u
r
e/b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
cc
u
r
s
,
i
n
th
at
ca
s
e,
th
is
will
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
o
ciety
d
em
an
d
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
a
p
o
wer
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
I
n
th
at
c
ase,
th
e
b
atter
y
will
s
tar
t
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
o
wer
to
th
e
lo
a
d
(
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t)
with
o
u
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
.
I
n
a
n
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
b
atter
y
DC
p
o
wer
is
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
AC
p
o
wer
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
DC
to
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
f
e
d
with
AC
p
o
wer
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
DC
to
AC
an
d
AC
-
to
-
DC
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
DC
p
o
wer
to
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
W
h
er
ea
s
in
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
d
ir
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
A
s
y
s
tem
th
at
f
ee
d
s
o
n
DC
p
o
wer
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
.
So
,
it
is
ten
t
im
es
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
th
an
an
A
C
s
y
s
tem
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
f
ee
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as th
e
s
am
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
as
a
4
8
VDC s
y
s
t
em
,
m
ak
in
g
it h
ig
h
l
y
r
eliab
le.
4
.
1
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
t
ibi
lity
wit
h r
enewa
ble e
nerg
y
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
en
ef
it
o
f
4
0
0
VDC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
to
war
d
s
ea
s
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
l
o
c
al
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
o
n
es.
As
well
as
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
au
x
i
liar
y
lo
ad
s
s
u
ch
as
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
4
0
0
VDC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
ac
t
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
en
ab
lin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
t
h
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
co
m
m
er
cial
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
.
4
.
1
.
4
.
L
o
wer
i
ns
t
a
lla
t
io
n c
o
s
t
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
lo
wer
d
u
e
t
o
f
e
wer
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
p
p
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
co
p
p
er
s
av
in
g
s
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
1
5
tim
es,
s
o
th
er
e
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
s
av
in
g
s
in
m
o
u
n
tin
g
ca
b
le
b
u
s
b
a
r
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
am
e
m
an
n
e
r
,
th
e
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
two
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
is
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
th
an
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
DC
p
o
wer
.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
it
h
as
m
o
r
e
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
h
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
b
elo
w
[
5
0
]
.
4
.
2
.
Dis
a
dv
a
nta
g
es o
f
hig
h v
o
lt
a
g
e
DC
−
Su
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
W
h
en
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
cr
e
ased
to
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
4
0
0
VDC
an
d
h
ig
h
er
,
i
t
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
m
ee
t
th
e
q
u
ality
a
n
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
with
ex
is
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Usag
e
o
f
h
ig
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
ew
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
So
,
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
v
o
ltag
e
is
an
ess
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
in
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
m
ee
t ta
r
g
eted
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
−
Sy
s
tem
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
3
7
–
1
5
5
7
1544
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
b
u
lk
y
wh
i
le
m
ig
r
atin
g
f
r
o
m
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
to
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
u
e
to
c
h
an
g
es
in
in
p
u
t
f
ilter
s
an
d
o
th
er
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
as
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
ch
an
g
in
g
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
also
in
cr
ea
s
es.
−
Sy
s
tem
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
s
af
ety
Hig
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
is
k
,
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
k
ee
p
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
s
p
ac
e,
p
r
o
tectin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
r
etain
in
g
th
e
s
af
ety
[
5
1
]
,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
an
d
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
m
o
r
e
Vig
ila
n
t selec
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
ch
em
e
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
.
Fra
n
k
B
o
d
i
[
5
0
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
u
r
v
ey
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
o
f
d
ata
ce
n
ter
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
o
p
tio
n
s
8
4
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
o
p
tio
n
s
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
o
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
t
h
eir
ce
n
ter
s
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
3
8
0
-
4
0
0
VDC.
T
h
e
less
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
0
V.
R
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
ar
e
s
tated
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
p
p
er
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
lo
o
r
s
p
ac
e
,
s
im
p
lif
ied
in
s
tallatio
n
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
aised
f
o
r
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
ar
e
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
p
o
wer
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
to
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
co
s
t,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
in
ts
b
etwe
en
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
clu
d
e
d
to
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Hig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ata
c
en
ter
s
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
m
er
its
an
d
d
em
er
its
f
o
r
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
ew
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
alr
ea
d
y
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
p
o
wer
.
E
ac
h
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
en
ef
its
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
T
h
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
[
5
2
]
:
−
Dif
f
er
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
y
laws,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
,
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
−
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
atio
n
(
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
win
d
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
f
u
tu
r
e
I
C
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
)
−
B
atter
y
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
(
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
y
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
)
−
Ver
if
icatio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
−
R
ated
v
o
ltag
es o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
−
T
h
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
p
e
ak
v
alu
es
4
.
3
.
H
ig
h v
o
lt
a
g
e
DC
Arc
hite
ct
ures
4
.
3
.
1
.
2
7
0
V
DC
po
wer
dis
t
ributio
n sy
s
t
em
T
ak
ash
i
[
4
6
]
,
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
2
7
0
VDC
T
elec
o
m
Po
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
s
af
ety
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
2
7
0
VDC
is
to
m
atch
with
in
p
u
t
AC
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
es
wh
er
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
AC
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
V.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
t
h
e
2
7
0
VDC
s
y
s
tem
is
s
im
p
le
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
2
0
0
VAC
-
to
-
DC
an
d
th
en
r
e
g
u
latin
g
to
2
7
0
VDC
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
2
7
0
VDC
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
(
T
E
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
b
in
ets.
Du
r
i
n
g
p
o
wer
f
ailu
r
es,
th
e
ch
a
r
g
ed
b
a
tter
ies
s
u
p
p
ly
2
7
0
VDC.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
h
elp
s
to
elim
in
ate
an
o
th
er
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
wh
ich
is
g
en
er
a
lly
u
s
ed
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
4
8
VDC
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
6
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
2
7
0
V
DC
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
ws
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e1
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ty
p
ical
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
2
7
0
VDC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
r
ec
tifie
r
to
co
n
v
er
t
AC
-
to
-
DC
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
a
DC
-
to
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
u
n
r
e
g
u
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
r
eg
u
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
am
e
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
lev
el
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
s
tep
d
o
wn
r
eg
u
lated
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
DC
to
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ep
ar
ate
ch
ar
g
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
s
witch
is
p
lace
d
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
a
n
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
b
atter
y
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
2
7
0
VDC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
h
a
v
e
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es wh
ich
h
as b
ee
n
al
r
ea
d
y
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
,
b
u
t it
h
as d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
−
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
ilter
s
,
f
u
s
es,
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
o
n
b
o
ar
d
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
ar
e
ch
an
g
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
l
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e.
Su
c
h
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
g
r
ea
ter
in
v
o
lu
m
e
o
r
wo
r
s
e
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le
m
a
y
b
e
s
m
aller
.
−
T
h
e
f
u
s
e
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
izes
ar
e
lar
g
er
t
o
s
atis
f
y
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
v
o
ltag
e
wo
u
ld
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
ar
cin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
t
o
r
p
it
ch
.
−
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
m
ay
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
e
t
o
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
b
u
t
th
is
ca
n
b
e
m
in
im
ized
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
wid
e
b
an
d
g
a
p
d
e
v
ices.
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